Female Assamese macaques bias their affiliation to paternal and maternal kin

ABSTRACT Forming strong social bonds leads to higher reproductive success, increased longevity and/or increased infant survival in several mammal species. Given these adaptive benefits, understanding what determines partner preferences in social bonding is important. Maternal relatedness strongly predicts partner preference across many mammalian taxa. Although paternal and maternal kin share the same number of genes, and theoretically similar preferences would therefore be expected for paternal kin, the role of paternal relatedness has received relatively little attention. Here, we investigate the role of maternal and paternal relatedness for female bonding in Assamese macaques ( Macaca assamensis ), a species characterized by a relatively low male reproductive skew. We studied a wild population under natural conditions using extensive behavioural data and relatedness analyses based on pedigree reconstruction. We found stronger social bonds and more time spent grooming between maternal kin and paternal half-sisters compared to non-kin, with no preference of maternal over paternal kin. Paternally related and non-related dyads did not form stronger bonds when they had less close maternal kin available, however we would need a bigger sample size to confirm this. As expected given the low reproductive skew, bonds between paternal half-sisters closer in age were not stronger than between paternal half-sisters with larger age differences, suggesting that age similarity was not the mechanism by which paternally related individuals recognized each other. An alternative way through which paternal kin could get familiarized is mother- and/or father-mediated familiarity.