Effect of urbanization and its environmental stressors on the intraspecific variation of flight functional traits in two bumblebee species

ABSTRACT The way urbanization shapes the intraspecific variation of pollinator functional traits is little understood. However, this topic is relevant for investigating ecosystem services and pollinator health. Here, we studied how urbanization affects the functional traits of workers in two bumblebee species ( Bombus terrestris and B. pascuorum ) sampled in 37 sites along a gradient of urbanization in North Italy (an area of 1800 km 2 including the metropolitan context of Milan and other surrounding capital districts). Namely, we investigated the role played by land-use composition, configuration, temperature, flower resource abundance, and air pollutants on the variation of traits related to flight performance (i.e., body size, wing shape and size fluctuating asymmetry). These traits are relevant because they are commonly used as indicators of stress during insect development. The functional traits of the two bumblebees responded idiosyncratically to urbanization. Urban temperatures were associated with smaller wing sizes in B. pascuorum and with more accentuated fluctuating asymmetry of wing size in B. terrestris . Moreover, flower abundance correlated with bigger wings in B. terrestris and with less asymmetric wing sizes in B. pascuorum . Other traits did not vary significantly and other urban variables played minor effects. These patterns highlight that environmental stressors linked to urbanization negatively impact traits related to flight performance and development stability of these species with possible consequences on the pollination service they provide. Overall, this study found species-specific variation patterns in syntopic taxa, expanding our understanding about the effects of anthropic disturbance in shaping relevant functional traits of pollinator model species.