Stress Dynamics in Seoul's Social Mix Housing based on Housing Prices: Analyzing Discrimination and the Mitigating Role of Social Capital

Stress Dynamics in Seoul's Social Mix Housing based on Housing Prices: Analyzing Discrimination and the Mitigating Role of Social Capital | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Stress Dynamics in Seoul's Social Mix Housing based on Housing Prices: Analyzing Discrimination and the Mitigating Role of Social Capital Kim Jea- Heun, Woo Ho- Sung, Koo Ja-Hoon This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3968588/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study explores the impact of discrimination experience on stress levels among Seoul’s public social mix housing complex residents, emphasizing the moderating role of social capital. Utilizing the 2019 Seoul public housing (PH) panel data and an ordered logit model, the research categorizes residents based on personal and environmental factors, contrasting them across different local housing price levels. Findings reveal that while discrimination experience does not significantly impact stress, local housing prices positively correlate with stress. Interestingly, discrimination-induced stress is pronounced in high-priced areas linked to property inequality. Conversely, in lower-priced areas, this influence is less significant. Importantly, social capital demonstrates a significant moderating effect, mitigating stress across all residents. These results underscore the need for policy interventions that enhance social capital and address socioeconomic disparities in PH, highlighting the nuanced relationship between local housing prices, discrimination, and stress in urban communities. Figures Figure 1 1. Introduction Public housing (PH) is an essential policy for realizing affordable housing for the lower-income (LI) class. However, its implementation has resulted in the spatial concentration of the LI class, causing problems such as poverty concentration, stigma, and social exclusion. These problems have given rise to discrimination against PH residents by their neighbors [ 1 ], categorized into external and internal discrimination. External discrimination occurs owing to the self-confidence loss of PH residents and the formation of negative perceptions [ 2 ]. Internal discrimination occurs because PH residents are excluded from certain community networks and activities (e.g., income, education, and employment) [ 3 ]. Certain countries have adopted social mix (SM) policies that combine PH with private housing to address social problems such as PH-induced discrimination and stress [ 4 ]. South Korea’s SM policy was implemented to inhibit the distinction between residents and reduce the possibility of prejudice or discrimination [ 5 ]. However, internal discrimination remains [ 6 ], causing a decline in self-esteem and psychological anxiety of PH residents, which can ultimately have a significant negative impact on stress [ 7 ]. Consistent discussions have been conducted on stress-relieving factors in various research fields, and there has been a growing awareness regarding the importance of social capital as a stress reliever [ 8 ]. Social capital refers to potential resources in social relationships, generally defined as trust, reciprocity, and networking between neighbors [ 9 – 11 ]. The role of social capital as a stress reliever may vary depending on the differences in socioeconomic status (SES) [ 12 – 13 ]. While socioeconomic status traditionally refers to income, assets, educational level, and employment, local housing prices have recently emerged as a potential measure of wealth [ 14 ]. Housing can represent the socioeconomic status of residents, accounting for more than 50% of household assets, and constitutes a major source of asset accumulation [ 14 , 15 ]. Therefore, the role of social capital can be even more important, as public social mix housing complex residents (PSMHCRs) in areas with high housing prices can be stressed by relative psychological deprivation. Empirical studies have reported direct relationships between discrimination experience and stress of PH residents and social capital and stress. However, a deeper understanding of the role of social capital in socioeconomic differences has not been provided. This study compares the moderating effects of social capital and stress owing to the discrimination experienced by PSMHCRs by the housing price level and raises three research questions. Does the discrimination experienced by the PSMHCRs influence stress? Is there a difference in the SM impact on the stress of housing complex residents (HCRs) when categorized by local housing price level? Does social capital moderate the stress caused by the discrimination experienced by socially mixed HCRs? To answer these questions, this study analyzes the factors affecting the stress of residents and the moderating effects of social capital on the relationship between discrimination experience and stress by local housing price level among 1,355 people living in public SM housing in Seoul, South Korea. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Emergence of SM policies against discrimination in conventional PH Discrimination is a common social problem in PH complexes wherein LI-class households live in large numbers [ 5 ] and results in a social stigma of failure [ 16 ]. For example, discriminatory behavior is characterized by social distancing behaviors, such as restricting the use of PH residents’ common spaces (e.g., community facilities, playgrounds, entrances, and elevators) or even restricting the children from socializing with children living in PH [ 17 ]. As social exclusion or discrimination is attributed to the spatial separation of different housing classes, social integration by mixing private and PH physically within the same residential district and creating a single residential community can resolve social exclusion [ 6 ]. SM policy is being implemented in various countries to achieve a society wherein different social classes can live together and alleviate the degree of separation of space or territory when developing housing [ 6 ]. The SM policy leads to high satisfaction in interpersonal relationships, such as neighborly trust, interaction, and friendship. This improves social relationships and mitigates social exclusion and stigma [ 18 ]. Residents of PH complexes are more likely to experience external prejudice and discrimination owing to poverty concentration, whereas residents in SM housing complexes experience less stress owing to discrimination [ 7 ]. 2.2 Relationship between discrimination experience and stress in SM housing complexes: the moderating effect of social capital According to South Korea’s SM policy, people of different income groups with different values and needs live in one space. This can potentially foster discrimination rather than alleviate it, particularly in areas with greater socioeconomic disparities [ 6 , 19 ]. Housing price discrepancies that represent socioeconomic status increase the status gap between neighboring communities, diminishing social exchanges and eventually causing social problems such as depression and stress owing to social exclusion and discrimination [ 20 ]. Furthermore, deepening the housing price gap has resulted in negative consequences, such as segregating the city’s residential areas by income and class [ 21 ]. For example, the residents of high housing price areas in Seoul tend to discriminate more against PH residents than in other areas [ 23 , 23 ]. The manifestation of economic gaps is evident in various social gaps such as health and healthcare, culture and living, education and mindset, and physical gaps in residential and urban public spaces [ 24 ]. These gaps are linked to psychological health problems owing to the tendency to compare ourselves with others, increasing stress levels, and hindering social communication between groups [ 25 – 27 ]. Perceived stress arises from an imbalance between the individual’s perception and the external environment. Consequently, it is closely related to the personal dimension (socio-demographic characteristics) and the characteristics of the environment wherein the individual is located [ 28 ]. Stress deteriorates the physical (e.g., smoking and drinking) and mental health (e.g., social exclusion and depression) of individuals [ 29 ] but can also lead to severe problems in society, such as increased crime and suicide [ 30 ]. The stress-causing environmental characteristics in which the individual is situated are largely classified into three types. First, stress levels vary depending on the physical environmental characteristics, which refer to the housing quality currently perceived by individuals and the accessibility of neighborhood infrastructure (e.g., parks, public transport, and amenities) [ 1 , 31 ]. Second, economic environmental characteristics imply financial conditions such as the income and debt of the household to which individuals currently belong, and financial hardship often increases vulnerability to stress by reducing basic consumption (e.g., food, clothing) and access to health services [ 32 ]. Third, stress increases owing to social environmental characteristics, which refer to social relationships and interactions between individuals or groups, such as neighbors and social capital [ 10 ]. Social capital refers to the friendly interrelationship in an institutionalized society and the resources that can be obtained through this network [ 33 ]. It influences a wide range of health outcomes by promoting the ability to combat the adverse effects of stress [ 26 ]. Raising social capital can reduce the negative external effects associated with stress [ 8 , 10 ], which can be regarded as a significant outcome of mental health [ 8 ]. This study compares the stress levels among PSMHCRs based on the regional characteristics and examines the moderating effect of social capital on the stress caused by the discriminatory experience of socially mixed HCRs. 2.3 Limitations of previous studies and differentiation of present study Most previous research has focused on stress caused by the physical characteristics of PH, such as the facilities and management of housing by occupancy type and SM [ 34 ]. In contrast, this study compares the effects of discrimination experience on the stress of PSMHCRs. Moreover, with the deepening of regional inequalities, studies have mainly focused on the discrimination against PH owing to polarization and SM policies. The discrimination experienced by polarization is categorized by local housing price levels, a local characteristic, to compare the impact of discrimination experiences of SM housing complex residents (SMHCRs) on stress. Most studies have also focused on stress owing to living in PH and the role of social capital, but research on stress or social capital in SMHCRs has been insufficient. Thus, this study investigates any differences in the moderating effect of social capital on the stress of SMHCRs based on local housing price levels. Finally, this study aims to determine the local housing price levels for PH in Seoul, a large city with diverse social classes, occupations, and statuses, to identify the stress caused by PSMHCR discrimination and to analyze the moderating effect of social capital on stress. 3. Data and methods 3.1 Data and study area This study utilized the 2019 Seoul PH residents panel data set, most recently surveyed by Seoul Housing & Communities Corporation (SH), to assess the impact of stress owing to the discrimination experienced by PH residents. The first survey of PH residents in Seoul for households and household members was conducted in 2016, and the third sample survey was completed in 2019. For the household survey, respondents were selected from among the householders or householder spouses. For the household member survey, those 19 or older were selected as respondents, considering the age group that could understand the change in housing situation and determine the housing status independently. The latest data set was used; excluding missing values, 1,355 out of 4,083 samples of SMHCRs were used. Seoul, the capital metropolitan city of South Korea, comprises 25 districts and has high housing prices around the Han River, as shown in Fig. 1 . Seoul has the highest percentage of LI-class people and a varied distribution of housing prices. Consequently, the PH supply (307,606 houses, 18.5 percent of the total PH) is the largest. An examination of the distribution of PH in Seoul reveals that PH in the highest-priced areas of Han River account for 30.48%, and those in the lower-priced areas account for 69.52% of the total number [ 35 ]. In South Korea, rental housing is divided into public and private. Residency for PH is given based on income and eligibility, whereas private housing is open to anyone. PH units in South Korea are classified into Permanent Public Housing (Permanent-PH), 50-Year Public Rental Housing (50Year-PH), National Public Housing (National-PH), Redevelopment Public Housing (Redevelopment-PH), Shift housing (Shift-PH), and Purchased & Leased Public Houses (Purchased & Leased-PH). Permanent–PH, 50Year-PH, National-PH, Redevelopment-PH, and Purchased & Leased-PH are mostly low-cost public rental houses for the poorest and socially disadvantaged, whereas Shift-PH is public rental housing for the middle-income class. The terms and conditions of leases are summarized in Table I. 3.2 Variables and measurements The dependent variable of this study was the stress level. The survey question of the dependent variable in this study was (how stressed do you usually feel on a daily basis?) regarding the routine stress level felt by PH residents. The answers to this question comprised a 4-point Likert scale (1: I am never stressed, 2: I am rarely stressed, 3: I am stressed sometimes, and 4: I am very stressed). The independent variables in Table II primarily comprised the physical, economic, and social environment, demographic, and regional characteristics. Physical environment characteristics included the environmental features, housing type, and neighborhood. As the income criteria mainly determine the eligibility criteria for the resident PH type, the effects of discrimination and social capital were considered different. Hence, the six types were grouped into two by applying the following income distribution characteristics: Permanent-PH, 50Year-PH, National-PH, Redevelopment–PH, Shift-PH, and Purchased & Leased-PH. The two groups were divided into a group with an eligibility income standard of < 70% (Permanent-PH, 50Year-Ph, National-PH, and Redevelopment-PH) and an income level of < 100 to 150% (Shift-PH, Purchased & Leased-PH). The economic environment characteristics were measured by employment status, deposit and rent, annual housing income/debt (KRW 10,000), welfare support funds, and employment conditions (full-time/part-time (0 = employed), deposit and rent burden (0 = no burden)), annual household income/debt (KRW 10,000), and welfare subsidy (0 = not receiving, 1 = receiving). Social environment characteristics were divided into discrimination experience, social capital, and SM. Regarding discrimination experience (primary independent variable), PH residents were asked whether they felt discrimination (0 = Yes, 1 = No). Regarding social capital (moderating variable), a question about neighborhood relationships (trust, exchange, willingness to help) was asked using a 4-point Likert scale. The average value of mutual affinity in society and the value of trust (trust in neighbors), exchange (exchange with neighbors), and willingness to help (willingness to help neighbors) were determined and used as variables. The question for SM was, “Do you live in a complex with a mixture of rental and sale houses?” (0 = Yes, 1 = No). The demographic characteristics were grouped into gender (0 = female, 1 = male), age (years), education (2 = No school to 8 = graduate school), years of residence (years), and chronic disease (0 if not chronic). The stress awareness rate (the percentage of people excessively stressed in routine life) by age group exhibits an n-shaped graph that gradually increases and decreases (National Health Statistics, 2020). For housing prices, local effects were controlled in the discrimination experience. For housing price data in 2019, the real-time real estate transaction data of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport were used. The average house sales prices per 3.3 m 2 in the 25 districts of Seoul were used to divide Seoul into areas with high and low housing prices (0 = low, 1 = high). Table III shows the descriptive statistics of the SMHCRs for the entire model and by the local housing price level. In the model, stress averaged 2.735 on a 4-point Likert scale. The averages of residential satisfaction and residential environment were 3.171 and 2.995, respectively, indicating an overall high satisfaction of PH. The proportion of Shift-PH and Purchased & Leased-PH in PH categorized by income level < 100–150% was 36.1%. The full-time employment ratio was 33.5%, and the part-time employment ratio was 20.8%. The personalized welfare benefits were determined by subsidy allowance, and the ratio of respondents who did not receive welfare benefits was 83.9%. The average discrimination experience was 1.050, indicating that 5.0% of PH residents have experienced discrimination. The average social capital was 2.877. The average age was 54.3 y, with women accounting for 55.7% of the population. Further, the final education level was high school (5.185), 42.2% of the respondents had chronic diseases, and the average years of residence was 9.3 y. As for housing prices, 35.6% of public rental units were located in areas with high housing prices. The results reveal that SM HCRs in high housing price neighborhoods experienced higher stress levels and discrimination experience than residents of SM housing complexes in low housing price neighborhoods. Table IV presents the result of a t-test for the averages between the two groups of high and low housing prices. The stress level significantly affected the average difference between the two groups. 3.3 Method As the dependent variable in this study, stress was estimated using an ordered logit model with a four-point scale with fixed order. $$\text{y}=\text{log}\left( \frac{{\text{p}}_{\text{i}}}{1-{\text{p}}_{\text{i}}} \right)$$ $$\text{y}={{\beta }}_{0}+{{\beta }}_{1}{\text{x}}_{\text{i}}+{{\beta }}_{2}{\text{m}}_{\text{i}}+{{\beta }}_{3}{\text{x}}_{\text{i}}{\text{m}}_{\text{i}}+{\text{ϵ}}_{\text{i}}$$ where x i denotes an independent variable affecting stress, and m i denotes social capital that moderates stress. If the direction of the result does not change after inputting the moderating variable (〖m) i ), and the directions of the interaction terms (〖x) i m i ) are the same, the effect is enhanced. However, if their signs are the opposite, the effect is mitigated. The odds ratio was used to interpret the logit results to identify the relationship between individual components of social capital and various characteristics. Finally, ρ 2 (likelihood ratio; model’s explanatory power) and x 2 (chi-square; model’s adequacy) were used to verify the conformity of the ordered logit model. 4. Results 4.1 Relationship between stress and social capital among PSMHCR residents Table V shows the stress factors of PSMHCRs due to an ordered logit analysis of the total model. The analysis of 1,355 samples revealed that social capital and housing prices, which are social characteristics, significantly correlate with stress. Among the social environment characteristics, social capital negatively influenced stress in the total model, suggesting that it had a stress-reducing effect on PSMHCRs. However, discrimination experience positively influenced the stress of PSMHCRs, even though it was not significant. Housing price showed a positive (+) influence on stress, increasing the stress of PSMHCRs. Thus, socioeconomic status differences were a recurrent stress factor with the emergence of neighborhood status gaps in communities. Regarding physical environment characteristics, residential satisfaction, and environment negatively influence stress. According to previous research, the better the physical characteristics of the residential satisfaction were (e.g., finishes, facility conditions, housing performance, and being barrier-free), the lower the stress level was. Furthermore, better access to transport, education, healthcare, and public cultural facilities in the residential environment resulted in lower stress levels [ 34 ], which suggests that the excellent physical characteristics of PH affect stress reduction. The employment status of long-term full-time unemployment and rent burden showed a positive (+) effect on stress, and a higher household income had a higher negative (–) effect. This supports previous research findings that financial hardship can result in stress due to the lack of access to basic needs and healthcare facilities. The demographic characteristics of personal factors, age, and chronic disease variables also influenced stress. As per the National Health Statistics data, the stress perception rate by age group indicates that older people experience more stress, which begins to decrease from the age of 38 y. This suggests that people are most stressed at the end of their thirties when the household is formed and expanded through childbirth. 4.2 Relationship between stress and moderating effects among residents of SM housing complexes by neighborhood housing price level Table VI presents the analysis results of a model comparing the effect on the stress of PSMHCRs by separating areas based on housing price and local characteristics into high- and low-priced housing areas. A sample of 483 SMHCRs in high housing price areas showed significant results in the social characteristics of discrimination experience and social capital. Only satisfaction with the residential environment exhibited a significant result in the physical environment characteristics. The employment status of full-time jobs and household income were significant in the economic environment characteristics. Chronic disease and years of residence were also significant. Among the SMHCRs in areas with high housing prices, discrimination experience positively influenced stress, whereas social capital exerted a negative influence. Thus, for SMHCRs in areas with high housing prices, discrimination experience is a significant stress factor. Furthermore, social capital negatively influenced the discrimination experience and exerted a moderating effect on discrimination-induced stress. In the physical environment characteristics, residential environmental satisfaction, rather than residential satisfaction, negatively affected stress. Thus, consistent with previous research, stress is affected by the accessibility of neighborhood infrastructures (e.g., parks, public transport, convenience facilities) [2,46,47]. A sample of 872 SMHCRs in low housing price areas exhibited statistically significant results only for social capital among the social environment characteristics. Physical environmental characteristics exhibited significant results in housing satisfaction and housing environment satisfaction. Full-time employment, rent burden, and household income were significant. In demographic characteristics, most of the results were statistically significant, except for the education level. Residential satisfaction and residential environment showed negative (–) relationships with stress. The internal condition, location, and environment of the house were leading factors in reducing stress. Years of residence negatively affected stress. The opposite was observed in high-priced housing neighborhoods. This indicated that neighborhoods with low housing prices have similar socioeconomic statuses and, therefore, more social relationships between residents, which reduces stress. In the characteristics of the social environment, only social capital exerted a negative influence on stress. Thus, SMHCRs in areas with low housing prices are more likely to be influenced by stress due to other factors than by discrimination experience. Thus, the moderating effect of social capital is essential in reducing stress for PH residents. This suggests that for SMHCRs in areas with high housing prices, discrimination experience plays a vital role in reducing stress. 5. Conclusions and discussion Several studies have focused on the social problems of stress and discrimination experiences in PH and directly examined social capital and SM policies. However, studies analyzing the psychological stress caused by the rise in housing prices at the local price level are scarce. This study compared the stress of PSMHCRs by identifying the local housing price levels in each district for social capital and discrimination experience and analyzed the moderating effect of social capital on stress. Stress factors were classified based on personal dimensions and the environmental characteristics of PSMHCRs in Seoul and were compared based on housing price levels in areas with high and low housing prices. The critical analysis results are summarized as follows. First, in the total model, the discrimination experience of PSMHCRs in Seoul had a positive (+) effect on stress, but it was not statistically significant. However, the local characteristics of housing prices exhibited a positive (+) effect on stress, increasing the stress of PSMHCRs. Second, the high housing prices had a statistically significant positive (+) effect on the discrimination-induced stress experienced by residents. The low housing prices had a positive (+) effect on the discrimination-induced stress, but it was not statistically significant. Residents of a socially mixed housing complex in areas with high housing prices were stressed by discrimination experience owing to property inequality resulting from the housing price gap, which is a socioeconomic factor. Socioeconomic differences increase the status gap between neighbors, creating a socio-economically unequal environment. Moreover, experiencing social exclusion or discrimination decreases trust in society, negatively affecting stress. Third, for SMHCRs in areas with high housing prices, social capital had a statistically significant negative effect on discrimination-induced stress. Previous studies have shown that SMHCRs in high housing price areas are associated with higher stress levels than other residents [ 25 , 26 ]. With the increase in the gap owing to socioeconomic status differences, social exchange levels decrease, eventually increasing stress due to social exclusion. According to the results of this study, social capital reduced the stress of the entire PSMHCRs on various factors owing to personal or environmental characteristics. The results suggest that policymakers should manage stress according to the housing price level and must increase physical environmental satisfaction, residential environment, and social capital to reduce stress. Moreover, the role of social capital in overcoming the stress of discrimination caused by differences in socioeconomic status should be expanded. SMHCRs in low housing price areas are stressed by various factors; however, the longer they stay, the less stress they experience. Therefore, the quality of community facilities must be improved so that residents can actively interact with one another, continuously maintaining social capital. Furthermore, programs should be developed to form social capital according to local characteristics. Finally, as the impact on stress among residents of a PSMHC varies by neighborhood housing price levels, a community activity program must be developed to form social capital and satisfy the needs of residents. The study, however, has certain limitations. The data do not provide specific information about the extent of the discrimination experienced by the respondents, and the study focused only on the status. Consequently, there are limits to analyzing how the extent of discrimination affects the stress of PSMHCRs. Additionally, there are limits to generalizing housing prices as a local characteristic because the local average price by district was applied. In future studies, the role of social capital should be further investigated based on specific information on the discrimination experience and various data on housing prices to address the social problems caused by discrimination in PH. Declarations Acknowledgments: None. Funding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work. Data Availability Statement: The data that support the findings of this study are openly available at ( http://shpanel.kr/). Conflicts of Interest: The authors report that there are no competing interests to declare. References Ruel E, Oakley D, Wilson GE, Maddox R. Is public housing the cause of poor health or a safety net for the unhealthy poor? J Urban Health. 2010;87:827–38. Taylor M. Combating the social exclusion of housing estates. Hous Stud. 1998;13(6):819–32. European Commission. Report on Social Inclusion 2005. Employment and Social Affairs; 2005. Musterd S, Andersson R. Housing mix, social mix, and social opportunities. Urban Aff Rev. 2005;40:761–90. Ha S-K, Suh J-N. Public Rental Housing and Social Exclusion. Hous Stud Rev. 2006;14(3):159–81. Oh J-S, Nam S-H, Park H-C. Conflict Case and Perception for Social Mix Complex in Seoul: Focused on Residents for Public Rental Housing and Ownership Housing. 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Friedline T, Chen Z, Morrow S. Families’ Financial Stress & Well-Being: The Importance of the Economy and Economic Environments. J Fam Econ Issues. 2021;42:34–51. Bourdieu P. The forms of capital. Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education, J. G. Richardson Ed. NY: Greenwood; 1986. pp. 241–58. Suh J-N, Ha S-K. The Effect on Social Capital and Apartment Communities in Korea. J Korea Plann Assoc. 2009;44(2):183–93. Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport rental housing statistics. Available online: https://stat.molit.go.kr/portal/cate/statFileView.do?hRsId=37&hFormId=840&hSelectId=840&hPoint=00&hAppr=1&hDivEng=&oFileName=&rFileName=&midpath=&month_yn=N&sFormId=840&sStart=2018&sEnd=2018&sStyleNum=1&EXPORT=(Accessed on February 24, 2023) Tables Table I. PH programs’ status and classification by program characteristics. PH type Description Area (㎡) Eligibility (Max. income criteria) Rental period (Max. years) SM Permanent-PH Cheapest rents for socially protected class 49㎡ or less <50% 50 △ 50Year-PH Housing cost guarantee for non-homeowners, veterans, and displaced people 84㎡ or less <70% 50 △ National-PH Cheaper than surrounding market rate for non-homeowners / Application restrictions based on income and assets 84㎡ or less <70% 30 △ Redevelopment-PH Provision of apartments in redevelopment areas for displaced residents 59㎡ or less <70% 50 △ Shift-PH Provision of affordable housing based on rental agreements (80% of surrounding market rate) 129㎡ or less <150% 20 △ Purchased & Leased-PH Supply housing after purchasing multi-family housing at 30% of market rate - <100% 20 △ Source: Seoul Housing & Communities Corporation(SH) Panel Data User Guide (△) There exist both a social mix complex and an intensive complex. Table II. List of Variables & Measurements Variables Measurements Dependent Variables Stress level 1. I am never stressed. 2. I am rarely stressed. 3. I am stressed sometimes. 4. I am very stressed. Independent Variables Physical characteristics Residential satisfaction 1=Poor, 2=Somewhat poor, 3=Somewhat good, 4=Good Residential Environment 1=Dissatisfied, 2=Somewhat dissatisfied, 3=Somewhat satisfied, 4=Satisfied PH Type 0=Other, 1=Shift-PH, Purchased & Leased-PH Economic characteristics Employment status Full-time (including self-employed and employers) 0=Employed, 1=Unemployed Part-time (including temporary and day laborers) 0=Employed, 1=Unemployed Housing cost burden 0=Not burdensome, 1=Burdensome Household income Monthly gross household income (ten thousand won) *Equalized by the number of people in the household. Household debt Total debt (ten thousand won) Welfare (subsidy) Subsidy 0=not received 1=received Social characteristics Discrimination 0=No, 1=Yes Social capital Average of 4-point Likert scale for trust, exchanges, and willingness to help (1. Very negative, 2. Negative, 3. Positive 4 Very positive.) Socio-demographic characteristics Age Age of the head of household Sex 0=Woman, 1=Man Education level 2=No school 3=Elementary school 4=Middle school 5=High school 6=College 7=University 8=Graduate school Chronic disease 0=No, 1=Yes Years of residence years Regional characteristics Housing price Average housing price in 25 districts: 0=low 1=high Source: Seoul Housing & Communities Corporation(SH) 3 rd panel survey (2019) Table III. Descriptive Statistics Variables Pool model High housing price + SM Low housing price + SM Mean S.D. Min. Max Mean S.D. Min. Max Mean S.D. Min. Max. Dependent Variables Stress level 2.735 0.618 1 4 2.811 .590 1 4 2.693 0.629 1 4 Independent Variables Physical characteristics Residential satisfaction 3.171 0.672 1 4 3.209 0.651 1.5 4 3.150 0.683 1 4 Residential Environment 2,995 0.514 1 4 2,859 0.580 1 4 3.070 0.456 1.83 4 PH Type 0.361 0.480 0 1 .397 .489 0 1 0.347 0.474 0 1 Economic characteristics Employment status Full-time (including self-employed and employers) 0.335 0.472 0 1 0.364 0.481 0 1 0.318 0.466 0 1 Part-time (including temporary and day laborers) 0.208 0.406 0 1 0.223 0.417 0 1 0.199 0.399 0 1 Housing cost burden 0.688 0.463 0 1 0.732 0.442 0 1 0.663 0.472 0 1 Household income 171. 330 91. 586 0 412.478 177.527 94. 890 0 412.478 167.897 89. 574 0 412.478 Household debt 1401. 395 2940.659 0 21213.2 1575.867 3215. 309 0 21213.2 1304.755 2774. 083 0 17677,67 Welfare (subsidy) 0.160 0.366 0 1 0.135 0.339 0 1 0.175 0.380 0 1 Social characteristics Discrimination .050 .218 0 1 0.066 0 .248 0 1 0.041 0.199 0 1 Social capital 2.877 .463 1 4 2.845 .503 1 4 2.895 .446 1 4 Socio-demographic characteristics Age 54.314 17.287 19 96 54.265 17.626 19 96 54.341 17.107 19 95 Sex .442 .496 0 1 .459 0.498 0 1 .432 0.495 0 1 Education level 5.185 1.438 2 8 5.358 1.44 2 8 5.089 1.427 2 8 Chronic disease .421 .493 0 1 1.587 .492 0 1 .426 .494 0 1 Years of residence 9.733 6.661 1 29 9.7797 6.422 1 28 9.698 6.793 1 29 Regional characteristics Housing price .356 .479 0 1 - - - - - - - - Table IV. t-test for high and low housing price neighborhoods Variables SM PH diff. diff = mean(Low price) - mean(High price) High housing price Low housing price Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Stress level 2.811 .590 2.693 .629 -0.117*** Pr(|T| > |t|) = 0.0008 ***p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p|z| Physical characteristics Residential satisfaction -.503*** .604*** .092 -5.45 0.000 Residential Environment -.490*** .612*** .121 -4.04 0.000 Shift-PH, Purchased&Leased-PH -.102 .902 .136 -.75 0.451 Economic characteristics Employment status Full-time .482*** 1.619*** .156 3.09 0.002 Part-time .236 1.267 .156 1.51 0.131 Housing cost burden .446*** 1.562*** .124 3.58 0.000 Household income -.398*** .671*** .102 -3.88 0.000 Household debt .014 1.014 .016 .86 0.388 Welfare (subsidy) (yes) .052 1.053 .181 .29 0.774 Social characteristics Discrimination .403 1.497 .272 1.48 0.138 Social capital -.784*** .456*** .131 -5.97 0.000 Socio-demographic characteristics Age .056*** 1.058*** .019 2.91 0.004 Age*Age -.000*** 0.999*** 0.000 -3.91 0.000 Man -.033 .967 .120 0.28 0.781 Education level -.035 .964 .055 -0.65 0.516 Chronic disease (yes) .600*** 1.822*** .147 4.06 0.000 Years of residence -.009 .990 .009 -1.00 0.319 Regional characteristics Housing_price (high) .319*** 1.376*** .121 2.63 0.009 Number of observations 1355 LR chi2(18) -.75 Prob>Chi2 0.000 Pseudo R2 0.081 ***p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p|z| Coef. Odds Ratio p>|z| Physical characteristics Residential satisfaction -.144 .865 0.420 -.707*** .493*** 0.000 Residential Environment -.439** .644** 0.019 -.614*** .540*** 0.000 PH type (Shift-PH, Purchased, and Leased-PH) -.097 .906 0.691 -.284 .971 0.867 Economic characteristics Employment status Full-time .482* 1.620* 0.070 .584*** 1.794*** 0.003 Part-time .323 1.382 0.225 .208 1.232 0.292 Housing cost burden .215 1.240 0.345 .455*** 1.577*** 0.003 Household income -.381** .682** 0.020 -.500*** .606*** 0.000 Household debt .035 1.036 0.197 .007 1.007 0.734 Welfare (subsidy) (yes) -.192 0.824 0.561 .249 1.283 0.269 Social characteristics Discrimination 5.181*** 177.886*** 0.009 1.034 2.184 0.499 Social capital -.659*** .517*** 0.005 -.531*** .587*** 0.004 Discrimination＊Social capital -1.907*** .148*** 0.006 -1.005 .904 0.855 Socio-demographic characteristics Age .018 1.018 0.588 .064*** 1.066*** 0.009 Age*Age -.000 .999 0.346 -.000*** .999*** 0.000 Man -.046 .954 0.826 -.013* .986* 0.093 Education level .012 1.012 0.891 -.076 0.926 0.279 Chronic disease (yes) .453* 1.574* 0.072 .707*** 2.209*** 0.000 Years of residence .040** 1.041** 0.022 -.041*** .959*** 0.001 Number of observations 483 872 LR chi2(18) 61.93 177.80 Prob>Chi2 0.000 0.000 Pseudo R2 0.072 0.106 ***p<0.01, **p<0.05, *p<0.1 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3968588","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":274179870,"identity":"eaa93a99-4043-4761-aef0-e7845c4abd5f","order_by":0,"name":"Kim Jea- Heun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hanyang University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kim","middleName":"Jea-","lastName":"Heun","suffix":""},{"id":274179871,"identity":"d0e151b2-e3c5-46ed-a818-a21589b05642","order_by":1,"name":"Woo Ho- Sung","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Hanyang University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Woo","middleName":"Ho-","lastName":"Sung","suffix":""},{"id":274179872,"identity":"37084472-e9fc-49e9-a22d-abb8f67ee90c","order_by":2,"name":"Koo Ja-Hoon","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxhlsQLLiAJIQD1FazpCihUECqIWxjRQtzLPbEh98nHdH3lwi+dnDLwx28gw8Zx/gd9icY4cNZ257ZrhzRpq5sQxDsmEDb7sBfi0z0tukebcdZtxwI8FMWoKBOYGBnw2/wyBa5hy233Aj/RtQSz0xWtKOSfM2HE7ccCPHTPIDw+EEBt42glqSDWccO5y84cybMmkGg+OGbTzH8GsxnJFm+OBDzWHbDcfTt0n+qKiW5+dJI6ClAcYSSGBg5gGGFQGfMDDIw1n8BxgYfxBSPgpGwSgYBSMSAABvUUVU9m/eYQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Hanyang University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Koo","middleName":"","lastName":"Ja-Hoon","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-19 02:03:53","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3968588/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3968588/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":51530684,"identity":"19acf650-5c1c-49f4-8b36-d7fd4cbee504","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-23 07:24:52","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2295590,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStudy area in Seoul, South Korea. 1 pyeong (3.3 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) is a measure of the area unit of Korean housing\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3968588/v1/f40900d3481787afa98fa916.png"},{"id":52308368,"identity":"4dcac49f-0470-44e5-9024-13ad85684e3d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-08 20:24:14","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2117644,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3968588/v1/906f7fe7-395c-4d3b-a9e1-e51525cb4bb2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Stress Dynamics in Seoul's Social Mix Housing based on Housing Prices: Analyzing Discrimination and the Mitigating Role of Social Capital","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003ePublic housing (PH) is an essential policy for realizing affordable housing for the lower-income (LI) class. However, its implementation has resulted in the spatial concentration of the LI class, causing problems such as poverty concentration, stigma, and social exclusion. These problems have given rise to discrimination against PH residents by their neighbors [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], categorized into external and internal discrimination. External discrimination occurs owing to the self-confidence loss of PH residents and the formation of negative perceptions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Internal discrimination occurs because PH residents are excluded from certain community networks and activities (e.g., income, education, and employment) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCertain countries have adopted social mix (SM) policies that combine PH with private housing to address social problems such as PH-induced discrimination and stress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. South Korea\u0026rsquo;s SM policy was implemented to inhibit the distinction between residents and reduce the possibility of prejudice or discrimination [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. However, internal discrimination remains [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], causing a decline in self-esteem and psychological anxiety of PH residents, which can ultimately have a significant negative impact on stress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsistent discussions have been conducted on stress-relieving factors in various research fields, and there has been a growing awareness regarding the importance of social capital as a stress reliever [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Social capital refers to potential resources in social relationships, generally defined as trust, reciprocity, and networking between neighbors [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR10\" citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. The role of social capital as a stress reliever may vary depending on the differences in socioeconomic status (SES) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. While socioeconomic status traditionally refers to income, assets, educational level, and employment, local housing prices have recently emerged as a potential measure of wealth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Housing can represent the socioeconomic status of residents, accounting for more than 50% of household assets, and constitutes a major source of asset accumulation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, the role of social capital can be even more important, as public social mix housing complex residents (PSMHCRs) in areas with high housing prices can be stressed by relative psychological deprivation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEmpirical studies have reported direct relationships between discrimination experience and stress of PH residents and social capital and stress. However, a deeper understanding of the role of social capital in socioeconomic differences has not been provided. This study compares the moderating effects of social capital and stress owing to the discrimination experienced by PSMHCRs by the housing price level and raises three research questions. Does the discrimination experienced by the PSMHCRs influence stress? Is there a difference in the SM impact on the stress of housing complex residents (HCRs) when categorized by local housing price level? Does social capital moderate the stress caused by the discrimination experienced by socially mixed HCRs? To answer these questions, this study analyzes the factors affecting the stress of residents and the moderating effects of social capital on the relationship between discrimination experience and stress by local housing price level among 1,355 people living in public SM housing in Seoul, South Korea.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Literature Review","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Emergence of SM policies against discrimination in conventional PH\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiscrimination is a common social problem in PH complexes wherein LI-class households live in large numbers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] and results in a social stigma of failure [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. For example, discriminatory behavior is characterized by social distancing behaviors, such as restricting the use of PH residents\u0026rsquo; common spaces (e.g., community facilities, playgrounds, entrances, and elevators) or even restricting the children from socializing with children living in PH [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. As social exclusion or discrimination is attributed to the spatial separation of different housing classes, social integration by mixing private and PH physically within the same residential district and creating a single residential community can resolve social exclusion [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. SM policy is being implemented in various countries to achieve a society wherein different social classes can live together and alleviate the degree of separation of space or territory when developing housing [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. The SM policy leads to high satisfaction in interpersonal relationships, such as neighborly trust, interaction, and friendship. This improves social relationships and mitigates social exclusion and stigma [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Residents of PH complexes are more likely to experience external prejudice and discrimination owing to poverty concentration, whereas residents in SM housing complexes experience less stress owing to discrimination [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e2.2 Relationship between discrimination experience and stress in SM housing complexes: the moderating effect of social capital\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to South Korea\u0026rsquo;s SM policy, people of different income groups with different values and needs live in one space. This can potentially foster discrimination rather than alleviate it, particularly in areas with greater socioeconomic disparities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Housing price discrepancies that represent socioeconomic status increase the status gap between neighboring communities, diminishing social exchanges and eventually causing social problems such as depression and stress owing to social exclusion and discrimination [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, deepening the housing price gap has resulted in negative consequences, such as segregating the city\u0026rsquo;s residential areas by income and class [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. For example, the residents of high housing price areas in Seoul tend to discriminate more against PH residents than in other areas [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. The manifestation of economic gaps is evident in various social gaps such as health and healthcare, culture and living, education and mindset, and physical gaps in residential and urban public spaces [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. These gaps are linked to psychological health problems owing to the tendency to compare ourselves with others, increasing stress levels, and hindering social communication between groups [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR26\" citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerceived stress arises from an imbalance between the individual\u0026rsquo;s perception and the external environment. Consequently, it is closely related to the personal dimension (socio-demographic characteristics) and the characteristics of the environment wherein the individual is located [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Stress deteriorates the physical (e.g., smoking and drinking) and mental health (e.g., social exclusion and depression) of individuals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e] but can also lead to severe problems in society, such as increased crime and suicide [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. The stress-causing environmental characteristics in which the individual is situated are largely classified into three types. First, stress levels vary depending on the physical environmental characteristics, which refer to the housing quality currently perceived by individuals and the accessibility of neighborhood infrastructure (e.g., parks, public transport, and amenities) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. Second, economic environmental characteristics imply financial conditions such as the income and debt of the household to which individuals currently belong, and financial hardship often increases vulnerability to stress by reducing basic consumption (e.g., food, clothing) and access to health services [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Third, stress increases owing to social environmental characteristics, which refer to social relationships and interactions between individuals or groups, such as neighbors and social capital [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial capital refers to the friendly interrelationship in an institutionalized society and the resources that can be obtained through this network [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. It influences a wide range of health outcomes by promoting the ability to combat the adverse effects of stress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Raising social capital can reduce the negative external effects associated with stress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], which can be regarded as a significant outcome of mental health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. This study compares the stress levels among PSMHCRs based on the regional characteristics and examines the moderating effect of social capital on the stress caused by the discriminatory experience of socially mixed HCRs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Limitations of previous studies and differentiation of present study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost previous research has focused on stress caused by the physical characteristics of PH, such as the facilities and management of housing by occupancy type and SM [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast, this study compares the effects of discrimination experience on the stress of PSMHCRs. Moreover, with the deepening of regional inequalities, studies have mainly focused on the discrimination against PH owing to polarization and SM policies. The discrimination experienced by polarization is categorized by local housing price levels, a local characteristic, to compare the impact of discrimination experiences of SM housing complex residents (SMHCRs) on stress. Most studies have also focused on stress owing to living in PH and the role of social capital, but research on stress or social capital in SMHCRs has been insufficient. Thus, this study investigates any differences in the moderating effect of social capital on the stress of SMHCRs based on local housing price levels. Finally, this study aims to determine the local housing price levels for PH in Seoul, a large city with diverse social classes, occupations, and statuses, to identify the stress caused by PSMHCR discrimination and to analyze the moderating effect of social capital on stress.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Data and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Data and study area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study utilized the 2019 Seoul PH residents panel data set, most recently surveyed by Seoul Housing \u0026amp; Communities Corporation (SH), to assess the impact of stress owing to the discrimination experienced by PH residents. The first survey of PH residents in Seoul for households and household members was conducted in 2016, and the third sample survey was completed in 2019. For the household survey, respondents were selected from among the householders or householder spouses. For the household member survey, those 19 or older were selected as respondents, considering the age group that could understand the change in housing situation and determine the housing status independently. The latest data set was used; excluding missing values, 1,355 out of 4,083 samples of SMHCRs were used.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeoul, the capital metropolitan city of South Korea, comprises 25 districts and has high housing prices around the Han River, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Seoul has the highest percentage of LI-class people and a varied distribution of housing prices. Consequently, the PH supply (307,606 houses, 18.5 percent of the total PH) is the largest. An examination of the distribution of PH in Seoul reveals that PH in the highest-priced areas of Han River account for 30.48%, and those in the lower-priced areas account for 69.52% of the total number [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn South Korea, rental housing is divided into public and private. Residency for PH is given based on income and eligibility, whereas private housing is open to anyone. PH units in South Korea are classified into Permanent Public Housing (Permanent-PH), 50-Year Public Rental Housing (50Year-PH), National Public Housing (National-PH), Redevelopment Public Housing (Redevelopment-PH), Shift housing (Shift-PH), and Purchased \u0026amp; Leased Public Houses (Purchased \u0026amp; Leased-PH). Permanent\u0026ndash;PH, 50Year-PH, National-PH, Redevelopment-PH, and Purchased \u0026amp; Leased-PH are mostly low-cost public rental houses for the poorest and socially disadvantaged, whereas Shift-PH is public rental housing for the middle-income class. The terms and conditions of leases are summarized in Table I.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Variables and measurements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dependent variable of this study was the stress level. The survey question of the dependent variable in this study was (how stressed do you usually feel on a daily basis?) regarding the routine stress level felt by PH residents. The answers to this question comprised a 4-point Likert scale (1: I am never stressed, 2: I am rarely stressed, 3: I am stressed sometimes, and 4: I am very stressed).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe independent variables in Table II primarily comprised the physical, economic, and social environment, demographic, and regional characteristics. Physical environment characteristics included the environmental features, housing type, and neighborhood. As the income criteria mainly determine the eligibility criteria for the resident PH type, the effects of discrimination and social capital were considered different. Hence, the six types were grouped into two by applying the following income distribution characteristics: Permanent-PH, 50Year-PH, National-PH, Redevelopment\u0026ndash;PH, Shift-PH, and Purchased \u0026amp; Leased-PH. The two groups were divided into a group with an eligibility income standard of \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;70% (Permanent-PH, 50Year-Ph, National-PH, and Redevelopment-PH) and an income level of \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;100 to 150% (Shift-PH, Purchased \u0026amp; Leased-PH). The economic environment characteristics were measured by employment status, deposit and rent, annual housing income/debt (KRW 10,000), welfare support funds, and employment conditions (full-time/part-time (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;employed), deposit and rent burden (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;no burden)), annual household income/debt (KRW 10,000), and welfare subsidy (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;not receiving, 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;receiving). Social environment characteristics were divided into discrimination experience, social capital, and SM.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding discrimination experience (primary independent variable), PH residents were asked whether they felt discrimination (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Yes, 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;No). Regarding social capital (moderating variable), a question about neighborhood relationships (trust, exchange, willingness to help) was asked using a 4-point Likert scale. The average value of mutual affinity in society and the value of trust (trust in neighbors), exchange (exchange with neighbors), and willingness to help (willingness to help neighbors) were determined and used as variables. The question for SM was, \u0026ldquo;Do you live in a complex with a mixture of rental and sale houses?\u0026rdquo; (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Yes, 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;No). The demographic characteristics were grouped into gender (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;female, 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;male), age (years), education (2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;No school to 8\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;graduate school), years of residence (years), and chronic disease (0 if not chronic). The stress awareness rate (the percentage of people excessively stressed in routine life) by age group exhibits an n-shaped graph that gradually increases and decreases (National Health Statistics, 2020). For housing prices, local effects were controlled in the discrimination experience. For housing price data in 2019, the real-time real estate transaction data of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport were used. The average house sales prices per 3.3 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e in the 25 districts of Seoul were used to divide Seoul into areas with high and low housing prices (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;low, 1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;high).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable III shows the descriptive statistics of the SMHCRs for the entire model and by the local housing price level. In the model, stress averaged 2.735 on a 4-point Likert scale. The averages of residential satisfaction and residential environment were 3.171 and 2.995, respectively, indicating an overall high satisfaction of PH. The proportion of Shift-PH and Purchased \u0026amp; Leased-PH in PH categorized by income level\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;100\u0026ndash;150% was 36.1%. The full-time employment ratio was 33.5%, and the part-time employment ratio was 20.8%. The personalized welfare benefits were determined by subsidy allowance, and the ratio of respondents who did not receive welfare benefits was 83.9%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe average discrimination experience was 1.050, indicating that 5.0% of PH residents have experienced discrimination. The average social capital was 2.877. The average age was 54.3 y, with women accounting for 55.7% of the population. Further, the final education level was high school (5.185), 42.2% of the respondents had chronic diseases, and the average years of residence was 9.3 y. As for housing prices, 35.6% of public rental units were located in areas with high housing prices. The results reveal that SM HCRs in high housing price neighborhoods experienced higher stress levels and discrimination experience than residents of SM housing complexes in low housing price neighborhoods.\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable IV presents the result of a t-test for the averages between the two groups of high and low housing prices. The stress level significantly affected the average difference between the two groups.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Method\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs the dependent variable in this study, stress was estimated using an ordered logit model with a four-point scale with fixed order.\u003cdiv id=\"Equa\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equa\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\text{y}=\\text{log}\\left( \\frac{{\\text{p}}_{\\text{i}}}{1-{\\text{p}}_{\\text{i}}} \\right)$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Equb\" class=\"Equation\"\u003e\u003cdiv format=\"TEX\" class=\"mathdisplay\" id=\"FileID_Equb\" name=\"EquationSource\"\u003e\n$$\\text{y}={{\\beta }}_{0}+{{\\beta }}_{1}{\\text{x}}_{\\text{i}}+{{\\beta }}_{2}{\\text{m}}_{\\text{i}}+{{\\beta }}_{3}{\\text{x}}_{\\text{i}}{\\text{m}}_{\\text{i}}+{\\text{ϵ}}_{\\text{i}}$$\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere x\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e denotes an independent variable affecting stress, and m\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e denotes social capital that moderates stress. If the direction of the result does not change after inputting the moderating variable (〖m)\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e), and the directions of the interaction terms (〖x)\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e m\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e) are the same, the effect is enhanced. However, if their signs are the opposite, the effect is mitigated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe odds ratio was used to interpret the logit results to identify the relationship between individual components of social capital and various characteristics. Finally, ρ\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (likelihood ratio; model\u0026rsquo;s explanatory power) and x\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (chi-square; model\u0026rsquo;s adequacy) were used to verify the conformity of the ordered logit model.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4.1 Relationship between stress and social capital among PSMHCR residents\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable V shows the stress factors of PSMHCRs due to an ordered logit analysis of the total model. The analysis of 1,355 samples revealed that social capital and housing prices, which are social characteristics, significantly correlate with stress.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the social environment characteristics, social capital negatively influenced stress in the total model, suggesting that it had a stress-reducing effect on PSMHCRs. However, discrimination experience positively influenced the stress of PSMHCRs, even though it was not significant. Housing price showed a positive (+) influence on stress, increasing the stress of PSMHCRs. Thus, socioeconomic status differences were a recurrent stress factor with the emergence of neighborhood status gaps in communities. Regarding physical environment characteristics, residential satisfaction, and environment negatively influence stress. According to previous research, the better the physical characteristics of the residential satisfaction were (e.g., finishes, facility conditions, housing performance, and being barrier-free), the lower the stress level was.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, better access to transport, education, healthcare, and public cultural facilities in the residential environment resulted in lower stress levels [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e], which suggests that the excellent physical characteristics of PH affect stress reduction. The employment status of long-term full-time unemployment and rent burden showed a positive (+) effect on stress, and a higher household income had a higher negative (\u0026ndash;) effect. This supports previous research findings that financial hardship can result in stress due to the lack of access to basic needs and healthcare facilities. The demographic characteristics of personal factors, age, and chronic disease variables also influenced stress. As per the National Health Statistics data, the stress perception rate by age group indicates that older people experience more stress, which begins to decrease from the age of 38 y. This suggests that people are most stressed at the end of their thirties when the household is formed and expanded through childbirth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e4.2 Relationship between stress and moderating effects among residents of SM housing complexes by neighborhood housing price level\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable VI presents the analysis results of a model comparing the effect on the stress of PSMHCRs by separating areas based on housing price and local characteristics into high- and low-priced housing areas.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA sample of 483 SMHCRs in high housing price areas showed significant results in the social characteristics of discrimination experience and social capital. Only satisfaction with the residential environment exhibited a significant result in the physical environment characteristics. The employment status of full-time jobs and household income were significant in the economic environment characteristics. Chronic disease and years of residence were also significant. Among the SMHCRs in areas with high housing prices, discrimination experience positively influenced stress, whereas social capital exerted a negative influence. Thus, for SMHCRs in areas with high housing prices, discrimination experience is a significant stress factor.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, social capital negatively influenced the discrimination experience and exerted a moderating effect on discrimination-induced stress. In the physical environment characteristics, residential environmental satisfaction, rather than residential satisfaction, negatively affected stress. Thus, consistent with previous research, stress is affected by the accessibility of neighborhood infrastructures (e.g., parks, public transport, convenience facilities) [2,46,47].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA sample of 872 SMHCRs in low housing price areas exhibited statistically significant results only for social capital among the social environment characteristics. Physical environmental characteristics exhibited significant results in housing satisfaction and housing environment satisfaction. Full-time employment, rent burden, and household income were significant. In demographic characteristics, most of the results were statistically significant, except for the education level. Residential satisfaction and residential environment showed negative (\u0026ndash;) relationships with stress. The internal condition, location, and environment of the house were leading factors in reducing stress. Years of residence negatively affected stress. The opposite was observed in high-priced housing neighborhoods. This indicated that neighborhoods with low housing prices have similar socioeconomic statuses and, therefore, more social relationships between residents, which reduces stress. In the characteristics of the social environment, only social capital exerted a negative influence on stress. Thus, SMHCRs in areas with low housing prices are more likely to be influenced by stress due to other factors than by discrimination experience. Thus, the moderating effect of social capital is essential in reducing stress for PH residents. This suggests that for SMHCRs in areas with high housing prices, discrimination experience plays a vital role in reducing stress.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5. Conclusions and discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eSeveral studies have focused on the social problems of stress and discrimination experiences in PH and directly examined social capital and SM policies. However, studies analyzing the psychological stress caused by the rise in housing prices at the local price level are scarce. This study compared the stress of PSMHCRs by identifying the local housing price levels in each district for social capital and discrimination experience and analyzed the moderating effect of social capital on stress.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStress factors were classified based on personal dimensions and the environmental characteristics of PSMHCRs in Seoul and were compared based on housing price levels in areas with high and low housing prices. The critical analysis results are summarized as follows.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst, in the total model, the discrimination experience of PSMHCRs in Seoul had a positive (+) effect on stress, but it was not statistically significant. However, the local characteristics of housing prices exhibited a positive (+) effect on stress, increasing the stress of PSMHCRs. Second, the high housing prices had a statistically significant positive (+) effect on the discrimination-induced stress experienced by residents. The low housing prices had a positive (+) effect on the discrimination-induced stress, but it was not statistically significant. Residents of a socially mixed housing complex in areas with high housing prices were stressed by discrimination experience owing to property inequality resulting from the housing price gap, which is a socioeconomic factor. Socioeconomic differences increase the status gap between neighbors, creating a socio-economically unequal environment. Moreover, experiencing social exclusion or discrimination decreases trust in society, negatively affecting stress. Third, for SMHCRs in areas with high housing prices, social capital had a statistically significant negative effect on discrimination-induced stress. Previous studies have shown that SMHCRs in high housing price areas are associated with higher stress levels than other residents [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. With the increase in the gap owing to socioeconomic status differences, social exchange levels decrease, eventually increasing stress due to social exclusion. According to the results of this study, social capital reduced the stress of the entire PSMHCRs on various factors owing to personal or environmental characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results suggest that policymakers should manage stress according to the housing price level and must increase physical environmental satisfaction, residential environment, and social capital to reduce stress. Moreover, the role of social capital in overcoming the stress of discrimination caused by differences in socioeconomic status should be expanded. SMHCRs in low housing price areas are stressed by various factors; however, the longer they stay, the less stress they experience. Therefore, the quality of community facilities must be improved so that residents can actively interact with one another, continuously maintaining social capital. Furthermore, programs should be developed to form social capital according to local characteristics. Finally, as the impact on stress among residents of a PSMHC varies by neighborhood housing price levels, a community activity program must be developed to form social capital and satisfy the needs of residents.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study, however, has certain limitations. The data do not provide specific information about the extent of the discrimination experienced by the respondents, and the study focused only on the status. Consequently, there are limits to analyzing how the extent of discrimination affects the stress of PSMHCRs. Additionally, there are limits to generalizing housing prices as a local characteristic because the local average price by district was applied. In future studies, the role of social capital should be further investigated based on specific information on the discrimination experience and various data on housing prices to address the social problems caused by discrimination in PH.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u003c/strong\u003e None.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement:\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are openly available at \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003ehttp://shpanel.kr/).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors report that there are no competing interests to declare.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRuel E, Oakley D, Wilson GE, Maddox R. 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Social capital and daily stress based on the housing price inequality. Doctoral Thesis, Hanyang University. 2022.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePearlin LI, Bierman A. Current issues and future directions in research into the stress process. Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health. Berlin, Germany: Springer; 2013. pp. 325\u0026ndash;40.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlgren MH, Ekholm O, Nielsen L, Ersb\u0026oslash;ll AK, Bak CK, Andersen PT. Associations between perceived stress, socioeconomic status, and health-risk behavior in deprived neighborhoods in Denmark: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1\u0026ndash;12.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHan S-J, Jun H-J. Mental Health among Public and Private Housing Residents. Korean J Public Adm. 2018;56(2):313\u0026ndash;41.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSuglia SF, Duarte CS, Sandel MT. Housing quality, housing instability, and maternal mental health. J Urban Health. 2011;88(6):1105\u0026ndash;16.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFriedline T, Chen Z, Morrow S. Families\u0026rsquo; Financial Stress \u0026amp; Well-Being: The Importance of the Economy and Economic Environments. J Fam Econ Issues. 2021;42:34\u0026ndash;51.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBourdieu P. The forms of capital. Handbook of theory and research for the sociology of education, J. G. Richardson Ed. NY: Greenwood; 1986. pp. 241\u0026ndash;58.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSuh J-N, Ha S-K. The Effect on Social Capital and Apartment Communities in Korea. J Korea Plann Assoc. 2009;44(2):183\u0026ndash;93.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMinistry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport rental housing statistics. Available online: https://stat.molit.go.kr/portal/cate/statFileView.do?hRsId=37\u0026amp;hFormId=840\u0026amp;hSelectId=840\u0026amp;hPoint=00\u0026amp;hAppr=1\u0026amp;hDivEng=\u0026amp;oFileName=\u0026amp;rFileName=\u0026amp;midpath=\u0026amp;month_yn=N\u0026amp;sFormId=840\u0026amp;sStart=2018\u0026amp;sEnd=2018\u0026amp;sStyleNum=1\u0026amp;EXPORT=(Accessed on February 24, 2023)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable I.\u003c/strong\u003e PH programs\u0026rsquo; status and classification by program characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.90359168241966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePH type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.53875236294896%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDescription\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.665406427221171%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eArea (㎡)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.232514177693762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEligibility\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Max. income criteria)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.665406427221171%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRental period\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Max. years)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.994328922495274%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.90359168241966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePermanent-PH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.53875236294896%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCheapest rents for socially protected class\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.665406427221171%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49㎡\u0026nbsp;or less\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.232514177693762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.665406427221171%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.994328922495274%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e△\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.90359168241966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50Year-PH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.53875236294896%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousing cost guarantee for non-homeowners, veterans, and displaced people\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.665406427221171%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84㎡\u0026nbsp;or less\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.232514177693762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;70%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.665406427221171%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.994328922495274%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e△\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.90359168241966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNational-PH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.53875236294896%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCheaper than surrounding market rate for non-homeowners / Application restrictions based on income and assets\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.665406427221171%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84㎡\u0026nbsp;or less\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.232514177693762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;70%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.665406427221171%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.994328922495274%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e△\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.90359168241966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRedevelopment-PH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.53875236294896%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProvision of apartments in redevelopment areas for displaced residents\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.665406427221171%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59㎡\u0026nbsp;or less\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.232514177693762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;70%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.665406427221171%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.994328922495274%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e△\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.90359168241966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShift-PH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.53875236294896%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProvision of affordable housing based on rental agreements (80% of surrounding market rate)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.665406427221171%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129㎡\u0026nbsp;or less\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.232514177693762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;150%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.665406427221171%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.994328922495274%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e△\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.90359168241966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePurchased \u0026amp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLeased-PH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.53875236294896%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSupply housing after purchasing multi-family housing at 30% of market rate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.665406427221171%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.232514177693762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.665406427221171%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.994328922495274%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e△\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSource: Seoul Housing \u0026amp; Communities Corporation(SH) Panel Data User Guide\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(△) There exist both a social mix complex and an intensive complex.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable II.\u003c/strong\u003e List of Variables \u0026amp; Measurements\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.86907020872865%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.13092979127135%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Measurements\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.800759013282732%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDependent Variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.06831119544592%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStress level\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.13092979127135%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1. I am never stressed. 2. I am rarely stressed. 3. I am stressed sometimes. 4. I am very stressed.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.800759013282732%\" rowspan=\"22\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndependent Variables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.06831119544592%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhysical characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"53.13092979127135%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.639198218262806%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidential satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.360801781737194%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1=Poor, 2=Somewhat poor, 3=Somewhat good, 4=Good\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.639198218262806%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidential Environment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.360801781737194%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1=Dissatisfied, 2=Somewhat dissatisfied, 3=Somewhat satisfied, 4=Satisfied\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.639198218262806%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePH Type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.360801781737194%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0=Other, 1=Shift-PH, Purchased \u0026amp; Leased-PH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.639198218262806%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEconomic characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.360801781737194%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.46770601336303%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployment status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.171492204899778%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFull-time (including self-employed and employers)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.360801781737194%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0=Employed, 1=Unemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.34825870646766%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePart-time (including temporary and day laborers)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"69.65174129353234%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0=Employed, 1=Unemployed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.639198218262806%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousing cost burden\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.360801781737194%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0=Not burdensome, 1=Burdensome\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.639198218262806%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousehold income\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.360801781737194%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonthly gross household income (ten thousand won) *Equalized by the number of people in the household.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.639198218262806%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousehold debt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.360801781737194%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal debt (ten thousand won)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.639198218262806%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWelfare (subsidy)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.360801781737194%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubsidy 0=not received 1=received\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.639198218262806%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.360801781737194%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.639198218262806%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiscrimination\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.360801781737194%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0=No, 1=Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.639198218262806%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial capital\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.360801781737194%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage of 4-point Likert scale for trust, exchanges, and willingness to help\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1. Very negative, 2. Negative, 3. Positive 4 Very positive.)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.639198218262806%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.360801781737194%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge of the head of household\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.639198218262806%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.360801781737194%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0=Woman, 1=Man\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.639198218262806%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.360801781737194%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2=No school 3=Elementary school 4=Middle school 5=High school 6=College 7=University 8=Graduate school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.639198218262806%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChronic disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.360801781737194%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0=No, 1=Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.639198218262806%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYears of residence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.360801781737194%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eyears\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.639198218262806%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegional characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.360801781737194%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.639198218262806%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousing price\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"62.360801781737194%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAverage housing price in 25 districts: 0=low 1=high\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSource: Seoul Housing \u0026amp; Communities Corporation(SH) 3\u003csup\u003erd\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003epanel survey (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable III.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDescriptive Statistics\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.363636363636363%\" colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"27.454545454545453%\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePool model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.363636363636363%\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh housing price + SM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.818181818181817%\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow housing price + SM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.325301204819278%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Mean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.843373493975903%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS.D.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.469879518072289%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMin.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.746987951807229%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.19277108433735%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Mean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.469879518072289%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS.D.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.228915662650603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMin.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.746987951807229%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMax\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.469879518072289%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Mean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.469879518072289%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS.D.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.710843373493976%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMin.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.325301204819278%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMax.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.564663023679417%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDependent Variables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.843351548269581%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStress level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.839708561020036%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;2.735\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"4.918032786885246%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.618\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.646630236794171%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.100182149362477%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.193078324225866%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;2.811\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.646630236794171%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;.590\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.46448087431694%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.100182149362477%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.646630236794171%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;2.693\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.646630236794171%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.629\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.828779599271402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.561020036429872%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.583941605839415%\" rowspan=\"22\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIndependent Variables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.13138686131387%\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.109489051094891%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.204379562043796%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.656934306569343%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.474452554744525%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.109489051094891%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.656934306569343%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.656934306569343%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.839416058394161%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.576642335766424%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.478615071283096%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidential satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.238289205702648%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.171\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.4989816700611%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.672\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.924643584521385%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.209\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.651\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.109979633401222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.683\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.517311608961304%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.572301425661914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.478615071283096%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidential Environment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.238289205702648%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,995\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.4989816700611%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.514\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.924643584521385%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,859\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.580\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.109979633401222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.070\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.456\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.517311608961304%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.572301425661914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.478615071283096%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePH Type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.238289205702648%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.361\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.4989816700611%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.480\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.924643584521385%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.397\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.489\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.109979633401222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.347\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.474\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.517311608961304%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.572301425661914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.08163265306123%\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEconomic characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.326530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.714285714285714%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.938775510204081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.326530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.122448979591836%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.714285714285714%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.326530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.326530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.530612244897959%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.591836734693878%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.714285714285714%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployment status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.591836734693878%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFull-time (including self-employed and employers)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.26530612244898%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.335\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.510204081632653%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.472\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.326530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.714285714285714%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.938775510204081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.364\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.326530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.481\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.122448979591836%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.714285714285714%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.326530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.318\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.326530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.466\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.530612244897959%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.591836734693878%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.173160173160174%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePart-time (including temporary and day laborers)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.069264069264069%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.208\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.8441558441558445%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.406\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.70995670995671%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.0606060606060606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.359307359307359%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.223\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.70995670995671%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.417\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.4935064935064934%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.0606060606060606%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.70995670995671%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.199\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.70995670995671%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.399\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.926406926406926%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.173160173160174%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.478615071283096%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousing cost burden\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.238289205702648%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.688\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.4989816700611%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.463\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.924643584521385%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.732\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.442\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.109979633401222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.663\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.472\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.517311608961304%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.572301425661914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.478615071283096%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousehold income\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.238289205702648%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e171. 330\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.4989816700611%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91. 586\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e412.478\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.924643584521385%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177.527\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94. 890\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.109979633401222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e412.478\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167.897\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89. 574\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.517311608961304%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.572301425661914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e412.478\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.478615071283096%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousehold debt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.238289205702648%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1401. 395\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.4989816700611%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2940.659\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21213.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.924643584521385%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1575.867\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3215. 309\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.109979633401222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21213.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1304.755\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2774. 083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.517311608961304%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.572301425661914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17677,67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.478615071283096%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWelfare (subsidy)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.238289205702648%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.4989816700611%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.924643584521385%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.135\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.339\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.109979633401222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.380\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.517311608961304%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.572301425661914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.478615071283096%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.238289205702648%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.4989816700611%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.924643584521385%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.109979633401222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.517311608961304%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.572301425661914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.478615071283096%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiscrimination\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.238289205702648%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;.050\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.4989816700611%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;.218\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.924643584521385%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.066\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0 .248\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.109979633401222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.041\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0.199\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.517311608961304%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.572301425661914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.478615071283096%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial capital\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.238289205702648%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;2.877\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.4989816700611%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;.463\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.924643584521385%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;2.845\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;.503\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.109979633401222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;2.895\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;.446\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.517311608961304%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.572301425661914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"40.40816326530612%\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.714285714285714%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.938775510204081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.326530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.122448979591836%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.714285714285714%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.326530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.326530612244898%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.530612244897959%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.591836734693878%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.478615071283096%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.238289205702648%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.314\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.4989816700611%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.287\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.924643584521385%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.265\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.626\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.109979633401222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.341\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.517311608961304%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.572301425661914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.478615071283096%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.238289205702648%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.442\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.4989816700611%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.496\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.924643584521385%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.459\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.498\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.109979633401222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.432\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.495\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.517311608961304%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.572301425661914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.478615071283096%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.238289205702648%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.185\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.4989816700611%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.438\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.924643584521385%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.358\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.109979633401222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.089\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.427\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.517311608961304%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.572301425661914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.478615071283096%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChronic disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.238289205702648%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.421\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.4989816700611%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.493\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.924643584521385%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.587\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.492\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.109979633401222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.426\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.494\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.517311608961304%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.572301425661914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.478615071283096%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYears of residence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.238289205702648%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.733\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.4989816700611%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.661\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.924643584521385%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.7797\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.422\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.109979633401222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.698\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.793\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.517311608961304%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.572301425661914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"46.23217922606925%\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegional characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.924643584521385%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.109979633401222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.517311608961304%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.572301425661914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.478615071283096%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousing price\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.238289205702648%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.356\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.4989816700611%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.479\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.924643584521385%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.109979633401222%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.7026476578411405%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.313645621181263%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.517311608961304%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.572301425661914%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable IV.\u003c/strong\u003e t-test for high and low housing price neighborhoods\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.76061776061776%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"57.142857142857146%\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSM PH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.096525096525095%\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ediff.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;diff = mean(Low price) - mean(High price)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.33783783783784%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh housing price\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.66216216216216%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow housing price\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.915824915824917%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.252525252525253%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS.D.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.915824915824917%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.915824915824917%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS.D.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.726396917148364%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStress level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.258188824662813%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.811\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.45086705202312%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.590\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.258188824662813%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.693\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.258188824662813%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.629\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.048169556840076%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.117***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePr(|T| \u0026gt; |t|) = 0.0008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***p\u0026lt;0.01, **p\u0026lt;0.05, *p\u0026lt;0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable V.\u003c/strong\u003e Stress Measurement: Total Model\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.529411764705884%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStress\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoef.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOdds Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStd. Err.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ez\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u0026gt;|z|\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.529411764705884%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.529411764705884%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidential satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.503***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.604***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.529411764705884%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidential Environment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.490***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.612***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.529411764705884%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eShift-PH, Purchased\u0026amp;Leased-PH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.902\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.451\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.529411764705884%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEconomic characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.829745596868886%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployment status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.829745596868886%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFull-time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.655577299412915%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.482***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.655577299412915%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.619***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.720156555772995%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.154598825831702%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.154598825831702%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.235294117647058%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePart-time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.236\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.823529411764707%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.267\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.294117647058824%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.411764705882353%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.411764705882353%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.131\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.529411764705884%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousing cost burden\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.446***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.562***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.124\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;3.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.529411764705884%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousehold income\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.398***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.671***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.102\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.529411764705884%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousehold debt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.388\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.529411764705884%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWelfare (subsidy) (yes)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.052\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.053\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.181\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.774\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.529411764705884%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.529411764705884%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiscrimination\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.403\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.497\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.272\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;1.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.138\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.529411764705884%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial capital\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.784***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.456***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.131\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.21568627450981%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.529411764705884%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.056***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.058***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;2.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.529411764705884%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge*Age\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.000***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.999***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.529411764705884%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.967\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.120\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.781\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.529411764705884%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.964\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.516\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.529411764705884%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChronic disease (yes)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.600***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.822***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.147\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.529411764705884%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYears of residence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.990\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.319\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.529411764705884%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegional characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"33.529411764705884%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousing_price (high)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.319***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.686274509803921%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.376***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.745098039215685%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.176470588235293%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.21568627450981%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of observations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.78431372549019%\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1355\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.21568627450981%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLR chi2(18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.78431372549019%\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.21568627450981%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProb\u0026gt;Chi2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.78431372549019%\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"49.21568627450981%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePseudo R2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"50.78431372549019%\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***p\u0026lt;0.01, **p\u0026lt;0.05, *p\u0026lt;0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable VI.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eComparison of the moderating effects of social capital of SMHCRs by housing price level\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.941291585127203%\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStress\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.44227005870842%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigh housing price\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.61643835616438%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLow housing price\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.61111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCoef.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.055555555555557%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOdds Ratio\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u0026gt;|z|\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCoef.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.5%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOdds Ratio\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.666666666666668%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ep\u0026gt;|z|\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.82456140350877%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.060428849902534%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.670565302144249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.280701754385966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.82456140350877%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidential satisfaction\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.060428849902534%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.670565302144249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.865\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.420\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.707***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.280701754385966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.493***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.82456140350877%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResidential Environment\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.060428849902534%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.439**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.670565302144249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.644**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.614***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.280701754385966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.540***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.82456140350877%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePH type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Shift-PH, Purchased, and Leased-PH)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.060428849902534%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.097\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.670565302144249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.906\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.691\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.284\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.280701754385966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.971\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.867\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.82456140350877%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEconomic characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.060428849902534%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.670565302144249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.280701754385966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.980544747081712%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEmployment status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.980544747081712%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFull-time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.035019455252918%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.482*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.645914396887159%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.620*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.754863813229573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.070\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.673151750972762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.584***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.256809338521402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.794***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.673151750972762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.620137299771166%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePart-time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.331807780320366%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.323\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.874141876430206%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.382\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"10.297482837528603%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.225\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.729977116704806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.208\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.416475972540045%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.232\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.729977116704806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.292\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.82456140350877%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousing cost burden\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.060428849902534%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.215\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.670565302144249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.240\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.345\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.455***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.280701754385966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.577***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.82456140350877%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousehold income\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.060428849902534%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.381**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.670565302144249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;.682**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.500***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.280701754385966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;.606***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.82456140350877%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousehold debt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.060428849902534%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.670565302144249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.197\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.280701754385966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.734\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.82456140350877%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWelfare (subsidy) (yes)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.060428849902534%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.670565302144249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.824\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.561\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.249\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.280701754385966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.283\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.269\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.99610894941634%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.645914396887159%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.754863813229573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.673151750972762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.256809338521402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.673151750972762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.82456140350877%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiscrimination\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.060428849902534%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;5.181***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.670565302144249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177.886***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;1.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.280701754385966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.499\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.82456140350877%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocial capital\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.060428849902534%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.659***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.670565302144249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.517***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.531***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.280701754385966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.587***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.82456140350877%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiscrimination＊Social capital\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.060428849902534%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.907***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.670565302144249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.148***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.280701754385966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.904\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.855\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"42.99610894941634%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.645914396887159%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.754863813229573%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.673151750972762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.256809338521402%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.673151750972762%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.82456140350877%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.060428849902534%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.670565302144249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.588\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.064***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.280701754385966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.066***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.82456140350877%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge*Age\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.060428849902534%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.670565302144249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.346\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.000***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.280701754385966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.999***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.82456140350877%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.060428849902534%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.670565302144249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.954\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.826\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.013*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.280701754385966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.986*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.093\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.82456140350877%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.060428849902534%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.670565302144249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.891\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.280701754385966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.926\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.279\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.82456140350877%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChronic disease (yes)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.060428849902534%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.453*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.670565302144249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.574*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.707***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.280701754385966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.209***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.82456140350877%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYears of residence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.060428849902534%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.040**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.670565302144249%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;1.041**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.771929824561404%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.041***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"12.280701754385966%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;.959***\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.695906432748538%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.941291585127203%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of observations\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.44227005870842%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e483\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.61643835616438%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e872\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.941291585127203%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLR chi2(18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.44227005870842%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.61643835616438%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e177.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.941291585127203%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProb\u0026gt;Chi2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.44227005870842%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.61643835616438%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.941291585127203%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePseudo R2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.44227005870842%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.61643835616438%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"100%\" colspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e***p\u0026lt;0.01, **p\u0026lt;0.05, *p\u0026lt;0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3968588/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3968588/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study explores the impact of discrimination experience on stress levels among Seoul\u0026rsquo;s public social mix housing complex residents, emphasizing the moderating role of social capital. Utilizing the 2019 Seoul public housing (PH) panel data and an ordered logit model, the research categorizes residents based on personal and environmental factors, contrasting them across different local housing price levels. Findings reveal that while discrimination experience does not significantly impact stress, local housing prices positively correlate with stress. Interestingly, discrimination-induced stress is pronounced in high-priced areas linked to property inequality. Conversely, in lower-priced areas, this influence is less significant. Importantly, social capital demonstrates a significant moderating effect, mitigating stress across all residents. These results underscore the need for policy interventions that enhance social capital and address socioeconomic disparities in PH, highlighting the nuanced relationship between local housing prices, discrimination, and stress in urban communities.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Stress Dynamics in Seoul's Social Mix Housing based on Housing Prices: Analyzing Discrimination and the Mitigating Role of Social Capital","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-02-23 07:24:47","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3968588/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f53078fb-4d40-4ee1-b9dc-2f048639c540","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 23rd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-03-08T20:16:06+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-02-23 07:24:47","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3968588","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3968588","identity":"rs-3968588","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}