GdDO3NI allows imaging of hypoxia after brain injury

ABSTRACT Purpose In this study, we use the hypoxia targeting agent (GdDO3NI, a nitroimidazole-based T 1 MRI contrast agent) for imaging hypoxia in the injured brain after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and validate the results with immunohistochemistry (IHC) using pimonidazole. Methods TBI induced mice (controlled cortical impact model) were imaged at 7T using a T 2 weighted fast spin-echo sequence to estimate the extent of the injury. The mice were then were intravenously injected with either conventional T 1 agent (gadoteridol) or GdDO3NI at 0.3 mmol/kg dose (n=5 for each cohort) along with pimonidazole (60 mg/kg). Mice were imaged pre- and post-contrast using a T 1 -weighted spin-echo sequence for three hours. Regions of interests were drawn on the brain injury region, the contralateral brain as well as on the cheek muscle region for comparison of contrast kinetics. Brains were harvested immediately post imaging for immunohistochemical analysis. Results GdDO3NI is retained in the injury region for up to 3 hours post-injection (p< 0.05 compared to gadoteridol) while it rapidly clears out of the muscle region. On the other hand, conventional MRI contrast agent gadoteridol clears out of both the injury region and muscle rapidly, although with a relatively more delayed wash out in the injury region. Minimal contrast enhancement was seen for both agents in the contralateral hemisphere. Pimonidazole staining confirms the presence of hypoxia in both gadoteridol and GdDO3NI cohorts, and the later cohort shows good agreement with MRI contrast enhancement. Conclusion GdDO3NI was successfully shown to visualize hypoxia in the brain post-TBI using T1-wt MRI.