The Relationship Between Care Preparedness and Care Competencies of Caregivers Caring for Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury

The Relationship Between Care Preparedness and Care Competencies of Caregivers Caring for Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article The Relationship Between Care Preparedness and Care Competencies of Caregivers Caring for Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury Senem Duman, Tulay BASAK, Emre Adıgüzel, MERVE KARAKUS This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6219328/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational study. OBJECTIVES Spinal cord injury is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. This study aims to assess the caregiving competence and readiness of first-time caregivers for individuals with SCI. METHODS The study included 122 first-time caregivers of patients with paraplegia and tetraplegia hospitalized in a Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Hospital in Ankara. The data collection tools comprised a 'Descriptive Characteristics Form,' the 'Caregiving Preparedness Scale,' and the 'Caregiving Competence Scale.' RESULTS Among the participants, 77% were female, and 41.8% had at least one chronic disease. Furthermore, 73.8% had received training from healthcare professionals on caregiving. The most challenging aspect of caregiving was patient transfer (45.1%). A statistically significant and strong positive correlation was found between caregiving competence and readiness to provide care (r = 0.836; p < 0.001). Additionally, caregivers with higher education levels exhibited greater caregiving competence and preparedness. CONCLUSİON The findings suggest that comprehensive and individualized training programs during the rehabilitation process of individuals with spinal cord injury can enhance caregivers' competence and readiness, ultimately improving caregiving outcomes. Health sciences/Health care/Quality of life Health sciences/Risk factors Spinal cord injury caregiving preparedness competence INTRODUCTION Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to various complications, including loss of sensation, motor dysfunction, impaired reflexes, bowel and bladder dysfunction, altered body image, changes in social roles, and economic difficulties [ 1 ]. The incidence of SCI varies globally, with reported rates of 25–40 per million per year in the USA [ 2 ], 20–30 per million per year in European countries such as the Netherlands, Spain, and Norway [ 3 – 5 ], and 15–60 per million per year in Asia [ 6 ]. Studies conducted in Canada and Australia have reported incidence rates of 30–50 per million [ 7 ] and 10–20 per million [ 8 ], respectively. While no nationwide incidence study has been conducted in Turkey, estimates from 2018 suggest that 650-1,700 new cases are reported annually [ 9 ]. Individuals with SCI face significant physical challenges, such as mobility and sensory loss, dependence in daily activities, pain, and spasticity. Additionally, health complications, including bowel and bladder dysfunction, skin integrity issues, and chronic infections, substantially reduce their quality of life [ 10 – 13 ]. Psychologically, the sudden onset of SCI can lead to depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem [ 10 , 11 ]. Social isolation and financial constraints further restrict participation in social life, exacerbating the decline in quality of life. Depending on the severity of the injury, individuals with SCI may require full-time caregiving support [ 12 , 13 ]. Caregivers experience both physical and emotional burdens. Tasks such as patient transfer, hygiene management, and bowel and bladder care can lead to musculoskeletal issues, particularly in long-term caregiving scenarios [ 12 , 14 ]. Moreover, the continuous responsibility of caregiving may result in psychological issues, including burnout, sleep disturbances, and chronic fatigue [ 11 , 15 ]. Economically, caregiving imposes a significant burden due to medical equipment costs, treatment expenses, and the potential loss of income when caregivers withdraw from the workforce [ 1 , 16 ]. These challenges are particularly pronounced in low-income families. Healthcare professionals involved in SCI rehabilitation include nurses, physicians, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, and speech therapists [ 17 ]. The World Health Organization highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary team approach in rehabilitation services [ 18 ]. Among these professionals, nurses play a pivotal role in patient care management, particularly in continence care, skin integrity maintenance, patient transfer, and providing education and emotional support to patients and their families [ 19 – 21 ]. Nurses facilitate skill development for patients and caregivers, ensuring a smoother transition to home care [ 22 ]. Caregivers are responsible for a wide range of tasks, including medication administration, rehabilitation exercises, and managing medical emergencies [ 14 ]. Studies indicate that caregivers require support in personal care, nutrition, symptom monitoring, emotional well-being management, appointment scheduling, and financial and social assistance [ 16 , 23 ]. Factors such as female gender, low education level, cohabitation with the care recipient, depression, financial stress, excessive caregiving hours, and lack of additional caregivers contribute to the caregiving burden [ 23 ]. Increased caregiving burden negatively affects both caregiver and patient quality of life [ 16 , 23 – 25 ]. Research suggests that improving caregivers' competence reduces caregiving burden and associated psychosocial challenges [ 16 , 24 – 25 ]. Caregiving competence is defined as the ability, skill, and readiness of a patient or family caregiver to provide home-based care [ 25 ]. Studies indicate that caregivers with appropriate skills experience better quality of life outcomes for both themselves and the care recipient [ 25 – 26 ]. Conversely, caregivers who lack adequate knowledge about care management report heightened stress and workload [ 26 ]. Caregivers of individuals with SCI identify skill development as a key factor in facilitating care, whereas inadequate training is cited as a major challenge [ 27 ]. Interventions aimed at enhancing caregiving competence prior to patient discharge have been shown to improve both patient and caregiver quality of life [ 26 – 27 ]. Caregivers with a strong sense of competence are better able to support daily activities and adopt a positive outlook on caregiving [ 25 ]. Conversely, those with low perceived competence may experience stress, negatively impacting both themselves and the care recipient. Education, counseling, and support services are essential for strengthening caregiving competence [ 29 ]. Preparedness in caregiving refers to a caregiver's perceived ability to fulfill care responsibilities, manage patient needs, and handle emergencies [ 30 ]. Studies suggest that caregivers with high levels of preparedness experience lower caregiving burden and greater success in managing psychosocial challenges [ 32 ]. Conversely, caregivers with low preparedness often struggle with a sense of inadequacy, negatively affecting both themselves and their patients [ 31 – 32 ]. A recent study by Uhm et al. (2023) highlighted that caregivers often assume their roles without prior preparation due to unexpected diagnoses. The study emphasized the need for improved caregiver preparedness to mitigate caregiver burden and enhance care quality [ 31 ]. Additionally, collaboration between caregivers and nurses has been identified as crucial for enhancing caregiver preparedness [ 33 ]. Given the long-term and intensive nature of SCI caregiving, caregiver competence and readiness play a crucial role in the adaptation of both the caregiver and the patient. A review of the literature reveals a gap in studies examining the interplay between caregiving competence and preparedness among caregivers of individuals with SCI. This study aims to explore the factors influencing caregiving competence and preparedness. The findings are expected to guide multidisciplinary rehabilitation teams in enhancing caregiver adaptation and improving patient outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHOD Study Design This study was designed as a descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational study to examine the caregiving readiness and competencies of caregivers for individuals with SCI. Participants and Sample The study population consisted of Turkish-speaking individuals over the age of 18 who had been providing inpatient care to patients diagnosed with paraplegia or tetraplegia due to SCI. These individuals were recruited from the Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Unit and Subacute Rehabilitation Clinic of a City Hospital Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Hospital in Turkey. Eligible participants had been primary caregivers for at least one month, were responsible for the patient’s primary care, and intended to continue caregiving after discharge. Participation was voluntary. Based on the estimated population (N = 167) using the Raosoft sample size calculator with a 50% response distribution, the required sample size was determined to be 117 with a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error. Data were collected from 122 individuals who met the inclusion criteria. Data Collection Tools The data collection form consisted of three sections. The first section gathered demographic and diagnostic information about caregivers and patients. The second section included the Caregiving Readiness Scale, while the third section comprised the Caregiving Competence Scale. Descriptive Characteristics Form This form collected information on caregivers' age, gender, education level, marital status, income, employment status, occupation, health conditions, relationship with the patient, duration of hospitalization, receipt of information regarding the illness and treatment, sources of assistance for caregiving, and patient independence status. Additionally, each patient's ASIA and FIM scores were extracted from medical records. The form contained 29 questions developed by the researcher based on the literature [ 1 – 33 ]. Caregiving Competence Scale Developed by Pearlin et al. in 1990 [ 34 ], this scale assesses caregiving competence. The Turkish adaptation, validated by Avcı and Gözüm in 2022 [ 35 ], consists of four questions evaluated on a four-point Likert scale (not sufficient, somewhat sufficient, sufficient, very sufficient). Total scores range from 4 to 16, with higher scores indicating greater caregiving competence. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the Turkish version was 0.83, while in this study, it was found to be 0.9. Preparedness for Caregiving Scale Originally developed by Archbold and Stewart in 1990 [ 36 ], the scale was adapted into Turkish by Karaman and Karadakovan in 2015 [ 37 ]. It includes nine items assessed on a five-point Likert scale (0 = not at all ready to 4 = completely ready). The total score ranges from 0 to 32, with higher scores indicating greater perceived readiness for caregiving. The Turkish version had a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.92, while in this study, it was calculated as 0.98. Procedure In the study setting, patient discharges typically occurred in the afternoon. Data collection was conducted on the day of discharge using face-to-face interviews with caregivers who met the inclusion criteria. Each interview lasted approximately 20 minutes, during which participants completed the data collection form. Statistical Methods Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS v23 and R software. Normality was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The impact of independent variables on Caregiving Competence and Readiness to Care scores was examined using Robust Regression analysis via the MASS package. Since both scales were not normally distributed, Spearman’s rho correlation was used to assess their relationship. Descriptive statistics were presented as mean ± standard deviation, median (minimum-maximum) for quantitative data, and frequency and percentage for categorical data. A significance level of p < 0.05 was used. RESULTS All caregivers participating in the study were first-time caregivers providing care for individuals with SCI in a home setting without professional healthcare support. The mean age of the participants was 51.5 ± 15.35 years, with a median age of 53 (range: 18–85). The mean number of children per caregiver was 2.7 ± 1.54, and the mean number of cohabitants was 3.56 ± 1.89. The average hospital stay was 60.23 ± 33.07 days. Among the caregivers, 77% were female, 82.8% were married, and 61.5% were spouses of the patient. Regarding education levels, 41% were primary school graduates, 35.2% were high school graduates, and 10.7% had completed university. Additionally, 41.8% of participants had chronic diseases (Table 1). In terms of caregiving conditions, 81.1% of caregivers were unemployed, 82.8% lived in the same house as the patient, and 58.2% provided care alone. A total of 73.8% had received information or training about SCI and its associated challenges, with 93.5% receiving training from a physician. Notably, all caregivers expressed a desire for further education, and 75.4% specifically requested information on the caregiving process (Table 2). One of the main challenges encountered during caregiving was patient transfer. A significant positive correlation was found between caregiving competence and readiness to provide care (r = 0.875, p = 0.01). Additionally, a significant negative correlation was observed between FBI scores and caregiving competence (r = -0.255, p = 0.01), as well as between FBI scores and readiness to provide care (r = -0.214, p = 0.01) (Table 3). Table 4 presents the results of the regression analysis examining independent variables and caregiving competence. The model was statistically significant, explaining 93% of the variance (F = 76.591; p < 0.001; R² = 0.931). Age (p < 0.001) and length of hospital stay (p < 0.001) were negatively associated with caregiving competence. Conversely, an increase in the number of cohabitants (p < 0.001) and higher FIM scores (p < 0.001) positively influenced caregiving competence. Furthermore, a one-unit increase in the readiness-to-care score resulted in a 0.307-unit increase in the caregiving competence score (p < 0.001). Caregivers who had additional support from other caregivers had caregiving competence scores that were 1.802 units higher than those without support (p = 0.003). Similarly, those with additional caregiver assistance scored 0.608 units higher than those providing care alone (p = 0.038). Receiving caregiving education was a statistically significant factor in the model, with trained caregivers scoring 1.198 units higher in caregiving competence compared to those without training (p = 0.015). Table 5 presents the regression analysis results for readiness to provide care, showing that the model was statistically significant and explained 93% of the variance (F = 81.433; p < 0.001; R² = 0.935). An increase in caregiving competence (p < 0.001) and higher FBI scores (p = 0.010) positively influenced readiness to provide care. However, an increase in the number of cohabitants was negatively associated with caregiving readiness (p = 0.002). Primary school graduates had readiness scores 4.345 units lower than high school graduates (p = 0.003), while university graduates had scores 2.644 units lower than high school graduates (p = 0.023). Additionally, caregivers who had support from others had preparedness scores 5.872 units lower than those providing care alone (p < 0.001). Conversely, those with additional caregivers supporting them had preparedness scores 4.122 units higher than those without support (p < 0.001). Finally, caregivers who had received training scored 7.589 units higher in caregiving preparedness compared to those without training (p < 0.001). DISCUSSION This study examined the factors influencing caregiving competence and preparedness among first-time caregivers of 122 individuals with SCI. The findings revealed a strong and positive relationship between caregiving competence and preparedness (r = 0.836; p < 0.001). Since this relationship had not been previously analyzed in the literature, the study contributes to a better understanding of the effects of demographic and independent variables on the caregiving process. The majority of caregivers in this study were women and spouses of the care recipients, with an average age of 53 years. These findings align with previous studies on caregivers of patients with SCI [ 10 – 11 , 38 – 40 ]. Research indicates that female caregivers experience higher levels of physical and psychological burden, negatively impacting their quality of life [ 1 , 11 ]. In this study, 41.8% of caregivers had at least one chronic disease. Given that the prevalence of chronic diseases among individuals aged 35 and above in Turkey ranges from 14–78%, this result was expected [ 41 ]. Age was found to have a negative impact on caregiving competence. As age increases, caregivers’ physical capacity declines, making it more challenging to adapt to caregiving tasks. Older caregivers, particularly those in advanced age groups, may struggle with physically demanding tasks such as patient transfers, which can negatively affect their competence. Similarly, previous studies have indicated that caregiving burden increases with age, leading to fatigue and physical difficulties [ 12 , 14 , 28 ]. Thus, specialized training programs and social support mechanisms should be established to enhance caregiving competence among elderly caregivers. Receiving training significantly improved caregiving competence (p = 0.015) and readiness to care (p < 0.001). Caregivers who received training reported feeling more competent and prepared in patient care processes, consistent with findings in the literature [ 27 – 28 ]. In this study, caregivers most frequently identified training needs related to patient transfer (45.1%), hygiene (29.5%), bladder emptying (28.7%), positioning (27.9%), and bowel emptying (22.1%). Similarly, Jeyathevan (2021) found that caregivers of individuals with SCI require ongoing training in patient transfer and hygiene practices, even after receiving hospital-based education [ 42 ]. Nogueira et al. (2012) emphasized the critical role of nurses in planning, implementing, and evaluating training for home-based SCI care [ 11 ]. SCI rehabilitation nurses play a key role in organizing daily care routines, preventing pressure injuries, administering medications, and managing bladder and bowel care [ 43 ]. Studies have shown that a lack of caregiver education can result in complications such as autonomic dysreflexia in patients with SCI [ 44 ]. Thus, the educational role of rehabilitation nurses is essential for ensuring a positive caregiving experience for both patients and caregivers. In the rehabilitation setting, physicians and nurses coordinate disease management and caregiving processes [ 19 , 33 ]. In this study, most caregivers received training from doctors (93.5%) and nurses (76.1%). Similar results were reported by Sağlam (2015), where 75.3% of caregivers of SCI patients received training, with 82.6% obtaining information from physicians [ 45 ]. Our findings support previous studies indicating that education from healthcare professionals positively impacts caregivers' competence [ 29 , 46 – 47 ]. A significant positive correlation was observed between FIM scores and both caregiving competence (p = 0.01) and readiness to care (p = 0.01). A higher FIM score indicates greater patient independence. Since caring for highly dependent patients places greater physical and emotional strain on caregivers, their competence and preparedness may be negatively affected. Consistent with previous research, caregivers of highly dependent SCI patients experience greater stress and are at higher risk of burnout [ 11 , 15 ]. Therefore, caregivers of highly dependent patients should receive additional support in caregiving services. Caregivers who had support from others in caregiving reported higher competence and preparedness (p = 0.038; p < 0.001). This highlights the importance of social support mechanisms. Studies have shown that receiving assistance from family members or friends is a key factor in enhancing caregiving competence [ 44 ]. Additionally, literature suggests that social support reduces caregiver stress [ 16 , 23 ]. Interestingly, caregivers who had additional caregiving responsibilities beyond the SCI patient scored higher in caregiving competence but lower in caregiving preparedness (p = 0.003; p < 0.001). This suggests that while experience in caregiving improves competence, it also contributes to emotional and physical exhaustion. Previous studies confirm that increased caregiving burden is associated with higher stress levels and lower overall quality of life for caregivers [ 31 – 33 ]. Thus, additional caregiving responsibilities should be considered when evaluating caregivers’ preparedness. In conclusion, the findings suggest that providing comprehensive and individualized education for caregivers of SCI patients during the rehabilitation process can enhance both caregiving competence and preparedness. Given the influence of factors such as age, education, FBI score, and additional caregiving responsibilities, it is recommended that personalized education and social support programs be developed. Ensuring that caregivers are adequately trained before the patient is discharged from rehabilitation will help them feel more prepared and competent. Furthermore, training programs should be tailored based on caregivers’ age, education level, additional caregiving responsibilities, and the presence of multiple caregivers. Improving caregivers’ readiness and competence is expected to positively impact patient care and reduce complications. This study utilized valid and reliable measurement tools and employed professional statistical support for data analysis, which strengthens its findings. However, the study was conducted at a single center, limiting its generalizability. Additionally, as data were collected through self-reporting, responses may be subject to social desirability bias. This study found that caregiving preparedness is a significant predictor of caregiving competence among SCI caregivers. Caregivers expressed a strong desire for training before beginning the caregiving process. Effective interventions by healthcare professionals, including comprehensive training that considers caregivers' educational background, additional caregiving burden, and patient independence levels, can enhance both caregiving preparedness and competence. Based on these findings, it is recommended that tailored training programs be developed for SCI caregivers and evaluated regularly. These programs should address essential caregiving tasks such as patient transfer, hygiene, and bladder emptying. A multidisciplinary approach should be adopted to meet caregivers’ physical and psychological support needs. Additionally, support mechanisms should be strengthened for caregivers with multiple caregiving responsibilities. Future research should explore additional factors influencing caregiving competence and preparedness to further improve support for caregivers of SCI patients. Declarations Funding Statement No funding. Conflict of Interest Disclosure No conflict of interest. Author Contributions All authors contributed to the design and implementation of the research, to the analysis of the results and to the writing of the manuscript. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank all individuals who participated in the study. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing interests. ETHICAL APPROVAL This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (October 2024) and approved by the XXXX Ethics Committee (Approval document number: 2023/8). Prior to participation, all individuals were verbally and in writing informed about their right to withdraw at any time. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. 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The impact of spinal cord injury on the quality of life of primary family caregivers: a literature review. Spinal Cord 55, 964–978 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/sc.2017.56 Ünalan H, Gençosmanoğlu B, Akgün K, Karamehmetoğlu Ş, Tuna H, Önes K et al Quality of life of primary caregivers of spinal cord injury survivors living in the community: controlled study with short form-36 questionnaire. Spinal Cord https:// ekutuphane.saglik.gov.tr/Ekutuphane/kitaplar/khrfat.pdf Gaya Jeyathevan, Susan B. Jaglal, Sander L. Hitzig, Gary Linassi, Sandra Mills, Vanessa K. Noonan, Karen Anzai, Teren Clarke, Dalton Wolfe, Mark Bayley, Lubna Aslam, Farnoosh Farahani, S. Mohammad Alavinia, Maryam Omidvar & B. Catharine Craven. (2021) Conception and development of Self-Management indicators to advance the quality of spinal cord injury rehabilitation: SCI-High Project. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 44:sup1, pages S94-S117. L. Cominetti, G. Lorenza, R. Decorte, N. Felisi, E. Matta, M.V. Actis, R. 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Spinal Cord. 2016;54:562–9. Tables Table 1. Descriptive Characteristics Mean±SD Median (min-max) Age 51.5 ± 15.35 53 (18 - 85) Child existence 2.7 ± 1.54 3 (0 - 6) Number of people living together 3.56 ± 1.89 3 (1 - 12) Length of hospital stay 60.23 ± 33.07 60 (7 - 120) n % Gender Woman 94 77 Male 28 23 Marital status Married 101 82.8 Single 21 17.2 Education Status Literate 16 13.1 Primary education 50 41 High school 43 35.2 University 13 10.7 Job Housewife 80 65.6 Retired 16 13.1 Caregiver 3 2.5 Student 3 2.5 Small business 3 2.5 Officer 14 11.5 Teacher 2 1.6 Graphic design 1 0.8 Working Status Full time 21 17.2 Half day 2 1.6 Doesn't work 99 81.1 Income Status Income is less than expenses 8 6.6 Income equals expense 98 80.3 Income is more than expense 16 13.1 Presence of chronic disease None 71 58.2 There is 51 41.8 Degree of closeness His wife 75 61.5 Daughter 9 7.4 Son 5 4.1 His mother 27 22.1 Do you live in the same house as the patient? No 21 17.2 Yes 101 82.8 Patient Characteristics Cervical Upper trochal Lower trochaic Trocalumbar Sublumbar 12 18 20 25 47 9.83 14.75 16.40 20.49 38.53 ASIA Classification A B C D E 29 15 18 57 3 23.80 12.30 14.70 46.70 2.50 Table 2. Maintenance-related Characteristics n % Obligation to provide other care None 117 95.9 There is 5 4.1 Caregiver other than you None 71 58.2 There is 51 41.8 Have you received training? No 31 24.6 Yes 91 73.8 Your patient care situation At my own request 85 69.7 It was a natural consequence 30 24.6 Other 7 5.7 Subject on which information is requested Regarding the disease and its course 41 36 Regarding treatment options 30 26.3 Maintenance Process 86 75.4 Difficulties experienced while providing care Hygiene 36 29.5 Nutrition 22 18 Transfer 55 45.1 Bladder emptying 35 28.7 Bowel evacuation 27 22.1 Position 34 27.9 Use of assistive devices 10 8.2 Other 43 35.2 Content of information received Diagnosis of the disease 78 84.8 Treatment 85 92.4 Care 61 66.3 Problems that may develop 49 53.3 What can be done thanks to these problems 8 8.7 Discharge and after 54 58.7 Side effects of treatment 28 30.4 Person/vehicle from which information about the disease is obtained Nurse 70 76.1 Doctor 86 93.5 Another patient 2 2.2 Book/Internet 28 30.4 Other 67 72.8 Table 3. Analysis of the Correlation Between the Scales of Caregiving Competence and Readiness for Care Readiness to Provide Care Scale Caregiving Competence Scale FMI Readiness to Provide Care Scale r 1 p Caregiving Competence Scale r 0.875 1 p 0.01 FBI r 0.214 0.255 1 p 0.01 0.01 x Pearson correlation test Table 4. Examination of the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable, caregiving competence score, using Robust regression analysis β0 (95% CI ) Q. Error β 1 t p VIF Still 13,217 (9.13 - 17,305) 2,056 - 6,429 <0.001 - Readiness to care score 0.307 (0.258 - 0.355) 0.024 0.851 12,531 <0.001 5,690 Age -0.046 (-0.069 - -0.023) 0.011 -0.1954 -4.033 <0.001 2,898 Number of people living together 0.395 (0.251 - 0.54) 0.073 0.2145 5,451 <0.001 1,910 Length of hospital stay -0.02 (-0.028 - -0.011) 0.004 -0.1857 -4.717 <0.001 1,912 FBI 0.036 (0.049 - 0.024) 0.006 0.2186 5,757 <0.001 1,778 Gender Woman Reference Male -0.518 (-1.374 - 0.338) 0.430 -0.056 -1.203 0.232 2,676 Education Level High school Reference Literate -0.734 (-2.041 - 0.573) 0.657 -0.058 -1.117 0.267 3.325 Primary education -0.191 (-1.304 - 0.923) 0.560 -0.0267 -0.34 0.734 7,572 University -0.41 (-1.272 - 0.453) 0.434 -0.0545 -0.945 0.347 4,112 Presence of Chronic Disease None Reference There is -0.066 (-0.639 - 0.508) 0.289 -0.0092 -0.227 0.821 2,015 Being obliged to provide other care None Reference There is 1.802 (0.619 - 2.986) 0.595333 0.1137 3,027 0.003 1,742 Having another caregiver None Reference There is 0.608 (0.036 - 1.18) 0.287848 0.0851 2,112 0.038 2,002 Education status No Reference Yes 1.198 (0.241 - 2.155) 0.481211 0.1426 2.49 0.015 4,046 F=76.591; p<0.001; R 2 =0.931; Durbin Watson:2.184; β 0 = Unstandardized beta coefficient; β 1 = Standardized beta coefficient Table 5. Examination of the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable, readiness to provide care, using Robust regression analysis. β0 (95% CI ) Q. Error β 1 t p VIF Still 0.968 (-9.863 - 11.799) 5,447 - 0.178 0.859 - Caregiving competence score 1.82 (1.537 - 2.104) 0.142 0.6599 12.78 <0.001 3,484 Age -0.014 (-0.07 - 0.042) 0.028 -0.0213 -0.492 0.624 2,447 Number of people living together -0.676 (-1.086 - -0.267) 0.206 -0.133 -3.282 0.002 2,146 Length of hospital stay 0.011 (-0.012 - 0.034) 0.011 0.0375 0.958 0.341 2,001 FBI 0.047 (0.011 - 0.083) 0.018 0.103 2,619 0.010 2,022 Gender Woman Reference Male -0.296 (-2.65 - 2.059) 1,184 -0.0113 -0.25 0.803 2,693 Education Level High school Reference Literate 1.925 (-1.587 - 5.438) 1,767 0.0558 1.09 0.279 3,421 Primary education -4.345 (-7.192 - -1.498) 1,432 -0.221 -3.034 0.003 6,928 University -2.644 (-4.906 - -0.383) 1,137 -0.1268 -2.325 0.023 3,885 Presence of Chronic Disease None Reference There is 0.747 (-0.798 - 2.291) 0.777 0.0379 0.961 0.339 2,035 Being obliged to provide other care None Reference There is -5.872 (-8.988 - -2.755) 1.567431 -0.1335 -3.746 <0.001 1,660 Having another caregiver None Reference There is 4.122 (5.454 - 2.79) 0.669943 0.2091 6,153 <0.001 1,509 Education status No Reference Yes 7,589 (9,736 - 5,443) 1.079716 0.326 7,029 <0.001 2,811 F=81.433; p<0.001; R 2 =0.935; Durbin Watson:2.079; β 0 = Unstandardized beta coefficient; β 1 = Standardized beta coefficient Additional Declarations There is no duality of interest Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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The incidence of SCI varies globally, with reported rates of 25\u0026ndash;40 per million per year in the USA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e], 20\u0026ndash;30 per million per year in European countries such as the Netherlands, Spain, and Norway [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR4\" citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], and 15\u0026ndash;60 per million per year in Asia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Studies conducted in Canada and Australia have reported incidence rates of 30\u0026ndash;50 per million [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e] and 10\u0026ndash;20 per million [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], respectively. While no nationwide incidence study has been conducted in Turkey, estimates from 2018 suggest that 650-1,700 new cases are reported annually [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndividuals with SCI face significant physical challenges, such as mobility and sensory loss, dependence in daily activities, pain, and spasticity. Additionally, health complications, including bowel and bladder dysfunction, skin integrity issues, and chronic infections, substantially reduce their quality of life [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR11 CR12\" citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Psychologically, the sudden onset of SCI can lead to depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Social isolation and financial constraints further restrict participation in social life, exacerbating the decline in quality of life.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDepending on the severity of the injury, individuals with SCI may require full-time caregiving support [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Caregivers experience both physical and emotional burdens. Tasks such as patient transfer, hygiene management, and bowel and bladder care can lead to musculoskeletal issues, particularly in long-term caregiving scenarios [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, the continuous responsibility of caregiving may result in psychological issues, including burnout, sleep disturbances, and chronic fatigue [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Economically, caregiving imposes a significant burden due to medical equipment costs, treatment expenses, and the potential loss of income when caregivers withdraw from the workforce [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. These challenges are particularly pronounced in low-income families.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealthcare professionals involved in SCI rehabilitation include nurses, physicians, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, and speech therapists [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. The World Health Organization highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary team approach in rehabilitation services [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Among these professionals, nurses play a pivotal role in patient care management, particularly in continence care, skin integrity maintenance, patient transfer, and providing education and emotional support to patients and their families [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR20\" citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Nurses facilitate skill development for patients and caregivers, ensuring a smoother transition to home care [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaregivers are responsible for a wide range of tasks, including medication administration, rehabilitation exercises, and managing medical emergencies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. Studies indicate that caregivers require support in personal care, nutrition, symptom monitoring, emotional well-being management, appointment scheduling, and financial and social assistance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Factors such as female gender, low education level, cohabitation with the care recipient, depression, financial stress, excessive caregiving hours, and lack of additional caregivers contribute to the caregiving burden [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Increased caregiving burden negatively affects both caregiver and patient quality of life [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR24\" citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Research suggests that improving caregivers' competence reduces caregiving burden and associated psychosocial challenges [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaregiving competence is defined as the ability, skill, and readiness of a patient or family caregiver to provide home-based care [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Studies indicate that caregivers with appropriate skills experience better quality of life outcomes for both themselves and the care recipient [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Conversely, caregivers who lack adequate knowledge about care management report heightened stress and workload [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e]. Caregivers of individuals with SCI identify skill development as a key factor in facilitating care, whereas inadequate training is cited as a major challenge [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Interventions aimed at enhancing caregiving competence prior to patient discharge have been shown to improve both patient and caregiver quality of life [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. Caregivers with a strong sense of competence are better able to support daily activities and adopt a positive outlook on caregiving [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Conversely, those with low perceived competence may experience stress, negatively impacting both themselves and the care recipient. Education, counseling, and support services are essential for strengthening caregiving competence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePreparedness in caregiving refers to a caregiver's perceived ability to fulfill care responsibilities, manage patient needs, and handle emergencies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e]. Studies suggest that caregivers with high levels of preparedness experience lower caregiving burden and greater success in managing psychosocial challenges [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Conversely, caregivers with low preparedness often struggle with a sense of inadequacy, negatively affecting both themselves and their patients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. A recent study by Uhm et al. (2023) highlighted that caregivers often assume their roles without prior preparation due to unexpected diagnoses. The study emphasized the need for improved caregiver preparedness to mitigate caregiver burden and enhance care quality [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, collaboration between caregivers and nurses has been identified as crucial for enhancing caregiver preparedness [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGiven the long-term and intensive nature of SCI caregiving, caregiver competence and readiness play a crucial role in the adaptation of both the caregiver and the patient. A review of the literature reveals a gap in studies examining the interplay between caregiving competence and preparedness among caregivers of individuals with SCI. This study aims to explore the factors influencing caregiving competence and preparedness. The findings are expected to guide multidisciplinary rehabilitation teams in enhancing caregiver adaptation and improving patient outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"MATERIAL AND METHOD","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e This study was designed as a descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational study to examine the caregiving readiness and competencies of caregivers for individuals with SCI.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eParticipants and Sample\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study population consisted of Turkish-speaking individuals over the age of 18 who had been providing inpatient care to patients diagnosed with paraplegia or tetraplegia due to SCI. These individuals were recruited from the Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Unit and Subacute Rehabilitation Clinic of a City Hospital Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Hospital in Turkey. Eligible participants had been primary caregivers for at least one month, were responsible for the patient\u0026rsquo;s primary care, and intended to continue caregiving after discharge. Participation was voluntary.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the estimated population (N\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;167) using the Raosoft sample size calculator with a 50% response distribution, the required sample size was determined to be 117 with a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error. Data were collected from 122 individuals who met the inclusion criteria.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Collection Tools\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data collection form consisted of three sections. The first section gathered demographic and diagnostic information about caregivers and patients. The second section included the Caregiving Readiness Scale, while the third section comprised the Caregiving Competence Scale.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDescriptive Characteristics Form\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis form collected information on caregivers' age, gender, education level, marital status, income, employment status, occupation, health conditions, relationship with the patient, duration of hospitalization, receipt of information regarding the illness and treatment, sources of assistance for caregiving, and patient independence status. Additionally, each patient's ASIA and FIM scores were extracted from medical records. The form contained 29 questions developed by the researcher based on the literature [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3 CR4 CR5 CR6 CR7 CR8 CR9 CR10 CR11 CR12 CR13 CR14 CR15 CR16 CR17 CR18 CR19 CR20 CR21 CR22 CR23 CR24 CR25 CR26 CR27 CR28 CR29 CR30 CR31 CR32\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCaregiving Competence Scale\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDeveloped by Pearlin et al. in 1990 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e], this scale assesses caregiving competence. The Turkish adaptation, validated by Avcı and G\u0026ouml;z\u0026uuml;m in 2022 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e], consists of four questions evaluated on a four-point Likert scale (not sufficient, somewhat sufficient, sufficient, very sufficient). Total scores range from 4 to 16, with higher scores indicating greater caregiving competence. The Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha coefficient for the Turkish version was 0.83, while in this study, it was found to be 0.9.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003ePreparedness for Caregiving Scale\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOriginally developed by Archbold and Stewart in 1990 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e], the scale was adapted into Turkish by Karaman and Karadakovan in 2015 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. It includes nine items assessed on a five-point Likert scale (0\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;not at all ready to 4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;completely ready). The total score ranges from 0 to 32, with higher scores indicating greater perceived readiness for caregiving. The Turkish version had a Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha coefficient of 0.92, while in this study, it was calculated as 0.98.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eProcedure\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the study setting, patient discharges typically occurred in the afternoon. Data collection was conducted on the day of discharge using face-to-face interviews with caregivers who met the inclusion criteria. Each interview lasted approximately 20 minutes, during which participants completed the data collection form.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStatistical Methods\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were analyzed using IBM SPSS v23 and R software. Normality was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The impact of independent variables on Caregiving Competence and Readiness to Care scores was examined using Robust Regression analysis via the MASS package. Since both scales were not normally distributed, Spearman\u0026rsquo;s rho correlation was used to assess their relationship. Descriptive statistics were presented as mean\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation, median (minimum-maximum) for quantitative data, and frequency and percentage for categorical data. A significance level of p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 was used.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003eAll caregivers participating in the study were first-time caregivers providing care for individuals with SCI in a home setting without professional healthcare support. The mean age of the participants was 51.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.35 years, with a median age of 53 (range: 18\u0026ndash;85). The mean number of children per caregiver was 2.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.54, and the mean number of cohabitants was 3.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.89. The average hospital stay was 60.23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;33.07 days. Among the caregivers, 77% were female, 82.8% were married, and 61.5% were spouses of the patient. Regarding education levels, 41% were primary school graduates, 35.2% were high school graduates, and 10.7% had completed university. Additionally, 41.8% of participants had chronic diseases (Table\u0026nbsp;1).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn terms of caregiving conditions, 81.1% of caregivers were unemployed, 82.8% lived in the same house as the patient, and 58.2% provided care alone. A total of 73.8% had received information or training about SCI and its associated challenges, with 93.5% receiving training from a physician. Notably, all caregivers expressed a desire for further education, and 75.4% specifically requested information on the caregiving process (Table\u0026nbsp;2). One of the main challenges encountered during caregiving was patient transfer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA significant positive correlation was found between caregiving competence and readiness to provide care (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.875, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01). Additionally, a significant negative correlation was observed between FBI scores and caregiving competence (r = -0.255, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01), as well as between FBI scores and readiness to provide care (r = -0.214, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01) (Table\u0026nbsp;3).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;4 presents the results of the regression analysis examining independent variables and caregiving competence. The model was statistically significant, explaining 93% of the variance (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;76.591; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001; R\u0026sup2; = 0.931). Age (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and length of hospital stay (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) were negatively associated with caregiving competence. Conversely, an increase in the number of cohabitants (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and higher FIM scores (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) positively influenced caregiving competence. Furthermore, a one-unit increase in the readiness-to-care score resulted in a 0.307-unit increase in the caregiving competence score (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Caregivers who had additional support from other caregivers had caregiving competence scores that were 1.802 units higher than those without support (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003). Similarly, those with additional caregiver assistance scored 0.608 units higher than those providing care alone (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.038). Receiving caregiving education was a statistically significant factor in the model, with trained caregivers scoring 1.198 units higher in caregiving competence compared to those without training (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.015).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;5 presents the regression analysis results for readiness to provide care, showing that the model was statistically significant and explained 93% of the variance (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;81.433; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001; R\u0026sup2; = 0.935). An increase in caregiving competence (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and higher FBI scores (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.010) positively influenced readiness to provide care. However, an increase in the number of cohabitants was negatively associated with caregiving readiness (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002). Primary school graduates had readiness scores 4.345 units lower than high school graduates (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003), while university graduates had scores 2.644 units lower than high school graduates (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.023). Additionally, caregivers who had support from others had preparedness scores 5.872 units lower than those providing care alone (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Conversely, those with additional caregivers supporting them had preparedness scores 4.122 units higher than those without support (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Finally, caregivers who had received training scored 7.589 units higher in caregiving preparedness compared to those without training (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study examined the factors influencing caregiving competence and preparedness among first-time caregivers of 122 individuals with SCI. The findings revealed a strong and positive relationship between caregiving competence and preparedness (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.836; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Since this relationship had not been previously analyzed in the literature, the study contributes to a better understanding of the effects of demographic and independent variables on the caregiving process.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe majority of caregivers in this study were women and spouses of the care recipients, with an average age of 53 years. These findings align with previous studies on caregivers of patients with SCI [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR39\" citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. Research indicates that female caregivers experience higher levels of physical and psychological burden, negatively impacting their quality of life [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. In this study, 41.8% of caregivers had at least one chronic disease. Given that the prevalence of chronic diseases among individuals aged 35 and above in Turkey ranges from 14\u0026ndash;78%, this result was expected [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge was found to have a negative impact on caregiving competence. As age increases, caregivers\u0026rsquo; physical capacity declines, making it more challenging to adapt to caregiving tasks. Older caregivers, particularly those in advanced age groups, may struggle with physically demanding tasks such as patient transfers, which can negatively affect their competence. Similarly, previous studies have indicated that caregiving burden increases with age, leading to fatigue and physical difficulties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Thus, specialized training programs and social support mechanisms should be established to enhance caregiving competence among elderly caregivers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReceiving training significantly improved caregiving competence (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.015) and readiness to care (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Caregivers who received training reported feeling more competent and prepared in patient care processes, consistent with findings in the literature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. In this study, caregivers most frequently identified training needs related to patient transfer (45.1%), hygiene (29.5%), bladder emptying (28.7%), positioning (27.9%), and bowel emptying (22.1%). Similarly, Jeyathevan (2021) found that caregivers of individuals with SCI require ongoing training in patient transfer and hygiene practices, even after receiving hospital-based education [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. Nogueira et al. (2012) emphasized the critical role of nurses in planning, implementing, and evaluating training for home-based SCI care [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSCI rehabilitation nurses play a key role in organizing daily care routines, preventing pressure injuries, administering medications, and managing bladder and bowel care [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. Studies have shown that a lack of caregiver education can result in complications such as autonomic dysreflexia in patients with SCI [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]. Thus, the educational role of rehabilitation nurses is essential for ensuring a positive caregiving experience for both patients and caregivers. In the rehabilitation setting, physicians and nurses coordinate disease management and caregiving processes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. In this study, most caregivers received training from doctors (93.5%) and nurses (76.1%). Similar results were reported by Sağlam (2015), where 75.3% of caregivers of SCI patients received training, with 82.6% obtaining information from physicians [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. Our findings support previous studies indicating that education from healthcare professionals positively impacts caregivers' competence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA significant positive correlation was observed between FIM scores and both caregiving competence (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01) and readiness to care (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01). A higher FIM score indicates greater patient independence. Since caring for highly dependent patients places greater physical and emotional strain on caregivers, their competence and preparedness may be negatively affected. Consistent with previous research, caregivers of highly dependent SCI patients experience greater stress and are at higher risk of burnout [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, caregivers of highly dependent patients should receive additional support in caregiving services.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaregivers who had support from others in caregiving reported higher competence and preparedness (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.038; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). This highlights the importance of social support mechanisms. Studies have shown that receiving assistance from family members or friends is a key factor in enhancing caregiving competence [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, literature suggests that social support reduces caregiver stress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterestingly, caregivers who had additional caregiving responsibilities beyond the SCI patient scored higher in caregiving competence but lower in caregiving preparedness (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). This suggests that while experience in caregiving improves competence, it also contributes to emotional and physical exhaustion. Previous studies confirm that increased caregiving burden is associated with higher stress levels and lower overall quality of life for caregivers [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR32\" citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Thus, additional caregiving responsibilities should be considered when evaluating caregivers\u0026rsquo; preparedness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the findings suggest that providing comprehensive and individualized education for caregivers of SCI patients during the rehabilitation process can enhance both caregiving competence and preparedness. Given the influence of factors such as age, education, FBI score, and additional caregiving responsibilities, it is recommended that personalized education and social support programs be developed. Ensuring that caregivers are adequately trained before the patient is discharged from rehabilitation will help them feel more prepared and competent. Furthermore, training programs should be tailored based on caregivers\u0026rsquo; age, education level, additional caregiving responsibilities, and the presence of multiple caregivers. Improving caregivers\u0026rsquo; readiness and competence is expected to positively impact patient care and reduce complications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study utilized valid and reliable measurement tools and employed professional statistical support for data analysis, which strengthens its findings. However, the study was conducted at a single center, limiting its generalizability. Additionally, as data were collected through self-reporting, responses may be subject to social desirability bias.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study found that caregiving preparedness is a significant predictor of caregiving competence among SCI caregivers. Caregivers expressed a strong desire for training before beginning the caregiving process. Effective interventions by healthcare professionals, including comprehensive training that considers caregivers' educational background, additional caregiving burden, and patient independence levels, can enhance both caregiving preparedness and competence.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on these findings, it is recommended that tailored training programs be developed for SCI caregivers and evaluated regularly. These programs should address essential caregiving tasks such as patient transfer, hygiene, and bladder emptying. A multidisciplinary approach should be adopted to meet caregivers\u0026rsquo; physical and psychological support needs. Additionally, support mechanisms should be strengthened for caregivers with multiple caregiving responsibilities. Future research should explore additional factors influencing caregiving competence and preparedness to further improve support for caregivers of SCI patients.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest Disclosure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the design and implementation of the research, to the analysis of the results and to the writing of the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eACKNOWLEDGEMENTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe thank all individuals who participated in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCOMPETING INTERESTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eETHICAL APPROVAL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (October 2024) and approved by the XXXX Ethics Committee (Approval document number: 2023/8). Prior to participation, all individuals were verbally and in writing informed about their right to withdraw at any time. Informed consent was obtained from all participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eADDITIONAL INFORMATION\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Senem DUMAN.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAşkın, A., Atar, E., Şeng\u0026uuml;l, İ., Tosun, A., Demirdal, \u0026Uuml;., \u0026amp; Elmalı, F. (2019). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of caregiver self-assessment questionnaire. 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Wallesch \u0026amp;Johann Behrens (2020) Inter-professional communication and interaction in the neurologicalrehabilitation team: a literature review, Disability and Rehabilitation, 42:11, 1607\u0026ndash;1615, DOI:\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1080/09638288.2018.1528634\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/09638288.2018.1528634\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSingh, R., K\u0026uuml;\u0026ccedil;\u0026uuml;kdeveci, A. A., Grabljevec, K., \u0026amp; Gray, A. (2018). The role of Interdisciplinary Teams in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, \u003cem\u003e50\u003c/em\u003e(8), 673\u0026ndash;678.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLiu, Z., Heffernan, C., \u0026amp; Tan, J. (2020). Caregiver burden: A concept analysis. 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Jaglal (2020) Facilitators and barriers to supporting individuals with spinal cord injury in the community: experiences of family caregivers and care recipients, Disability and Rehabilitation, 42:13, 1844\u0026ndash;1854, DOI: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.1080/09638288.2018.1541102\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/09638288.2018.1541102\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJuguera Rodriguez, L., Pardo Rios, M., Leal Costa, C. et al. Relatives of people with spinal cord injury: a qualitative study of caregivers\u0026rsquo; metamorphosis. 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Luttik, Wolter Paans.The association of collaboration between family caregivers and nurses in the hospital and their preparedness for caregiving at home,Geriatric Nursing,Volume 41, Issue 4,2020,Pages 373\u0026ndash;380,ISSN 0197\u0026ndash;4572,\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2019.02.004\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1016/j.gerinurse.2019.02.004\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePearlin LI, Mullan, JT, Semple SJ, Skaff MM. Caregiving and the stress process: An overview of concepts and their measures. Gerontologist 1990;30:583\u0026ndash;94\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAvcı YD., G\u0026ouml;z\u0026uuml;m S. (2021). 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Ege \u0026Uuml;niversitesi Hemşirelik Fak\u0026uuml;ltesi Dergisi, \u003cem\u003e31\u003c/em\u003e(1), 1\u0026ndash;10.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLaVela SL, Landers K, Etingen B, Karalius VP, Miskevics S. Factors related to caregiving for individuals with spinal cord injury compared to caregiving for individuals with other neurologic conditions. J Spinal Cord Med 2015; 38: 505\u0026ndash;51\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLynch, J., Cahalan, R. The impact of spinal cord injury on the quality of life of primary family caregivers: a literature review. Spinal Cord 55, 964\u0026ndash;978 (2017). \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1038/sc.2017.56\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1038/sc.2017.56\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u0026Uuml;nalan H, Gen\u0026ccedil;osmanoğlu B, Akg\u0026uuml;n K, Karamehmetoğlu Ş, Tuna H, \u0026Ouml;nes K \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e Quality of life of primary caregivers of spinal cord injury survivors living in the community: controlled study with short form-36 questionnaire. Spinal Cord\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ehttps://\u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003eekutuphane.saglik.gov.tr/Ekutuphane/kitaplar/khrfat.pdf\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://ekutuphane.saglik.gov.tr/Ekutuphane/kitaplar/khrfat.pdf\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGaya Jeyathevan, Susan B. Jaglal, Sander L. Hitzig, Gary Linassi, Sandra Mills, Vanessa K. Noonan, Karen Anzai, Teren Clarke, Dalton Wolfe, Mark Bayley, Lubna Aslam, Farnoosh Farahani, S. Mohammad Alavinia, Maryam Omidvar \u0026amp; B. Catharine Craven. (2021) Conception and development of Self-Management indicators to advance the quality of spinal cord injury rehabilitation: SCI-High Project. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine 44:sup1, pages S94-S117.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eL. Cominetti, G. Lorenza, R. Decorte, N. Felisi, E. Matta, M.V. Actis, R. Carone, S. Gregorino, D. Valerio Evaluation of staff\u0026rsquo;s job satisfaction in the spinal cord unit in Italy Open Nurs. J., 7 (2013), pp. 49\u0026ndash;56, \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003e10.2174/1874434601307010049\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.2174/1874434601307010049\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJeyathevan, G., Catharine Craven, B., Cameron, J. I., \u0026amp; Jaglal, S. B. (2019). Facilitators and barriers to supporting individuals with spinal cord injury in the community: experiences of family caregivers and care recipients. Disability and Rehabilitation, \u003cem\u003e42\u003c/em\u003e(13), 1844\u0026ndash;1854. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1541102\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.1080/09638288.2018.1541102\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSağlam, G. (2015). \u003cem\u003eSpinal kord yaralanması olan bireylere bakım veren aile bireylerinin bakım y\u0026uuml;kleri ve bakım ile ilgili bilgi durumlarının belirlenmesi\u003c/em\u003e İn\u0026ouml;n\u0026uuml; \u0026Uuml;niversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstit\u0026uuml;s\u0026uuml;].\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRahmani Rasa A, Hosseini SA, Haghgoo H, Khankeh HR, Ray G. Review paper: aspects related to resilience in people with spinal cord injury. Arch Rehabil. 2017;17:350\u0026ndash;9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSmith EM, Boucher N, Miller WC. Caregiving services in spinal cord injury: a systematic review of the literature. Spinal Cord. 2016;54:562\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. Descriptive Characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u0026plusmn;SD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedian (min-max)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.5 \u0026plusmn; 15.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53 (18 - 85)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChild existence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7 \u0026plusmn; 1.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (0 - 6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of people living together\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.56 \u0026plusmn; 1.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (1 - 12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength of hospital stay\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.23 \u0026plusmn; 33.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 (7 - 120)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWoman\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiterate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJob\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHousewife\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRetired\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaregiver\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSmall business\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOfficer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTeacher\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGraphic design\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWorking Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFull time\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHalf day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDoesn\u0026apos;t work\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncome Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncome is less than expenses\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncome equals expense\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIncome is more than expense\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePresence of chronic disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThere is\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDegree of closeness\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHis wife\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDaughter\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSon\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHis mother\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDo you live in the same house as the patient?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e101\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePatient Characteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCervical\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUpper trochal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLower trochaic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Trocalumbar\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; Sublumbar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eASIA Classification\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 53px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eE\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2. Maintenance-related Characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"96%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eObligation to provide other care\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThere is\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaregiver other than you\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThere is\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHave you received training?\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYour patient care situation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAt my own request\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt was a natural consequence\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSubject on which information is requested\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegarding the disease and its course\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegarding treatment options\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMaintenance Process\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDifficulties experienced while providing care\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHygiene\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNutrition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTransfer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBladder emptying\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBowel evacuation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePosition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of assistive devices\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContent of information received\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDiagnosis of the disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCare\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProblems that may develop\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhat can be done thanks to these problems\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDischarge and after\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSide effects of treatment\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePerson/vehicle from which information about the disease is obtained\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNurse\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDoctor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnother patient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBook/Internet\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOther\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 23px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 25px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3. Analysis of the Correlation Between\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ethe Scales of Caregiving Competence and Readiness for Care\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 43px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReadiness to Provide Care Scale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaregiving Competence Scale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFMI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReadiness to Provide Care Scale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaregiving Competence Scale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.875\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFBI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003er\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.255\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ex\u003c/sup\u003e Pearson correlation test\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4. Examination of the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable, caregiving competence score, using Robust regression analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;0 (95% CI \u003csub\u003e)\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQ. Error\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta; \u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVIF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStill\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13,217 (9.13 - 17,305)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,429\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReadiness to care score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.307 (0.258 - 0.355)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.851\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12,531\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,690\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.046 (-0.069 - -0.023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1954\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.033\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,898\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of people living together\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.395 (0.251 - 0.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,451\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,910\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength of hospital stay\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.02 (-0.028 - -0.011)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1857\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.717\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,912\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFBI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.036 (0.049 - 0.024)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,757\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,778\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWoman\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.518 (-1.374 - 0.338)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.430\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.056\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.203\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.232\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,676\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation Level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiterate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.734 (-2.041 - 0.573)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.657\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-1.117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.267\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.325\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.191 (-1.304 - 0.923)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.560\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0267\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.734\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,572\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.41 (-1.272 - 0.453)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.434\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0545\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.945\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.347\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePresence of Chronic Disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThere is\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.066 (-0.639 - 0.508)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.289\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0092\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.821\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBeing obliged to provide other care\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThere is\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.802 (0.619 - 2.986)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.595333\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.003\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,742\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHaving another caregiver\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThere is\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.608 (0.036 - 1.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.287848\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0851\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.038\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 65px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.198 (0.241 - 2.155)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.481211\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1426\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.015\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4,046\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF=76.591; p\u0026lt;0.001; R \u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e=0.931; Durbin Watson:2.184; \u0026beta; \u003csub\u003e0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e= Unstandardized beta coefficient; \u0026beta; \u003csub\u003e1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e= Standardized beta coefficient\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5. Examination of the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable, readiness to provide care, using Robust regression analysis.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta;0 (95% CI \u003csub\u003e)\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQ. Error\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026beta; \u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVIF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStill\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.968 (-9.863 - 11.799)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5,447\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.859\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaregiving competence score\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.82 (1.537 - 2.104)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6599\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,484\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.014 (-0.07 - 0.042)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0213\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.492\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.624\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,447\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of people living together\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.676 (-1.086 - -0.267)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.206\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.133\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.282\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.002\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,146\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLength of hospital stay\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.011 (-0.012 - 0.034)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.011\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0375\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.958\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.341\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFBI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.047 (0.011 - 0.083)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,619\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.010\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWoman\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.296 (-2.65 - 2.059)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,184\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.0113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.803\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,693\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation Level\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLiterate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.925 (-1.587 - 5.438)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,767\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0558\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.279\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,421\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-4.345 (-7.192 - -1.498)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,432\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.221\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.003\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,928\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUniversity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.644 (-4.906 - -0.383)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1268\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-2.325\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,885\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePresence of Chronic Disease\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThere is\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.747 (-0.798 - 2.291)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.777\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0379\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.961\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.339\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,035\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBeing obliged to provide other care\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThere is\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-5.872 (-8.988 - -2.755)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.567431\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.1335\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-3.746\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,660\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHaving another caregiver\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThere is\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.122 (5.454 - 2.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.669943\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2091\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6,153\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,509\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\" style=\"width: 59px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eReference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 40px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 21px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,589 (9,736 - 5,443)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.079716\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.326\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 7px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 6px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,811\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF=81.433; p\u0026lt;0.001; R \u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e=0.935; Durbin Watson:2.079; \u0026beta; \u003csub\u003e0\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e= Unstandardized beta coefficient; \u0026beta; \u003csub\u003e1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e= Standardized beta coefficient\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Spinal cord injury, caregiving, preparedness, competence","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6219328/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6219328/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSTUDY DESIGN:\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eOBJECTIVES\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpinal cord injury is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. This study aims to assess the caregiving competence and readiness of first-time caregivers for individuals with SCI.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMETHODS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The study included 122 first-time caregivers of patients with paraplegia and tetraplegia hospitalized in a Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Hospital in Ankara. The data collection tools comprised a 'Descriptive Characteristics Form,' the 'Caregiving Preparedness Scale,' and the 'Caregiving Competence Scale.'\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRESULTS\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the participants, 77% were female, and 41.8% had at least one chronic disease. Furthermore, 73.8% had received training from healthcare professionals on caregiving. The most challenging aspect of caregiving was patient transfer (45.1%). A statistically significant and strong positive correlation was found between caregiving competence and readiness to provide care (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.836; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Additionally, caregivers with higher education levels exhibited greater caregiving competence and preparedness.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCONCLUSİON\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings suggest that comprehensive and individualized training programs during the rehabilitation process of individuals with spinal cord injury can enhance caregivers' competence and readiness, ultimately improving caregiving outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Relationship Between Care Preparedness and Care Competencies of Caregivers Caring for Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-03-28 13:57:06","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6219328/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"55c7f004-f62c-4396-90c4-9f88de0fe2c7","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 28th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":46362087,"name":"Health sciences/Health care/Quality of life"},{"id":46362088,"name":"Health sciences/Risk factors"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-16T17:35:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-28 13:57:06","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6219328","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6219328","identity":"rs-6219328","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}