Factors influencing the effectiveness of collective action for the sustainability of the local commons: Toward an integrated framework

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Investigating the factors influencing the effectiveness of collective actions for sustainability of the local commons are both urgent and critical. However, up to now most of the key explanatory factors are limited to the ones initially advocated by Elinor Ostrom of which the individual level and psychological factors have weakly developed. This present research extends the knowledge in this area by advancing a new framework of explanatory factors of effective collective actions for the sustainability of the local commons integrating complementary insights from social, environmental and neural psychology with theory of collective actions of the commons. A qualitative methodology based on two stages of literature review was conducted. The study proposed an integrated framework consisting of three main factors of (1) initial conditions (biophysical conditions in needs of improving, financial capital, physical and social infrastructure); (2) institutional design (inclusion of environmentally relevant knowledge, deliberative collaboration process, collaborative social network, and social norms); and (3) psychological state (eco-centric and anthropocentric values, efficacy, memory of human-nature connection and positive emotions). It is revealed that psychological state in alignment with initial conditions and institutional design is the most consequential under-leveraged factor that explain the sustained effectiveness of collective actions. Conditions for the success of the framework are elaborated with illustration from a case study. Ultimately, the paper aims to enhance the impact of collaborative actions and empower the environmental stewards to conserve the local commons for human and planetary health. common-pool resources collective action for the sustainability of the local commons psychological state integrated framework pro-environmental behavior Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction The commons or common-pool resources including water, air, fisheries, and forests used originally in the field of natural resources management refer to a type of resources whose size or characteristics make it difficult to exclude potential beneficiaries from obtaining benefits from its use (Ostrom, 1990 ). Currently, such indispensable resources are under unprecedented threat as half of the intact natural ecosystem has disappeared. Even worse is the current status of freshwater resources as we have we almost “stepped outside the safe boundaries of freshwater system and groundwater sources and one and half times exceed the safe level of nitrogen and phosphoric surplus causing toxic eutrophication” (Rockström et al., 2023 ). It is well-established that the destruction of the commons as open access resources can be prevented when social groups succeed in articulating collective actions. As Barth et al. ( 2021 ) noted, “the crisis at hand is the result of collective behavior, which must be solved at the collective level as well”. Indeed, if the organization of collective action is effective, resources from the common pool may become institutionalized commons (common property), as a form of regulated collective private property (Vaccaro & Beltran, 2019 ). Hence, effective collective action is urgently needed to maintain the sustainability of the commons (Bodin, 2017 ; Jidda-Fada & Bennett, 2022 ; Lemos et al., 2018 ). Collective action for the sustainability of the local commons (CASLC) refers to the voluntary involvement of a group of people in community-based projects and developments to achieve a shared goal of promoting the sustainable use and management of common-pool natural resources (Meinzen-Dick et al., 2004 ). While collective action can be investigated at different scales, our framing throughout this article focuses on local common-pool resources and the communities that live nearby, are connected to, and depend on these resources for their livelihood. The local level is critical because local residents directly participate in environmental stewardship and allow local projects to replicate and expand to larger scales to attain greater impacts (Bennett et al., 2018 ). Prior research on common-pool resources has focused on determining the factors influencing the effectiveness of CASLC. As a result of decades-long conceptual development and empirical research, these studies have strong foundations in the biophysical sciences and the development of pro-environmental collective action at the community, institutional, and organizational levels. However, to date, most of the key explanatory factors behind the success of CASLC in this literature have been limited to those initially advocated by Elinor Ostrom (Kremer et al., 2019 ), wherein the psychological state of individuals are rarely considered. This makes it difficult for both researchers and practitioners to see the bigger picture. As Kremer et al. ( 2019 ) puts it, “the analysis of the opinions, perceptions, and cognitive aspects of individuals can be crucial for understanding the reasons that explain a more collaborative behavior of some individuals in relation to others.” Some academics have contended that other essential social elements must be considered in the comprehensive explanation of an effective community-based common-pool resource management (Cox et al., 2010 ). Hence, the drivers of effective CASLC should be identified further (Agrawal, 2013 ). This study includes another set of pro-environmental behaviors related to environmental, social, and neural psychology that focus on an individual. Environmental psychology examines the interrelationship between the natural and social environments and human behavior (De Young, 1999 ). The intrinsic motivation of individuals to sustain long-term pro-environmental behaviors has been extensively studied. Social psychology explains how individual behavior’s thoughts, emotions and actions are influenced by the presence and behavior of other individuals and groups ( APA Dictionary of Psychology , n.d.); moreover, the factors that explain the tendency of an individual to engage in pro-environmental activities at the collective level are explored in this field. Neuroscience is the study of the brain and nervous system afecting the behavior of an individual ( Neuroscience Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary , n.d.). Neuroscience provides objective behavioral and neural mechanisms that complement the insights obtained from environmental and social psychology. As S. Wang and van den Berg ( 2021 ) stated, cognitive neuroscience tools such as brain-imaging techniques provide a window into internal neurobiological processes that cannot be accessed otherwise. As psychological and neural sciences have not yet been integrated in studies focusing on common-pool resources (Velez & Moros, 2021 ), to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study based on psychological sciences and the integrated approach theory of the commons that explored the factors that influence the efficacy of CASLC. The aim of this study was to enhance the impact of collaborative actions and empower environmental stewards to conserve the local commons for human and planetary health. Specifically, the objectives of this study were: (1) to create an integrated conceptual framework of explanatory factors leading to the effectiveness of CASLC by combining relevant insights from the literature on the commons and psychological sciences, (2) to identify the interaction between the factors and conditions for the success of the framework, and (3) to illustrate the framework using a case study. Methodology This is a qualitative study based on literature review. Secondary data were obtained from the studies available in Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Web of Science. The studies were screened by first evaluating the title and abstract, followed by reading the introduction and conclusion sections, and lastly by cross-reading. To develop a useful integrated framework for CASLC, two stages of literature review were conducted. In the first stage, the most influential theories of collective action for the commons and previous research on the factors influencing the success of CASLC were examined. Success is defined in this study as positive outcomes of the resource state and/or community well-being as a result of long-term collective action. Accordingly, relevant studies were retrieved using the following keywords: “factors” AND “success” AND “collective actions” AND “the commons” and “drivers” AND “cooperation” AND “common-pool resources” AND “community.” In the second stage, related literature on psychological sciences was explored to complement the insights obtained from the study of collective action for the local commons. First, we examined the literature on environmental and social psychology that explains the factors influencing an individual’s engagement in the private sphere of pro-environmental actions. Afterwards, the literature about the social sphere of pro-environmental actions or the collective dimension of such behaviors were reviewed. Finally, neuroscientific studies on the drivers of sustainable and pro-environmental behaviors were investigated. The following keywords were used to retrieve relevant studies in the fields of environmental and social psychology and neuroscience: “factors” AND “pro-environmental behaviors” AND/OR “collective pro-environmental actions” AND/OR “sustainable actions” AND/OR “psychological sciences” AND/OR “behavioral sciences” AND/OR “brain” AND/OR “neuroscience.” To make the framework more applicable in a real-world setting, an illustration of a case study demonstrating the effectiveness of CASLC was examined. Successful cases were selected based on three criteria: (1) implementation of CASLC, (2) presence of explanatory factors of the developed framework, and (3) evidence of positive ecological–social outcomes and their durability. Because the scope of this study does not allow for an in-depth discussion of primary data, we critically reviewed the existing secondary data and applied the framework to identify the factors and conditions for the success of CASLC. Results Insights from the Studies on CASLC The concept of the commons was first mentioned in the notable work of Garret Hardin in 1968 as “the tragedy of the commons, ” which refers to the view that common-pool resources are inevitably overexploited for the pursuit of self-interest at the expense of the public interest (Hardin, 1968 ). As a response to the proposition of Hardin, Ostrom proposed the theory of collective action for sustainable common-pool resources based on her seminal works in the 1990s. The research of Ostrom demonstrates that the overexploitation of common-pool resources can be mediated by community norms and rules used to manage the relationships among the end-users of local resources (Ostrom, 1990 ). According to Ostrom ( 2000 ), “human nature is a complex mixture of the pursuit of self-interest combined with the ability to acquire internal norms of behavior and to follow rules when understood and perceived as legitimate.” Ostrom developed the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, which consists of biophysical and material conditions, attributes of communities, and rules-in-use as three main factors that influence the outcomes of the sustainable management of resources (Ostrom, 2011 ). Regarding institutional design, eight principles have been proposed for an improved community-based management of the commons (Ostrom, 1990 ). Other closely related concepts to Ostrom’s theory of collective action for the commons are community-based natural resource management (CBNRM), co-management, and adaptive co-management. Although there is no single definition of CBNRM, the approach is characterized by the full involvement of local people in the management of their resources and the incorporation of customary practices and traditional ecological knowledge to balance socioeconomic and environmental goals in the conservation of natural resources (Armitage, 2005 ). The influencing factors behind the success of CBNRM, such as public participation, collective choice arrangements, and conflict–resolution mechanisms, are aligned with the IAD framework and eight principles of institutional design. Co-management, or the joint management of the commons, is often defined as shared power and responsibilities between the state and local resource users. However, collaborative relationships are not limited to a unitary state and a homogeneous community (Carlsson & Berkes, 2005 ). Co-management can be understood as “a situation in which two or more social actors negotiate, define, and guarantee the fair distribution of management functions, entitlements, and responsibilities for a given territory, area, or set of natural resources” (Borrini et al., 2004 ). Therefore, the essence of co-management lies in its continuous collaborative problem-solving process rather than a fixed state. Co-management does not begin with power sharing; on the contrary, power sharing is the outcome of co-management (Carlsson & Berkes, 2005 ). As an advanced form of co-management that combines adaptive management, adaptive co-management focuses not only on short-to-medium-term timeframes and the capacity of local communities but also on experiential learning, medium-to-long-term strategic plans, and the building capacity of all stakeholders (Plummer et al., 2012 ). Table 1 provides a list of influential papers that provide insights from related literature on the specific factors influencing the effectiveness of CASLC at the local level. Table 1 Selected studies mentioning the factors that explain the efficacy of collective action for the sustainability of the local commons References Dependent variable Key explanatory variables (Ostrom, 1990 , 2000 , 2011 ) Collective action for sustainable common-pool resources Biophysical and material conditions, attributes of communities, rules-in-use (eight design principles: clear boundaries, congruence with local conditions, participatory decision making, monitoring, graduated sanctions, conflict resolution, recognition of the right to organization, nested governance) (Armitage, 2005 ; Bodin & Crona, 2008 ; Cox et al., 2010 ) Community-based natural resource management Eight design principles proposed by Ostrom Integration of customary rules and traditional ecological knowledge External socioeconomic factors such as link with financial institutions and market integration, (Carlsson & Berkes, 2005 ; Plummer et al., 2012 ) Co-management Adaptive co-management Strong social networks and social learning; participation of relevant stakeholders; generation, use and sharing of information and knowledge; and provision of resources Deliberation negotiation and joint learning Deliberate problem-solving Partnership and collaboration As biophysical conditions can be readily measured based on the size and productivity of the resource system as well as ecological changes, biophysical condition is the first key factor that significantly influences the development of CASLC. In fact, resource users consider regulating the commons unnecessary if the resources are not depleted and their productivity is not reduced (Ostrom, 2011 ). Thus, the biophysical conditions of local common-pool resources in needs of improving indicate the urgency of problems with the availability of resources, and, thus, influence the implementation of relevant collective action to promote the sustainability of the local commons. It is also clear that the inclusion of relevant environmental knowledge of local resource users strongly influence the efficacy of CASLC. For instance, it has been revealed that lack of integration of local communities’ traditional knowledge about natural and cultural values, diversity and identity has led to the deterioration of both natural conditions and cultural heritages in the largest national park in mainland Norway (Bele et al., 2024 ). Comprehensive studies have shown that the environmental problems with the commons are complex; thus, the integration of different knowledge systems, especially the combination of traditional ecological and scientific knowledge, is required to achieve a positive outcome (Newig et al., 2017 ). This leads to more novel solutions, a higher potential for innovation, and an increased capacity to jointly address such problems (Plummer et al., 2012 ). Social capital, which is defined by strong social cohesion or a social network, is consistently mentioned in the existing literature as the most recognized factor leading to the success of CASLC (Gutiérrez et al., 2011 ; Pretty, 2003 ). Social capital enhances the ability of individuals to successfully organize themselves; moreover, it is essential for the establishment and maintenance of environmental management and conservation at the local level. Bodin & Crona ( 2008 ) has found that communication, trust, and connectedness in social networks and groups that serve as buffers against changes in institutional arrangements, economic crises, and resource overexploitation are important attributes of the successful fishery co-management in rural Kenya. Networks consisting of subgroups with strong bonding social capital and bridging social capital are expected to provide the most conducive environment for the success of CASLC (Bodin, 2017 ). Moreover, several studies on the commons have highlighted the deliberative collaboration process as another significant factor for an effective CASLC (Tschopp et al., 2022 ; Wiederkehr et al., 2019 ). The deliberative process refers to effective communication among various stakeholders wherein they engage in discussions, raise their own ideas and consider those of others, exchange observations and perspectives, reflect on shared information, and carefully assess outcomes (Newig et al., 2017 ). The deliberative collaboration process is frequently mentioned as an essential part of effective problem-solving because it is characterized by “candid and reasoned communication and information exchange that is structured and oriented toward problem solving” (Emerson & Nabatchi, 2015 ); moreover, “a deliberative participatory process setting is more likely to produce an orientation of participants’ views toward the common good, and ,therefore, more likely to produce outputs more favorable to the environment, than a nondeliberative process” (Newig et al., 2017 ). Physical and social infrastructure, including dams, sewer systems, railways, ships, houses, energy installations, energy and transport networks, and knowledge infrastructure such as educational materials and training facilities, is also regarded as an important factor for the success of CASLC. Although Ostrom referred to such an infrastructure as biophysical and material conditions in the IAD framework (Ostrom, 2011 ), physical and social infrastructure is different from biophysical conditions because the former consists of human-constructed facilities. Such an infrastructure provides important resources, such as information and data, that enable stakeholders to support monitoring and evaluation, policy development, and collective action implementation. It also influences the capacity of individuals to collaborate with each other to address problems with common-pool resources. Additionally, sustainable financial capital can substantially influence the efficacy of collective pro-environmental action for the commons at the local level because financial resources must be available to initiate and sustain collective action. For instance, most of the regions experiencing environmental problems with local common-pool resources are concentrated in developing countries with limited financial capacity. Access to stable financial institutions that provide investment capital for alternative sources of income and new markets is crucial for the success of CASLC. Lack of sustainable financing mechanism can endanger the long term effectiveness of CASLC (Charlotte 2019). Bodin & Crona ( 2008 ) reported that the CASLC in Kenya failed primarily because the rural fishing community had no access to financial institutions and markets beyond the trade of fishing gear. The lack of financial links restricts the ability of local leaders to integrate economic and/or market-related components into any initiatives relating to common-pool resource management (Bodin & Crona, 2008 ). Insights from Psychological Sciences The first psychological theory regarding the intrinsic motivation for pro-environmental actions at the individual level is the notable Value–Belief–Norm (VBN) Theory by Stern et al. ( 1999 ). According to the VBN theory, individuals who are aware of the negative consequences of degraded environmental conditions to other people, other species, and the biosphere initiate pro-environmental actions to address those consequences. The VBN theory assumes a causal chain of variables: (1) biocentric or ecocentric values influence individuals to become aware of environmental issues, (2) leading to the formation of beliefs about their responsibility to address these negative consequences, which, in turn, (3) activates sustainable behavior (Stern et al., 1999 ). To describe pro-environmental behaviors at the collective level, the insights from the emerging theory of the Social Identity Model of Pro-Environmental Actions (SIMPEA) were analyzed. This model states that collective pro-environmental action can be explained by three variables—group identification, collective efficacy beliefs, and ingroup behavioral norms and goals—that are influenced by individual and collective emotions (Fritsche et al., 2018 ). SIMPEA has been increasingly recognized by social psychologists and tested in empirical studies, including those in the context of the local commons (Barth et al., 2021 ). In line with these theories, this study reaffirms the role of values as the most important psychological factor that determines the effectiveness of CASLC. Ecocentric values reflect utmost concern for non-human species such as plants and animals and the conservation of the environment for its own sake (Kaida & Kaida, 2015a ). Previous research has established that individuals with strong ecocentric values are more intrinsically motivated to engage in personal pro-environmental behaviors (Kaida & Kaida, 2015b ; Steg & Vlek, 2009 ). Previous studies have also shown that ecocentric values can motivate individuals to participate in pro-environmental initiatives at the collective level (De Dominicis et al., 2017 ). This present study further argues that both ecocentric and anthropocentric values can facilitate the long-term effectiveness of CASLC. Anthropocentric values refer to the utilization of the environment and natural resources to satisfy human self-interest and needs (Kaida & Kaida, 2015a ). Although anthropocentrism has been blamed as the primary cause of environmental problems, emerging literature suggests that anthropocentric values can also motivate individuals to engage in pro-environmental actions. The studies conducted by De Young ( 2000 ) and Kaida & Kaida ( 2015a ) revealed that anthropocentric values are not contradictory to but are positively correlated with ecocentric values, leading to the development of pro-environmental behaviors. This happens when individuals with anthropocentric concerns become aware that environmental degradation puts their physical and psychological well-being at risk. Moreover, individuals with anthropocentric values are motivated to act pro-environmentally when they believe that their actions are beneficial to their needs, such as good health (Kaida & Kaida, 2015a ). It should be noted that these previous studies mostly focused on the relationship between anthropocentric values and daily pro-environmental actions at the individual level, such as recycling and conserving energy. To date, only few studies have examined the role of anthropocentric values in the conservation of local common-pool resources. In this study, we hypothesized that anthropocentric values drive CASLC towards success. This is based on the evidence that an increasing number of studies have shown that common-pool resources in a good state enhance human physical conditions, livelihoods, and mental well-being in the long run (Myers & Frumkin, 2020 ). Moreover, this study reaffirms that social norms are significant drivers of effective CASLC. Social norms refer to the predominant behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and codes of conduct of a group; they are “the unwritten codes and informal understandings that define what we expect of others and what others expect of us” (Young, 2015 ). Social norms influence individuals to adopt a specific behavior because individuals desire to fit in, avoid social disapproval, or seek social esteem as they are supported and approved by others. The studies conducted by J. Wang et al. ( 2023 ) and Badsar et al. ( 2022 ) has revealed that subjective norms strongly influence the sustainable environmental behavior of farmers to participate in collective agricultural activities that sustain common-pool resources. This study also affirms that environment-related efficacy is a crucial factor that maintains the effectiveness of CASLC. In psychological studies, efficacy is defined as perceived behavioral control, which refers to an individual’s perception of the ease or difficulty of performing a certain behavior (Ajzen, 1991 ). In the environmental context, efficacy is referred to as competence. De Young ( 2000 ) elaborated on three types of pro-environment-related competence: task competence, pertaining to acquiring skills to effectively perform environment -friendly actions; resource competence, referring to being resourceful at reducing waste and reusing discarded objects; and participation competence, which means being effective at improving the environment of the community an individual belongs to. Previous research has established that efficacy is a powerful intrinsic motivation to engage individuals in private sphere of environmentally responsible actions (De Young, 2000 ; Kaida & Kaida, 2015b ). Prior studies have also revealed that collective efficacy defined as “the beliefs that one’s own actions will make a difference to collective efforts aimed at achieving group goals” motivate people to participate in pro-environmental collective actions (Landmann & Rohmann, 2020 ; Van Zomeren et al., 2013 ). In addition, the latest emerging evidence from neuroscience suggests a new type of efficacy that can significantly enhance pro-environmental actions. Neuroscientists refer to this as episodic future thinking, also known as prospective thinking or the ability to mentally simulate the future (Lee et al., 2018 ). Recently, Brevers et al. ( 2021 ) has revealed that when the brain networks responsible for prospective thinking are strongly activated, the adoption of daily sustainable behaviors increases. Lee et al. ( 2018 ) has demonstrated that engaging in future thinking to pre-experience climate change may alter the notion that climate change is psychologically distant and increase the perceived risk associated with the global environmental crisis, thereby leading people to act pro-environmentally. Wright et al. ( 2020 ) has found that the ability to imagine a better future for the environment may have important implications on the decision of individuals to engage in collective pro-environmental action to mitigate climate change and other environmental problems. Saijo ( 2020 ) has contended that the “futurability” competence, which refers to the capacity of individuals to take the perspective of an imaginary future generation and represent or voice out their concerns to other members of the current generation can significantly increase the willingness of individuals to partake in CASLC. Thus, we suggest that future-thinking competence is a potential, yet underexamined factor influencing the effectiveness of the CASLC. As emotions determine how we perceive our world, organize our memories, and make important decisions, we hypothesized that positive emotion is another significant latent factor influencing the effectiveness of CASLC. Affinity with nature is the most frequently mentioned positive emotion that promotes individual and collective pro-environmental behaviors. Emerging research has also begun to explore the potential influence of other positive emotions, such as pride, optimism, empowerment on the effectiveness of individual and collective environment-friendly actions. C. R. Schneider et al. ( 2017 ) has revealed that anticipated pride from doing environment-friendly actions prior to making environment-related decisions led to higher personal pro-environmental behavioral intentions. Moreover, McAfee (2019) suggests that feeling hopeful can enhance group collaboration and collective ability, thus, enabling more effective environmental solutions. Recently, Landmann & Rohmann ( 2020 ) has proposed that the feeling of being moved and positively overwhelmed by the ability to make a difference for a more sustainable future motivates people to participate in collective action. In addition to these factors, a large body of research has mentioned the memory of human–nature connection or past experience with nature as one of the strongest intrinsic predictors of environmental concerns at the individual level. Although the role of memory at the collective level is poorly understood in environmental and social psychology, complementary insights from neuroscience support a potential positive relationship between memory and collective pro-environmental action. Previous research in brain science has revealed that memory has a strong influence on value-based and moral decision-making (Biderman et al., 2020 ; Greene & Haidt, 2002 ) because the decision to implement pro-environmental action at both the individual and collective levels is shaped by ecocentric values and moral responsibilities; hence, it is assumed that memory influences not only individual but also collective pro-environmental behaviors. Moreover, neuroscientists have found that memory is positively correlated with social cognition skills such as maintaining social bonds, increasing social networks, and empathy (Rubin et al., 2014 ). Social bonds and networks are critical factors that lead to the success of CASLC. Empathy and perspective-taking have recently been proven to lead to an increased ability to restrain oneself from gaining personal benefits and sustain common-pool resources for the benefit of the future generations (Guizar Rosales et al., 2022 ). Hence, we hypothesized that the memory of human–nature connection is a subtle, powerful, and underestimated psychological factor that may contribute to the effectiveness of the CASLC. Development of an Integrated Framework Based on the preceding sections, a conceptual overview of the overarching factors of the integrated framework is presented in Fig. 1 . Interaction between the initial conditions and psychological state This study suggests that the initial conditions directly influence the psychological state. Biophysical conditions can shape the specific memory of human–nature connections among local communities; for example, ecological conditions in a good state engender positive emotions, such as feelings of peace, wonder, and joy, when in nature. Biophysical conditions also influence ecocentric values. It is highly probable for local people who live near a river or forest to develop a sense of gratitude towards nature because they recognize the essential role of natural resources in supporting their lives. Such an attitude naturally develops into a belief of caring for nature or ecocentric values. The availability of financial resources and physical and social infrastructure helps increase the efficacy of local communities in minimizing negative impacts on the environment. However, the lack of financial resources and physical and social infrastructure decreases the efficacy of local resource users, leaving them in despair of having alternative livelihoods or income. It is noteworthy that the psychological state can indirectly feedback towards the initial conditions. Memories of past experiences with nature, positive emotions, shared values, and efficacy are believed to be essential for communities to generate social resilience, which helps them improve the degraded biophysical conditions of the local commons. Positive emotions from local communities spread to other stakeholders, including potential funders, thereby increasing the chances of receiving financial resources. Efficacy also increases the quality of physical and social infrastructure. Agreement on the values shared by community members can enhance the relevance and usefulness of physical and social infrastructure. Interaction between institutional design and psychological state The institutional design is believed to shape the psychological state. The inclusion of environmentally relevant knowledge makes local communities feel good because their wisdom is considered. This also helps increase their participation efficacy when their knowledge contributes to improving the condition of the local natural resources. Deliberative process increases the efficacy and engenders positive emotions of local people. Collaborative social networks with strong bonding and bridging social capital significantly increase the efficacy of local communities and promote the integration of ecocentric and anthropocentric values. Social norms that support environmental conservation activities are believed to foster positive emotions and efficacy towards collective pro-environmental behaviors. It is suggested that the psychological state can also influence the institutional design. This occurs in a subtle but powerful manner. Specifically, positive emotions enable collaboration because positive emotions create an environment favorable for self-reflection, willingness to share, and natural connection, eventually leading to an effective deliberative collaboration process. Only local communities that record the memory of previous human–nature connections can provide important environmentally relevant knowledge, such as traditional ecological knowledge, for using resources in a sustainable manner. Shared values and memories are perceived as increasing the strength and durability of collaborative social networks. A strong sense of efficacy and positive emotions can facilitate the internalization of social norms. Conditions for the success of CASLC Building on the interactions between the initial conditions, institutional design, and psychological state, we recommend specific conditions for the success of the integrated framework, as shown in Fig. 2 and Table 2 . Table 2 Overview of the conditions for the success of the integrated framework with indicator guidance for framework operationalization. Author: Nguyen Dieu Linh Alignment between initial conditions and psychological state Indicators • Direct interaction between people and biophysical conditions is promoted • Financial resources are used for collective action in harmony with the values, efficacy, and memory of local stakeholders • Financial resources are sufficient and promote self-sustenance • Relevant physical and social infrastructure that enhance efficacy, support integrated ecocentric and anthropocentric values, and/or facilitate the transmission of memories are available Alignment between institutional design and psychological state Indicators • The memory, values, efficacy, and emotions of local stakeholders are taken into consideration when discussing environmental issues • Support to enhance efficacy consist of awareness rising activities, demonstration model visits, capacity building for competence of task, resources, participation and “futurability” skills • Deliberative collaboration process consist of activities to share and discuss memory of interaction between human and nature • Collaborative social networks conduct activities that promote positive emotions • Collaborative social networks promote transmission of memory-based good practices for environmental conservation to the next generations • Social norms promote integration between ecocentric and anthropocentric values • Social norms promote both economic and emotional incentives Illustrative Case Study: Coastal and Marine Governance in Yap, Micronesia [Chabay et al., 2019 ; United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2020 ] Micronesia is among the Small Island Developing States located in the Pacific Region. Yap is one of the four states in Micronesia. Yap contains more than 350 different types of stony corals and the most diverse mangrove forests and agroforests in all of Micronesia. Tamil Municipality, which is situated in Yap, has 1,231 residents; 848 households are scattered across 11 villages. This region is disproportionately affected by climate change, which causes flooding, droughts, and coastal erosion. Freshwater and coastal taro patches are decreasing due to increasing saltwater intrusion and flooding. Fishing is the main livelihood and source of food of Tamil community members. The ocean waters surrounding Tamil were originally home to numerous species of giant clams, lobsters, and sea cucumbers; however, decades of overexploitation have resulted in the declining population of such marine organisms. Sedimentation and polluted runoff have exacerbated algal blooms, thereby diminishing fish population and coral health. Clean water supply is also a major problem owing to inadequate freshwater management, saline intrusion, and increased demand on the watershed. The Tamil community is a typical example of degrading local common-pool resources of water and fisheries. To overcome these challenges, the Tamil Council of Chiefs, consisting of local leaders within the Tamil Municipality, established the Tamil Resources Conservation Trust (TRCT) as a community-based conservation organization in 2011. The TRCT was chartered by the Yap State Government as a local non-government organization in 2013. In 2014, a 1,683-ha Tamil Marine Managed Area (MMA) was established: the 741-ha area along the edge of the reef was designated as the “No-Take Zone,” and 942 hectares of marine area closest to the shoreline was designated as the “Traditional Use Zone.” Tamil MMA is acknowledged as the largest conservation area in Yap. In 2015, the TRCT established a Watershed Protected Area (WPA) that protects 130 ha of the Tamil Watershed, including an underground aquifer, which is the main water source for Tamil and other municipalities. WPA conservation has prevented the spread of fires, protected the forests, and increased the resilience of the community to droughts.. Off the coast of Tamil, the TRCT has developed colossal clam and sea cucumber farms, which provide food and livelihoods to the community. The TRCT also operates the first of its kind community-run 45-m 2 nursery and garden in Tamil. The nursery and garden boost the well-being of the community, strengthen local food security, which might otherwise be endangered by unstable import markets, and lessen the reliance of the community on fisheries by growing nutritious local food. As a result of awareness-raising campaigns, the residents in Tamil use lesser chemical detergents and produce lesser non-biodegradable waste; both chemical detergents and non-biodegradable waste are detrimental to the aquatic environment. The effectiveness of CASLC in Tamil has been recognized by both national government and global community. Alignment between the initial conditions and psychological state The direct interaction between the local people and natural resources is integrated into all conservation activities in Tamil. Environment-friendly local fishing practices are still conducted in the Traditional Use Zone. In the community nursery and garden, Tamil women gather seedlings of various fruits, native tree species, and food staples. The seedlings are then planted by members of different community groups. Although the TRCT has received financial support from various stakeholders, the community is making important progress in making its financial resources more sustainable. For example, the community nursery is no longer subsidized by external funding; it is self-financed through revenues received by providing food for the Tamil School Cafeteria and training Tamil residents in utilizing coconut husks as fertilizer. The marine farms, community nursery, and garden are considered important physical and social infrastructure that helps increase the efficacy of the local community. The sea cucumber farms help ensure their food and livelihood security. The community nursery and garden serve as a training center for elderly women to transmit memories and indigenous knowledge of native tree species, editable seedlings, and climate-resilient crops to the next generation. Alignment between the institutional design and psychological state A participatory approach has been adopted since the establishment of TRCT. The Board of Trustees of the TRCT consists of appointed members who are representatives of their respective villages and help decide the priorities of the organization, while the Tamil Council of Chiefs makes decisions regarding the operations of the organization. The collaboration between the TRCT and Tamil Council of Chiefs ensures that the perspectives of each community are considered in the decision-making process for conservation activities. The Tamil Council organizes monthly meetings that are open to the public. These meetings include the strong engagement of women and the youth. Harvesting sea cucumbers for food is based on traditional local knowledge. Local wisdom suggests that sea cucumbers are environmentally friendly and climate resilient because they filter ocean waters; without them, the ocean would not be clean and coral reefs could not grow. Moreover, the community nursery and garden have been established based on the traditional ecological knowledge of Tamil women about native seedlings and nutritious crops. The key conservation activities of the CASLC in Tamil reflect the integration of both ecocentric and anthropocentric values. In addition to the vast conservation zone in the MMA, the customary use of marine resources in line with relevant state and municipal regulations is permitted in the Traditional Use Zone. In this zone, sea cucumbers and giant clams are farmed until they are mature; only mature sea cucumbers and clams are harvested. Recently, mature farmed sea cucumbers have been released into open waters, as the population of natural sea cucumbers is almost extinct. It has been reported that 185 of 215 giant clams released in 2019 into the lagoon in the MMA survived. Both edible and climate-resilient crop seedlings are raised in the community nursery. An example of a climate-resilient crop is the salt-tolerant nipa palm ( Nypa fruticans ), which is used to replenish degraded coastal areas and prevent erosion. The edible seedlings are transplanted in the community garden, where they develop into nutrient-rich vegetables. Vegetables have become increasingly limited in Yap due to the decline in local cultivation, high cost of imported fruits and vegetables, and unavailability of local seedlings, especially after droughts. Thus, the establishment of the community nursery and garden not only addresses environmental problems but also safeguards the food and health of the local community. It is assumed that the positive emotions derived from being able to make a difference to the community and feeling hopeful about a better future are the hidden driving forces of the effective CASLC in Tamil. Such a sense of hope and positive emotions can be felt from the vision statement of the TRCT: “We, the people of Tamil, mindful that our present practices are contributing to the depletion of our natural resources, both in the waters and on the land, have now decided to use the wisdom of our custom and tradition to conserve and manage the natural resources in our municipality to be able to provide for ourselves and our families in a sustainable manner and leave behind a healthy natural heritage for our children and future generations.” In particular, the work of the TRCT promotes feelings of empowerment among women as environmental stewards. The community nursery is the first nursery in Micronesia that is led and operated by a local women’s group. This is particularly empowering, given the fact that several Tamil women traditionally only dedicate themselves as household caretakers. Discussion The most important result from this study is that a favorable individual psychological state in alignment with the initial conditions and institutional design is a rarely studied factor that explains the effectiveness of the CASLC. This finding is supported by previous studies. For example, individual allotment garden holders in Sweden has collaborated effectively into allotment association and union for the sustainability of ecosystem services in the whole area (Barthel et al., 2010 ). Social and physical infrastructure of booklets with photographs, cottages, chalets, nesting-boxes and birth-baths have been used in the self-organized collective meetings, rituals, parties and other repeated social gatherings for learning and transmission of memories of traditional ecological practices. The collaborative network of Swedish allotment union also regularly publishes a magazine on gardening that highlights local ecological knowledge and sustainable horticulture practices as an example of written accord as part of fostering social-ecological memory. It is reported that the magazine has been used by 77% of the gardeners (Barthel et al., 2010 ). In another study, it has been revealed that negative emotions about the lack of transparency in the management plan, funding allocation, park creation processes and appointment of superintendents is one of the main reasons making local people not support conservation in a marine protected area in Thailand (Bennett & Dearden, 2014 ). Another key contribution of this study is the enhanced clarity of the integration between ecocentric and anthropocentric values that facilitate the CASLC. Social networks with strong bonding and bridging social capital can increase the integration between ecocentric and anthropocentric values. In the case of Micronesia, the strong bonding social capital among the local community members enabled the establishment of protected and customary use zones, marine farming, and nursery garden. The success of the CASLC in Micronesia is also due to the inspiration and knowledge from environmental stewardship approaches by other Pacific Island communities, obtained by the chairperson of the Tamil Council of Chiefs after attending a fisheries learning exchange in another state (bridging social capital). This focus on ecocentric and anthropocentric integration is in complete alignment with emerging concepts of “planetary health” that emphasize the compatibility between ecological and human well-being (Myers & Frumkin, 2020 ). Emerging psychological studies have also found that self-interested individuals are motivated to engage in pro-environmental actions (De Dominicis et al., 2017 ). The insights from our study, thus, contribute to elaborating these new concepts and addressing the long-standing extremely complex social dilemma of humans versus nature by suggesting a concrete pathway to achieve a sustainable society in which humans live in harmony with nature. An illustration of the framework in the case study demonstrates its potential real-world application. This case highlights the role of direct interaction between local communities and natural resources, the availability of financial resources, and social infrastructure, reflecting harmony with the values, efficacy, and memory of local stakeholders. This case illustrates the alignment between the initial conditions and psychological state. However, there were limited data to clearly establish the alignment between the institutional design and psychological state in this case. Indeed, there are limited data on psychological factors because the role of positive emotions, efficacy, and memories in the specific context of CASLC is rarely investigated. Despite this limitation, the selected case illustrates our assumptions regarding the key variables and conditions for success of the integrated framework. Regarding the scale of application of our framework, we expect our core findings to work best in local common-pool resources in both developing and developed countries. Conclusion and Recommendation Research on common-pool resources has benefited immensely from the original contributions of Elinor Ostrom, whose insights form an enormously valuable starting point for considering the drivers that explain the success of the CASLC. However, the explanatory factors of psychological state of individuals and how they are linked to collective action is rarely investigated, making it difficult to understand the causes of the long-term effectiveness of the CASLC. This study addresses this gap in the existing literature by integrating complementary insights from psychology to arrive at a more comprehensive explanation of human motivation and behavior for the sustainability of CASLC. This study is solely based on literature review, fieldwork was not conducted, which is a research limitation. Thus, in future research, this framework should be applied to a real-world setting, and primary data should be collected in comparative studies to better understand how this work is practiced. Future research is required to test the applicability of the framework in the different contexts of developed and developing countries. The results from such studies will provide important insights not only into the similarities and differences across different contexts but also on the validity and generalization of the framework. Finally, we invite scholars working in different scientific disciplines relevant to the understanding of effective collective action to join us in protecting the local commons a concerted interdisciplinary effort. Declarations Ethical approval: Not applicable Conflict of Interest The author(s) declare(s) that there is no conflict of interest. Funding: None Author Contribution Nguyen Dieu Linh: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Writing - Original draft. Hironori Hamasaki: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Writing - review and editing. Availability of data and materials Supporting data is provided in the supplementary information file. References Agrawal, A. (2013). Studying the commons, governing common-pool resource outcomes: Some concluding thoughts. Environmental Science & Policy , 36 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2013.08.012 Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3993318","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":276443130,"identity":"4bb9738c-fb74-4be6-b062-3eeb7886be94","order_by":0,"name":"Dieu Linh Nguyen","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCw0D8wIAhgY2Z+eCDD0AOGzsxWhKAWvjY2ZINZ4C0MBPScgCkBYjk+HnMhHlAIoS08B1nPiaRUHAnj42ZLY3Z5tc2eT5mBsYPH3Nwa5E8zJYmkWDwrBjol2OPc/tuG7YxMzBLztyGW4vBYR4zoJbDiW3MbOnGuT23GYFa2Jh58Wrh/wbVwmMmbdlz254ILTxsCC0MP24nEtQC9IuxBdRhyYa9DbeT25gZm/H6he/84Yc3Pvw5nDi///DBBz/+3Lad39588MNHPFpQAWMbmGwgVj0I/CFF8SgYBaNgFIwUAADqhU7/picCyAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Nagasaki University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dieu","middleName":"Linh","lastName":"Nguyen","suffix":""},{"id":276443131,"identity":"4df5ce1b-122a-478d-ae77-5d03c785645a","order_by":1,"name":"Hironori Hamasaki","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nagasaki University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hironori","middleName":"","lastName":"Hamasaki","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-27 08:21:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3993318/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3993318/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":52185947,"identity":"276dbadb-3d83-43e2-a26a-d3b478e64544","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-07 18:24:46","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":546361,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFactors influencing the effectiveness of collective actions for the sustainability of the local commons. Factors at community level consists of initial conditions and institutional design. We add another factor of psychological states at individual level comprising of values, efficacy, positive emotions, and memory of human-nature connection that have powerful but subtle influence on initial conditions and institutional design. Author: Nguyen Dieu Linh\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3993318/v1/da8ca799ebdc978118c6a364.jpeg"},{"id":52185946,"identity":"98499eb5-00d0-497c-98b7-8aa6a7579f1c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-03-07 18:24:46","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":318152,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eConditions for the success of the integrated framework. The arrow reflects the interaction and alignment between the factors. 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Currently, such indispensable resources are under unprecedented threat as half of the intact natural ecosystem has disappeared. Even worse is the current status of freshwater resources as we have we almost \u0026ldquo;stepped outside the safe boundaries of freshwater system and groundwater sources and one and half times exceed the safe level of nitrogen and phosphoric surplus causing toxic eutrophication\u0026rdquo; (Rockstr\u0026ouml;m et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). It is well-established that the destruction of the commons as open access resources can be prevented when social groups succeed in articulating collective actions. As Barth et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) noted, \u0026ldquo;the crisis at hand is the result of collective behavior, which must be solved at the collective level as well\u0026rdquo;. Indeed, if the organization of collective action is effective, resources from the common pool may become institutionalized commons (common property), as a form of regulated collective private property (Vaccaro \u0026amp; Beltran, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Hence, effective collective action is urgently needed to maintain the sustainability of the commons (Bodin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Jidda-Fada \u0026amp; Bennett, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Lemos et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollective action for the sustainability of the local commons (CASLC) refers to the voluntary involvement of a group of people in community-based projects and developments to achieve a shared goal of promoting the sustainable use and management of common-pool natural resources (Meinzen-Dick et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). While collective action can be investigated at different scales, our framing throughout this article focuses on local common-pool resources and the communities that live nearby, are connected to, and depend on these resources for their livelihood. The local level is critical because local residents directly participate in environmental stewardship and allow local projects to replicate and expand to larger scales to attain greater impacts (Bennett et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrior research on common-pool resources has focused on determining the factors influencing the effectiveness of CASLC. As a result of decades-long conceptual development and empirical research, these studies have strong foundations in the biophysical sciences and the development of pro-environmental collective action at the community, institutional, and organizational levels. However, to date, most of the key explanatory factors behind the success of CASLC in this literature have been limited to those initially advocated by Elinor Ostrom (Kremer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), wherein the psychological state of individuals are rarely considered. This makes it difficult for both researchers and practitioners to see the bigger picture. As Kremer et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) puts it, \u0026ldquo;the analysis of the opinions, perceptions, and cognitive aspects of individuals can be crucial for understanding the reasons that explain a more collaborative behavior of some individuals in relation to others.\u0026rdquo; Some academics have contended that other essential social elements must be considered in the comprehensive explanation of an effective community-based common-pool resource management (Cox et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Hence, the drivers of effective CASLC should be identified further (Agrawal, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study includes another set of pro-environmental behaviors related to environmental, social, and neural psychology that focus on an individual. Environmental psychology examines the interrelationship between the natural and social environments and human behavior (De Young, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e). The intrinsic motivation of individuals to sustain long-term pro-environmental behaviors has been extensively studied. Social psychology explains how individual behavior\u0026rsquo;s thoughts, emotions and actions are influenced by the presence and behavior of other individuals and groups (\u003cem\u003eAPA Dictionary of Psychology\u003c/em\u003e, n.d.); moreover, the factors that explain the tendency of an individual to engage in pro-environmental activities at the collective level are explored in this field. Neuroscience is the study of the brain and nervous system afecting the behavior of an individual (\u003cem\u003eNeuroscience Definition \u0026amp; Meaning | Britannica Dictionary\u003c/em\u003e, n.d.). Neuroscience provides objective behavioral and neural mechanisms that complement the insights obtained from environmental and social psychology. As S. Wang and van den Berg (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) stated, cognitive neuroscience tools such as brain-imaging techniques provide a window into internal neurobiological processes that cannot be accessed otherwise.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs psychological and neural sciences have not yet been integrated in studies focusing on common-pool resources (Velez \u0026amp; Moros, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study based on psychological sciences and the integrated approach theory of the commons that explored the factors that influence the efficacy of CASLC. The aim of this study was to enhance the impact of collaborative actions and empower environmental stewards to conserve the local commons for human and planetary health. Specifically, the objectives of this study were: (1) to create an integrated conceptual framework of explanatory factors leading to the effectiveness of CASLC by combining relevant insights from the literature on the commons and psychological sciences, (2) to identify the interaction between the factors and conditions for the success of the framework, and (3) to illustrate the framework using a case study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis is a qualitative study based on literature review. Secondary data were obtained from the studies available in Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Web of Science. The studies were screened by first evaluating the title and abstract, followed by reading the introduction and conclusion sections, and lastly by cross-reading. To develop a useful integrated framework for CASLC, two stages of literature review were conducted. In the first stage, the most influential theories of collective action for the commons and previous research on the factors influencing the success of CASLC were examined. Success is defined in this study as positive outcomes of the resource state and/or community well-being as a result of long-term collective action. Accordingly, relevant studies were retrieved using the following keywords: \u0026ldquo;factors\u0026rdquo; AND \u0026ldquo;success\u0026rdquo; AND \u0026ldquo;collective actions\u0026rdquo; AND \u0026ldquo;the commons\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;drivers\u0026rdquo; AND \u0026ldquo;cooperation\u0026rdquo; AND \u0026ldquo;common-pool resources\u0026rdquo; AND \u0026ldquo;community.\u0026rdquo; In the second stage, related literature on psychological sciences was explored to complement the insights obtained from the study of collective action for the local commons. First, we examined the literature on environmental and social psychology that explains the factors influencing an individual\u0026rsquo;s engagement in the private sphere of pro-environmental actions. Afterwards, the literature about the social sphere of pro-environmental actions or the collective dimension of such behaviors were reviewed. Finally, neuroscientific studies on the drivers of sustainable and pro-environmental behaviors were investigated. The following keywords were used to retrieve relevant studies in the fields of environmental and social psychology and neuroscience: \u0026ldquo;factors\u0026rdquo; AND \u0026ldquo;pro-environmental behaviors\u0026rdquo; AND/OR \u0026ldquo;collective pro-environmental actions\u0026rdquo; AND/OR \u0026ldquo;sustainable actions\u0026rdquo; AND/OR \u0026ldquo;psychological sciences\u0026rdquo; AND/OR \u0026ldquo;behavioral sciences\u0026rdquo; AND/OR \u0026ldquo;brain\u0026rdquo; AND/OR \u0026ldquo;neuroscience.\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo make the framework more applicable in a real-world setting, an illustration of a case study demonstrating the effectiveness of CASLC was examined. Successful cases were selected based on three criteria: (1) implementation of CASLC, (2) presence of explanatory factors of the developed framework, and (3) evidence of positive ecological\u0026ndash;social outcomes and their durability. Because the scope of this study does not allow for an in-depth discussion of primary data, we critically reviewed the existing secondary data and applied the framework to identify the factors and conditions for the success of CASLC.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInsights from the Studies on CASLC\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe concept of the commons was first mentioned in the notable work of Garret Hardin in 1968 as \u0026ldquo;the tragedy of the commons, \u0026rdquo; which refers to the view that common-pool resources are inevitably overexploited for the pursuit of self-interest at the expense of the public interest (Hardin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1968\u003c/span\u003e). As a response to the proposition of Hardin, Ostrom proposed the theory of collective action for sustainable common-pool resources based on her seminal works in the 1990s. The research of Ostrom demonstrates that the overexploitation of common-pool resources can be mediated by community norms and rules used to manage the relationships among the end-users of local resources (Ostrom, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e). According to Ostrom (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e), \u0026ldquo;human nature is a complex mixture of the pursuit of self-interest combined with the ability to acquire internal norms of behavior and to follow rules when understood and perceived as legitimate.\u0026rdquo; Ostrom developed the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, which consists of biophysical and material conditions, attributes of communities, and rules-in-use as three main factors that influence the outcomes of the sustainable management of resources (Ostrom, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Regarding institutional design, eight principles have been proposed for an improved community-based management of the commons (Ostrom, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther closely related concepts to Ostrom\u0026rsquo;s theory of collective action for the commons are community-based natural resource management (CBNRM), co-management, and adaptive co-management. Although there is no single definition of CBNRM, the approach is characterized by the full involvement of local people in the management of their resources and the incorporation of customary practices and traditional ecological knowledge to balance socioeconomic and environmental goals in the conservation of natural resources (Armitage, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). The influencing factors behind the success of CBNRM, such as public participation, collective choice arrangements, and conflict\u0026ndash;resolution mechanisms, are aligned with the IAD framework and eight principles of institutional design. Co-management, or the joint management of the commons, is often defined as shared power and responsibilities between the state and local resource users. However, collaborative relationships are not limited to a unitary state and a homogeneous community (Carlsson \u0026amp; Berkes, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). Co-management can be understood as \u0026ldquo;a situation in which two or more social actors negotiate, define, and guarantee the fair distribution of management functions, entitlements, and responsibilities for a given territory, area, or set of natural resources\u0026rdquo; (Borrini et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the essence of co-management lies in its continuous collaborative problem-solving process rather than a fixed state. Co-management does not begin with power sharing; on the contrary, power sharing is the outcome of co-management (Carlsson \u0026amp; Berkes, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). As an advanced form of co-management that combines adaptive management, adaptive co-management focuses not only on short-to-medium-term timeframes and the capacity of local communities but also on experiential learning, medium-to-long-term strategic plans, and the building capacity of all stakeholders (Plummer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e provides a list of influential papers that provide insights from related literature on the specific factors influencing the effectiveness of CASLC at the local level.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelected studies mentioning the factors that explain the efficacy of collective action for the sustainability of the local commons\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReferences\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDependent variable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKey explanatory variables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Ostrom, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCollective action for sustainable common-pool resources\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiophysical and material conditions, attributes of communities, rules-in-use (eight design principles: clear boundaries, congruence with local conditions, participatory decision making, monitoring, graduated sanctions, conflict resolution, recognition of the right to organization, nested governance)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Armitage, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Bodin \u0026amp; Crona, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Cox et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCommunity-based natural resource management\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEight design principles proposed by Ostrom\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntegration of customary rules and traditional ecological knowledge\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExternal socioeconomic factors such as link with financial institutions and market integration,\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(Carlsson \u0026amp; Berkes, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Plummer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCo-management\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdaptive co-management\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStrong social networks and social learning; participation of relevant stakeholders; generation, use and sharing of information and knowledge; and provision of resources\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeliberation negotiation and joint learning\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDeliberate problem-solving\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePartnership and collaboration\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs biophysical conditions can be readily measured based on the size and productivity of the resource system as well as ecological changes, biophysical condition is the first key factor that significantly influences the development of CASLC. In fact, resource users consider regulating the commons unnecessary if the resources are not depleted and their productivity is not reduced (Ostrom, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, the biophysical conditions of local common-pool resources in needs of improving indicate the urgency of problems with the availability of resources, and, thus, influence the implementation of relevant collective action to promote the sustainability of the local commons.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is also clear that the inclusion of relevant environmental knowledge of local resource users strongly influence the efficacy of CASLC. For instance, it has been revealed that lack of integration of local communities\u0026rsquo; traditional knowledge about natural and cultural values, diversity and identity has led to the deterioration of both natural conditions and cultural heritages in the largest national park in mainland Norway (Bele et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Comprehensive studies have shown that the environmental problems with the commons are complex; thus, the integration of different knowledge systems, especially the combination of traditional ecological and scientific knowledge, is required to achieve a positive outcome (Newig et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). This leads to more novel solutions, a higher potential for innovation, and an increased capacity to jointly address such problems (Plummer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocial capital, which is defined by strong social cohesion or a social network, is consistently mentioned in the existing literature as the most recognized factor leading to the success of CASLC (Guti\u0026eacute;rrez et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Pretty, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Social capital enhances the ability of individuals to successfully organize themselves; moreover, it is essential for the establishment and maintenance of environmental management and conservation at the local level. Bodin \u0026amp; Crona (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) has found that communication, trust, and connectedness in social networks and groups that serve as buffers against changes in institutional arrangements, economic crises, and resource overexploitation are important attributes of the successful fishery co-management in rural Kenya. Networks consisting of subgroups with strong bonding social capital and bridging social capital are expected to provide the most conducive environment for the success of CASLC (Bodin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, several studies on the commons have highlighted the deliberative collaboration process as another significant factor for an effective CASLC (Tschopp et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Wiederkehr et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). The deliberative process refers to effective communication among various stakeholders wherein they engage in discussions, raise their own ideas and consider those of others, exchange observations and perspectives, reflect on shared information, and carefully assess outcomes (Newig et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The deliberative collaboration process is frequently mentioned as an essential part of effective problem-solving because it is characterized by \u0026ldquo;candid and reasoned communication and information exchange that is structured and oriented toward problem solving\u0026rdquo; (Emerson \u0026amp; Nabatchi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e); moreover, \u0026ldquo;a deliberative participatory process setting is more likely to produce an orientation of participants\u0026rsquo; views toward the common good, and ,therefore, more likely to produce outputs more favorable to the environment, than a nondeliberative process\u0026rdquo; (Newig et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysical and social infrastructure, including dams, sewer systems, railways, ships, houses, energy installations, energy and transport networks, and knowledge infrastructure such as educational materials and training facilities, is also regarded as an important factor for the success of CASLC. Although Ostrom referred to such an infrastructure as biophysical and material conditions in the IAD framework (Ostrom, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e), physical and social infrastructure is different from biophysical conditions because the former consists of human-constructed facilities. Such an infrastructure provides important resources, such as information and data, that enable stakeholders to support monitoring and evaluation, policy development, and collective action implementation. It also influences the capacity of individuals to collaborate with each other to address problems with common-pool resources.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, sustainable financial capital can substantially influence the efficacy of collective pro-environmental action for the commons at the local level because financial resources must be available to initiate and sustain collective action. For instance, most of the regions experiencing environmental problems with local common-pool resources are concentrated in developing countries with limited financial capacity. Access to stable financial institutions that provide investment capital for alternative sources of income and new markets is crucial for the success of CASLC. Lack of sustainable financing mechanism can endanger the long term effectiveness of CASLC (Charlotte 2019). Bodin \u0026amp; Crona (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) reported that the CASLC in Kenya failed primarily because the rural fishing community had no access to financial institutions and markets beyond the trade of fishing gear. The lack of financial links restricts the ability of local leaders to integrate economic and/or market-related components into any initiatives relating to common-pool resource management (Bodin \u0026amp; Crona, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInsights from Psychological Sciences\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe first psychological theory regarding the intrinsic motivation for pro-environmental actions at the individual level is the notable Value\u0026ndash;Belief\u0026ndash;Norm (VBN) Theory by Stern et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e). According to the VBN theory, individuals who are aware of the negative consequences of degraded environmental conditions to other people, other species, and the biosphere initiate pro-environmental actions to address those consequences. The VBN theory assumes a causal chain of variables: (1) biocentric or ecocentric values influence individuals to become aware of environmental issues, (2) leading to the formation of beliefs about their responsibility to address these negative consequences, which, in turn, (3) activates sustainable behavior (Stern et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e). To describe pro-environmental behaviors at the collective level, the insights from the emerging theory of the Social Identity Model of Pro-Environmental Actions (SIMPEA) were analyzed. This model states that collective pro-environmental action can be explained by three variables\u0026mdash;group identification, collective efficacy beliefs, and ingroup behavioral norms and goals\u0026mdash;that are influenced by individual and collective emotions (Fritsche et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). SIMPEA has been increasingly recognized by social psychologists and tested in empirical studies, including those in the context of the local commons (Barth et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn line with these theories, this study reaffirms the role of values as the most important psychological factor that determines the effectiveness of CASLC. Ecocentric values reflect utmost concern for non-human species such as plants and animals and the conservation of the environment for its own sake (Kaida \u0026amp; Kaida, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015a\u003c/span\u003e). Previous research has established that individuals with strong ecocentric values are more intrinsically motivated to engage in personal pro-environmental behaviors (Kaida \u0026amp; Kaida, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015b\u003c/span\u003e; Steg \u0026amp; Vlek, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Previous studies have also shown that ecocentric values can motivate individuals to participate in pro-environmental initiatives at the collective level (De Dominicis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis present study further argues that both ecocentric and anthropocentric values can facilitate the long-term effectiveness of CASLC. Anthropocentric values refer to the utilization of the environment and natural resources to satisfy human self-interest and needs (Kaida \u0026amp; Kaida, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015a\u003c/span\u003e). Although anthropocentrism has been blamed as the primary cause of environmental problems, emerging literature suggests that anthropocentric values can also motivate individuals to engage in pro-environmental actions. The studies conducted by De Young (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) and Kaida \u0026amp; Kaida (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015a\u003c/span\u003e) revealed that anthropocentric values are not contradictory to but are positively correlated with ecocentric values, leading to the development of pro-environmental behaviors. This happens when individuals with anthropocentric concerns become aware that environmental degradation puts their physical and psychological well-being at risk. Moreover, individuals with anthropocentric values are motivated to act pro-environmentally when they believe that their actions are beneficial to their needs, such as good health (Kaida \u0026amp; Kaida, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015a\u003c/span\u003e). It should be noted that these previous studies mostly focused on the relationship between anthropocentric values and daily pro-environmental actions at the individual level, such as recycling and conserving energy. To date, only few studies have examined the role of anthropocentric values in the conservation of local common-pool resources. In this study, we hypothesized that anthropocentric values drive CASLC towards success. This is based on the evidence that an increasing number of studies have shown that common-pool resources in a good state enhance human physical conditions, livelihoods, and mental well-being in the long run (Myers \u0026amp; Frumkin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreover, this study reaffirms that social norms are significant drivers of effective CASLC. Social norms refer to the predominant behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and codes of conduct of a group; they are \u0026ldquo;the unwritten codes and informal understandings that define what we expect of others and what others expect of us\u0026rdquo; (Young, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Social norms influence individuals to adopt a specific behavior because individuals desire to fit in, avoid social disapproval, or seek social esteem as they are supported and approved by others. The studies conducted by J. Wang et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) and Badsar et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) has revealed that subjective norms strongly influence the sustainable environmental behavior of farmers to participate in collective agricultural activities that sustain common-pool resources.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study also affirms that environment-related efficacy is a crucial factor that maintains the effectiveness of CASLC. In psychological studies, efficacy is defined as perceived behavioral control, which refers to an individual\u0026rsquo;s perception of the ease or difficulty of performing a certain behavior (Ajzen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e). In the environmental context, efficacy is referred to as competence. De Young (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) elaborated on three types of pro-environment-related competence: task competence, pertaining to acquiring skills to effectively perform environment -friendly actions; resource competence, referring to being resourceful at reducing waste and reusing discarded objects; and participation competence, which means being effective at improving the environment of the community an individual belongs to. Previous research has established that efficacy is a powerful intrinsic motivation to engage individuals in private sphere of environmentally responsible actions (De Young, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Kaida \u0026amp; Kaida, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015b\u003c/span\u003e). Prior studies have also revealed that collective efficacy defined as \u0026ldquo;the beliefs that one\u0026rsquo;s own actions will make a difference to collective efforts aimed at achieving group goals\u0026rdquo; motivate people to participate in pro-environmental collective actions (Landmann \u0026amp; Rohmann, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Van Zomeren et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, the latest emerging evidence from neuroscience suggests a new type of efficacy that can significantly enhance pro-environmental actions. Neuroscientists refer to this as episodic future thinking, also known as prospective thinking or the ability to mentally simulate the future (Lee et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Recently, Brevers et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) has revealed that when the brain networks responsible for prospective thinking are strongly activated, the adoption of daily sustainable behaviors increases. Lee et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) has demonstrated that engaging in future thinking to pre-experience climate change may alter the notion that climate change is psychologically distant and increase the perceived risk associated with the global environmental crisis, thereby leading people to act pro-environmentally. Wright et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) has found that the ability to imagine a better future for the environment may have important implications on the decision of individuals to engage in collective pro-environmental action to mitigate climate change and other environmental problems. Saijo (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) has contended that the \u0026ldquo;futurability\u0026rdquo; competence, which refers to the capacity of individuals to take the perspective of an imaginary future generation and represent or voice out their concerns to other members of the current generation can significantly increase the willingness of individuals to partake in CASLC. Thus, we suggest that future-thinking competence is a potential, yet underexamined factor influencing the effectiveness of the CASLC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs emotions determine how we perceive our world, organize our memories, and make important decisions, we hypothesized that positive emotion is another significant latent factor influencing the effectiveness of CASLC. Affinity with nature is the most frequently mentioned positive emotion that promotes individual and collective pro-environmental behaviors. Emerging research has also begun to explore the potential influence of other positive emotions, such as pride, optimism, empowerment on the effectiveness of individual and collective environment-friendly actions. C. R. Schneider et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) has revealed that anticipated pride from doing environment-friendly actions prior to making environment-related decisions led to higher personal pro-environmental behavioral intentions. Moreover, McAfee (2019) suggests that feeling hopeful can enhance group collaboration and collective ability, thus, enabling more effective environmental solutions. Recently, Landmann \u0026amp; Rohmann (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) has proposed that the feeling of being moved and positively overwhelmed by the ability to make a difference for a more sustainable future motivates people to participate in collective action.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition to these factors, a large body of research has mentioned the memory of human\u0026ndash;nature connection or past experience with nature as one of the strongest intrinsic predictors of environmental concerns at the individual level. Although the role of memory at the collective level is poorly understood in environmental and social psychology, complementary insights from neuroscience support a potential positive relationship between memory and collective pro-environmental action. Previous research in brain science has revealed that memory has a strong influence on value-based and moral decision-making (Biderman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Greene \u0026amp; Haidt, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e) because the decision to implement pro-environmental action at both the individual and collective levels is shaped by ecocentric values and moral responsibilities; hence, it is assumed that memory influences not only individual but also collective pro-environmental behaviors. Moreover, neuroscientists have found that memory is positively correlated with social cognition skills such as maintaining social bonds, increasing social networks, and empathy (Rubin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Social bonds and networks are critical factors that lead to the success of CASLC. Empathy and perspective-taking have recently been proven to lead to an increased ability to restrain oneself from gaining personal benefits and sustain common-pool resources for the benefit of the future generations (Guizar Rosales et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Hence, we hypothesized that the memory of human\u0026ndash;nature connection is a subtle, powerful, and underestimated psychological factor that may contribute to the effectiveness of the CASLC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDevelopment of an Integrated Framework\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the preceding sections, a conceptual overview of the overarching factors of the integrated framework is presented in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInteraction between the initial conditions and psychological state\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study suggests that the initial conditions directly influence the psychological state. Biophysical conditions can shape the specific memory of human\u0026ndash;nature connections among local communities; for example, ecological conditions in a good state engender positive emotions, such as feelings of peace, wonder, and joy, when in nature. Biophysical conditions also influence ecocentric values. It is highly probable for local people who live near a river or forest to develop a sense of gratitude towards nature because they recognize the essential role of natural resources in supporting their lives. Such an attitude naturally develops into a belief of caring for nature or ecocentric values. The availability of financial resources and physical and social infrastructure helps increase the efficacy of local communities in minimizing negative impacts on the environment. However, the lack of financial resources and physical and social infrastructure decreases the efficacy of local resource users, leaving them in despair of having alternative livelihoods or income.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is noteworthy that the psychological state can indirectly feedback towards the initial conditions. Memories of past experiences with nature, positive emotions, shared values, and efficacy are believed to be essential for communities to generate social resilience, which helps them improve the degraded biophysical conditions of the local commons. Positive emotions from local communities spread to other stakeholders, including potential funders, thereby increasing the chances of receiving financial resources. Efficacy also increases the quality of physical and social infrastructure. Agreement on the values shared by community members can enhance the relevance and usefulness of physical and social infrastructure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInteraction between institutional design and psychological state\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe institutional design is believed to shape the psychological state. The inclusion of environmentally relevant knowledge makes local communities feel good because their wisdom is considered. This also helps increase their participation efficacy when their knowledge contributes to improving the condition of the local natural resources. Deliberative process increases the efficacy and engenders positive emotions of local people. Collaborative social networks with strong bonding and bridging social capital significantly increase the efficacy of local communities and promote the integration of ecocentric and anthropocentric values. Social norms that support environmental conservation activities are believed to foster positive emotions and efficacy towards collective pro-environmental behaviors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is suggested that the psychological state can also influence the institutional design. This occurs in a subtle but powerful manner. Specifically, positive emotions enable collaboration because positive emotions create an environment favorable for self-reflection, willingness to share, and natural connection, eventually leading to an effective deliberative collaboration process. Only local communities that record the memory of previous human\u0026ndash;nature connections can provide important environmentally relevant knowledge, such as traditional ecological knowledge, for using resources in a sustainable manner. Shared values and memories are perceived as increasing the strength and durability of collaborative social networks. A strong sense of efficacy and positive emotions can facilitate the internalization of social norms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConditions for the success of CASLC\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBuilding on the interactions between the initial conditions, institutional design, and psychological state, we recommend specific conditions for the success of the integrated framework, as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverview of the conditions for the success of the integrated framework with indicator guidance for framework operationalization. Author: Nguyen Dieu Linh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlignment between initial conditions and psychological state\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndicators\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Direct interaction between people and biophysical conditions is promoted\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Financial resources are used for collective action in harmony with the values, efficacy, and memory of local stakeholders\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Financial resources are sufficient and promote self-sustenance\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Relevant physical and social infrastructure that enhance efficacy, support integrated ecocentric and anthropocentric values, and/or facilitate the transmission of memories are available\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlignment between institutional design and psychological state\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndicators\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; The memory, values, efficacy, and emotions of local stakeholders are taken into consideration when discussing environmental issues\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Support to enhance efficacy consist of awareness rising activities, demonstration model visits, capacity building for competence of task, resources, participation and \u0026ldquo;futurability\u0026rdquo; skills\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Deliberative collaboration process consist of activities to share and discuss memory of interaction between human and nature\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Collaborative social networks conduct activities that promote positive emotions\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Collaborative social networks promote transmission of memory-based good practices for environmental conservation to the next generations\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Social norms promote integration between ecocentric and anthropocentric values\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Social norms promote both economic and emotional incentives\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eIllustrative Case Study: Coastal and Marine Governance in Yap, Micronesia\u003c/em\u003e [Chabay et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003cem\u003e]\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicronesia is among the Small Island Developing States located in the Pacific Region. Yap is one of the four states in Micronesia. Yap contains more than 350 different types of stony corals and the most diverse mangrove forests and agroforests in all of Micronesia. Tamil Municipality, which is situated in Yap, has 1,231 residents; 848 households are scattered across 11 villages. This region is disproportionately affected by climate change, which causes flooding, droughts, and coastal erosion. Freshwater and coastal taro patches are decreasing due to increasing saltwater intrusion and flooding. Fishing is the main livelihood and source of food of Tamil community members. The ocean waters surrounding Tamil were originally home to numerous species of giant clams, lobsters, and sea cucumbers; however, decades of overexploitation have resulted in the declining population of such marine organisms. Sedimentation and polluted runoff have exacerbated algal blooms, thereby diminishing fish population and coral health. Clean water supply is also a major problem owing to inadequate freshwater management, saline intrusion, and increased demand on the watershed. The Tamil community is a typical example of degrading local common-pool resources of water and fisheries.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo overcome these challenges, the Tamil Council of Chiefs, consisting of local leaders within the Tamil Municipality, established the Tamil Resources Conservation Trust (TRCT) as a community-based conservation organization in 2011. The TRCT was chartered by the Yap State Government as a local non-government organization in 2013. In 2014, a 1,683-ha Tamil Marine Managed Area (MMA) was established: the 741-ha area along the edge of the reef was designated as the \u0026ldquo;No-Take Zone,\u0026rdquo; and 942 hectares of marine area closest to the shoreline was designated as the \u0026ldquo;Traditional Use Zone.\u0026rdquo; Tamil MMA is acknowledged as the largest conservation area in Yap. In 2015, the TRCT established a Watershed Protected Area (WPA) that protects 130 ha of the Tamil Watershed, including an underground aquifer, which is the main water source for Tamil and other municipalities. WPA conservation has prevented the spread of fires, protected the forests, and increased the resilience of the community to droughts.. Off the coast of Tamil, the TRCT has developed colossal clam and sea cucumber farms, which provide food and livelihoods to the community. The TRCT also operates the first of its kind community-run 45-m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e nursery and garden in Tamil. The nursery and garden boost the well-being of the community, strengthen local food security, which might otherwise be endangered by unstable import markets, and lessen the reliance of the community on fisheries by growing nutritious local food. As a result of awareness-raising campaigns, the residents in Tamil use lesser chemical detergents and produce lesser non-biodegradable waste; both chemical detergents and non-biodegradable waste are detrimental to the aquatic environment. The effectiveness of CASLC in Tamil has been recognized by both national government and global community.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAlignment between the initial conditions and psychological state\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe direct interaction between the local people and natural resources is integrated into all conservation activities in Tamil. Environment-friendly local fishing practices are still conducted in the Traditional Use Zone. In the community nursery and garden, Tamil women gather seedlings of various fruits, native tree species, and food staples. The seedlings are then planted by members of different community groups. Although the TRCT has received financial support from various stakeholders, the community is making important progress in making its financial resources more sustainable. For example, the community nursery is no longer subsidized by external funding; it is self-financed through revenues received by providing food for the Tamil School Cafeteria and training Tamil residents in utilizing coconut husks as fertilizer. The marine farms, community nursery, and garden are considered important physical and social infrastructure that helps increase the efficacy of the local community. The sea cucumber farms help ensure their food and livelihood security. The community nursery and garden serve as a training center for elderly women to transmit memories and indigenous knowledge of native tree species, editable seedlings, and climate-resilient crops to the next generation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAlignment between the institutional design and psychological state\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA participatory approach has been adopted since the establishment of TRCT. The Board of Trustees of the TRCT consists of appointed members who are representatives of their respective villages and help decide the priorities of the organization, while the Tamil Council of Chiefs makes decisions regarding the operations of the organization. The collaboration between the TRCT and Tamil Council of Chiefs ensures that the perspectives of each community are considered in the decision-making process for conservation activities. The Tamil Council organizes monthly meetings that are open to the public. These meetings include the strong engagement of women and the youth. Harvesting sea cucumbers for food is based on traditional local knowledge. Local wisdom suggests that sea cucumbers are environmentally friendly and climate resilient because they filter ocean waters; without them, the ocean would not be clean and coral reefs could not grow. Moreover, the community nursery and garden have been established based on the traditional ecological knowledge of Tamil women about native seedlings and nutritious crops.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe key conservation activities of the CASLC in Tamil reflect the integration of both ecocentric and anthropocentric values. In addition to the vast conservation zone in the MMA, the customary use of marine resources in line with relevant state and municipal regulations is permitted in the Traditional Use Zone. In this zone, sea cucumbers and giant clams are farmed until they are mature; only mature sea cucumbers and clams are harvested. Recently, mature farmed sea cucumbers have been released into open waters, as the population of natural sea cucumbers is almost extinct. It has been reported that 185 of 215 giant clams released in 2019 into the lagoon in the MMA survived. Both edible and climate-resilient crop seedlings are raised in the community nursery. An example of a climate-resilient crop is the salt-tolerant nipa palm (\u003cem\u003eNypa fruticans\u003c/em\u003e), which is used to replenish degraded coastal areas and prevent erosion. The edible seedlings are transplanted in the community garden, where they develop into nutrient-rich vegetables. Vegetables have become increasingly limited in Yap due to the decline in local cultivation, high cost of imported fruits and vegetables, and unavailability of local seedlings, especially after droughts. Thus, the establishment of the community nursery and garden not only addresses environmental problems but also safeguards the food and health of the local community.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is assumed that the positive emotions derived from being able to make a difference to the community and feeling hopeful about a better future are the hidden driving forces of the effective CASLC in Tamil. Such a sense of hope and positive emotions can be felt from the vision statement of the TRCT: \u0026ldquo;We, the people of Tamil, mindful that our present practices are contributing to the depletion of our natural resources, both in the waters and on the land, have now decided to use the wisdom of our custom and tradition to conserve and manage the natural resources in our municipality to be able to provide for ourselves and our families in a sustainable manner and leave behind a healthy natural heritage for our children and future generations.\u0026rdquo; In particular, the work of the TRCT promotes feelings of empowerment among women as environmental stewards. The community nursery is the first nursery in Micronesia that is led and operated by a local women\u0026rsquo;s group. This is particularly empowering, given the fact that several Tamil women traditionally only dedicate themselves as household caretakers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe most important result from this study is that a favorable individual psychological state in alignment with the initial conditions and institutional design is a rarely studied factor that explains the effectiveness of the CASLC. This finding is supported by previous studies. For example, individual allotment garden holders in Sweden has collaborated effectively into allotment association and union for the sustainability of ecosystem services in the whole area (Barthel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). Social and physical infrastructure of booklets with photographs, cottages, chalets, nesting-boxes and birth-baths have been used in the self-organized collective meetings, rituals, parties and other repeated social gatherings for learning and transmission of memories of traditional ecological practices. The collaborative network of Swedish allotment union also regularly publishes a magazine on gardening that highlights local ecological knowledge and sustainable horticulture practices as an example of written accord as part of fostering social-ecological memory. It is reported that the magazine has been used by 77% of the gardeners (Barthel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). In another study, it has been revealed that negative emotions about the lack of transparency in the management plan, funding allocation, park creation processes and appointment of superintendents is one of the main reasons making local people not support conservation in a marine protected area in Thailand (Bennett \u0026amp; Dearden, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother key contribution of this study is the enhanced clarity of the integration between ecocentric and anthropocentric values that facilitate the CASLC. Social networks with strong bonding and bridging social capital can increase the integration between ecocentric and anthropocentric values. In the case of Micronesia, the strong bonding social capital among the local community members enabled the establishment of protected and customary use zones, marine farming, and nursery garden. The success of the CASLC in Micronesia is also due to the inspiration and knowledge from environmental stewardship approaches by other Pacific Island communities, obtained by the chairperson of the Tamil Council of Chiefs after attending a fisheries learning exchange in another state (bridging social capital). This focus on ecocentric and anthropocentric integration is in complete alignment with emerging concepts of “planetary health” that emphasize the compatibility between ecological and human well-being (Myers \u0026amp; Frumkin, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Emerging psychological studies have also found that self-interested individuals are motivated to engage in pro-environmental actions (De Dominicis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The insights from our study, thus, contribute to elaborating these new concepts and addressing the long-standing extremely complex social dilemma of humans versus nature by suggesting a concrete pathway to achieve a sustainable society in which humans live in harmony with nature.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn illustration of the framework in the case study demonstrates its potential real-world application. This case highlights the role of direct interaction between local communities and natural resources, the availability of financial resources, and social infrastructure, reflecting harmony with the values, efficacy, and memory of local stakeholders. This case illustrates the alignment between the initial conditions and psychological state. However, there were limited data to clearly establish the alignment between the institutional design and psychological state in this case. Indeed, there are limited data on psychological factors because the role of positive emotions, efficacy, and memories in the specific context of CASLC is rarely investigated. Despite this limitation, the selected case illustrates our assumptions regarding the key variables and conditions for success of the integrated framework. Regarding the scale of application of our framework, we expect our core findings to work best in local common-pool resources in both developing and developed countries.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Conclusion and Recommendation","content":"\u003cp\u003eResearch on common-pool resources has benefited immensely from the original contributions of Elinor Ostrom, whose insights form an enormously valuable starting point for considering the drivers that explain the success of the CASLC. However, the explanatory factors of psychological state of individuals and how they are linked to collective action is rarely investigated, making it difficult to understand the causes of the long-term effectiveness of the CASLC. This study addresses this gap in the existing literature by integrating complementary insights from psychology to arrive at a more comprehensive explanation of human motivation and behavior for the sustainability of CASLC.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study is solely based on literature review, fieldwork was not conducted, which is a research limitation. Thus, in future research, this framework should be applied to a real-world setting, and primary data should be collected in comparative studies to better understand how this work is practiced. Future research is required to test the applicability of the framework in the different contexts of developed and developing countries. The results from such studies will provide important insights not only into the similarities and differences across different contexts but also on the validity and generalization of the framework. Finally, we invite scholars working in different scientific disciplines relevant to the understanding of effective collective action to join us in protecting the local commons a concerted interdisciplinary effort.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval:\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe author(s) declare(s) that there is no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNguyen Dieu Linh: Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Data curation, Writing - Original draft. 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The Evolution of Social Norms. \u003cem\u003eAnnual Review of Economics\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e(1), 359\u0026ndash;387.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"common-pool resources, collective action for the sustainability of the local commons, psychological state, integrated framework, pro-environmental behavior","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3993318/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3993318/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe common-pool resources that are indispensable for our life is under unprecedented threat. Investigating the factors influencing the effectiveness of collective actions for sustainability of the local commons are both urgent and critical. However, up to now most of the key explanatory factors are limited to the ones initially advocated by Elinor Ostrom of which the individual level and psychological factors have weakly developed. This present research extends the knowledge in this area by advancing a new framework of explanatory factors of effective collective actions for the sustainability of the local commons integrating complementary insights from social, environmental and neural psychology with theory of collective actions of the commons. A qualitative methodology based on two stages of literature review was conducted. The study proposed an integrated framework consisting of three main factors of (1) initial conditions (biophysical conditions in needs of improving, financial capital, physical and social infrastructure); (2) institutional design (inclusion of environmentally relevant knowledge, deliberative collaboration process, collaborative social network, and social norms); and (3) psychological state (eco-centric and anthropocentric values, efficacy, memory of human-nature connection and positive emotions). It is revealed that psychological state in alignment with initial conditions and institutional design is the most consequential under-leveraged factor that explain the sustained effectiveness of collective actions. Conditions for the success of the framework are elaborated with illustration from a case study. Ultimately, the paper aims to enhance the impact of collaborative actions and empower the environmental stewards to conserve the local commons for human and planetary health.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Factors influencing the effectiveness of collective action for the sustainability of the local commons: Toward an integrated framework","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-03-07 18:24:41","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3993318/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a3dc11db-4fdf-4b0d-b0bb-3e425ce07ab0","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 7th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-09T10:53:06+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-03-07 18:24:41","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3993318","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3993318","identity":"rs-3993318","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}