A Wide Axial Ratio Beamwidth Circularly Polarized Fully Textile Dual L-shaped Slotted Antenna for GPS-L1 Application

A Wide Axial Ratio Beamwidth Circularly Polarized Fully Textile Dual L-shaped Slotted Antenna for GPS-L1 Application | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A Wide Axial Ratio Beamwidth Circularly Polarized Fully Textile Dual L-shaped Slotted Antenna for GPS-L1 Application Anis Fariza Md. Pazil, Nurul Huda Abd Rahman, Nurulazlina Ramli, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8082560/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Fully textile antennas have emerged as promising candidates for wearable communication systems, yet achieving wide axial ratio (AR) bandwidth and beamwidth remains a significant challenge due to the constraints imposed by compact geometries and low-permittivity substrates on circular polarization (CP) stability. This paper presents a single-layer wide AR beamwidth circularly polarized fully textile antenna for GPS-L1 applications, employing a dual L-shaped slotted patch with corner truncation to generate orthogonal modes with a 90° phase difference, producing robust right-hand circular polarization (RHCP). The mirrored dual L-slot configuration redistributes surface currents symmetrically, forming hybrid electric–magnetic dipole modes that equalize orthogonal field components over a broad angular region, thereby achieving the wide AR beamwidth. Measurements show an impedance bandwidth of 108 MHz (1.525–1.633 GHz) and a 3-dB AR bandwidth of 36 MHz, fully covering the GPS-L1 band. The 3-dB AR beamwidths are 150° and 135° in the principal planes (φ = 0° and φ = 90°) and 120° and 165° in the diagonal planes (φ = 45° and φ = 135°), yielding an average AR beamwidth of 143°. The results confirm excellent polarization stability, exceeding the 120° benchmark for GPS applications. The antenna attains a peak gain of 3.96 dBi and a front-to-back ratio of 16.86. In contrast to multilayer or rigid designs with limited beamwidths (< 100°), the antenna achieves a compact single-layer, single-fed profile (0.49λ₀ × 0.52λ₀ × 0.0175λ₀) with wide-beam CP radiation and strong polarization purity, ensuring reliable operation in wearable navigation and tracking applications. Wearable textile antenna right-hand circular polarization axial ratio GPS wide beamwidth Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 1. Introduction The rapid evolution of wearable technology has led to the increasing integration of electronic devices into garments including for tracking and positioning application, utilizing Global Positioning System (GPS) services, as illustrated in Fig. 1 . Compared with conventional antennas, textile antennas offer key advantages such as flexibility, durability, compact size, ease of fabrication, and cost-effective manufacturing, supporting in-body, on-body, and off-body communication by transmitting and receiving radio waves [ 1 – 7 ]. Many textile antennas for wearable applications have been developed based on microstrip patch configurations, typically employing linear polarization (LP) to achieve low profile and cost-effective design. However, these antennas suffer from polarization mismatch and multipath fading when subjected to body motion or random orientation. This limitation motivates the use of circularly polarized (CP) configurations in achieving reliable communication for dynamic and body-mounted applications, specifically for tracking. For circularly polarized (CP) antennas in GPS applications, a wide axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) is crucial to maintain polarization purity under detuning and ensure efficient reception of right-hand circularly polarized (RHCP) signals from satellites distributed across the sky. To guarantee reliable signal acquisition in wearable scenarios, the antenna should exhibit a 3-dB AR beamwidth exceeding 120° [8 − 10], an axial ratio bandwidth that fully covers the GPS-L1 band, and a sufficiently high front-to-back ratio (FBR) to suppress backward radiation and minimize left-hand circularly polarized (LHCP) reflections. However, achieving these characteristics simultaneously in a fully textile configuration remains challenging due to limited aperture size, single-feed excitation, and the inherently symmetrical field distribution of conventional patch geometries. Several approaches to enhance the 3-dB ARBW based on microstrip configuration such as asymmetric geometries, diagonal or parallel slots, slits, and feeding mechanisms have been reported in [ 11 – 16 ]. In [ 11 ], an asymmetric patch integrated with an arc-shaped element on the main radiator was employed achieving exceptionally wide 3-dB ARBW of 232.2° and 212.2° in the principal planes (φ = 0° and φ = 90°) with a 20-MHz AR bandwidth. Similarly, in [ 12 – 14 ], two pairs of slots were employed as magnetic dipole perturbations to excite orthogonal modes, thereby generating circular polarization and improving the axial ratio bandwidth. Despite their wide ARBW, their AR bandwidths remain limited due to the use of single-feed excitation. Multi-port feed networks were adopted in [ 15 – 16 ], however, they are unsuitable for wearable devices due to bulkiness, fabrication complexity, and added weight. Moreover, all works above rely on precise geometric alignment and rigid substrates to maintain mode orthogonality and stable coupling, limiting their practicality for flexible, wearable or fully textile implementations. Recent works related to textile-based GPS antennas have been reported in the literature [ 17 – 19 ]. The study in [ 17 ] investigated bandwidth enhancement in polyester-based antennas using Defected Ground Structure (DGS), which effectively minimized frequency detuning. In contrast, the works in [ 18 ] and [ 19 ] analyzed textile antenna under bending conditions and examined different radiating element geometries on polyester substrates. Nevertheless, these designs were linearly polarized, therefore did not address axial-ratio (AR) bandwidth or axial-ratio beamwidth (ARBW), limiting their applicability for broad-coverage GPS applications. Meanwhile, other GPS textile antennas employing circular polarization (CP) have been reported in [ 20 – 21 ]. The design in [ 20 ] utilized a multilayer denim-based structure, yet no AR bandwidth or ARBW data were provided despite its circular polarization operation. The work in [ 21 ], on the other hand, employed felt as the substrate in a single-layer configuration, achieving a 3-dB AR bandwidth of 27 MHz, but similarly omitted any discussion on ARBW performance. While the aforementioned GPS studies employed textile substrates, those did not represent fully textile configurations as metallic ground planes or rigid layers were still incorporated. The most recent development on a fully textile antenna incorporating GPS CP antennas have employed artificial magnetic conductors (AMCs) and metasurface-based ground planes to simultaneously enhance the ARBW and suppress backward radiation, as reported in [ 22 ]. In this work, a dual-band AMC-backed antenna composed of a 3 × 3 array of square-patch unit cells, with each unit cell integrating four square slits and a surrounding square ring, achieved a wide 3-dB AR bandwidth of 141.75 MHz. The design demonstrates the effectiveness of AMC structures in enhancing frequency-domain and angular polarization stability. However, the study did not report axial-ratio beamwidth (ARBW) characteristics, limiting the assessment of angular CP stability and making it difficult to evaluate performance under varying antenna orientations [ 23 ] Furthermore, the incorporation of the AMC surface introduces additional thickness and alignment issue, potentially compromise the antenna’s performance when integrated into wearable garments. Overall, the existing literature reveals a key research gap on fully textile GPS antennas that delivered and verified wide ARBW of CP for a conformal design that combines wearability features with robust angular polarization stability. To address this gap, this paper presents a wide ARBW CP fully textile antenna that integrates dual L-shaped slots with corner truncation on a single-layer, single-feed configuration. The proposed geometry enables the excitation of two orthogonal resonant modes with a + 90° phase difference, resulting in robust RHCP across the GPS-L1 band. The mirrored dual L-slot arrangement redistributes the surface current symmetrically, forming hybrid electric–magnetic dipole modes that effectively equalize the orthogonal field components over a broad angular region, hence thereby realizing a significantly widened 3-dB ARBW. Unlike multilayer AMC-backed or parasitic-loaded designs, the proposed configuration maintains mechanical softness and conformability, as it is entirely fabricated from hydrophobic felt and Shieldit Super conductive textile without requiring rigid backing. Furthermore, the corner truncation assists fine-tuning of mode orthogonality and improves ARBW, ensuring polarization stability within the 1.575 GHz GPS-L1 spectrum. This compact, fabrication-friendly, and fully textile implementation demonstrates a notable improvement in ARBW and good performance in AR bandwidth along with FBR which are three critical parameters under explored simultaneously in wearable CP antennas thereby establishing it as a promising solution for reliable GPS-L1 wearable application. Section 2 describes the antenna design process in detail, including the structural configuration and underlying operating principles. Section 3 presents a comprehensive parametric analysis to evaluate and optimize the antenna's performance. In Section 4, the simulated results are validated through experimental measurements and the comparative analysis of the previous works. Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper with a summary of key findings and potential directions for future work. 2. Antenna Design and Operation 2.1 Antenna Structure As seen in Fig. 2 , the proposed antenna is illustrated in top and side views with truncated corners at the top-right and bottom-left of the radiating element to realize RHCP operation, while the corresponding physical dimensions are summarized in Table 1 . In this design, felt textile is used as the substrate ( Ɛ r = 1.44, tan δ = 0.0395, thickness = 3.00 mm), while Shieldit Super is the radiating element with a conductivity of 1.18 × 10 5 S/m and thickness of 0.17 mm. Since this radiating textile contains adhesive on one side, the preliminary assembly of the felt substrate is relatively easy. To simplify the fabrication process and maintain a structurally compact design suitable for wearable applications, a single-feed coaxial probe is employed without any additional feeding network. A bottom-fed configuration using an SMA connector is selected, as it offers superior mechanical robustness and effective electrical shielding. This approach mitigates common issues associated with top-fed or edge-fed antennas that utilize microstrip lines or snap connectors, which are more susceptible to wear, bending stress, and detuning due to strain on the top layer. To further strengthen its reliability, the proposed antenna has been progressively refined through four stages of design modification, as outlined in Section 2.2. 2.2 Antenna Working Principle To initiate the 4 stages, a fundamental square patch is designed to achieve the desired operating frequency at 1.575 GHz. A rectangular ground plane of Shieldit Super with the dimension of 94 × 100 mm 2 is fed using a 50 Ω coaxial probe. As seen in Fig. 3 (a) for Stage 1, the antenna design is first presented as linearly polarized due to the Axial Ratio (AR) value exceeding 3 dB. To achieve the Right-Hand Circular Polarization (RHCP), an excitation of two orthogonal modes with a 90° phase difference is required to generate a circular Polarization characteristic. Hence, as seen in Stage 2 from Fig. 3 (b), the antenna is modified by truncating the top-right and bottom-left corners. Although RHCP is achieved with an axial ratio (AR) below 3 dB, the value remains close to the threshold, indicating that further design optimization is necessary to ensure stable performance under wearable conditions. An L-slot is further introduced to the antenna as a second tuning to adjust the mode amplitude and phase balance to achieve lower the AR, as seen in Stage 3 from Fig. 3 (c). Here, the L-slot is employed near the probe-fed where the current density is highest with the dimension of the horizontal slot is longer than the vertical slot. Nevertheless, this single L-slot introduction has altered the surface electric field distribution at Stage 3 and subsequently changed the antenna operation characteristic in linearly polarized mode. From Fig. 3 (d), another mirrored L-slot is added to the design for Stage 4 to improve the magnitude ratio ( Ex / Ey ) between the horizontal and vertical electric fields with 90° phase difference. The final slot addition to the design subsequently demonstrates an improved AR value that concludes the process of generating circular polarization of right-handed characteristics. Figure 4 shows the return loss (S 11 ) from Stage 1 to Stage 4 of the evolved design. To gain an insight into CP radiation characteristic, the simulated surface current distribution is studied. Circular polarization is characterized by the rotation of current vectors in a circular behavior (right-hand or left-hand orientation) as the electromagnetic wave propagates [ 24 ]. The orientation of the surface current vector is shown at four different phases, ω of 90° apart (0°, 90°, 180° and 270°). Table 1 . Dimensions of the proposed antenna Description Parameter Dimension (mm) Patch length L p 57.2 Patch width W p 59.1 Substrate length L s 94.0 Substrate width W s 100.0 Ground length L g 94.0 Ground width W g 100.0 Height (Shieldit Super) h 1 0.17 Height (Felt) h 2 3.0 Truncated corner length C t 18.1 Vertical Slot Length S V 22.4 Horizontal slot length S h 17.0 Overall antenna height - 3.0 + 0.17 +0.17 =3.34 Fig. 5(a) to Fig. 5(d) shows the surface current distribution changes with the variation from 0° to 270° of feeding phases. In Fig. 5(a), the dominant current vectors are presented in +x-direction at 0° phase, whereas, at 90° phase, the dominant current vectors are in the +y-direction as seen in Fig. 5(b). Meanwhile, a strong horizontal current component towards the left is visible for 180° phase shown in Fig. 5(c) and subsequently an inclination of dominant current orientated vertically downwards in the phase of 270° viewed in Fig. 5(d). The result shows that the current distribution at 0° and 180° stages has equal magnitude but is distributed in the opposite phase. Nevertheless, when the change in feeding phases from 180° to 270° occurred, the dominant current vectors are at the opposite of 0° and 90° phases, respectively. From these observations, the phase progressions demonstrate that the surface current vectors are rotating counterclockwise, depicting a valid RHCP operation with the beam radiated along +z-direction. 3. Parametric Analysis To investigate the effects of various geometrical parameters on the proposed antenna performance, a parametric study is being employed to optimize the final design. In this design, the circular polarization is achieved by introducing truncated corners and slots towards the radiating patch. Here, three important parameters, corner truncation ( c t ), horizontal slot ( s h ) and vertical slot ( s v ), have been analyzed and studied. 3.1 Variation of corner truncation ( c t ) length Figure 6 (a) and Fig. 6 (b) demonstrates the effect of varying corner truncation length ( c t ) on S 11 and AR performance. The graph in Fig. 6 (a) illustrates that as the corner truncation length (bottom-left and top-right) increases, the S 11 decreases indicating a better impedance matching. When corners are truncated, it alters and lengthened the effective electrical path of the current and subsequently changed the resonant frequency of the antenna. Among the evaluated configurations, the proposed design with c t =18.1 mm achieves optimal tuning showing a centered resonance at 1.575 GHz. Figure 6 (b) shows the trade-off and correlation between S 11 and AR performance at 1.575 GHz for varying c t values. Optimal CP performance is observed around c t =18.1 mm which aligns perfectly with the optimal bandwidth of S 11 . Here, the corner truncation acts as perturbation that breaks the symmetry of the patch enabling balance of excitation modes of two orthogonal TM modes in quadrature thereby generating CP. Therefore, a precise control of corner truncation length is crucial as the insufficient truncation length will dominates only one mode leading to linear polarization. However, an excessive truncation can result to unwanted higher-order mode coupling or imbalance between orthogonal current components causing degradation in AR. 3.2 Variation on L-slot ( s v and s h ) length Figure 7 (a) and Fig. 7 (b) illustrates the effects of varying the horizontal ( S h ) and vertical ( S v ) slot lengths for S 11 and AR performance. From the simulation result obtained in Fig. 7 (a), it can be observed that an increased in both S h and S v shift the resonance frequency to a lower value. When slots are introduced and enlarged, it disrupts and lengthen the effective electrical currents path thus lowers the resonant frequency as the antenna appears electrically larger. Meanwhile, Fig. 7 (b) demonstrates the trade-off between S 11 and AR at 1.575 GHz for varying S v /S h ratios. From this graph, the optimal performance is observed in a balance ratio around S v /S h ≈ 0.75 to 0.76, demonstrating simultaneously low AR (< 3 dB) and excellent impedance matching indicated by a low S 11 of -25.83 dB. This balanced ratio facilitates a symmetrical current distribution generating two orthogonal current components with nearly equal magnitude and precise phase difference close to 90°. Conversely, the ratio which deviates from this identified optimal range may compromise both S 11 and AR performance due to asymmetrical current distributions resulted from geometrically imbalance slots. Such asymmetry disrupts the purity of the CP and sharply increase the AR value thus reducing the antenna polarization efficiency. 4. Validation through Measurement Results To validate the theoretical design and simulated results, a prototype was fabricated as seen in Fig. 8 . The proposed antenna is manually cut by tracing out the molds modelled by a 3D printer to ensure easy fabrication and precise measurement is performed. The reflection coefficient was tested using Keysight Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) as shown in Fig. 9 . A comparison of the reflection coefficients is illustrated in Fig. 10, in which good agreement was apparent between simulation and measurement results. The measured and simulated frequency bandwidths for both S 11 < − 10 dB is 108 MHz (1.525–1.630 GHz) and 116 MHz (1.517–1.633 GHz), respectively with a slight frequency shift from 1.575 GHz in simulation to 1.582 GHz in the measurement result. According to Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) spectrum plan, the bandwidth for GPS-L1 bandwidth is allocated from 1.559 to 1.610 GHz [ 25 ]. As such, this antenna design met the specifications and adhered to the requirements for GPS applications by the regulatory body in Malaysia. The radiation characteristics of the fabricated antenna were measured in an anechoic chamber that deployed a well-calibrated standard gain horn antenna using over-the-air (OTA) measurement as shown in Fig. 9 . This horn antenna is used as a transmitting antenna, Tx , while the fabricated antenna is the receiving antenna, Rx . To measure the desired parameters, the antenna under test (AUT) is mounted securely on the positioner and rotated at various angles for a 2D, 3D radiation pattern and polarization measurement. In general, a good agreement between the simulated and measured results are observed. The measured and simulated radiation patterns at 1.575 GHz of the proposed antenna shows a good concurrence with each other in the two principal planes ( x – z and y – z ) as shown in Fig. 11(a) and Fig. 11(b), respectively. From Fig. 11(a), a unidirectional pattern is demonstrated with Half-Power Beamwidth (HPBW) radiating from 76.3° − 79.4° for the simulated value and 76.5°– 78.6° for the measured value. The maximum gain manifested at x-z plane is 3.32 dB and 3.96 dB for the simulation and measurement result, respectively. For y-z plane in Fig. 11(b), the gain achieved is 3.31 dB for the simulation result and 3.73 dB for the measurement result. It can be observed that both values of gain in the measurement result are slightly higher than the simulated value. This is due to a narrower beamwidth being demonstrated in the measurement values resulting from the radiated energy concentration in the boresight direction. Meanwhile, to investigate the amount of energy reflected, which depicts low back radiation to the body for wearable suitability, a front-to-back ratio (FBR) parameter must be analyzed [ 26 ]. As illustrated in Fig. 11(a), the x-z plane demonstrates an FBR value of 19.42 dB for the simulated value and 16.86 dB for the measurement result. On the other hand, the simulated and measured values of y-z plane as shown in Fig. 11(b) resulted in 19.41 dB and 16.17 dB respectively. The difference between these FBR values for the simulated and measurement approach may be due to the experimental tolerance in the alignment setup during the measurement. In general, the measured FBR values of both planes indicate a good performance for the on-body application as the FBR percentage demonstrates more than 97.58% of power radiated in forward direction for both principal planes. Figure 12 shows the 3-dB Axial Ratio Bandwidth (ARBW) of the simulated and measured result. The simulated ARBW demonstrates a result of 24 MHz (1.560–1.584 GHz) with an AR value of 2.21 dB while the measured ARBW shows the performance of 36 MHz (1.555–1.591 GHz) with an AR of 2.38 dB. The observed expansion in the measured ARBW may attributed by minor fabrication tolerances, particularly in the slot dimensions and truncated corners. These variations can inadvertently enhance the excitation of orthogonal balance modes due to the highly sensitive nature of CP. Additionally, the conformal nature of the textile structure may introduce slight deformation that further contributes to the deviation between simulation and measurement. Nevertheless, the measured results confirm that the proposed antenna maintains robust circular polarization characteristics with a wider AR operational bandwidth, demonstrating its practical suitability for GPS-L1 wearable applications. To validate the dominance of polarization for the proposed antenna, the gain plots of RHCP and LHCP are assessed accordingly. Based on the radiation patterns as illustrated in Fig. 13 , it can be observed that the co-polarization gain of RHCP dominates LHCP gain for both the x-z and y-z planes. In these planes, the magnitude of the RHCP gain of 3.86 dB and 3.64 dB observed are significantly higher than the LHCP gain of -12.04 dB and − 12.77 dB. Given this outcome, the antenna demonstrates the desired polarization as the RHCP gain is remarkably different by more than 15 dB, as seen in Fig. 14 . Therefore, the result from these co-polarized and cross-polarized levels indicates that the RHCP properties have been successfully acquired in both planes and attained a good cross-polarization ratio. Comparing the simulated and the measured results, the RHCP gain for both approaches demonstrate a good agreement. Nevertheless, a deteriorated gain is observed slightly in LHCP gain, which may affect the CP purity and degrade the AR value towards linear polarization. For a practical GPS operation, a width angle of 120° beamwidth is required to cover at least four satellites for accurate 3D positioning at latitude, longitude and altitude. Moreover, the antenna can receive a stable signal although the satellites are positioned at a low elevation angle [ 27 ]. Figure 15 shows the simulated and measured 3-dB AR beamwidth of the proposed antenna at x-z and y-z plane. The measured beamwidth demonstrates 150° (-90° to 60°) at Phi = 0° and 135° (-75° to 60°) at Phi = 90°. From observation, the beamwidth of the measurement is slightly wider than the simulation result. This could be due to the angle misplacement that introduced asymmetric excitation and hence skewed the main lobe and increased the beamwidth. The simulation assumptions are not wholly met, leading to differences between simulated and measured results. The antenna structure shows that the mirrored L-slots antenna is symmetrical with respect to the x -axis but asymmetrical with respect to the y -axis. The current distribution will be uniformly distributed along the x-axis when the antenna is symmetrical. This condition will result in a wider beamwidth as the energy is spread evenly across a wide angle. Unlike the asymmetrical antenna structure along the y -axis, the current distribution will be unevenly distributed especially in the direction in which the L-slots open (the orientation of the arms of the L). As seen on the surface current distribution in Fig. 5, the current peak occurred at the lower arm of L-slot, nearer to the feed point location. This will cause the radiation to be more directional as the energy intensifies, narrowing the beamwidth in that plane. As a result, the AR beamwidth in the x-z plane has a wider angle than in the y-z plane. To further understand the CP behavior and validate the mode orthogonality of the proposed antenna, the amplitude and phase components of the radiated electric fields were analyzed across different azimuthal planes. Figure 16 (a) and Fig. 16 (b) the variation of AR, amplitude ratio, and phase difference as a function of the elevation angle (θ) for four azimuthal planes (φ = 0°, 45°, 90°, 135°). The dual-axis plots reveal a clear correlation between axial-ratio minima (< 3 dB) and regions where both amplitude equality and quadrature phase (≈ 90°) are simultaneously achieved. Theoretically, CP is achieved when the orthogonal components (E θ , E φ ) exhibit both amplitude balance within ± 3 dB and a phase difference near + 90° for RHCP. From observations, any departure from perfect quadrature requires even tighter amplitude matching to sustain AR ≤ 3 dB. At broadside (θ ≈ 0°), the components remain nearly equal in magnitude (|E θ |/|E φ | ≈ 1) and maintain a 90° phase separation, producing an AR below 3 dB across φ = 0°–135°. As θ increases toward ± 90°, the phase deviates from quadrature in Fig. 16 (a) and the amplitude ratio drifts beyond 1.4 (i.e., |E₁|/|E₂| ≤ 1.414) in Fig. 16 (b), causing the AR to degrade. This behavior is attributed to field imbalance arising from asymmetric surface-current distribution and edge-induced diffraction as the observation angle increases. The φ = 0° and 135° planes maintain better amplitude stability across a wider angular span, which correlates with their broader AR < 3 dB coverage in the main beam. Hence, amplitude equalization is strongest near the broadside direction and gradually deteriorates toward the end-fire region. For φ = 90° and 135° show the most consistent phase behaviour, implying better symmetry of current flow in those azimuths. This indicates that the antenna preserves the correct rotational sense predominantly within the main beam, while the polarization purity deteriorates toward larger angles due to structural asymmetry. In summary, by comparing both figures, regions where amplitude ratio ≈ 1 and phase difference ≈ 90° correspond directly to minimum AR < 3 dB. Where either amplitude or phase deviates, AR rises sharply indicating a transition from circular to elliptical polarization. This agreement confirms that the antenna’s measured AR behaviour is physically consistent with its electromagnetic field balance, validating the correctness of both simulation and measurement. As summarized in Table 2 , several wide-beam CP antennas in [ 11 – 14 ] were developed for various applications such as ISM, GPS or general GNSS which employed comparable modal-perturbation mechanisms such as asymmetric patch shaping, slot loading, and magnetic dipole excitation that are relevant to ARBW enhancement. However, all designs were implemented on rigid substrates and none on textile antennas. The textile CP GPS antennas summarized in [ 20 – 22 ] primarily focus on bandwidth or AMC-based FBR improvement but not reporting beamwidth characterization. The proposed dual L-shaped slotted antenna in this paper achieves verified wide-beam RHCP radiation with an average 3-dB ARBW of 143°, full GPS-L1 AR bandwidth coverage, and a high FBR of 16.9 dB in a compact, single-layer, single-feed configuration. This combination of wide-beam circular polarization, polarization purity, and mechanical conformability establishes it as one of the most effective fully textile antennas for wearable GPS navigation. 5. Conclusion In summary, the proposed dual L-shaped slotted design presents a novel and fabrication-friendly approach for achieving wide-beam circular polarization in a fully textile configuration. The antenna operates at the GPS-L1 band, achieving 3-dB axial-ratio beamwidths of 150° and 135° in the principal planes (φ = 0° and φ = 90°) and 120° and 165° in the diagonal planes (φ = 45° and φ = 135°), resulting in an average AR beamwidth of 143° with AR < 3 dB, confirming excellent polarization stability beyond the 120° benchmark required for GPS applications. The RHCP radiation is realized through the excitation of two orthogonal modes with a + 90° phase difference, enabled by the corner truncation and dual L-slot configuration, which simultaneously broadens the AR beamwidth. With a measured gain of 3.92 dBi and a front-to-back ratio (FBR) of 16.9 dB (≈ 98%), the antenna effectively suppresses backward radiation toward the body, which in turn reduces reflection-induced polarization reversal from RHCP to LHCP and improves polarization purity. The simultaneous realization of a wide 3-dB AR beamwidth, a stable AR bandwidth covering the GPS-L1 band, and a high FBR within a compact, single-fed and single-layer textile structure marks a notable advancement in wearable antenna technology. Overall, this work represents a significant step toward high-performance, fully textile GPS-L1 wearable antennas, with potential for further optimization under bending, body proximity, and variable environmental conditions. Table 2 Comparative analysis of the reported CP antennas for wide beamwidth and textile GPS applications Ref Application Band Antenna Structure Substrate Fully Textile Polarization Gain (dB) FBR (dB) 3-dB AR Bandwidth (MHz) 3-dB ARBW, φ (degree) 0° 90° Wide Beamwidth CP Antennas [ 11 ] GNSS Asymmetric arc-loaded patch FR-4 No RHCP 4.09 NR 20 232 212 [ 12 ] GPS-L1 Dual asymmetric slot with coupled strips F4BK350 No RHCP 5.4 NR 10 188 188 [ 13 ] ISM Two pairs diagonal narrow slots Rogers RT No LHCP 3.87 17.7 23 226 198 [ 14 ] ISM Two orthogonal parallel slot pairs Taconic TLP-3 No LHCP 5 18 22 224 214 Textile CP GPS Antennas [ 20 ] GPS-L1 Truncated edge with quarter-wave transformer and slot Jeans No RHCP -3.6 NR NR NR [ 21 ] GPS-L1 Truncated side patch with quarter-wave transformer and slot Felt No RHCP 6.3 NR 27 NR [ 22 ] GPS-L1, ISM Dual-band AMC backed patch (3x3 cells) Felt, Kevlar Yes RHCP/ LHCP 1.98, 1.94 16.7 141.75 NR This work GPS-L1 Dual L-shaped slotted patch with corner truncation Felt Yes RHCP 3.96 16.86 36 150 135 *NR – Not Reported Declarations Funding No funding receives from any sources Data Availability Data sharing is not applicable Acknowledgments The appreciation goes to the Antenna Research Centre (ARC), Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology (FoEBEIT), SEGi University and Institute of Postgraduate Studies (IPSIS), UiTM for supporting this research work. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare there is no conflict of interest. References Sahoo, R., & Vakula, D. (2019). Bow-tie-shaped wideband conformal antenna with wide-slot for GPS application. Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, 27 (1), 80–93. https://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1808-74 Shah, A., & Patel, P. (2021). E-textile slot antenna with spurious mode suppression and low SAR for medical wearable applications. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 35 (16), 2224–2238. https://doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2021.1934905 Singh, S., & Verma, S. (2021). Compact wearable dual wideband circularly polarized L-strip fed slotted textile antenna with parasitic elements for ISM band applications. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 35 (2), 185–197. https://doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2020.1828187. Pazil, A. F. M., Rahman, N. H. A., Ramli, N., & Awang, R. A. (2020). Study on the effects of fabric thickness and human phantom to wearable textile antenna performance. 2020 IEEE International RF and Microwave Conference (RFM) , 8–11. https://doi.org/10.1109/RFM50841.2020.9344785 Tekneci, Ç., Cüna, A., Görgün, A. R., & Başaran, S. C. (2025). Dual-band compact textile antenna design based on nested split-ring resonators. International Journal of Electronics and Communications (AEÜ), 191, 155654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155654 Khalifa, T., Ramli, N., Pazil, A. F. M., Rahman, N. H. A., & Alias, A. J. (2022). Simulation on circularly polarization cotton textile antenna for wireless communication system. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 730 , 345–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4597-3_32 Pazil, M. A. F., Rahman, N. H. A., Ramli, N., & Awang, R. A. (2023). Textile characterisation for wearable antenna application using transmission line measurement. IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP), 3( 3), 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISAP57493.2023.10388626 Fulari, S. S. D., & Singh, H. (2024). Review and development of a patch antenna for GNSS navigation in India’s satellite constellation. Wireless Personal Communications, 139, 1669–1682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-024-11685-0 Chen, R.-S., Zhu, L., Wong, S.-W., Lin, J.-Y., Li, Y., Zhang, L., & He, Y. (September, 2021). S-band full-metal circularly polarized cavity-backed slot antenna with wide bandwidth and wide beamwidth. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 69 (9), 5963–5968. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2021.3061116 Reddy, M. H., & Sheela, D. (2023). A circularly polarized stacked patch antenna for dual band L1 & L2 GPS applications. Wireless Personal Communications, 131, 2525–2538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-023-10550-w Zhai, J., Chen, G., Wang, W., Liu, Y., & Wang, Z. (May, 2022). A novel low-profile circularly polarized GNSS antenna with wide 3 dB axial ratio beamwidth. Progress in Electromagnetics Research, 111 (May), 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/PIERM22051602 Wang, M. S., Zhu, X. Q., Guo, Y. X., & Wu, W. (2018). Compact circularly polarized patch antenna with wide axial-ratio beamwidth. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 17 (4), 714–718. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2018.2813160 Ray, M. K., Mandal, K., & Nasimuddin. (2019). Low-profile circularly polarized patch antenna with wide 3 dB beamwidth. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 18 (12), 2473–2477. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2019.2940703 Ray, M. K., Mandal, K., Nasimuddin, N., Lalbakhsh, A., Raad, R., & Tubbal, F. (2020). Two-pair slots inserted CP patch antenna for wide axial ratio beamwidth. IEEE Access, 8 , 223316–223324. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3043406 Yan, Y.-D., Jiao, Y.-C., Cheng, T.-H., & Zhang, C. (2021). A low-profile dual-circularly polarized wide-axial-ratio-beamwidth slot patch antenna with six-port feeding network. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 20, 2486–2490. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2021.3115802 Liu, H., Wang, J., Zhao, Z., Wang, S., & Fang, S. (2023, May). Design of wideband GNSS antenna with wide-angle circular polarization and anti-multipath performance for high-precision marine positioning. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 72 (5), 6281–6293. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2022.3233095 Zaidi, N. I., et al. (2022). Analysis on bending performance of the electro-textile antennas with bandwidth enhancement for wearable tracking application. IEEE Access, 10 , 31800–31820. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3160825. Zaidi, N. I., Ali, M. T., Rahman, N. H. A., Yahya, M. F., & Nordin, M. S. A. (2020). Analysis on different shape of textile antenna under bending condition for GPS application. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 9 (5), 1964–1970. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i5.2185 Nordin, M. S. A., Rahman, N. H. A., Ali, M. T., Zaidi, N. I., & Ahmad, M. R. (2020). Analysis on wearable antenna performance on different radiating elements for GPS application. International Journal of Integrated Engineering, 12 (6), 40–48. https://doi.org/10.30880/ijie.2020.12.06.005. Budiastuti, D., Ilyas, A. K., & Rahardjo, E. T. (2020). Design and assembly of textile microstrip antenna for global positioning system application. IEEE Region 10 Annual International Conference (TENCON), 909–913. https://doi.org/10.1109/TENCON50793.2020.9293869. Ilyas, A. K., Budiastuti, D., & Rahardjo, E. T. (2020). Effect of textile substrate on antenna performance for GPS application. IEEE Region 10 Annual International Conference (TENCON) , 914–918. https://doi.org/10.1109/TENCON50793.2020.9293920 Joshi, R., et al. (2020). Dual-band, dual-sense textile antenna with AMC backing for localization using GPS and WBAN/WLAN. IEEE Access, 8 , 89468–89478. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2993371 Moharana, M., & Dwivedy, B. (2024, March). Circularly polarized planar antennas with enhanced characteristics for contemporary wireless communication use cases: A review. IEEE Access, 12, 134594–134613. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3415483 Wichaidit, P., Dentri, S., Janpangern, P., Lertwinyaraporn, T., Krairiksh, M., & Phongcharoenpanich, C. (November, 2024). Broadband CP corner-truncated microstrip antenna with irregularly hexagonal AMC for 2.45 GHz applications. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 97 (November), 88–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2024.04.022 Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission. (2022). Spectrum plan spectrum plan 2022. https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/mcmcspectrumplan2022pdf/261708365 Rajavel, V., & Ghoshal, D. (2023). A compact triband antenna using artificial magnetic conductor for wireless body area network communications. Wireless Networks, 29 (6), 2773–2795. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-023-03354-0. Elsikh, T., Sayed, A., Eid, A. M., & Ailedin, A. (April, 2019). A low-cost circular polarized antenna array for GPS receivers. Proceedings of the 13th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP). https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8739420 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8082560","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":550530990,"identity":"78e6feb9-2390-4bdd-a3b3-9daef0233de7","order_by":0,"name":"Anis Fariza Md. Pazil","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"SEGi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anis","middleName":"Fariza Md.","lastName":"P","suffix":"Md."},{"id":550530991,"identity":"e5a00ad0-2bc8-473e-b7b6-13f8e158c95a","order_by":1,"name":"Nurul Huda Abd Rahman","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLCChw0MjA3M7AcMEioYeMAiPIS0JIK0sPckFHw4w8DDQ7wWngMGH2e2QVXj02IukftMInHHYdn+GQmJm3nnHZaxFzvA+OBtG0O0wQHsWixnpJtJJJ45bDzjRuJhY95th3l4pBOYDee2MeRuwKHF4EYam0Ri2+HEhhsJaTAtbNK8xGiZfyPB/DfvHLAW9t9Eadlw5oCB4cwGiC3MeLWcecZskdiWbrzxeE+CwYdj6Tw8txObJeeck8idiUvL8TTGGx/brGXnHQZFZY21Pfvs5IMf3pTZ5Pbh0IINMDYACQkGBRK0QIF8A8laRsEoGAWjYHgCAEryZGGKgZtAAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Universiti Teknologi MARA","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nurul","middleName":"Huda Abd","lastName":"Rahman","suffix":""},{"id":550530992,"identity":"5d395d73-2b62-461a-8e8c-2efbcf8621b1","order_by":2,"name":"Nurulazlina Ramli","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"SEGi University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nurulazlina","middleName":"","lastName":"Ramli","suffix":""},{"id":550530993,"identity":"10550b2c-aa6e-40af-933a-08fa75ebf409","order_by":3,"name":"Robi’atun Adayiah Awang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Robi’atun","middleName":"Adayiah","lastName":"Awang","suffix":""},{"id":550530994,"identity":"58e9dd2f-480c-4e53-a33d-fcea1e30fd8f","order_by":4,"name":"Syed Muzahir Abbas","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Macquarie University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Syed","middleName":"Muzahir","lastName":"Abbas","suffix":""},{"id":550530995,"identity":"3e010e50-fffd-4648-ade2-ec432837711c","order_by":5,"name":"Anwar Faizd Osman","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Spectre Solutions Sdn","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anwar","middleName":"Faizd","lastName":"Osman","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-11-11 05:08:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8082560/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8082560/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":96920579,"identity":"bffe762f-07fa-4047-b107-0f751145d161","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:18","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4423533,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"FinalWPSSpringerNature.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/42adc2fe97d8ca3719a05141.docx"},{"id":96920798,"identity":"99bc91e8-3424-44a0-ae2c-d0beb5409472","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:26","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":8316,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"a02bb1c5f66f4ea2ba6c95279d8179c4.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/666f5b0c52e4cdd38bf034c3.json"},{"id":96890630,"identity":"c4d315e7-ec55-4e4f-9f40-5507f7b4589f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:18","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":111362,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"a02bb1c5f66f4ea2ba6c95279d8179c41enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/945cbcaa8171f0759ef64dd3.xml"},{"id":96920563,"identity":"579905ec-ae3b-415b-9c38-52d20a26318b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:16","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":91825,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/5ca4328f9802e1df9110ae9b.png"},{"id":96890635,"identity":"14d2fb08-d4d9-4d2c-b8a8-6108083e2d2f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:19","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":68457,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/f73df5c10ea5662ef952106e.png"},{"id":96920800,"identity":"ce1a5238-d8df-4e7d-9d11-09f2f8685db1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:26","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":86922,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/edcb18391cd784429551897b.png"},{"id":96921055,"identity":"87d21888-8e06-4882-898b-772f332f05d9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:38","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":100362,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/46251357636c8db683b2f603.png"},{"id":96920535,"identity":"85c491a6-2d15-4600-90d5-dadefa2e655d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:15","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":130544,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/ca96391c50dc8f9bf357ad28.png"},{"id":96890652,"identity":"c845ed2b-8555-4b0d-bbe2-6eac068b9c77","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:19","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":386634,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/85381e4894eb00c524bf9430.jpeg"},{"id":96919521,"identity":"ce84c3a9-d78f-44ff-b2ea-64de935f0ca4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:01","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":101893,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/00d702da661d5b954dcf7bca.png"},{"id":96920886,"identity":"98edb7ad-3c8b-4720-9006-25719bfeb1d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:29","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage16.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/34ef1d21d7e4859416e1d159.jpeg"},{"id":96920819,"identity":"baec51b0-f4c1-467c-a8b0-81bbb142c3a9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:26","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":61717,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/446c23db817a9410cbafec55.png"},{"id":96890658,"identity":"2a723500-ea44-4652-a6b3-80edbe22f944","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:19","extension":"jpeg","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":164666,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/c241b2792e1aa30c91b09b04.jpeg"},{"id":96890659,"identity":"aade213b-80ad-4951-b445-da35ae7b894e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:19","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":61546,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/39929b95779865290204b987.png"},{"id":96890677,"identity":"de7ab945-8caf-4d1b-9247-f0c56d6eff8e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:20","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":501421,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/6b63cc9a15a3694041306f98.png"},{"id":96890640,"identity":"b534c280-1482-4577-a8d4-04a5db5536c6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:19","extension":"jpeg","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage16.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/e90ff89bbac4a8c69905a186.jpeg"},{"id":96890654,"identity":"d351586b-298b-4c9d-87a7-79c322cd739c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:19","extension":"jpeg","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":402668,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/2d92da2d8bcb25858ef25a29.jpeg"},{"id":96920700,"identity":"c8d9aa88-f9a3-4edc-bbd2-175ff721213e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:22","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":616729,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/3450d8bbf5156cc664fea4ca.png"},{"id":96920042,"identity":"1254ec3e-45bb-462c-9e0b-fd69201853ad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:43","extension":"jpeg","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":714379,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/97865dd0d20f82efa0191bb4.jpeg"},{"id":96919557,"identity":"c5400971-b1f9-40b8-a179-f6c4dedc5a7d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:05","extension":"jpeg","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":43525,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/c0cb38e86854a678b1170cfe.jpeg"},{"id":96920046,"identity":"33046749-a2dd-4563-b158-0196836ae7ce","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:43","extension":"jpeg","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":118259,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"groupimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/b86e3e7cd536b723aa04e845.jpeg"},{"id":96920569,"identity":"a04a8605-96a1-40fe-a7f1-a2b88ef39a7a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:16","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":18136,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/0938c5169b8fabbaba2efcbc.png"},{"id":96890671,"identity":"9de932df-aed8-4367-ac22-8b9d02b30227","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:20","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17772,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/f24a9fcd838978015fd121bb.png"},{"id":96890657,"identity":"7b616137-2235-4b1f-8985-fd14659bc3d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:19","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":18146,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/aa40c48d29132555c6e92774.png"},{"id":96890655,"identity":"90813812-b3b1-4332-8de9-bac138f38edd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:19","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":21992,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/f6ca8a42e83b5ef1c0c36a79.png"},{"id":96890666,"identity":"cb3245fa-ac94-4388-b05f-1df62d0ad0d8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:19","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":37620,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/2e24258abb1dc75663ac1883.png"},{"id":96890673,"identity":"a5c5ff19-40db-44b4-b0fd-894b4e067994","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:20","extension":"png","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":70423,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/edad40e2e0eaa71cc469919b.png"},{"id":96890656,"identity":"2ee2af65-b7f9-4200-8b9c-dd1476f075bd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:19","extension":"png","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":24427,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/2f87abe120ef2dd2ecca5a09.png"},{"id":96890675,"identity":"1fb1ba70-1876-4806-853e-7dcf5cb25491","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:20","extension":"png","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/9751c83c1df85f1fb7c99415.png"},{"id":96890681,"identity":"42736b84-e652-467c-bde9-600e938ec93d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:20","extension":"png","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":16906,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/82826b06710457d90dc17601.png"},{"id":96920648,"identity":"efd3a6fb-9da3-4b36-baf4-f7538607ed8b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:20","extension":"png","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":41320,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/8dd1ce4ef711038a8291f43d.png"},{"id":96890661,"identity":"2bb65a21-a871-4f06-8996-bbd31ea99c76","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:19","extension":"png","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":14852,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/240b8cd7c037d4efd01a680e.png"},{"id":96890683,"identity":"399214b4-fded-4978-b67f-bbce89a3998d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:20","extension":"png","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":87366,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/9f7d1f6ae05aef8425d578a8.png"},{"id":96920580,"identity":"fffc492e-0f86-4b9e-80e2-02d1dd59602f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:18","extension":"png","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/5a6dff0254ff52acfb8a8b8c.png"},{"id":96890663,"identity":"bedffc03-cdaa-4bde-bccf-2a8de85417d5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:19","extension":"png","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":76176,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/0c73eb38031f09f77da5a35b.png"},{"id":96919948,"identity":"5ffd10f7-28a4-41e0-8efc-cb7a18c5ada1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:38","extension":"png","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":101040,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/6c18a77381cd24fbd6e5e6ff.png"},{"id":96920830,"identity":"d5fd14dc-b434-47b5-bc33-76f0a211bd3f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:27","extension":"png","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":180062,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/2b0f860f5f8ec29a2f12be3b.png"},{"id":96890670,"identity":"9f400d87-d5a9-41fd-8605-a24634dc1810","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:19","extension":"png","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":15797,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/6486179c646c9af0d6c9ba18.png"},{"id":96920662,"identity":"dab44011-f927-4175-83a8-579fd38924c9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:21","extension":"png","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":29502,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinegroupimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/9dd4cc0a33f19a5c698a6f99.png"},{"id":96890664,"identity":"9556018f-9f0b-4113-81de-14085f3d9e90","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:19","extension":"xml","order_by":39,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":111291,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"a02bb1c5f66f4ea2ba6c95279d8179c41structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/4cbe080c42a42b7ee48d5005.xml"},{"id":96919299,"identity":"42685c7f-8de0-4e0c-b0d3-ecedf8ed6cf6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:13:33","extension":"html","order_by":40,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":124900,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/a33d91a8a4cb4860bed5c13e.html"},{"id":96890626,"identity":"12deacfc-b41b-43d6-b3ec-f492997e6165","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:18","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":77423,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eVarious wearable antenna applications and technologies\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/620aff832385bf637185f5f6.png"},{"id":96890627,"identity":"6b648349-94c3-4410-ac07-9d7b9477b562","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:18","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":108732,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eProposed antenna structure\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/6437039ffd8c528623649d85.png"},{"id":96890628,"identity":"5d964810-cc29-493a-ae07-9f7622fcc7cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:18","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":185871,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDesign evolution of Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3 and Stage 4\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/8f961644b00caa2b3f183ab2.png"},{"id":96890631,"identity":"36f6c929-b24d-443d-8433-6907adeaaeac","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:19","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":64665,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eReturn loss of S11 from Stage 1 to Stage 4 of the evolved design\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/707d65cdde1f1a6976b26c38.png"},{"id":96920133,"identity":"f147a2de-4204-4884-b987-2f123bc163d4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:49","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":203673,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSurface current distribution at (a) ω = 0° (b) ω = 90° (c) ω = 180°(d) ω = 270°\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/5538c059baa41cc92f29ea85.png"},{"id":96890638,"identity":"4f6cf797-2694-427f-9509-a014a79971c3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:19","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":307753,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/4dafd87a205ae3d88e88d9e4.png"},{"id":96920122,"identity":"349cc228-93e9-4b48-851b-3d58bad2f07f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:48","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":314570,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/b4bc990d66a4a53686036a56.png"},{"id":96920651,"identity":"1ce1c2dc-5c9c-41ce-bf45-e535cc48e33b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:20","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":289542,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFabrication stages of the proposed antenna design\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/600cdbf5b77b7519a2820547.png"},{"id":96890653,"identity":"857f16cc-f012-499e-81e6-0aa2af7359ad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:19","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":558048,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe fabricated antenna is tested first for its impedance matching using VNA followed by far-field measurement in the anechoic chamber (left to right)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/87dc0a571824bc31abbdd94a.png"},{"id":96921063,"identity":"511e84d7-63f4-48e3-bfa2-35dbfd21776d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:38","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":94789,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSimulated and measured return loss (S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e) of the proposed antenna\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/d52fc3ff1d882f4e27293de6.png"},{"id":96919854,"identity":"5c5685b3-3bc2-4725-adb3-11d73d360411","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:33","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":70319,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSimulated and measured radiation patterns of the proposed antenna (a) \u003cem\u003ex-z\u003c/em\u003eplane (b) \u003cem\u003ey-z\u003c/em\u003e plane\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/e5a9044493dacbe7e892425c.png"},{"id":96890648,"identity":"7d2d1cf3-624f-4268-aa48-9d695c18b1c0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:19","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":101165,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSimulated and measured axial ratio of the proposed antenna\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/33126cb2f19a0dbe50cb8e4b.png"},{"id":96919945,"identity":"8e919621-f232-4626-9198-3ebd7bd497ce","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:14:38","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":166832,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSimulated and measured RHCP and LHCP gain at (a) \u003cem\u003ex-z\u003c/em\u003eplane (b) \u003cem\u003ey-z\u003c/em\u003e plane\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/1c080bf339ea06b3819d297f.png"},{"id":96890651,"identity":"38dda434-0854-4715-8c25-4f931981c9d8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:19","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":353393,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSimulated and measured RHCP and LHCP gain curves of the proposed antenna at (a) \u003cem\u003ex-z \u003c/em\u003eplane\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003e(b) \u003cem\u003ey-z \u003c/em\u003eplane\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/4f05d99aee9a1cdac93abffd.png"},{"id":96920556,"identity":"c3e01294-a091-4b26-aeda-31b50298dabd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 14:15:16","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":122895,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSimulated and measured AR beamwidth of the proposed antenna at \u003cem\u003ex-z \u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003ey-z \u003c/em\u003eplane\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/409292dbc3731ebaf49aa62d.png"},{"id":96890678,"identity":"542f0aa4-d0ee-4a19-90bb-cf5dfb4c1dca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-27 09:11:20","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"Figure 16","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":580504,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e(a) Measured AR beamwidth in the principle and diagonal planes versus the amplitude ratio (b) Measured AR beamwidth in the principle and diagonal planes versus the phase difference\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/e73292d6a71b4e69c3221ba2.png"},{"id":99789834,"identity":"e7cfea83-30ed-49b0-8525-2384604297a8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-08 12:50:45","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":4324037,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8082560/v1/01b52ffb-69ba-462e-a056-06a46c2797ff.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eA Wide Axial Ratio Beamwidth Circularly Polarized Fully Textile Dual L-shaped Slotted Antenna for GPS-L1 Application\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe rapid evolution of wearable technology has led to the increasing integration of electronic devices into garments including for tracking and positioning application, utilizing Global Positioning System (GPS) services, as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Compared with conventional antennas, textile antennas offer key advantages such as flexibility, durability, compact size, ease of fabrication, and cost-effective manufacturing, supporting in-body, on-body, and off-body communication by transmitting and receiving radio waves [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3 CR4 CR5 CR6\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Many textile antennas for wearable applications have been developed based on microstrip patch configurations, typically employing linear polarization (LP) to achieve low profile and cost-effective design. However, these antennas suffer from polarization mismatch and multipath fading when subjected to body motion or random orientation. This limitation motivates the use of circularly polarized (CP) configurations in achieving reliable communication for dynamic and body-mounted applications, specifically for tracking.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor circularly polarized (CP) antennas in GPS applications, a wide axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) is crucial to maintain polarization purity under detuning and ensure efficient reception of right-hand circularly polarized (RHCP) signals from satellites distributed across the sky. To guarantee reliable signal acquisition in wearable scenarios, the antenna should exhibit a 3-dB AR beamwidth exceeding 120\u0026deg; [8 \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;10], an axial ratio bandwidth that fully covers the GPS-L1 band, and a sufficiently high front-to-back ratio (FBR) to suppress backward radiation and minimize left-hand circularly polarized (LHCP) reflections. However, achieving these characteristics simultaneously in a fully textile configuration remains challenging due to limited aperture size, single-feed excitation, and the inherently symmetrical field distribution of conventional patch geometries. Several approaches to enhance the 3-dB ARBW based on microstrip configuration such as asymmetric geometries, diagonal or parallel slots, slits, and feeding mechanisms have been reported in [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR12 CR13 CR14 CR15\" citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. In [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], an asymmetric patch integrated with an arc-shaped element on the main radiator was employed achieving exceptionally wide 3-dB ARBW of 232.2\u0026deg; and 212.2\u0026deg; in the principal planes (φ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0\u0026deg; and φ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;90\u0026deg;) with a 20-MHz AR bandwidth. Similarly, in [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], two pairs of slots were employed as magnetic dipole perturbations to excite orthogonal modes, thereby generating circular polarization and improving the axial ratio bandwidth. Despite their wide ARBW, their AR bandwidths remain limited due to the use of single-feed excitation. Multi-port feed networks were adopted in [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], however, they are unsuitable for wearable devices due to bulkiness, fabrication complexity, and added weight. Moreover, all works above rely on precise geometric alignment and rigid substrates to maintain mode orthogonality and stable coupling, limiting their practicality for flexible, wearable or fully textile implementations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecent works related to textile-based GPS antennas have been reported in the literature [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR18\" citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. The study in [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] investigated bandwidth enhancement in polyester-based antennas using Defected Ground Structure (DGS), which effectively minimized frequency detuning. In contrast, the works in [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] and [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e] analyzed textile antenna under bending conditions and examined different radiating element geometries on polyester substrates. Nevertheless, these designs were linearly polarized, therefore did not address axial-ratio (AR) bandwidth or axial-ratio beamwidth (ARBW), limiting their applicability for broad-coverage GPS applications. Meanwhile, other GPS textile antennas employing circular polarization (CP) have been reported in [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. The design in [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] utilized a multilayer denim-based structure, yet no AR bandwidth or ARBW data were provided despite its circular polarization operation. The work in [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e], on the other hand, employed felt as the substrate in a single-layer configuration, achieving a 3-dB AR bandwidth of 27 MHz, but similarly omitted any discussion on ARBW performance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile the aforementioned GPS studies employed textile substrates, those did not represent fully textile configurations as metallic ground planes or rigid layers were still incorporated. The most recent development on a fully textile antenna incorporating GPS CP antennas have employed artificial magnetic conductors (AMCs) and metasurface-based ground planes to simultaneously enhance the ARBW and suppress backward radiation, as reported in [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. In this work, a dual-band AMC-backed antenna composed of a 3 \u0026times; 3 array of square-patch unit cells, with each unit cell integrating four square slits and a surrounding square ring, achieved a wide 3-dB AR bandwidth of 141.75 MHz. The design demonstrates the effectiveness of AMC structures in enhancing frequency-domain and angular polarization stability. However, the study did not report axial-ratio beamwidth (ARBW) characteristics, limiting the assessment of angular CP stability and making it difficult to evaluate performance under varying antenna orientations [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] Furthermore, the incorporation of the AMC surface introduces additional thickness and alignment issue, potentially compromise the antenna\u0026rsquo;s performance when integrated into wearable garments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall, the existing literature reveals a key research gap on fully textile GPS antennas that delivered and verified wide ARBW of CP for a conformal design that combines wearability features with robust angular polarization stability. To address this gap, this paper presents a wide ARBW CP fully textile antenna that integrates dual L-shaped slots with corner truncation on a single-layer, single-feed configuration. The proposed geometry enables the excitation of two orthogonal resonant modes with a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;90\u0026deg; phase difference, resulting in robust RHCP across the GPS-L1 band. The mirrored dual L-slot arrangement redistributes the surface current symmetrically, forming hybrid electric\u0026ndash;magnetic dipole modes that effectively equalize the orthogonal field components over a broad angular region, hence thereby realizing a significantly widened 3-dB ARBW. Unlike multilayer AMC-backed or parasitic-loaded designs, the proposed configuration maintains mechanical softness and conformability, as it is entirely fabricated from hydrophobic felt and Shieldit Super conductive textile without requiring rigid backing. Furthermore, the corner truncation assists fine-tuning of mode orthogonality and improves ARBW, ensuring polarization stability within the 1.575 GHz GPS-L1 spectrum. This compact, fabrication-friendly, and fully textile implementation demonstrates a notable improvement in ARBW and good performance in AR bandwidth along with FBR which are three critical parameters under explored simultaneously in wearable CP antennas thereby establishing it as a promising solution for reliable GPS-L1 wearable application. Section 2 describes the antenna design process in detail, including the structural configuration and underlying operating principles. Section 3 presents a comprehensive parametric analysis to evaluate and optimize the antenna's performance. In Section 4, the simulated results are validated through experimental measurements and the comparative analysis of the previous works. Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper with a summary of key findings and potential directions for future work.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Antenna Design and Operation","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1 Antenna Structure\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, the proposed antenna is illustrated in top and side views with truncated corners at the top-right and bottom-left of the radiating element to realize RHCP operation, while the corresponding physical dimensions are summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. In this design, felt textile is used as the substrate (\u003cem\u003eƐ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e = 1.44, tan δ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0395, thickness\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.00 mm), while Shieldit Super is the radiating element with a conductivity of 1.18 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e S/m and thickness of 0.17 mm. Since this radiating textile contains adhesive on one side, the preliminary assembly of the felt substrate is relatively easy. To simplify the fabrication process and maintain a structurally compact design suitable for wearable applications, a single-feed coaxial probe is employed without any additional feeding network. A bottom-fed configuration using an SMA connector is selected, as it offers superior mechanical robustness and effective electrical shielding. This approach mitigates common issues associated with top-fed or edge-fed antennas that utilize microstrip lines or snap connectors, which are more susceptible to wear, bending stress, and detuning due to strain on the top layer. To further strengthen its reliability, the proposed antenna has been progressively refined through four stages of design modification, as outlined in Section 2.2.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2 Antenna Working Principle\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo initiate the 4 stages, a fundamental square patch is designed to achieve the desired operating frequency at 1.575 GHz. A rectangular ground plane of Shieldit Super with the dimension of 94 \u0026times; 100 mm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e is fed using a 50 Ω coaxial probe. As seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e(a) for Stage 1, the antenna design is first presented as linearly polarized due to the Axial Ratio (AR) value exceeding 3 dB. To achieve the Right-Hand Circular Polarization (RHCP), an excitation of two orthogonal modes with a 90\u0026deg; phase difference is required to generate a circular Polarization characteristic. Hence, as seen in Stage 2 from Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e(b), the antenna is modified by truncating the top-right and bottom-left corners. Although RHCP is achieved with an axial ratio (AR) below 3 dB, the value remains close to the threshold, indicating that further design optimization is necessary to ensure stable performance under wearable conditions. An L-slot is further introduced to the antenna as a second tuning to adjust the mode amplitude and phase balance to achieve lower the AR, as seen in Stage 3 from Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e(c). Here, the L-slot is employed near the probe-fed where the current density is highest with the dimension of the horizontal slot is longer than the vertical slot. Nevertheless, this single L-slot introduction has altered the surface electric field distribution at Stage 3 and subsequently changed the antenna operation characteristic in linearly polarized mode. From Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e(d), another mirrored L-slot is added to the design for Stage 4 to improve the magnitude ratio (\u003cem\u003eEx\u003c/em\u003e/\u003cem\u003eEy\u003c/em\u003e) between the horizontal and vertical electric fields with 90\u0026deg; phase difference. The final slot addition to the design subsequently demonstrates an improved AR value that concludes the process of generating circular polarization of right-handed characteristics. Figure\u0026nbsp;4 shows the return loss (S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e) from Stage 1 to Stage 4 of the evolved design.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo gain an insight into CP radiation characteristic, the simulated surface current distribution is studied. Circular polarization is characterized by the rotation of current vectors in a circular behavior (right-hand or left-hand orientation) as the electromagnetic wave propagates [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. The orientation of the surface current vector is shown at four different phases, ω of 90\u0026deg; apart (0\u0026deg;, 90\u0026deg;, 180\u0026deg; and 270\u0026deg;).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e. Dimensions of the proposed antenna\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDescription\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameter\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDimension (mm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePatch length\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL\u003csub\u003ep\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePatch width\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW\u003csub\u003ep\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubstrate length\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubstrate width\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW\u003csub\u003es\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGround length\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eL\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGround width\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eW\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeight (Shieldit Super)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHeight (Felt)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eh\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTruncated corner length\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003et\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVertical Slot Length\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003csub\u003eV\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHorizontal slot length\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003csub\u003eh\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 198px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall antenna height\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0 + 0.17 +0.17 =3.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig. 5(a) to Fig. 5(d) shows the surface current distribution changes with the variation from 0\u0026deg; to 270\u0026deg; of feeding phases. In Fig. 5(a), the dominant current vectors are presented in +x-direction at 0\u0026deg; phase, whereas, at 90\u0026deg; phase, the dominant current vectors are in the +y-direction as seen in Fig. 5(b). Meanwhile, a strong horizontal current component towards the left is visible for 180\u0026deg; phase shown in Fig. 5(c) and subsequently an inclination of dominant current orientated vertically downwards in the phase of 270\u0026deg; viewed in Fig. 5(d). The result shows that the current distribution at 0\u0026deg; and 180\u0026deg; stages has equal magnitude but is distributed in the opposite phase. Nevertheless, when the change in feeding phases from 180\u0026deg; to 270\u0026deg; occurred, the dominant current vectors are at the opposite of 0\u0026deg; and 90\u0026deg; phases, respectively. From these observations, the phase progressions demonstrate that the surface current vectors are rotating counterclockwise, depicting a valid RHCP operation with the beam radiated along +z-direction.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Parametric Analysis","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo investigate the effects of various geometrical parameters on the proposed antenna performance, a parametric study is being employed to optimize the final design. In this design, the circular polarization is achieved by introducing truncated corners and slots towards the radiating patch. Here, three important parameters, corner truncation (\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e), horizontal slot (\u003cem\u003es\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eh\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) and vertical slot (\u003cem\u003es\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ev\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e), have been analyzed and studied.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1 Variation of corner truncation (\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) length\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e(a) and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e(b) demonstrates the effect of varying corner truncation length (\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e)\u003c/em\u003e on S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e and AR performance. The graph in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e(a) illustrates that as the corner truncation length (bottom-left and top-right) increases, the S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e decreases indicating a better impedance matching. When corners are truncated, it alters and lengthened the effective electrical path of the current and subsequently changed the resonant frequency of the antenna. Among the evaluated configurations, the proposed design with \u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e =18.1 mm achieves optimal tuning showing a centered resonance at 1.575 GHz. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e(b) shows the trade-off and correlation between S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e and AR performance at 1.575 GHz for varying \u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e values. Optimal CP performance is observed around \u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e =18.1 mm which aligns perfectly with the optimal bandwidth of S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e. Here, the corner truncation acts as perturbation that breaks the symmetry of the patch enabling balance of excitation modes of two orthogonal TM modes in quadrature thereby generating CP. Therefore, a precise control of corner truncation length is crucial as the insufficient truncation length will dominates only one mode leading to linear polarization. However, an excessive truncation can result to unwanted higher-order mode coupling or imbalance between orthogonal current components causing degradation in AR.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2 Variation on L-slot (\u003cem\u003es\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ev\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003es\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eh\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) length\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e(a) and Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e(b) illustrates the effects of varying the horizontal (\u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eh\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) and vertical (\u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ev\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) slot lengths for S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e and AR performance. From the simulation result obtained in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e(a), it can be observed that an increased in both \u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eh\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ev\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e shift the resonance frequency to a lower value. When slots are introduced and enlarged, it disrupts and lengthen the effective electrical currents path thus lowers the resonant frequency as the antenna appears electrically larger. Meanwhile, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e(b) demonstrates the trade-off between S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e and AR at 1.575 GHz for varying \u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ev\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e/S\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eh\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e ratios. From this graph, the optimal performance is observed in a balance ratio around \u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ev\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e/S\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eh\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026asymp;\u003c/em\u003e 0.75 to 0.76, demonstrating simultaneously low AR (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;3 dB) and excellent impedance matching indicated by a low S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e of -25.83 dB. This balanced ratio facilitates a symmetrical current distribution generating two orthogonal current components with nearly equal magnitude and precise phase difference close to 90\u0026deg;. Conversely, the ratio which deviates from this identified optimal range may compromise both S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e and AR performance due to asymmetrical current distributions resulted from geometrically imbalance slots. Such asymmetry disrupts the purity of the CP and sharply increase the AR value thus reducing the antenna polarization efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Validation through Measurement Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eTo validate the theoretical design and simulated results, a prototype was fabricated as seen in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e. The proposed antenna is manually cut by tracing out the molds modelled by a 3D printer to ensure easy fabrication and precise measurement is performed. The reflection coefficient was tested using Keysight Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e. A comparison of the reflection coefficients is illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;10, in which good agreement was apparent between simulation and measurement results. The measured and simulated frequency bandwidths for both S\u003csub\u003e11\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;10 dB is 108 MHz (1.525\u0026ndash;1.630 GHz) and 116 MHz (1.517\u0026ndash;1.633 GHz), respectively with a slight frequency shift from 1.575 GHz in simulation to 1.582 GHz in the measurement result. According to Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) spectrum plan, the bandwidth for GPS-L1 bandwidth is allocated from 1.559 to 1.610 GHz [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. As such, this antenna design met the specifications and adhered to the requirements for GPS applications by the regulatory body in Malaysia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe radiation characteristics of the fabricated antenna were measured in an anechoic chamber that deployed a well-calibrated standard gain horn antenna using over-the-air (OTA) measurement as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e. This horn antenna is used as a transmitting antenna, \u003cem\u003eTx\u003c/em\u003e, while the fabricated antenna is the receiving antenna, \u003cem\u003eRx\u003c/em\u003e. To measure the desired parameters, the antenna under test (AUT) is mounted securely on the positioner and rotated at various angles for a 2D, 3D radiation pattern and polarization measurement. In general, a good agreement between the simulated and measured results are observed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe measured and simulated radiation patterns at 1.575 GHz of the proposed antenna shows a good concurrence with each other in the two principal planes (\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cem\u003ez\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ey\u003c/em\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cem\u003ez\u003c/em\u003e) as shown in Fig. 11(a) and Fig. 11(b), respectively. From Fig. 11(a), a unidirectional pattern is demonstrated with Half-Power Beamwidth (HPBW) radiating from 76.3\u0026deg; \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;79.4\u0026deg; for the simulated value and 76.5\u0026deg;\u0026ndash; 78.6\u0026deg; for the measured value. The maximum gain manifested at \u003cem\u003ex-z\u003c/em\u003e plane is 3.32 dB and 3.96 dB for the simulation and measurement result, respectively. For \u003cem\u003ey-z\u003c/em\u003e plane in Fig. 11(b), the gain achieved is 3.31 dB for the simulation result and 3.73 dB for the measurement result. It can be observed that both values of gain in the measurement result are slightly higher than the simulated value. This is due to a narrower beamwidth being demonstrated in the measurement values resulting from the radiated energy concentration in the boresight direction. Meanwhile, to investigate the amount of energy reflected, which depicts low back radiation to the body for wearable suitability, a front-to-back ratio (FBR) parameter must be analyzed [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. As illustrated in Fig. 11(a), the \u003cem\u003ex-z\u003c/em\u003e plane demonstrates an FBR value of 19.42 dB for the simulated value and 16.86 dB for the measurement result. On the other hand, the simulated and measured values of \u003cem\u003ey-z\u003c/em\u003e plane as shown in Fig. 11(b) resulted in 19.41 dB and 16.17 dB respectively. The difference between these FBR values for the simulated and measurement approach may be due to the experimental tolerance in the alignment setup during the measurement. In general, the measured FBR values of both planes indicate a good performance for the on-body application as the FBR percentage demonstrates more than 97.58% of power radiated in forward direction for both principal planes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\"\u003eFigure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e shows the 3-dB Axial Ratio Bandwidth (ARBW) of the simulated and measured result. The simulated ARBW demonstrates a result of 24 MHz (1.560\u0026ndash;1.584 GHz) with an AR value of 2.21 dB while the measured ARBW shows the performance of 36 MHz (1.555\u0026ndash;1.591 GHz) with an AR of 2.38 dB. The observed expansion in the measured ARBW may attributed by minor fabrication tolerances, particularly in the slot dimensions and truncated corners. These variations can inadvertently enhance the excitation of orthogonal balance modes due to the highly sensitive nature of CP. Additionally, the conformal nature of the textile structure may introduce slight deformation that further contributes to the deviation between simulation and measurement. Nevertheless, the measured results confirm that the proposed antenna maintains robust circular polarization characteristics with a wider AR operational bandwidth, demonstrating its practical suitability for GPS-L1 wearable applications.\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo validate the dominance of polarization for the proposed antenna, the gain plots of RHCP and LHCP are assessed accordingly. Based on the radiation patterns as illustrated in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, it can be observed that the co-polarization gain of RHCP dominates LHCP gain for both the \u003cem\u003ex-z\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ey-z\u003c/em\u003e planes. In these planes, the magnitude of the RHCP gain of 3.86 dB and 3.64 dB observed are significantly higher than the LHCP gain of -12.04 dB and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;12.77 dB. Given this outcome, the antenna demonstrates the desired polarization as the RHCP gain is remarkably different by more than 15 dB, as seen in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e. Therefore, the result from these co-polarized and cross-polarized levels indicates that the RHCP properties have been successfully acquired in both planes and attained a good cross-polarization ratio. Comparing the simulated and the measured results, the RHCP gain for both approaches demonstrate a good agreement. Nevertheless, a deteriorated gain is observed slightly in LHCP gain, which may affect the CP purity and degrade the AR value towards linear polarization.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor a practical GPS operation, a width angle of 120\u0026deg; beamwidth is required to cover at least four satellites for accurate 3D positioning at latitude, longitude and altitude. Moreover, the antenna can receive a stable signal although the satellites are positioned at a low elevation angle [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e shows the simulated and measured 3-dB AR beamwidth of the proposed antenna at \u003cem\u003ex-z\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ey-z\u003c/em\u003e plane. The measured beamwidth demonstrates 150\u0026deg; (-90\u0026deg; to 60\u0026deg;) at Phi\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0\u0026deg; and 135\u0026deg; (-75\u0026deg; to 60\u0026deg;) at Phi\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;90\u0026deg;. From observation, the beamwidth of the measurement is slightly wider than the simulation result. This could be due to the angle misplacement that introduced asymmetric excitation and hence skewed the main lobe and increased the beamwidth. The simulation assumptions are not wholly met, leading to differences between simulated and measured results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe antenna structure shows that the mirrored L-slots antenna is symmetrical with respect to the \u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e-axis but asymmetrical with respect to the \u003cem\u003ey\u003c/em\u003e-axis. The current distribution will be uniformly distributed along the x-axis when the antenna is symmetrical. This condition will result in a wider beamwidth as the energy is spread evenly across a wide angle. Unlike the asymmetrical antenna structure along the \u003cem\u003ey\u003c/em\u003e-axis, the current distribution will be unevenly distributed especially in the direction in which the L-slots open (the orientation of the arms of the L). As seen on the surface current distribution in Fig. 5, the current peak occurred at the lower arm of L-slot, nearer to the feed point location. This will cause the radiation to be more directional as the energy intensifies, narrowing the beamwidth in that plane. As a result, the AR beamwidth in \u003cem\u003ethe x-z\u003c/em\u003e plane has a wider angle than in the \u003cem\u003ey-z\u003c/em\u003e plane.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo further understand the CP behavior and validate the mode orthogonality of the proposed antenna, the amplitude and phase components of the radiated electric fields were analyzed across different azimuthal planes. Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e(a) and Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e(b) the variation of AR, amplitude ratio, and phase difference as a function of the elevation angle (\u0026theta;) for four azimuthal planes (\u0026phi;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0\u0026deg;, 45\u0026deg;, 90\u0026deg;, 135\u0026deg;). The dual-axis plots reveal a clear correlation between axial-ratio minima (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;3 dB) and regions where both amplitude equality and quadrature phase (\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;90\u0026deg;) are simultaneously achieved. Theoretically, CP is achieved when the orthogonal components (E\u003csub\u003e\u0026theta;\u003c/sub\u003e, E\u003csub\u003e\u0026phi;\u003c/sub\u003e) exhibit both amplitude balance within \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3 dB and a phase difference near +\u0026thinsp;90\u0026deg; for RHCP. From observations, any departure from perfect quadrature requires even tighter amplitude matching to sustain AR\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;3 dB. At broadside (\u0026theta;\u0026thinsp;\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;0\u0026deg;), the components remain nearly equal in magnitude (|E\u003csub\u003e\u0026theta;\u003c/sub\u003e|/|E\u003csub\u003e\u0026phi;\u003c/sub\u003e| \u0026asymp; 1) and maintain a 90\u0026deg; phase separation, producing an AR below 3 dB across \u0026phi;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0\u0026deg;\u0026ndash;135\u0026deg;. As \u0026theta; increases toward \u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;90\u0026deg;, the phase deviates from quadrature in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e(a) and the amplitude ratio drifts beyond 1.4 (i.e., |E₁|/|E₂| \u0026le; 1.414) in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e(b), causing the AR to degrade. This behavior is attributed to field imbalance arising from asymmetric surface-current distribution and edge-induced diffraction as the observation angle increases. The \u0026phi;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0\u0026deg; and 135\u0026deg; planes maintain better amplitude stability across a wider angular span, which correlates with their broader AR\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;3 dB coverage in the main beam. Hence, amplitude equalization is strongest near the broadside direction and gradually deteriorates toward the end-fire region. For \u0026phi;\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;90\u0026deg; and 135\u0026deg; show the most consistent phase behaviour, implying better symmetry of current flow in those azimuths. This indicates that the antenna preserves the correct rotational sense predominantly within the main beam, while the polarization purity deteriorates toward larger angles due to structural asymmetry. In summary, by comparing both figures, regions where amplitude ratio\u0026thinsp;\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;1 and phase difference\u0026thinsp;\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;90\u0026deg; correspond directly to minimum AR\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;3 dB. Where either amplitude or phase deviates, AR rises sharply indicating a transition from circular to elliptical polarization. This agreement confirms that the antenna\u0026rsquo;s measured AR behaviour is physically consistent with its electromagnetic field balance, validating the correctness of both simulation and measurement.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs summarized in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, several wide-beam CP antennas in [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] were developed for various applications such as ISM, GPS or general GNSS which employed comparable modal-perturbation mechanisms such as asymmetric patch shaping, slot loading, and magnetic dipole excitation that are relevant to ARBW enhancement. However, all designs were implemented on rigid substrates and none on textile antennas. The textile CP GPS antennas summarized in [\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e] primarily focus on bandwidth or AMC-based FBR improvement but not reporting beamwidth characterization. The proposed dual L-shaped slotted antenna in this paper achieves verified wide-beam RHCP radiation with an average 3-dB ARBW of 143\u0026deg;, full GPS-L1 AR bandwidth coverage, and a high FBR of 16.9 dB in a compact, single-layer, single-feed configuration. This combination of wide-beam circular polarization, polarization purity, and mechanical conformability establishes it as one of the most effective fully textile antennas for wearable GPS navigation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn summary, the proposed dual L-shaped slotted design presents a novel and fabrication-friendly approach for achieving wide-beam circular polarization in a fully textile configuration. The antenna operates at the GPS-L1 band, achieving 3-dB axial-ratio beamwidths of 150\u0026deg; and 135\u0026deg; in the principal planes (φ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0\u0026deg; and φ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;90\u0026deg;) and 120\u0026deg; and 165\u0026deg; in the diagonal planes (φ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;45\u0026deg; and φ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;135\u0026deg;), resulting in an average AR beamwidth of 143\u0026deg; with AR\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;3 dB, confirming excellent polarization stability beyond the 120\u0026deg; benchmark required for GPS applications. The RHCP radiation is realized through the excitation of two orthogonal modes with a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;90\u0026deg; phase difference, enabled by the corner truncation and dual L-slot configuration, which simultaneously broadens the AR beamwidth. With a measured gain of 3.92 dBi and a front-to-back ratio (FBR) of 16.9 dB (\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;98%), the antenna effectively suppresses backward radiation toward the body, which in turn reduces reflection-induced polarization reversal from RHCP to LHCP and improves polarization purity. The simultaneous realization of a wide 3-dB AR beamwidth, a stable AR bandwidth covering the GPS-L1 band, and a high FBR within a compact, single-fed and single-layer textile structure marks a notable advancement in wearable antenna technology. Overall, this work represents a significant step toward high-performance, fully textile GPS-L1 wearable antennas, with potential for further optimization under bending, body proximity, and variable environmental conditions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparative analysis of the reported CP antennas for wide beamwidth and textile GPS applications\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRef\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eApplication Band\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAntenna Structure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubstrate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFully Textile\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePolarization\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGain (dB)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFBR (dB)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3-dB AR Bandwidth (MHz)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3-dB ARBW, φ (degree)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e90\u0026deg;\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWide Beamwidth CP Antennas\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGNSS\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsymmetric arc-loaded patch\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFR-4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRHCP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e232\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGPS-L1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDual asymmetric slot with coupled strips\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF4BK350\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRHCP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e188\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eISM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwo pairs diagonal narrow slots\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRogers RT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLHCP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.87\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e226\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e198\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eISM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwo orthogonal parallel slot pairs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTaconic TLP-3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLHCP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e224\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e214\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTextile CP GPS Antennas\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGPS-L1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTruncated edge with quarter-wave transformer and slot\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJeans\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRHCP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-3.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGPS-L1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTruncated side patch with quarter-wave transformer and slot\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFelt\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRHCP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGPS-L1, ISM\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDual-band AMC backed patch (3x3 cells)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFelt, Kevlar\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRHCP/\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eLHCP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.98, 1.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e141.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis work\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGPS-L1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDual L-shaped slotted patch with corner truncation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFelt\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRHCP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e135\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003ctfoot\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"11\"\u003e*NR \u0026ndash; Not Reported\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tfoot\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;No funding receives from any sources\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData Availability\u0026nbsp;Data sharing is not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe appreciation goes to the Antenna Research Centre (ARC), Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology (FoEBEIT), SEGi University and Institute of Postgraduate Studies (IPSIS), UiTM for supporting this research work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare there is no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSahoo, R., \u0026amp; Vakula, D. (2019). Bow-tie-shaped wideband conformal antenna with wide-slot for GPS application. \u003cem\u003eTurkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, 27\u003c/em\u003e(1), 80\u0026ndash;93. https://doi.org/10.3906/elk-1808-74\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShah, A., \u0026amp; Patel, P. (2021). E-textile slot antenna with spurious mode suppression and low SAR for medical wearable applications. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 35\u003c/em\u003e(16), 2224\u0026ndash;2238. https://doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2021.1934905\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSingh, S., \u0026amp; Verma, S. (2021). Compact wearable dual wideband circularly polarized L-strip fed slotted textile antenna with parasitic elements for ISM band applications. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 35\u003c/em\u003e(2), 185\u0026ndash;197. https://doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2020.1828187.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePazil, A. F. M., Rahman, N. H. A., Ramli, N., \u0026amp; Awang, R. A. (2020). Study on the effects of fabric thickness and human phantom to wearable textile antenna performance. \u003cem\u003e2020 IEEE International RF and Microwave Conference (RFM)\u003c/em\u003e, 8\u0026ndash;11. https://doi.org/10.1109/RFM50841.2020.9344785\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTekneci, \u0026Ccedil;., C\u0026uuml;na, A., G\u0026ouml;rg\u0026uuml;n, A. R., \u0026amp; Başaran, S. C. (2025). Dual-band compact textile antenna design based on nested split-ring resonators. International Journal of Electronics and Communications (AE\u0026Uuml;), 191, 155654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2024.155654 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhalifa, T., Ramli, N., Pazil, A. F. M., Rahman, N. H. A., \u0026amp; Alias, A. J. (2022). Simulation on circularly polarization cotton textile antenna for wireless communication system. \u003cem\u003eLecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 730\u003c/em\u003e, 345\u0026ndash;354. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4597-3_32\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePazil, M. A. F., Rahman, N. H. A., Ramli, N., \u0026amp; Awang, R. A. (2023). Textile characterisation for wearable antenna application using transmission line measurement. \u003cem\u003eIEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP), 3(\u003c/em\u003e3), 153\u0026ndash;162. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISAP57493.2023.10388626\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFulari, S. S. D., \u0026amp; Singh, H. (2024). Review and development of a patch antenna for GNSS navigation in India\u0026rsquo;s satellite constellation. Wireless Personal Communications, 139, 1669\u0026ndash;1682. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-024-11685-0\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen, R.-S., Zhu, L., Wong, S.-W., Lin, J.-Y., Li, Y., Zhang, L., \u0026amp; He, Y. (September, 2021). S-band full-metal circularly polarized cavity-backed slot antenna with wide bandwidth and wide beamwidth. \u003cem\u003eIEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 69\u003c/em\u003e(9), 5963\u0026ndash;5968. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2021.3061116\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReddy, M. H., \u0026amp; Sheela, D. (2023). A circularly polarized stacked patch antenna for dual band L1 \u0026amp; L2 GPS applications. Wireless Personal Communications, 131, 2525\u0026ndash;2538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-023-10550-w\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhai, J., Chen, G., Wang, W., Liu, Y., \u0026amp; Wang, Z. (May, 2022). A novel low-profile circularly polarized GNSS antenna with wide 3 dB axial ratio beamwidth. \u003cem\u003eProgress in Electromagnetics Research, 111\u003c/em\u003e(May), 199\u0026ndash;208. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/PIERM22051602\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang, M. S., Zhu, X. Q., Guo, Y. X., \u0026amp; Wu, W. (2018). Compact circularly polarized patch antenna with wide axial-ratio beamwidth. \u003cem\u003eIEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 17\u003c/em\u003e(4), 714\u0026ndash;718. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2018.2813160\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRay, M. K., Mandal, K., \u0026amp; Nasimuddin. (2019). Low-profile circularly polarized patch antenna with wide 3 dB beamwidth. \u003cem\u003eIEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 18\u003c/em\u003e(12), 2473\u0026ndash;2477. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2019.2940703\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRay, M. K., Mandal, K., Nasimuddin, N., Lalbakhsh, A., Raad, R., \u0026amp; Tubbal, F. (2020). Two-pair slots inserted CP patch antenna for wide axial ratio beamwidth. \u003cem\u003eIEEE Access, 8\u003c/em\u003e, 223316\u0026ndash;223324. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3043406\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYan, Y.-D., Jiao, Y.-C., Cheng, T.-H., \u0026amp; Zhang, C. (2021). A low-profile dual-circularly polarized wide-axial-ratio-beamwidth slot patch antenna with six-port feeding network. \u003cem\u003eIEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 20,\u003c/em\u003e 2486\u0026ndash;2490. https://doi.org/10.1109/LAWP.2021.3115802\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLiu, H., Wang, J., Zhao, Z., Wang, S., \u0026amp; Fang, S. (2023, May). Design of wideband GNSS antenna with wide-angle circular polarization and anti-multipath performance for high-precision marine positioning. \u003cem\u003eIEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 72\u003c/em\u003e(5), 6281\u0026ndash;6293. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2022.3233095\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZaidi, N. I., et al. (2022). Analysis on bending performance of the electro-textile antennas with bandwidth enhancement for wearable tracking application. \u003cem\u003eIEEE Access, 10\u003c/em\u003e, 31800\u0026ndash;31820. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3160825.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZaidi, N. I., Ali, M. T., Rahman, N. H. A., Yahya, M. F., \u0026amp; Nordin, M. S. A. (2020). Analysis on different shape of textile antenna under bending condition for GPS application. \u003cem\u003eBulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 9\u003c/em\u003e(5), 1964\u0026ndash;1970. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v9i5.2185\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNordin, M. S. A., Rahman, N. H. A., Ali, M. T., Zaidi, N. I., \u0026amp; Ahmad, M. R. (2020). Analysis on wearable antenna performance on different radiating elements for GPS application. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Integrated Engineering, 12\u003c/em\u003e(6), 40\u0026ndash;48. https://doi.org/10.30880/ijie.2020.12.06.005.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBudiastuti, D., Ilyas, A. K., \u0026amp; Rahardjo, E. T. (2020). Design and assembly of textile microstrip antenna for global positioning system application. \u003cem\u003eIEEE Region 10 Annual International Conference (TENCON),\u003c/em\u003e 909\u0026ndash;913. https://doi.org/10.1109/TENCON50793.2020.9293869.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIlyas, A. K., Budiastuti, D., \u0026amp; Rahardjo, E. T. (2020). Effect of textile substrate on antenna performance for GPS application. \u003cem\u003eIEEE Region 10 Annual International Conference (TENCON)\u003c/em\u003e, 914\u0026ndash;918. https://doi.org/10.1109/TENCON50793.2020.9293920 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJoshi, R., et al. (2020). Dual-band, dual-sense textile antenna with AMC backing for localization using GPS and WBAN/WLAN. \u003cem\u003eIEEE Access, 8\u003c/em\u003e, 89468\u0026ndash;89478. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2993371\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMoharana, M., \u0026amp; Dwivedy, B. (2024, March). Circularly polarized planar antennas with enhanced characteristics for contemporary wireless communication use cases: A review. IEEE Access, 12, 134594\u0026ndash;134613. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3415483\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWichaidit, P., Dentri, S., Janpangern, P., Lertwinyaraporn, T., Krairiksh, M., \u0026amp; Phongcharoenpanich, C. (November, 2024). Broadband CP corner-truncated microstrip antenna with irregularly hexagonal AMC for 2.45 GHz applications. \u003cem\u003eAlexandria Engineering Journal, 97\u003c/em\u003e(November), 88\u0026ndash;99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2024.04.022\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMalaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission. (2022). Spectrum plan spectrum plan 2022. https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/mcmcspectrumplan2022pdf/261708365\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRajavel, V., \u0026amp; Ghoshal, D. (2023). A compact triband antenna using artificial magnetic conductor for wireless body area network communications. \u003cem\u003eWireless Networks, 29\u003c/em\u003e(6), 2773\u0026ndash;2795. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-023-03354-0.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eElsikh, T., Sayed, A., Eid, A. M., \u0026amp; Ailedin, A. (April, 2019). A low-cost circular polarized antenna array for GPS receivers. \u003cem\u003eProceedings of the 13th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP).\u003c/em\u003ehttps://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8739420\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Wearable, textile antenna, right-hand circular polarization, axial ratio, GPS, wide beamwidth","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8082560/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8082560/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eFully textile antennas have emerged as promising candidates for wearable communication systems, yet achieving wide axial ratio (AR) bandwidth and beamwidth remains a significant challenge due to the constraints imposed by compact geometries and low-permittivity substrates on circular polarization (CP) stability. This paper presents a single-layer wide AR beamwidth circularly polarized fully textile antenna for GPS-L1 applications, employing a dual L-shaped slotted patch with corner truncation to generate orthogonal modes with a 90\u0026deg; phase difference, producing robust right-hand circular polarization (RHCP). The mirrored dual L-slot configuration redistributes surface currents symmetrically, forming hybrid electric\u0026ndash;magnetic dipole modes that equalize orthogonal field components over a broad angular region, thereby achieving the wide AR beamwidth. Measurements show an impedance bandwidth of 108 MHz (1.525\u0026ndash;1.633 GHz) and a 3-dB AR bandwidth of 36 MHz, fully covering the GPS-L1 band. The 3-dB AR beamwidths are 150\u0026deg; and 135\u0026deg; in the principal planes (φ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0\u0026deg; and φ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;90\u0026deg;) and 120\u0026deg; and 165\u0026deg; in the diagonal planes (φ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;45\u0026deg; and φ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;135\u0026deg;), yielding an average AR beamwidth of 143\u0026deg;. The results confirm excellent polarization stability, exceeding the 120\u0026deg; benchmark for GPS applications. The antenna attains a peak gain of 3.96 dBi and a front-to-back ratio of 16.86. In contrast to multilayer or rigid designs with limited beamwidths (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;100\u0026deg;), the antenna achieves a compact single-layer, single-fed profile (0.49λ₀ \u0026times; 0.52λ₀ \u0026times; 0.0175λ₀) with wide-beam CP radiation and strong polarization purity, ensuring reliable operation in wearable navigation and tracking applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A Wide Axial Ratio Beamwidth Circularly Polarized Fully Textile Dual L-shaped Slotted Antenna for GPS-L1 Application","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-27 09:11:14","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8082560/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"087a414a-3611-4f7b-86d3-e544ea615e02","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 27th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-03T10:09:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-27 09:11:14","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8082560","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8082560","identity":"rs-8082560","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}