Heat dissipation from photosynthesis contributes to maize thermoregulation under suboptimal temperature conditions

The extent to which plants thermoregulate to maintain relatively stable metabolic function in response to gradual and rapid temperature changes that jeopardize crop production is unclear. Maize thermoregulation was investigated based on leaf temperature (T L ) measurements and its relationship with photochemistry and stomatal conductance (g s ) under dry and wet soil scenarios. Seasonal climatology was simulated in a growth chamber according to Beijing’s climatology with extreme “hot days” based on historical maxima. Maize behaved as a limited homeotherm, an adaptive strategy to maintain photosynthesis around optimum temperatures (T opt ). Plants on drier soil had lower thermoregulatory capacity, with reduced g s , photosynthesis and transpiration, which impacted final yields, despite acclimation with a higher T opt to sustained stress. On hot days thermoregulation was affected by heat stress and water availability, suggesting that strong and frequent heatwaves will reduce crop activity although increased temperatures could bring photosynthesis closer to T opt in the region. We propose a novel mechanism to explain thermoregulation from the contribution of heat dissipation via non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) to T L , supporting our hypothesis that NPQ acts as a negative feedback mechanism from photosynthesis by increasing T L in suboptimal conditions. These results could help to design adaptation strategies based on deficit irrigation. Highlight Maize was able to maintain leaf temperatures in narrower ranges than air temperatures by dissipating sunlight not used in photosynthesis as heat energy with a key role of transpiration cooling to sustain optimum photosynthesis temperature.