The Impact of Farming System and Lactation Stage on Physicochemical Characteristics, SCC, and Mineral Content of Skopelos Goat Milk

This study examined the effects of farming system (intensive vs. extensive) and lactation stage on the physicochemical characteristics, SCC, TBC, and mineral content of Skopelos goat milk over two years. The intensive system exhibited significantly higher milk yield (0.98 kg/day) than the extensive system (0.85 kg/day; p < 0.01). However, extensive farming resulted in higher protein (3.57% vs. 3.47%; p < 0.001) and casein content (2.72% vs. 2.57%; p < 0.001), beneficial for cheese production. Fat content was unaffected by farming system but peaked in mid-lactation (4.83%; p < 0.05). Lactose declined from 4.74% in early lactation to 4.42% in late lactation (p < 0.001). SCC and TBC were significantly higher in extensive systems (p < 0.001), likely due to hand-milking and other environmental factors. Mineral levels varied, with Mg (149.80 vs. 143.57 mg/kg) and Fe (0.42 vs. 0.36 mg/kg) being higher in extensive systems (p < 0.001), while Ca was unaffected by farming system but declined in mid-lactation (p < 0.001). While extensive farming systems offer some benefits in protein and casein content, the overall differences in milk composition were not substantial. The presumed superiority of extensive systems should be re-evaluated, considering hygiene concerns. A balanced approach is needed to optimize production, quality, and sustainability.