Validation of the Chinese version of the Emotion Acceptance Questionnaire for Adolescent Students and Measurement Invariance Across Genders

Validation of the Chinese version of the Emotion Acceptance Questionnaire for Adolescent Students and Measurement Invariance Across Genders | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Validation of the Chinese version of the Emotion Acceptance Questionnaire for Adolescent Students and Measurement Invariance Across Genders Yuxiang Zheng, Shunsen Chen This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8170306/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 17 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Emotional acceptance describes the willingness to actively embrace emotional experiences rather than suppress them. This concept is particularly relevant for Chinese adolescents, who are at a critical stage of emotional development and navigate a conflict between cultural norms favoring emotional suppression and modern mental health principles advocating for acceptance. Existing measures fail to independently assess acceptance of positive emotions. Although a four-dimensional Emotional Acceptance Questionnaire (EAQ) has been developed to assess acceptance and rejection of both pleasant and unpleasant emotions, its Western-cultural formulations may not suit Chinese adolescents. This study therefore adapted the EAQ into Chinese and evaluated its reliability, validity, and measurement invariance across genders in a middle school sample. Methods: Middle school students from Zhangzhou, Fuzhou, and Quanzhou were recruited as participants. Sample 1 ( n =169): Item analysis. Sample 2 ( n =302): Exploratory Factor Analysis, test-retest reliability (1-month interval). Sample 3 ( n =430): Confirmatory Factor Analysis, convergent/discriminant validity (Average Variance Extracted, Composite Reliability), criterion-related validity, reliability (McDonald's ω), and measurement invariance tests across genders. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 27.0, Mplus 8.3, and Amos 28. Results: Item analysis indicated satisfactory discrimination, with all item-total correlations between 0.237 and 0.819 and significant extreme-group comparisons ( p < 0.01). Exploratory factor analysis initially suggested 5 factors; after removing 3 underloading items, a 4-factor structure was confirmed, showing excellent fit (CFI = 0.990, TLI = 0.989, RMSEA = 0.028). Confirmatory factor analysis and cross-validation further supported this model (CFI = 0.990, TLI = 0.989, RMSEA = 0.028). Reliability was strong, with McDonald’s ω ranging 0.818–0.897 across dimensions and test-retest reliability 0.662–0.759. Criterion validity was supported by expected correlations with DERS and FFMQ-SF measures, where rejection of pleasant emotions positively correlated with emotion regulation difficulties ( r = 0.145–0.272) and negatively with mindfulness ( r = -0.135 to -0.200), while acceptance of pleasant emotions showed the opposite pattern. Full measurement invariance across genders was established (ΔCFI ≤ |0.006|), confirming cross-group equivalence. Conclusion: The revised Chinese version of the EAQ retains 22 items and demonstrates a robust four-dimensional structure with good reliability and validity. Possessing cultural appropriateness, it provides a reliable tool for assessing emotional acceptance among Chinese middle school students. adolescent students emotion acceptance reliability validity measurement invariance Figures Figure 1 Introduction Emotional acceptance refers to an individual's willingness, in both attitude and behavior, to experience emotions, regardless of whether these emotions are pleasant or unpleasant. Conversely, the rejection of either pleasant or unpleasant emotions manifests as an individual's aversion toward their own emotional experiences, which is also reflected in their attitudes and behaviors [8]. The core of this definition lies in the willingness to experience both pleasant and unpleasant emotions. The study by Messina supplements the definition of emotional acceptance by highlighting three of its key characteristics: a nonjudgmental stance, openness, and curiosity toward emotions [12]. On the one hand, emotional acceptance, as a subset subsumed within the broader construct of acceptance, requires more nuanced explanations and investigations. It should not be conflated with the broader concept of acceptance within the context of emotional regulation [20]. On the other hand, it is crucial to emphasize its fundamental distinction from emotional suppression. Acceptance is not passive endurance but rather an active embrace of emotional experiences. Emotional acceptance is a key component of emotional regulation and is directly linked to mental health. Furthermore, Chinese adolescents (typically aged 12--18 years) represent a critical period for the development of emotional regulation abilities. During this stage, individuals often experience heightened emotional volatility. The immaturity of their emotional regulation capacity stems from ongoing physiological and developmental immaturity. Under significant academic pressure, this population is more susceptible to issues such as emotional dysregulation [1][22]. Within the Chinese cultural context, collectivism often involves emotional suppression as a means to maintain social harmony, leading to a greater tendency to inhibit emotional expression than Western cultures do. The enduring prevalence of proverbs such as "one's happiness or anger is not revealed in one's face" (喜怒不形于色) illustrates the cultural endorsement and pursuit of emotional restraint in China [18][11] . This cultural norm creates tension with the modern psychological emphasis on emotional acceptance as a prerequisite for mental health. Within this cultural environment, teachers may perceive high levels of positive emotional expression as maladaptive. This perception directly contributes to adolescents' emotional suppression in school settings. This cultural pressure is transmitted through three specific pathways: parenting practices, school education, and gender-based expectations (e.g., girls are often subjected to stricter display rules for emotional expression) [23][14]. A correlational analysis by Grant revealed a negative correlation between the Nonacceptance subscale of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-NA) and the Acceptance subscale of the Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire (ERSQ) [6]. This finding indirectly suggests that the DERS conceptualization of "nonacceptance" conflates both emotional and nonemotional components. In differentiating facets of emotional acceptance, the Emotional Acceptance Questionnaire (EAQ) model proposed by Kisley is particularly significant [8]. It conceptualizes acceptance into four distinct dimensions: the rejection of unpleasant emotions, the rejection of pleasant emotions, the acceptance of unpleasant emotions, and the acceptance of pleasant emotions. The model also demonstrates sound psychometric properties, with good internal consistency (α = .84–.93) and hypothesized correlations with relevant subscales of measures such as the DERS and the PANAS(Positive and Negative Affective Scale). This framework provides a clear differentiation between emotional valence (pleasant/unpleasant) and response type (acceptance/rejection), whereas the Chinese version of the DERS contains only a single, broad "nonacceptance" dimension. With respect to the advancement of localized measures in China, although the Chinese version of the Academic Emotions Questionnaire-Revised (AEQ-R) by Wan includes a positive emotion dimension, it still does not disentangle the acceptance component [16]. As mentioned previously, the acceptance of positive emotions requires independent assessment. Furthermore, all the items in the DERS pertain exclusively to negative emotions. However, although the EAQ explicitly incorporates the appraisal of positive emotions, as discussed, Eastern and Western cultures exhibit normative differences in emotional expression. Individualistic cultures often encourage the expression of positive emotions, whereas collectivist cultures emphasize their suppression in accordance with the principle of zhongyong (doctrine of the mean) [13]. Consequently, the item wording and potential factor structure of the EAQ may not fully capture the unique emotional expression norms and experiences of Chinese adolescents within this collectivist cultural context. Synthesizing the aspects discussed above, there is currently a lack of specialized multidimensional assessment tools for evaluating emotional acceptance among Chinese adolescents. Consequently, the localized adaptation of the EAQ into Chinese presents a feasible, necessary, and highly applicable endeavor. This study aims to adapt the EAQ into Chinese using a sample of Chinese middle school students and to examine its psychometric properties, including reliability and validity. Grounded in the principle of measurement invariance (MI), the adapted version of the EAQ will undergo rigorous testing for measurement equivalence across different demographic groups. The adapted Chinese version of the EAQ is anticipated to provide a reliable, valid, and culturally appropriate indigenous assessment tool, thereby contributing to the development of culturally specific theories of emotional regulation. Methods Participants All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Minnan Normal University Institutional Review Board (approval: 2025-9-02) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. For participants under the age of 18, parental informed consent and adolescent assent were obtained prior to data collection. All the data were collected anonymously to protect participant confidentiality. All the data will be anonymized and kept confidential, and the school authorities emphasize that they must not be disclosed. In March 2025, participants were recruited from two middle schools in Zhangzhou city and Quanzhou city, China, which targeted both junior and senior high school students. After providing informed consent, a total of 1,200 questionnaires were distributed. Following a brief explanation of the survey's purpose and instructions by their classroom teachers, the students independently completed the questionnaires, which were collected immediately upon completion. After questionnaires with incomplete responses or those with careless responses were excluded, 901 valid questionnaires were retained, yielding a recovery rate of 75.00%. The final sample consisted of 488 boys (54.17%) and 413 girls (45.83%). The distribution by grade was as follows: 180 Grade 7 students, 182 Grade 8 students, 168 Grade 9 students, 169 Grade 10 students, and 202 Grade 11 students. No data were collected from Grade 12 (final year) students due to contextual constraints (e.g., preparation for the National College Entrance Examination, Gaokao). The participants' ages ranged from 12--16 years. The data were collected in three batches. Sample 1 was collected and subjected to preliminary analysis first. Samples 2 and 3 were subsequently collected. Sample 1 (Item Analysis): This subsample consisted of 169 participants (86 boys, 83 girls). Sample 2 (Exploratory Factor Analysis and Test-Retest Reliability): This subsample comprised 302 participants (170 boys, 132 girls). Test‒retest reliability was assessed at one-month intervals. Sample 3 (Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Convergent and Discriminant Validity, Criterion Validity, Reliability Analysis, and Measurement Invariance Testing): This subsample included 430 participants (232 boys, 198 girls). Measures Emotional Acceptance Questionnaire (EAQ) The original English version of the scale consists of 25 items, which are divided into four subscales: acceptance of pleasant emotions, rejection of pleasant emotions, acceptance of unpleasant emotions, and rejection of unpleasant emotions. To validate the applicability of the Chinese version of the original scale within the adolescent population in China, all 25 items were selected for administration. The items are rated on a 6-point Likert scale ranging from 1 ("Strongly Disagree") to 6 ("Strongly Agree"). Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) The Chinese version of the DERS, revised by Ding, was employed in this study [3]. It comprises 36 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 ("Almost Never") to 5 ("Almost Always"), forming six subscales. Eleven items (items 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 10, 17, 20, 22, 24, 34) require reverse scoring. The six subscales are nonacceptance of emotional responses, difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior, impulse control difficulties, lack of emotional awareness, limited access to emotion regulation strategies, and lack of emotional clarity. Higher scores indicate greater difficulties in emotion regulation and a lower level of emotion regulation ability. In the present study, McDonald's omega coefficients for the subscales ranged from .814--0.901. Five -Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form (FFMQ-SF) The Chinese version of the FFMQ-SF, revised by Wang, was utilized [17]. This 20-item instrument is rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 ("Not at all true of me") to 5 ("Very true of me"), assessing five facets of mindfulness: Observing, Describing, Acting with Awareness, Nonjudging, and Nonreactivity. Items within the "Acting with Awareness" and "Nonjudging" facets require reverse scoring. In the present study, McDonald's omega coefficients for the subscales ranged from .701--0.901. Statistical analyses Data analysis was conducted via SPSS 27.0, Mplus 8.3, and Amos 28. Results Item analysis As shown in the item analysis results (Table 1 ). The item‒total correlations for the EAQ ranged from .237--0.819. Using the extreme groups approach, participants were ranked on the basis of their total EAQ scores and divided into a high-score group (top 27%) and a low-score group (bottom 27%). An independent-samples t test revealed that the difference between the high and low groups on each item was statistically significant ( p < .05). Furthermore, the Cronbach’s α for the total scale did not increase upon the deletion of any single item. These results indicate that all the items in the Chinese version of the EAQ possess good discriminatory power. Table 1 Item descriptive statistics, item–total correlations, and independent-samples t test results ( n = 169) Item Missing M SD Skewness Kurtosis t(ExtremeGroups) Item-Total r a FactorLoading b RU1 I try to resist unpleasant feelings as much as l can 0% 4.44 1.164 -0.822 0.202 -11.291 * * 0.655 0.807 RU2 I fght against my unpleasant feelings 0% 4.37 1.183 -0.572 -0.161 -10.437 * * 0.602 0.762 RU3 I try to suppress my unpleasant feelings as much as possible 0% 4.21 1.219 -0.504 -0.123 -11.778 * * 0.678 0.807 RU4 I try to push aside unpleasant feelings 0% 4.4 1.156 -0.741 0.422 -10.608 * * 0.665 0.796 RU5 I try to bottle up unpleasant feelings 0% 4.12 1.328 -0.601 -0.336 -13.474 * * 0.671 0.791 RU6 I fnd it bad to experience unpleasant feelings 0% 3.12 1.548 0.433 -0.866 -7.669 * * 0.332 0.445 RP1 Pleasant feelings are only for shallow people 0% 1.9 1.142 1.508 2.239 -6.321 * * 0.237 0.330 RP2 I try to curb pleasant feelings 0% 1.98 1.11 1.251 1.38 -11.053 * * 0.594 0.725 RP3 I try not to feel pleasant feelings completely 0% 2.05 1.13 1.047 0.721 -12.529 * * 0.663 0.790 RP4 I have gotten used to suppressing pleasant feelings 0% 1.88 1.14 1.588 2.461 -9.752 * * 0.630 0.770 RP5 Pleasant feelings often lead to diffculties 0% 2.29 1.236 0.751 -0.015 -16.041 * * 0.650 0.772 RP6 To be guided by pleasant feelings often has negative consequence 0% 2.77 1.35 0.429 -0.477 -10.463 * * 0.510 0.655 RP7 I block out pleasant feelings 0% 1.79 0.888 1.415 3.304 -10.544 * * 0.581 0.733 AU1 I stand behind my unpleasant feelings 0% 4.19 1.263 -0.776 0.187 -11.612 * * 0.491 0.578 AU2 I believe that unpleasant feelings are justified and important 0% 4.67 1.033 -0.968 1.609 -10.667 * * 0.691 0.788 AU3 I permit myself to experience unpleasant feelings 0% 4.68 1.054 -1.149 1.889 -12.347 * * 0.748 0.834 AU4 I usually allow myself to accept unpleasant feelings 0% 4.45 1.063 -0.649 0.268 -10.635 * * 0.746 0.860 AU5 I let unpleasant feelings happen 0% 4.5 0.989 -1.02 1.448 -10.467 * * 0.819 0.904 AU6 I can accept unpleasant feelings 0% 4.6 1.043 -1.044 1.58 -10.26 * * 0.728 0.836 AU7 I allow myself to show unpleasant feelings 0% 4.18 1.293 -0.687 -0.058 -7.762 * * 0.487 0.577 AP1 Pleasant feelings are a normal part of me 0% 4.38 1.085 -0.462 0.171 -10.552 * * 0.516 0.654 AP2 Pleasant feelings come natural to me 0% 4.56 1.09 -0.801 0.964 -12.589 * * 0.685 0.796 AP3 I can relate well to pleasant feelings 0% 4.79 0.981 -0.874 1.668 -10.138 * * 0.732 0.851 AP4 I allow myself to perceive pleasant feelings 0% 5.11 0.948 -1.714 4.828 -10.493 * * 0.649 0.808 AP5 accept pleasant feelings 0% 5.27 0.89 -1.577 3.755 -7.327 * * 0.654 0.806 Note: **p <0.01;RU = rejection of unpleasant emotions; RP = rejection of pleasant emotions; AU = acceptance of unpleasant emotions; AP = acceptance of pleasant emotion Validity Analysis Exploratory Factor Analysis EFA(Exploratory Factor Analysis) was performed on the 302 valid cases from Sample 2. The Kaiser‒Meyer‒Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy was .834, and Bartlett’s test of sphericity was significant (χ² = 4561.725, p < .001), indicating that the data were suitable for factor analysis. EFA employs principal component analysis as the extraction method and promotes oblique rotation. Five components with eigenvalues greater than 1 were extracted. All the items demonstrated factor loadings above 0.5 on their primary factors, and the solution accounted for 65.914% of the total variance. Item 3 from the original "Rejection of Pleasant Emotions" subscale exhibited cross-loading. However, its secondary loading was on a factor ultimately subsumed under the fourth component (for details, see Table 2). Given that the analysis yielded a five-factor solution diverging from the original scale's four-factor structure, a subsequent model comparison was conducted to evaluate the competing five-factor and four-factor models. An initial CFA(Confirmatory Factor Analysis) was conducted on Sample 2 The results indicated unacceptably low standardized factor loadings for three items from the original four-factor model: AU7 (.467), RU6 (.389), and RP1 (.427). Following the removal of these three items, a model comparison was performed (see Table 3). Altering the fundamental factor structure (i.e., comparing the four-factor and five-factor model) resulted in only minimal improvements in model fit. Consequently, the original four-factor model (minus the three problematic items) was retained for subsequent analysis on Sample 3 and for cross-validation purposes. Table 2 Results of the exploratory factor analysis ( n =302) item accept unpleasant emotion reject unpleasant emotion accept Pleasant emotion reject Pleasant emotion reject Pleasant emotion AU5 0.919 0.036 -0.04 -0.011 -0.008 AU3 0.872 0.007 -0.071 -0.016 0.032 AU4 0.845 0.026 0.03 -0.085 0.007 AU1 0.832 -0.008 -0.04 0.008 0.063 AU6 0.829 0.048 0.025 -0.101 0.051 AU2 0.76 -0.064 0.065 0.166 -0.082 AU7 0.546 -0.098 0.054 0.133 -0.144 RU3 0.007 0.887 -0.011 0.059 -0.06 RU2 0.025 0.866 0.112 -0.095 0.168 RU1 0.06 0.864 0.039 -0.108 0.142 RU5 0.003 0.842 -0.128 0.071 -0.15 RU4 0.014 0.691 0.014 0.139 -0.265 RU6 -0.205 0.531 -0.008 0.041 0.141 AP2 0.032 0.017 0.842 -0.049 0.211 AP4 -0.008 0.043 0.822 0.078 -0.167 AP3 -0.008 -0.007 0.818 -0.048 0.03 AP1 0.027 -0.027 0.81 -0.082 0.172 AP5 -0.043 -0.007 0.801 0.14 -0.222 RP6 0.062 0.013 0.084 0.874 -0.048 RP5 0.019 0.006 -0.018 0.862 -0.032 RP4 -0.038 0.049 -0.02 0.663 0.128 RP7 -0.001 0.046 -0.217 0.454 0.275 RP1 -0.054 0.066 0.033 -0.052 0.797 RP2 0.034 -0.131 0.058 0.214 0.716 RP3 -0.002 0.005 -0.015 0.426 0.478 Table 3 Fit indices for the competing four- and five-factor models ( n =302) Bollen-stineχ2 CFI TLI RMSEA SRMR four-factor model 235.944 0.991 0.990 0.024 0.0592 five-factor model 232.001 0.992 0.991 0.023 0.0574 model comparison 3.943 -0.001 -0.001 0.001 -0.0018 Confirmatory Factor Analysis CFA was performed using the 430 valid cases from Sample 3. The results indicated that the four-factor model demonstrated an acceptable to good fit to the data: Bollen–Stine χ 2 = 250.816, CFI = 0.990, TLI = 0.989, RMSEA = 0.028, and SRMR = 0.0595. The results demonstrated good structural validity for the revised four-factor model. The model is depicted in Figure 1, with all standardized factor loadings exceeding the suggested threshold [9]. A cross-validation comparing the four-factor and five-factor models was subsequently conducted on Sample 3 (see Table 4). The results were largely consistent with those from Sample 2. Consequently, the four-factor model was retained. Table 4 Summary of Cross-Validation Fit Indices for Sample 3 ( n =430) Bollen-stineχ2 CFI TLI RMSEA SRMR Four-Factor Models 250.816 0.990 0.989 0.028 0.0595 Five-Factor Models 248.453 0.991 0.989 0.027 0.0583 Model Comparison 2.363 -0.001 0 0.001 -0.0012 Figure 1 Standardized factor loadings for the final four-factor model of the EAQ from the confirmatory factor analysis Convergent and discriminant validity Convergent validity was assessed via the 430 valid cases from Sample 3. As shown in Table 5, the results demonstrated good convergent validity(Average Variance Extracted - AVE and Composite Reliability - CR) for the revised scale. Table 5 Summary of convergent validity indices for the four-factor model AVE CR AU 0.6039 0.9001 AP 0.5438 0.8555 RU 0.5738 0.87 RP 0.4392 0.823 Discriminant validity was assessed via the Fornell–Larcker criterion [4]. As presented in Table 6, the square root of the average variance extracted (√AVE)for each latent variable was greater than its absolute correlation with all other latent variables. Although the AVE for the RP dimension was .439 (slightly below the .50 threshold), this dimension was retained on the basis of the supplementary recommendations of Fornell and Larcker [4], as its CR was satisfactory (.823) and discriminant validity was established. Table 6 Discriminant validity results for the four-factor model √AVE AU AP RU RP AU 0.777 1 AP 0.737 0.171 1 RU 0.757 -0.091 0.194 1 RP 0.663 -0.044 -0.603 -0.064 1 Criterion Validity Criterion validity analysis revealed that the RP subscale of the Chinese EAQ was significantly positively correlated with all DERS subscales ( r = .145 to .272), whereas the AP subscale was significantly negatively correlated with all DERS subscales ( r = –.129 to –.347)(see Table 7). Furthermore, the RP subscale was significantly negatively correlated with the Observing, Describing, and Acting with Awareness mindfulness skills subscale of the FFMQ-SF ( r = –.135 to –.200). The AU subscale was significantly correlated with all FFMQ-SF subscales except for the nonjudging subscale. Finally, the AP subscale was significantly positively correlated with the Observing, Describing, Acting with Awareness, and Nonreactivity Mindfulness Skills subscales of the FFMQ-SF. These findings are largely aligned with theoretical expectations. Table 7 Correlation Matrix of EAQ Total and Subscale Scores with Criterion Measures ( n =430) accept unpleasant emotions accept Pleasant emotions reject unpleasant emotions reject Pleasant emotions DERS Nonacceptance -.139 ** -.347 ** .153 ** .259 ** Goals -.050 -.180 ** -.001 .145 ** Impulse -.156 ** -.276 ** .053 .249 ** Awareness -.326 ** -.340 ** .170 ** .246 ** Strategies -.256 ** -.347 ** .006 .272 ** Clarity -.143 ** -.129 ** .056 .165 ** FMMQ-SF Observing -.279 ** .246 ** .032 -.200 ** Describing .246 ** .251 ** .089 -.179 ** Actaware .129 ** .104 * -.002 -.135 ** Nonjudging -.014 .006 -.237 ** -.32 Nonreacting .155 ** .207 ** .173 ** .005 Note: **p <0.01 Reliability Analysis The McDonald’s ω coefficients for the four subscales of the EAQ ranged from .818--0.897. Using Sample 2, a test‒retest analysis was conducted after a one-month interval. As shown in Table 8, the internal consistency reliability and test‒retest reliability of the Chinese version of the EAQ were satisfactory. The test‒retest correlation coefficients for the four subscales ranged from .662--0.759. Table 8 Reliability Coefficients for the total and subscale EAQs McDonald’ s ω test-retest reliability AU 0.897 0.752 AP 0.862 0.740 RU 0.872 0.759 RP 0.818 0.662 Tests of Measurement Invariance Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) was conducted via Amos 28 to examine the measurement invariance of the Chinese version of the EAQ across genders in the adolescent sample. The fit indices for the competing models are presented in Table 9. The results indicated that the revised scale demonstrated measurement invariance across groups for the configural, metric, and scalar invariance models. Furthermore, tests for measurement equivalence between nested models revealed that the changes in CFI (ΔCFI < .01) and TLI (ΔTLI < .05) were within the recommended thresholds [2], suggesting negligible deterioration in model fit. These findings provide evidence for measurement invariance of the EAQ across genders. Table 9 Results of Measurement Invariance Tests for the EAQ across Genders in the Middle School Student Sample Δdf ΔCMIN(Bollen-stineχ2) p ΔNFI ΔIFI ΔRFI ΔTLI ΔCFI Configural Invariance 18 24.097 0.150 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.007 0.000 Metric Invariance 22 22.157 0.450 -0.009 -0.006 0.002 0.002 -0.006 Scalar Invariance 10 13.174 0.213 -0.005 -0.004 0.000 0.000 -0.003 Strict Invariance 22 50.536 <0.001 -0.020 -0.018 -0.008 -0.009 -0.017 Discussion The item analysis revealed that all the items of the Chinese version of the EAQ were significantly correlated with their respective subscale total scores, with correlation coefficients ranging from .237--0.819. The scores of all the items were significantly different between the high- and low-scoring groups, indicating good discriminatory power of the items. The Chinese version of the EAQ demonstrated good reliability. McDonald’s ω coefficients for all the subscales met the psychometric standards. The test-retest reliability over a one-month interval ranged from .662--0.759, indicating good temporal stability of the Chinese EAQ and supporting its suitability for subsequent exploratory factor analysis. EFA conducted on Sample 2 yielded a five-factor solution, which diverged from the theoretical four-factor structure. Subsequent model comparison and cross-validation revealed that the five-factor model provided only minimal improvement in model fit. Therefore, the original four-factor model was retained. Prior to this analysis, CFA of Sample 2 identified three items (AU7, RU6, and RP1) with unacceptably low standardized factor loadings, leading to their removal from the scale. Finally, cross-validation through model comparison performed on Sample 3 produced results consistent with those from Sample 2, further supporting the retention of the original four-factor structure. A detailed explanation for the removal of each specific item is provided in the following section. First, item AU7 ("I allow myself to show unpleasant feelings") demonstrated suboptimal standardized factor loadings. This may be attributed to cultural differences in emotional expression norms. Individualistic cultures typically encourage emotional expression, whereas collectivist cultures, such as those in China, often emphasize self-restraint and emotional suppression to maintain interpersonal harmony [19][21]. Within the Chinese collectivist context, "showing unpleasant emotions" might be interpreted by adolescents as "publicly expressing negative emotions"—a behavior discouraged by local norms that prioritize emotional control [18][11]. Although this represents a potential misinterpretation (as "allowing oneself to show emotions" could also involve confiding in trusted individuals such as parents or close friends), the term "show" (表现) in the context of collective administration appears strongly associated with "public display within a group setting" rather than internal acceptance of emotional experience [23][13]. Conversely, in environments perceived as safe and private, individuals from collectivist backgrounds may be more likely to permit themselves to express unpleasant emotions, as the temporary absence of collective pressure reduces the need for suppression [7]. This observation highlights a secondary school counseling case in which an adolescent reported intense suicidal ideation following the confiscation of their mobile phone. For this client, the phone represented a vital means of disconnecting from the collective environment, providing a sense of safety and comfort that allowed for authentic emotional expression. This aligns with research showing that in cross-cultural psychological counseling, creating a secure environment (e.g., through confidentiality agreements and supportive relationships) can help reduce emotional suppression among individuals from collectivist backgrounds [11]. The same principle applies to psychological assessment: ensuring a perceived sense of privacy and safety may mitigate culturally ingrained response biases related to emotional expression. Furthermore, item RU6 ("i find it bad to experience unpleasant feelings") demonstrated a significantly lower factor loading (0.389) and item-total correlation ( r = .332) than the other items did (Table 1), suggesting potential measurement bias in its assessment of the target construct. This item requires respondents to make a value judgment about unpleasant emotions (i.e., whether they are "not a good thing") rather than directly assessing a behavioral tendency (e.g., RU1: "I try to resist unpleasant feelings as much as I can"). This semantic difference led to a response dissociation among Chinese adolescents: while they acknowledged behavioral avoidance of negative emotions (RU1 M = 4.44), they generally rejected the notion of denying the intrinsic value of these emotions (RU6 M = 3.12). This paradoxical phenomenon stems from unique sociocultural cognitions regarding emotional function in Chinese society. First, social desirability pressure plays a significant role. The Confucian tradition views enduring suffering as a means of moral refinement (e.g., the adage "when heaven is about to place great responsibility on someone"). Directly denying the "uselessness" of unpleasant emotions violates social expectations of "resilience" [10]. Second, collective emotional ethics influence responses. In the Chinese context, "not a good thing" implicitly negates the social function of emotions (e.g., overlooking how "righteous indignation" can drive collective action), potentially triggering cultural value defense mechanisms [6][15].Consequently, RU6's formulation regarding emotional value judgment (cognitive appraisal) appears to be compromised by cultural interference, reducing its measurement effectiveness. Finally, as indicated in the study by Wan [16], Chinese adolescents demonstrate lower criticality toward "purely pleasant emotions." They show little inclination to deny or question the value of such purely positive emotional experiences, instead viewing them as inherently legitimate and worthy of pursuit. Although the scale in that particular study focused on academic contexts, within China’s high-pressure educational environment, purely pleasant emotions—such as the excitement of solving a challenging problem—are often perceived by students as rare and valuable sources of positive reinforcement rather than targets of critical reflection. Accordingly, item RP1 (“Pleasant feelings are only for shallow people”) received a very low mean score of 1.9 in the present study, with the vast majority of participants selecting “disagree” (see Table 1), directly reflecting Chinese adolescents’ rejection of this statement as inconsistent with their actual beliefs. This culturally rooted disagreement likely contributed to the unacceptably low factor loading (0.330) of RP1, justifying its removal from the final scale. In terms of discriminant and convergent validity, the revised four-factor EAQ model satisfied the relevant psychometric criteria, including AVE and CR. Furthermore, the EAQ's four-factor model is expected to demonstrate strong validity and stability within East Asian cultural contexts. With respect to criterion validity, the RP subscale showed significant positive correlations with all dimensions of the DERS, whereas the AP subscale was significantly negatively correlated with the DERS. This pattern confirms the protective role of positive emotional acceptance for emotional health and simultaneously exposes a critical limitation of the DERS: its single "nonacceptance" dimension conflates the distinct valence aspects of emotional experience [5]. The AU subscale was significantly positively correlated with the Observing, Describing, and Nonreactivity facets of the FFMQ-SF but not with the Nonjudging facet. This differential pattern reveals the uniqueness of emotional acceptance within Chinese culture. The Confucian tradition encourages individuals to maintain moral judgment even while accepting emotional experiences (e.g., the principle of "being sorrowful but not distressed"), leading to a dissociation between the act of acceptance and a nonjudgmental attitude. By delineating separate dimensions for accepting both positive and negative emotions, the EAQ not only addresses the DERS's oversight of positive emotions but also resolves the limitation identified in AEQ, which failed to distinguish the "acceptance component." These findings establish the superior cultural appropriateness of the EAQ for assessing emotion regulation among Chinese adolescents. With respect to reliability, both the internal consistency reliability and test‒retest reliability of the EAQ met standard psychometric criteria, indicating satisfactory measurement consistency and stability over time. In terms of measurement invariance, the results from MGCFA demonstrated that the EAQ exhibited configural, metric, and scalar invariance across genders. Specifically: Configural invariance was established, indicating that the factor structure of the scale is equivalent across male and female groups. Metric invariance was supported, meaning that the factor loadings between latent traits and their observed indicators are equivalent across genders—that is, each observed variable relates to its underlying construct in the same way for both groups. Scalar invariance was achieved, confirming that the intercepts of the latent variables are invariant across genders, thus allowing meaningful comparison of latent means between groups. The establishment of these levels of invariance indicates that the EAQ is not influenced by gender-related measurement bias and can effectively reflect true individual-level differences in emotional acceptance. Conclusion In summary, this study confirms that the Chinese version of the EAQ has satisfactory reliability, validity, and measurement invariance across genders within a sample of Chinese middle school students. These findings support the scale’s applicability in collectivist cultural contexts and establish it as a psychometrically sound instrument for assessing emotional acceptance. Abbreviations DERS Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale ERSQ Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire EAQ The Emotional Acceptance Questionnaire PANAS Positive and Negative Affective Scale AEQ-R Academic Emotions Questionnaire-Revised MI measurement invariance FFMQ-SF Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences RU rejection of unpleasant emotions RP rejection of pleasant emotions AU acceptance of unpleasant emotions AP acceptance of pleasant emotions SD Standard Deviation M Mean EFA Exploratory Factor Analysis KMO Kaiser‒Meyer‒Olkin CFA Confirmatory Factor Analysis CFI Comparative Fit Index TLI Tucker-Lewis Index RMSEA Root Mean Square Error of Approximation SRMR Standardized Root Mean Square Residual AVE Average Variance Extracted CR Composite Reliability √AVE the square root of the average variance extracted MGCFA Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis Df Degrees of Freedom CMIN Chi-Square Minimum NFI Normed Fit Index RFI Relative Fit Index Declarations Acknowledgements We thank all participants who voluntarily contributed to this study. Authors ’ Contributions he authors confirm their contribution to the paper as follows: Study conception and design:Yuxiang Zheng, Shunsen Chen Data collection:Yuxiang Zheng Analysis and interpretation of results:Yuxiang Zheng Draft manuscript preparation:Yuxiang Zheng Critical revision of the article:Shunsen Chen All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript. Funding The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and publication of this article. Data availability The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due The school administration requires that data must not be disclosed, even if it has been anonymized, in order to protect the privacy of teenagers, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Ethical approval and informed consent statements Psychology and Education Research Ethics Committee of Minnan Normal University approved our questionnaire survey (approval: 2025-09-02) on September 25, 2025，and complied with the Declaration of Helsinki.Written informed consent was obtained from all participants and custodial authorities. Consent for Publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. References Ahmed SP, Bittencourt-Hewitt A, Sebastian CL. Neurocognitive bases of emotion regulation development in adolescence. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. 2015;15:11–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/i.dcn.2015.07.006 Cheung GW, Rensvold RB. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indices for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling. 2002;9(2):233–255. https://doi.org/9683913 Ding L, Zhao N, Ding XB, Deng P. Reliability and validity of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale in Chinese adolescents. Zhongguo Jiankang Xinlixue Zazhi. 2014;22(3):363–366. https://doi.org/10.13342/j.cnki.cjhp.2014.03.021 Fornell C, Larcker DF. Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics (Working Paper No. 266). 1981. Grant M, Salsman NL, Berking M. The assessment of successful emotion regulation skills use: Development and validation of an English version of the Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire. PLOS ONE. 2018;13(10):e0205095. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205095 Hogan JJ. Shame, exasperation and institutional design: The African Union as an emotional security community. African and Asian Studies. 2023;22:88–112. https://doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341582 Jordan AH, Monin B, Dweck CS, Lovett BJ, John OP, Gross JJ. Misery has more company than people think: Understanding the prevalence of others' negative emotions. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2011;37(1):120–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210390822. Kisley MA, Beblo T, Lac A. Emotion Acceptance Questionnaire (EAQ): Factor Analysis and Psychometric Evaluation. Journal of Personality Assessment. 2025; Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2024.2444448 Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. 5th ed. Guilford Press; 2023. Li G. The long-standing aesthetics of suffering. Shehui Kexue Luntan. 2013;(2):164–172. https://doi.org/10.14185/j.cnki.issn1008-2026.2013.02.009 Liu Y, Sang B, Gong SY. Cultural differences in the function of emotional expression suppression. Xinli Kexue Jinzhan. 2016;24(10):1647–1654. Messina I, Grecucci A, Viviani R. Neurobiological models of emotion regulation: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies of acceptance as an emotion regulation strategy. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 2021;16(3):257–267. https://doi.org/10.1093/SCAN/NSAB007 Miyamoto Y, Ryff CD. Cultural differences in the dialectical and nondialectical emotional styles and their implications for health. Cognition and Emotion. 2011;25(1):22–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931003612114 Rao Z, Gibson J. Motivations for emotional expression and emotion regulation strategies in Chinese school-aged children. Motivation and Emotion. 2019;43(3):371–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-018-9740-0 Sneed A. Exploration of cultural values as a moderator of the relationship between emotion suppression and risky behaviors [Master's thesis]. Eastern Michigan University; 2016. Wan Q, Yang JX, Li QY, Chen JW. Reliability and validity of the revised Academic Emotions Questionnaire based on three-dimensional model in Chinese college students. Zhongguo Linchuang Xinlixue Zazhi. 2024;32(5):1097–1102. https://doi.org/10.16128/j.cnki.1005-3611.2024.05.027 Wang H, Dai Z, Jing S, Wang H, Xiao W, Huang Y, Chen X, Su X. Psychometric properties of the Short-Form Five Facets of Mindfulness Questionnaire among nursing students in China: A confirmatory factor analysis. Nursing Open. 2024;11:e2246. https://doi.org/10.1002/NOP2.2246 Wang YF, Liu X, Cui L. Influential factors of emotional display rules in Chinese adolescents. Psychology. 2012;3(6):504–506. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2012.36072 Watanabe N, Denham SA, Jones NM, Kobayashi T, Bassett HH, Ferrier DE. Working toward cross-cultural adaptation: Preliminary psychometric evaluation of the Affect Knowledge Test in Japanese preschoolers. International Journal of Behavioral Development. 2019;43(1):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019846688 Wojnarowska A, Kobylinska D, Lewczuk K. Acceptance as an emotion regulation strategy in experimental psychological research: What we know and how we can improve that knowledge. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020;11:242. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00242 Woods A. American culture: A sociological perspective. Linguistics and Culture Review. 2018;2(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.37028/lingcure.v2n1.6 Yuliana. Emotion regulation in enhancing adolescents' academic performance. International Journal of Theory and Application in Elementary and Secondary School Education. 2019;1(1):107–121. https://doi.org/10.31098/ijtaese.v1i1.29 Zhou Q, Lengua LJ, Wang Y. The relations of temperament reactivity and effortful control to children's adjustment problems in China and the United States. Developmental Psychology. 2009;45(3):724–739. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013776 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":168045,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStandardized factor loadings for the final four-factor model of the EAQ from the confirmatory factor analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8170306/v1/e73efefa9e474aef7af95d65.jpeg"},{"id":97902398,"identity":"5c1b40fa-8ebc-4061-b4d7-7cb8f744e996","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-10 15:52:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1652085,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8170306/v1/042d31c6-3530-4a55-a6bb-67e4fa556d31.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Validation of the Chinese version of the Emotion Acceptance Questionnaire for Adolescent Students and Measurement Invariance Across Genders","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eEmotional acceptance refers to an individual's willingness, in both attitude and behavior, to experience emotions, regardless of whether these emotions are pleasant or unpleasant. Conversely, the rejection of either pleasant or unpleasant emotions manifests as an individual's aversion toward their own emotional experiences, which is also reflected in their attitudes and behaviors [8]. The core of this definition lies in the willingness to experience both pleasant and unpleasant emotions. The study by Messina supplements the definition of emotional acceptance by highlighting three of its key characteristics: a nonjudgmental stance, openness, and curiosity toward emotions [12]. On the one hand, emotional acceptance, as a subset subsumed within the broader construct of acceptance, requires more nuanced explanations and investigations. It should not be conflated with the broader concept of acceptance within the context of emotional regulation [20]. On the other hand, it is crucial to emphasize its fundamental distinction from emotional suppression. Acceptance is not passive endurance but rather an active embrace of emotional experiences. Emotional acceptance is a key component of emotional regulation and is directly linked to mental health.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, Chinese adolescents (typically aged 12--18 years) represent a critical period for the development of emotional regulation abilities. During this stage, individuals often experience heightened emotional volatility. The immaturity of their emotional regulation capacity stems from ongoing physiological and developmental immaturity. Under significant academic pressure, this population is more susceptible to issues such as emotional dysregulation [1][22]. Within the Chinese cultural context, collectivism often involves emotional suppression as a means to maintain social harmony, leading to a greater tendency to inhibit emotional expression than Western cultures do. The enduring prevalence of proverbs such as \"one's happiness or anger is not revealed in one's face\" (喜怒不形于色) illustrates the cultural endorsement and pursuit of emotional restraint in China [18][11] . This cultural norm creates tension with the modern psychological emphasis on emotional acceptance as a prerequisite for mental health.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWithin this cultural environment, teachers may perceive high levels of positive emotional expression as maladaptive. This perception directly contributes to adolescents' emotional suppression in school settings. This cultural pressure is transmitted through three specific pathways: parenting practices, school education, and gender-based expectations (e.g., girls are often subjected to stricter display rules for emotional expression) [23][14].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA correlational analysis by Grant revealed a negative correlation between the Nonacceptance subscale of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-NA) and the Acceptance subscale of the Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire (ERSQ) [6]. This finding indirectly suggests that the DERS conceptualization of \"nonacceptance\" conflates both emotional and nonemotional components. In differentiating facets of emotional acceptance, the Emotional Acceptance Questionnaire (EAQ) model proposed by Kisley is particularly significant [8]. It conceptualizes acceptance into four distinct dimensions: the rejection of unpleasant emotions, the rejection of pleasant emotions, the acceptance of unpleasant emotions, and the acceptance of pleasant emotions. The model also demonstrates sound psychometric properties, with good internal consistency (α = .84–.93) and hypothesized correlations with relevant subscales of measures such as the DERS and the PANAS(Positive and Negative Affective Scale). This framework provides a clear differentiation between emotional valence (pleasant/unpleasant) and response type (acceptance/rejection), whereas the Chinese version of the DERS contains only a single, broad \"nonacceptance\" dimension. With respect to the advancement of localized measures in China, although the Chinese version of the Academic Emotions Questionnaire-Revised (AEQ-R) by Wan includes a positive emotion dimension, it still does not disentangle the acceptance component [16]. As mentioned previously, the acceptance of positive emotions requires independent assessment. Furthermore, all the items in the DERS pertain exclusively to negative emotions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, although the EAQ explicitly incorporates the appraisal of positive emotions, as discussed, Eastern and Western cultures exhibit normative differences in emotional expression. Individualistic cultures often encourage the expression of positive emotions, whereas collectivist cultures emphasize their suppression in accordance with the principle of zhongyong (doctrine of the mean) [13]. Consequently, the item wording and potential factor structure of the EAQ may not fully capture the unique emotional expression norms and experiences of Chinese adolescents within this collectivist cultural context.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSynthesizing the aspects discussed above, there is currently a lack of specialized multidimensional assessment tools for evaluating emotional acceptance among Chinese adolescents. Consequently, the localized adaptation of the EAQ into Chinese presents a feasible, necessary, and highly applicable endeavor. This study aims to adapt the EAQ into Chinese using a sample of Chinese middle school students and to examine its psychometric properties, including reliability and validity. Grounded in the principle of measurement invariance (MI), the adapted version of the EAQ will undergo rigorous testing for measurement equivalence across different demographic groups. The adapted Chinese version of the EAQ is anticipated to provide a reliable, valid, and culturally appropriate indigenous assessment tool, thereby contributing to the development of culturally specific theories of emotional regulation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the\u0026nbsp;Minnan Normal University Institutional Review Board (approval: 2025-9-02) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments. Informed consent\u0026nbsp;was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. For participants under the age of 18, parental informed consent and adolescent assent were obtained prior to data collection. All the data were collected anonymously to protect participant confidentiality. All the data will be anonymized and kept confidential, and the school authorities emphasize that they must not be disclosed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn March 2025,\u0026nbsp;participants were recruited from two middle schools in Zhangzhou city and Quanzhou city, China, which targeted both junior and senior high school students. After providing informed consent, a total of 1,200 questionnaires were distributed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFollowing a brief explanation of the survey\u0026apos;s purpose and instructions by their classroom teachers,\u0026nbsp;the students independently completed the questionnaires, which were collected immediately upon completion. After questionnaires with incomplete responses or those with careless responses were excluded, 901 valid questionnaires were retained, yielding a recovery rate of 75.00%. The final sample consisted of 488 boys (54.17%) and 413 girls (45.83%). The distribution by grade was as follows: 180 Grade 7 students, 182 Grade 8 students, 168 Grade 9 students, 169 Grade 10 students, and 202 Grade 11 students. No data were collected from Grade 12 (final year) students due to contextual constraints (e.g., preparation for the National College Entrance Examination, Gaokao). The participants\u0026apos; ages ranged from 12--16 years.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data\u0026nbsp;were collected in three batches. Sample 1 was collected and subjected to preliminary analysis first. Samples 2 and 3 were\u0026nbsp;subsequently collected. Sample 1 (Item Analysis): This subsample consisted of 169 participants (86 boys, 83 girls). Sample 2 (Exploratory Factor Analysis and Test-Retest Reliability): This subsample comprised 302 participants (170 boys, 132 girls).\u0026nbsp;Test‒retest\u0026nbsp;reliability was assessed\u0026nbsp;at\u0026nbsp;one-month\u0026nbsp;intervals. Sample 3 (Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Convergent and Discriminant Validity, Criterion Validity, Reliability Analysis, and Measurement Invariance Testing): This subsample included 430 participants (232 boys, 198 girls).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEmotional Acceptance Questionnaire (EAQ)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe original English version of the scale consists of 25 items, which are divided into four subscales:\u0026nbsp;acceptance of pleasant emotions, rejection of pleasant emotions, acceptance of unpleasant emotions, and rejection of unpleasant emotions. To validate the applicability of the Chinese version of the original scale within the adolescent population in China, all 25 items were selected for administration. The items are rated on a 6-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (\u0026quot;Strongly Disagree\u0026quot;) to 6 (\u0026quot;Strongly Agree\u0026quot;).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDifficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Chinese version of the DERS, revised by Ding, was employed in this study [3]. It comprises 36 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (\u0026quot;Almost Never\u0026quot;) to 5 (\u0026quot;Almost Always\u0026quot;), forming six subscales. Eleven items (items 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 10, 17, 20, 22, 24, 34) require reverse scoring. The six subscales are nonacceptance of emotional responses, difficulties engaging in goal-directed behavior, impulse control difficulties, lack of emotional awareness, limited access to emotion regulation strategies, and lack of emotional clarity. Higher scores indicate greater difficulties in emotion regulation and a lower level of emotion regulation ability. In the present study, McDonald\u0026apos;s omega coefficients for the subscales ranged from .814--0.901.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFive\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form (FFMQ-SF)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Chinese version of the FFMQ-SF, revised by Wang, was utilized [17]. This 20-item instrument is rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (\u0026quot;Not at all true of me\u0026quot;) to 5 (\u0026quot;Very true of me\u0026quot;), assessing five facets of mindfulness: Observing, Describing, Acting with Awareness, Nonjudging, and Nonreactivity. Items within the \u0026quot;Acting with Awareness\u0026quot; and \u0026quot;Nonjudging\u0026quot; facets require reverse scoring. In the present study, McDonald\u0026apos;s omega coefficients for the subscales ranged from .701--0.901.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical analyses\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData analysis was conducted via SPSS 27.0, Mplus 8.3, and Amos 28.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItem analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs shown in the item analysis results (Table 1 ). The\u0026nbsp;item‒total correlations for the EAQ ranged from .237--0.819. Using the extreme groups approach, participants were ranked on the basis of their total EAQ scores and divided into a high-score group (top 27%) and a low-score group (bottom 27%). An independent-samples t test revealed that the difference between the high and low groups on each item was statistically significant (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .05). Furthermore, the Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s \u0026alpha; for the total scale did not increase upon the deletion of any single item. These results indicate that all the items in the Chinese version of the EAQ possess good discriminatory power.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1 Item descriptive statistics, item\u0026ndash;total correlations, and independent-samples t test results (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e = 169)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"993\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 338px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItem\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMissing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSD\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSkewness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKurtosis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003et(ExtremeGroups)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eItem-Total\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactorLoading\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRU1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 338px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI try to resist unpleasant feelings as much as l can\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.164\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.822\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.202\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-11.291\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.655\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.807\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRU2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 338px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI fght against my unpleasant feelings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.183\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.572\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.437\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.602\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.762\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRU3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 338px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI try to suppress my unpleasant feelings as much as possible\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.219\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.504\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-11.778\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.678\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.807\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRU4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 338px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI try to push aside unpleasant feelings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.156\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.741\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.422\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.608\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.665\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.796\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRU5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 338px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI try to bottle up unpleasant feelings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.328\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.601\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.336\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-13.474\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.671\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.791\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRU6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 338px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI fnd it bad to experience unpleasant feelings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.548\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.433\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.866\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.669\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.332\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.445\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRP1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 338px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePleasant feelings are only for shallow people\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.508\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.239\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-6.321\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.237\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.330\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRP2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 338px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI try to curb pleasant feelings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.251\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-11.053\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.594\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.725\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRP3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 338px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI try not to feel pleasant feelings completely\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.047\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.721\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-12.529\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.663\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.790\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRP4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 338px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI have gotten used to suppressing pleasant feelings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.588\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.461\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-9.752\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.630\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.770\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRP5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 338px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePleasant feelings often lead to diffculties\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.236\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.751\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-16.041\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.650\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.772\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRP6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 338px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo be guided by pleasant feelings often has negative consequence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.429\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.477\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.463\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.510\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.655\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRP7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 338px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI block out pleasant feelings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.888\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.415\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.304\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.544\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.581\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.733\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAU1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 338px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI stand behind my unpleasant feelings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.263\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.776\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.187\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-11.612\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.491\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.578\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAU2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 338px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI believe that unpleasant feelings are justified and important\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.968\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.609\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.667\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.691\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.788\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAU3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 338px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI permit myself to experience unpleasant feelings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.054\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.889\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-12.347\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.748\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.834\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAU4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 338px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI usually allow myself to accept unpleasant feelings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.063\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.649\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.268\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.635\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.746\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.860\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAU5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 338px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI let unpleasant feelings happen\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.989\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.448\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.467\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.819\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.904\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAU6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 338px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI can accept unpleasant feelings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.26\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.728\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.836\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAU7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 338px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI allow myself to show unpleasant feelings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.293\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.687\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.762\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.487\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.577\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAP1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 338px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePleasant feelings are a normal part of me\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.462\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.171\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.552\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.516\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.654\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAP2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 338px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePleasant feelings come natural to me\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.801\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.964\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-12.589\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.685\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.796\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAP3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 338px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI can relate well to pleasant feelings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.981\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.874\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.668\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.138\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.732\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.851\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAP4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 338px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI allow myself to perceive pleasant feelings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.948\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.714\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.828\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-10.493\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.649\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.808\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAP5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 338px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eaccept pleasant feelings\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 54px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.577\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 61px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.755\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 132px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-7.327\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 83px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.654\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 105px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.806\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote:\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;**p\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.01;RU = rejection of unpleasant emotions; RP = rejection of pleasant emotions; AU = acceptance of unpleasant emotions; AP = acceptance of pleasant emotion\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eValidity Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExploratory Factor Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEFA(Exploratory Factor Analysis) was performed on the 302 valid cases from Sample 2. The Kaiser‒Meyer‒Olkin (KMO) measure of sampling adequacy was .834, and Bartlett\u0026rsquo;s test of sphericity was significant (\u0026chi;\u0026sup2; = 4561.725, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e \u0026lt; .001), indicating that the data were suitable for factor analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEFA\u0026nbsp;employs principal component analysis as the extraction method and promotes oblique rotation. Five components with eigenvalues greater than 1 were extracted. All the items demonstrated factor loadings above 0.5 on their primary factors, and the solution accounted for 65.914% of the total variance. Item 3 from the original \u0026quot;Rejection of Pleasant Emotions\u0026quot; subscale exhibited cross-loading. However, its secondary loading was on a factor ultimately subsumed under the fourth component (for details, see Table 2). Given that the analysis yielded a five-factor solution diverging from the original scale\u0026apos;s four-factor structure, a subsequent model comparison was conducted to evaluate the competing five-factor and four-factor models.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAn initial CFA(Confirmatory Factor Analysis) was conducted on Sample 2 The results indicated unacceptably low standardized factor loadings for three items from the original four-factor model: AU7 (.467), RU6 (.389), and RP1 (.427). Following the removal of these three items, a model comparison was performed (see Table 3). Altering the fundamental factor structure (i.e., comparing the four-factor and five-factor model) resulted in only minimal improvements in model fit. Consequently, the original four-factor model (minus the three problematic items) was retained for subsequent analysis on Sample 3 and for cross-validation purposes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults of the exploratory factor analysis (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e=302)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eitem\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eaccept unpleasant emotion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ereject unpleasant emotion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eaccept Pleasant emotion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ereject Pleasant emotion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ereject Pleasant emotion\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAU5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.919\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAU3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.872\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.071\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAU4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.845\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.026\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.085\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAU1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.832\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.063\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAU6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.829\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAU2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.76\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.064\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.065\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.166\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.082\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAU7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.546\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.098\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.133\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRU3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.887\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.059\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRU2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.866\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.095\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.168\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRU1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.864\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRU5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.842\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.071\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRU4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.691\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.139\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.265\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRU6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.531\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.041\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.141\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAP2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.842\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.049\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.211\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAP4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.822\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAP3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.818\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAP1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.81\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.082\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.172\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAP5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.801\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.222\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRP6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.062\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.084\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.874\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.048\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRP5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.862\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRP4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.049\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.663\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRP7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.217\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.454\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.275\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRP1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.054\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.066\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.052\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.797\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRP2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.131\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.716\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRP3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.426\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.478\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFit indices for the competing four- and five-factor models (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e=302)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBollen-stine\u0026chi;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCFI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTLI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRMSEA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSRMR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efour-factor model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e235.944\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.991\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.990\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0592\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003efive-factor model\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e232.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.992\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.991\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0574\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emodel comparison\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.943\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConfirmatory Factor Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCFA was performed using the 430 valid cases from Sample 3. The results indicated that the four-factor model demonstrated an acceptable to good fit to the data:\u0026nbsp;Bollen\u0026ndash;Stine \u0026chi;\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e= 250.816, CFI = 0.990, TLI = 0.989, RMSEA = 0.028, and SRMR = 0.0595. The results demonstrated good structural validity for the revised four-factor model. The model is depicted in Figure 1, with all standardized factor loadings exceeding the suggested threshold [9]. A cross-validation comparing the four-factor and five-factor models was subsequently conducted on Sample 3 (see Table 4). The results were largely consistent with those from Sample 2. Consequently, the four-factor model was retained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSummary of Cross-Validation Fit Indices for Sample 3 (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e=430)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBollen-stine\u0026chi;2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCFI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTLI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRMSEA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSRMR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFour-Factor Models\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e250.816\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.990\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.989\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0595\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFive-Factor Models\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e248.453\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.991\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.989\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0583\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel Comparison\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.363\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFigure 1 Standardized\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003efactor loadings for the final four-factor model of the EAQ from the confirmatory factor analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConvergent and\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ediscriminant validity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConvergent validity was assessed via the 430 valid cases from Sample 3. As shown in Table 5, the results demonstrated good convergent validity(Average Variance Extracted - AVE and Composite Reliability - CR) for the revised scale.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5 Summary of convergent validity indices for the four-factor model\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAVE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6039\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5438\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8555\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5738\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4392\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.823\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiscriminant validity was assessed via the Fornell\u0026ndash;Larcker criterion [4]. As presented in Table 6, the square root of the average variance extracted (\u0026radic;AVE)for each latent variable was greater than its absolute correlation with all other latent variables.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough the AVE for the RP dimension was .439 (slightly below the .50 threshold), this dimension was retained on the basis of the supplementary recommendations of Fornell and Larcker [4], as its CR was satisfactory (.823) and discriminant validity was established.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6 Discriminant validity results for the four-factor model\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026radic;AVE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.777\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.737\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.171\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.757\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.091\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.194\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 29px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.663\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.603\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.064\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCriterion Validity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCriterion validity analysis revealed that the RP subscale of the Chinese EAQ\u0026nbsp;was significantly positively correlated with all DERS subscales (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .145 to .272), whereas the AP subscale was significantly negatively correlated with all DERS subscales (\u003cem\u003er\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e= \u0026ndash;.129 to\u0026nbsp;\u0026ndash;.347)(see Table 7).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the RP subscale was significantly negatively correlated with the Observing, Describing, and Acting with Awareness mindfulness skills\u0026nbsp;subscale of the FFMQ-SF (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = \u0026ndash;.135 to \u0026ndash;.200). The AU subscale was significantly correlated with all FFMQ-SF subscales except for the nonjudging subscale.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, the AP subscale was significantly positively correlated with the Observing, Describing, Acting with Awareness, and Nonreactivity Mindfulness Skills subscales of the FFMQ-SF. These findings are largely aligned with theoretical expectations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7 Correlation Matrix of EAQ Total and Subscale Scores with Criterion Measures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;(\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e=430)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eaccept unpleasant emotions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eaccept Pleasant emotions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ereject unpleasant emotions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ereject Pleasant emotions\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDERS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNonacceptance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.139\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.347\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.153\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.259\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGoals\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.050\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.180\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.145\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eImpulse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.156\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.276\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.053\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.249\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAwareness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.326\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.340\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.170\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.246\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrategies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.256\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.347\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.272\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eClarity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.143\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.129\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.165\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFMMQ-SF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObserving\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.279\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.246\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.200\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDescribing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.246\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.251\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.089\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.179\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eActaware\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.129\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.104\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.135\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNonjudging\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.237\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNonreacting\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.155\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.207\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.173\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNote: **p\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReliability Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe McDonald\u0026rsquo;s \u0026omega; coefficients for the four subscales of the EAQ ranged from .818--0.897. Using Sample 2, a test‒retest analysis was conducted after a one-month interval. As shown in Table 8, the internal consistency reliability and test‒retest reliability of the Chinese version of the EAQ were satisfactory. The test‒retest correlation coefficients for the four subscales ranged from .662--0.759.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 8 Reliability Coefficients for the total and subscale EAQs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"99%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMcDonald\u0026rsquo; s \u0026omega;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003etest-retest reliability\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.897\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 37px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.752\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.862\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.740\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRU\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.872\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.759\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.818\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 214px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.662\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTests of Measurement Invariance\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMultigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) was conducted via Amos 28 to examine the measurement invariance of the Chinese version of the EAQ across genders in the adolescent sample. The fit indices for the competing models are presented in Table 9. The results indicated that the revised scale demonstrated measurement invariance across groups for the configural, metric, and scalar invariance models. Furthermore, tests for measurement equivalence between nested models revealed that the changes in CFI (\u0026Delta;CFI \u0026lt; .01) and TLI (\u0026Delta;TLI \u0026lt; .05) were within the recommended thresholds [2], suggesting negligible deterioration in model fit. These findings provide evidence for measurement invariance of the EAQ across genders.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 9 Results of Measurement Invariance Tests for the EAQ across Genders in the Middle School Student Sample\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"567\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Delta;df\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Delta;CMIN(Bollen-stine\u0026chi;2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Delta;NFI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Delta;IFI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Delta;RFI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Delta;TLI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026Delta;CFI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConfigural Invariance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.097\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMetric Invariance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.450\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eScalar Invariance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.174\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.213\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 86px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStrict Invariance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 149px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.536\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 52px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe item analysis revealed that all the items of the Chinese version of the EAQ were significantly correlated with their respective subscale total scores, with correlation coefficients ranging from .237--0.819. The scores of all the items were significantly different between the high- and low-scoring groups, indicating good discriminatory power of the items. The Chinese version of the EAQ demonstrated good reliability. McDonald’s ω coefficients for all the subscales met the psychometric standards. The test-retest reliability over a one-month interval ranged from .662--0.759, indicating good temporal stability of the Chinese EAQ and supporting its suitability for subsequent exploratory factor analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEFA conducted on Sample 2 yielded a five-factor solution, which diverged from the theoretical four-factor structure. Subsequent model comparison and cross-validation revealed that the five-factor model provided only minimal improvement in model fit. Therefore, the original four-factor model was retained. Prior to this analysis, CFA of Sample 2 identified three items (AU7, RU6, and RP1) with unacceptably low standardized factor loadings, leading to their removal from the scale. Finally, cross-validation through model comparison performed on Sample 3 produced results consistent with those from Sample 2, further supporting the retention of the original four-factor structure. A detailed explanation for the removal of each specific item is provided in the following section.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFirst, item AU7 (\"I allow myself to show unpleasant feelings\") demonstrated suboptimal standardized factor loadings. This may be attributed to cultural differences in emotional expression norms. Individualistic cultures typically encourage emotional expression, whereas collectivist cultures, such as those in China, often emphasize self-restraint and emotional suppression to maintain interpersonal harmony [19][21]. Within the Chinese collectivist context, \"showing unpleasant emotions\" might be interpreted by adolescents as \"publicly expressing negative emotions\"—a behavior discouraged by local norms that prioritize emotional control [18][11]. Although this represents a potential misinterpretation (as \"allowing oneself to show emotions\" could also involve confiding in trusted individuals such as parents or close friends), the term \"show\" (表现) in the context of collective administration appears strongly associated with \"public display within a group setting\" rather than internal acceptance of emotional experience [23][13]. Conversely, in environments perceived as safe and private, individuals from collectivist backgrounds may be more likely to permit themselves to express unpleasant emotions, as the temporary absence of collective pressure reduces the need for suppression [7]. This observation highlights a secondary school counseling case in which an adolescent reported intense suicidal ideation following the confiscation of their mobile phone. For this client, the phone represented a vital means of disconnecting from the collective environment, providing a sense of safety and comfort that allowed for authentic emotional expression. This aligns with research showing that in cross-cultural psychological counseling, creating a secure environment (e.g., through confidentiality agreements and supportive relationships) can help reduce emotional suppression among individuals from collectivist backgrounds [11]. The same principle applies to psychological assessment: ensuring a perceived sense of privacy and safety may mitigate culturally ingrained response biases related to emotional expression.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, item RU6 (\"i find it bad to experience unpleasant feelings\") demonstrated a significantly lower factor loading (0.389) and item-total correlation (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = .332) than the other items did (Table 1), suggesting potential measurement bias in its assessment of the target construct. This item requires respondents to make a value judgment about unpleasant emotions (i.e., whether they are \"not a good thing\") rather than directly assessing a behavioral tendency (e.g., RU1: \"I try to resist unpleasant feelings as much as I can\"). This semantic difference led to a response dissociation among Chinese adolescents: while they acknowledged behavioral avoidance of negative emotions (RU1 \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e = 4.44), they generally rejected the notion of denying the intrinsic value of these emotions (RU6 \u003cem\u003eM\u003c/em\u003e = 3.12). This paradoxical phenomenon stems from unique sociocultural cognitions regarding emotional function in Chinese society. First, social desirability pressure plays a significant role. The Confucian tradition views enduring suffering as a means of moral refinement (e.g., the adage \"when heaven is about to place great responsibility on someone\"). Directly denying the \"uselessness\" of unpleasant emotions violates social expectations of \"resilience\" [10]. Second, collective emotional ethics influence responses. In the Chinese context, \"not a good thing\" implicitly negates the social function of emotions (e.g., overlooking how \"righteous indignation\" can drive collective action), potentially triggering cultural value defense mechanisms [6][15].Consequently, RU6's formulation regarding emotional value judgment (cognitive appraisal) appears to be compromised by cultural interference, reducing its measurement effectiveness.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFinally, as indicated in the study by Wan [16], Chinese adolescents demonstrate lower criticality toward \"purely pleasant emotions.\" They show little inclination to deny or question the value of such purely positive emotional experiences, instead viewing them as inherently legitimate and worthy of pursuit. Although the scale in that particular study focused on academic contexts, within China’s high-pressure educational environment, purely pleasant emotions—such as the excitement of solving a challenging problem—are often perceived by students as rare and valuable sources of positive reinforcement rather than targets of critical reflection. Accordingly, item RP1 (“Pleasant feelings are only for shallow people”) received a very low mean score of 1.9 in the present study, with the vast majority of participants selecting “disagree” (see Table 1), directly reflecting Chinese adolescents’ rejection of this statement as inconsistent with their actual beliefs. This culturally rooted disagreement likely contributed to the unacceptably low factor loading (0.330) of RP1, justifying its removal from the final scale.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn terms of discriminant and convergent validity, the revised four-factor EAQ model satisfied the relevant psychometric criteria, including AVE and CR. Furthermore, the EAQ's four-factor model is expected to demonstrate strong validity and stability within East Asian cultural contexts. With respect to criterion validity, the RP subscale showed significant positive correlations with all dimensions of the DERS, whereas the AP subscale was significantly negatively correlated with the DERS. This pattern confirms the protective role of positive emotional acceptance for emotional health and simultaneously exposes a critical limitation of the DERS: its single \"nonacceptance\" dimension conflates the distinct valence aspects of emotional experience [5]. The AU subscale was significantly positively correlated with the Observing, Describing, and Nonreactivity facets of the FFMQ-SF but not with the Nonjudging facet. This differential pattern reveals the uniqueness of emotional acceptance within Chinese culture. The Confucian tradition encourages individuals to maintain moral judgment even while accepting emotional experiences (e.g., the principle of \"being sorrowful but not distressed\"), leading to a dissociation between the act of acceptance and a nonjudgmental attitude. By delineating separate dimensions for accepting both positive and negative emotions, the EAQ not only addresses the DERS's oversight of positive emotions but also resolves the limitation identified in AEQ, which failed to distinguish the \"acceptance component.\" These findings establish the superior cultural appropriateness of the EAQ for assessing emotion regulation among Chinese adolescents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith respect to reliability, both the internal consistency reliability and test‒retest reliability of the EAQ met standard psychometric criteria, indicating satisfactory measurement consistency and stability over time. In terms of measurement invariance, the results from MGCFA demonstrated that the EAQ exhibited configural, metric, and scalar invariance across genders. Specifically: Configural invariance was established, indicating that the factor structure of the scale is equivalent across male and female groups. Metric invariance was supported, meaning that the factor loadings between latent traits and their observed indicators are equivalent across genders—that is, each observed variable relates to its underlying construct in the same way for both groups. Scalar invariance was achieved, confirming that the intercepts of the latent variables are invariant across genders, thus allowing meaningful comparison of latent means between groups. The establishment of these levels of invariance indicates that the EAQ is not influenced by gender-related measurement bias and can effectively reflect true individual-level differences in emotional acceptance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn summary, this study confirms that the Chinese version of the EAQ has satisfactory reliability, validity, and measurement invariance across genders within a sample of Chinese middle school students. These findings support the scale\u0026rsquo;s applicability in collectivist cultural contexts and establish it as a psychometrically sound instrument for assessing emotional acceptance.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eDERS Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eERSQ Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEAQ The Emotional Acceptance Questionnaire\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePANAS Positive and Negative Affective Scale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAEQ-R Academic Emotions Questionnaire-Revised\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMI measurement invariance\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFFMQ-SF Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRU rejection of unpleasant emotions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRP rejection of pleasant emotions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAU acceptance of unpleasant emotions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAP acceptance of pleasant emotions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD Standard Deviation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM Mean\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEFA Exploratory Factor Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKMO\u0026nbsp;Kaiser‒Meyer‒Olkin\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCFA Confirmatory Factor Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCFI Comparative Fit Index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTLI Tucker-Lewis Index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRMSEA Root Mean Square Error of Approximation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSRMR Standardized Root Mean Square Residual\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAVE Average Variance Extracted\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCR Composite Reliability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e√AVE the square root of the\u0026nbsp;average variance extracted\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMGCFA Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDf Degrees of Freedom\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCMIN Chi-Square Minimum\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNFI Normed Fit Index\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRFI Relative Fit Index\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe thank all participants who voluntarily contributed to this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026rsquo;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ehe authors confirm their contribution to the paper as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStudy conception and design:Yuxiang Zheng, \u0026nbsp;Shunsen Chen\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData collection:Yuxiang Zheng\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalysis and interpretation of results:Yuxiang Zheng\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDraft manuscript preparation:Yuxiang Zheng\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCritical revision of the article:Shunsen Chen\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due The school administration requires that data must not be disclosed, even if it has been anonymized, in order to protect the privacy of teenagers, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval and informed consent statements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePsychology and Education Research Ethics Committee of Minnan Normal University approved our questionnaire survey (approval: 2025-09-02) on September 25, 2025，and complied with the Declaration of Helsinki.Written informed consent was obtained from all participants and custodial authorities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for Publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAhmed SP, Bittencourt-Hewitt A, Sebastian CL. 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The assessment of successful emotion regulation skills use: Development and validation of an English version of the Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire. PLOS ONE. 2018;13(10):e0205095. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205095\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHogan JJ. Shame, exasperation and institutional design: The African Union as an emotional security community. African and Asian Studies. 2023;22:88–112. https://doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341582\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eJordan AH, Monin B, Dweck CS, Lovett BJ, John OP, Gross JJ. Misery has more company than people think: Understanding the prevalence of others' negative emotions. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2011;37(1):120–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167210390822.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKisley MA, Beblo T, Lac A. Emotion Acceptance Questionnaire (EAQ): Factor Analysis and Psychometric Evaluation. 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The relations of temperament reactivity and effortful control to children's adjustment problems in China and the United States. Developmental Psychology. 2009;45(3):724–739. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013776\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"adolescent students, emotion acceptance, reliability, validity, measurement invariance","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8170306/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8170306/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e Emotional acceptance describes the willingness to actively embrace emotional experiences rather than suppress them. This concept is particularly relevant for Chinese adolescents, who are at a critical stage of emotional development and navigate a conflict between cultural norms favoring emotional suppression and modern mental health principles advocating for acceptance. Existing measures fail to independently assess acceptance of positive emotions. Although a four-dimensional Emotional Acceptance Questionnaire (EAQ) has been developed to assess acceptance and rejection of both pleasant and unpleasant emotions, its Western-cultural formulations may not suit Chinese adolescents. This study therefore adapted the EAQ into Chinese and evaluated its reliability, validity, and measurement invariance across genders in a middle school sample.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e Middle school students from Zhangzhou, Fuzhou, and Quanzhou were recruited as participants. Sample 1 (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e=169): Item analysis. Sample 2 (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e=302): Exploratory Factor Analysis, test-retest reliability (1-month interval). Sample 3 (\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e=430): Confirmatory Factor Analysis, convergent/discriminant validity (Average Variance Extracted, Composite Reliability), criterion-related validity, reliability (McDonald's ω), and measurement invariance tests across genders. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 27.0, Mplus 8.3, and Amos 28.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults: \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003eItem analysis indicated satisfactory discrimination, with all item-total correlations between 0.237 and 0.819 and significant extreme-group comparisons (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt; 0.01). Exploratory factor analysis initially suggested 5 factors; after removing 3 underloading items, a 4-factor structure was confirmed, showing excellent fit (CFI = 0.990, TLI = 0.989, RMSEA = 0.028). Confirmatory factor analysis and cross-validation further supported this model (CFI = 0.990, TLI = 0.989, RMSEA = 0.028). Reliability was strong, with McDonald’s ω ranging 0.818–0.897 across dimensions and test-retest reliability 0.662–0.759. Criterion validity was supported by expected correlations with DERS and FFMQ-SF measures, where rejection of pleasant emotions positively correlated with emotion regulation difficulties (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = 0.145–0.272) and negatively with mindfulness (\u003cem\u003er\u003c/em\u003e = -0.135 to -0.200), while acceptance of pleasant emotions showed the opposite pattern. Full measurement invariance across genders was established (ΔCFI ≤ |0.006|), confirming cross-group equivalence.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e The revised Chinese version of the EAQ retains 22 items and demonstrates a robust four-dimensional structure with good reliability and validity. Possessing cultural appropriateness, it provides a reliable tool for assessing emotional acceptance among Chinese middle school students.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Validation of the Chinese version of the Emotion Acceptance Questionnaire for Adolescent Students and Measurement Invariance Across Genders","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-08 10:59:53","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8170306/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-02-23T09:01:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-21T09:25:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"99875194910378519796552523294118266494","date":"2026-02-20T10:01:04+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"283357228753288363216195051454074577849","date":"2026-02-20T00:05:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"95811497762789603499212487783083468042","date":"2026-02-16T09:27:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"256816029485062354273851983253290178926","date":"2026-02-15T19:21:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"49977951484697303769889885663270807872","date":"2026-02-14T06:32:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"325059392680801990357719719203875840378","date":"2026-02-14T03:50:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-07T17:07:27+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"246266238531818343344325219507621665292","date":"2026-02-07T16:46:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"154271250634295593290711492136319111585","date":"2026-02-07T11:36:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"116914469159297968938304163293950519903","date":"2026-02-03T05:13:02+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-04T01:15:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-25T14:35:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-24T11:36:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-24T11:35:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Psychology","date":"2025-11-21T06:31:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0a6a416c-877a-454e-a672-37af7c53699c","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 8th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-16T08:54:46+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-08 10:59:53","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8170306","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8170306","identity":"rs-8170306","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}