Associated Factors with Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Children aged 1 to 10 years in High- Prevalence Health Posts in Tambacounda Department (Senegal)

Associated Factors with Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Children aged 1 to 10 years in High- Prevalence Health Posts in Tambacounda Department (Senegal) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Associated Factors with Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Children aged 1 to 10 years in High- Prevalence Health Posts in Tambacounda Department (Senegal) El Cheikh Abdoulaye DIOP, Mamadou Makhtar Mbacké LEYE, Ndèye Mbacké KANE, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6676222/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Introduction : The prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis remains very high (≥ 50%) in three health posts in the Tambacounda Department, despite mass treatment with Praziquantel among children aged 5–14 years. This study aims to identify factors associated with the persistence of urogenital schistosomiasis in Tambacounda. Méthodes : We conducted a descriptive analytical study in August 2024. The target population consisted of mothers or guardians of children aged 1–10 years. Data were collected using Kobo Toolbox and analyzed with R 4.4.1. Binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with urogenital schistosomiasis. Results The majority (89.93%) of mothers/guardians accepted preventive measures, while 14.63% of children presented with hematuria. Among children aged [5–10[ years, 66.55% received treatment. Urine dipstick positivity was 35.6%, and 26.34% were carriers of Schistosoma haematobium eggs. The prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis was 34.75% in children aged [5–10[ years compared to 14.94% in those aged [1–5[ years. Associated factors statistically significant included : residence in Bohé Balédji (ORa = 18.99 [3.66–98.53]; p < 0.001), mothers/guardians knowledge of disease symptoms (ORa = 87.01 [2.56–29.58]; p = 0.01), history of hematuria (ORa = 10.66 [2.97–45.54]; p < 0.001), presence of hematuria at the time of the survey (ORa = 17.38 [1.28–235]; p = 0.014) and positive urine dipstick results (ORa = 199 [27.44–723]; p < 0.001). Conclusion Urogenital schistosomiasis prevalence remains high in three health posts in Tambacounda despite mass treatment in children aged [ 5 – 14 ] years. We recommend: strengthening health education for mothers/guardians, systematic screening via urine dipsticks and extending mass treatment to children under 5 years. Schistosomiasis Urogenital Mothers Guardians Children Tambacounda Senegal mothers/caregivers children aged 2-10 years INTRODUCTION Urogenital schistosomiasis (also known as urinary bilharzia) is a parasitic disease caused by the blood fluke Schistosoma haematobium that infects the urinary tract and surrounding tissues [ 1 ]. Transmission occurs primarily through contact with contaminated freshwater where the parasite's fork-tailed cercariae (infective larval stage) penetrate the skin, causing cercarial dermatitis[ 2 ]. During the chronic phase, symptoms include hematuria (blood in urine), pelvic pain, and recurrent urinary tract infections, potentially progressing to severe complications such as chronic bladder lesions [ 3 ]. Primarily endemic to sub-Saharan Africa, urogenital schistosomiasis affects over 700 million people across 78 countries, with 51 nations bearing the highest burden - accounting for approximately 90% of global cases and mortality [ 4 , 5 ]. Diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis is confirmed through microscopic urine analysis, while both therapeutic and preventive management primarily relies on praziquantel administration [ 3 ]. World Health Organization (WHO) classifies schistosomiasis endemicity levels as follows: low endemicity (prevalence ≤ 10%), moderate endemicity: prevalence 10–50% and high endemicity: prevalence ≥ 50% [ 6 ]. In Senegal, in 2013, mapping revealed that 59 out of 72 districts were endemic for schistosomiasis, with high endemicity in the Tambacounda and Kédougou regions. Despite annual Praziquantel distribution campaigns achieving over 80% coverage in these districts, the disease remains highly endemic [ 7 ]. In 2021, a study revealed an average schistosomiasis incidence rate of 28% at the Tambacounda Regional Hospital in 2017 [ 8 ]. In 2023, the impact assessment of urogenital schistosomiasis treatment revealed very high prevalence rates (≥ 50%) in three out of the 43 health facilities in the Tambacounda department: 91% in Balla Bani (Bohé Balédji Health Post), 75% in Ndiayéne (Ndoga Babacar Health Post), and 59% in Saré Gallo (Saré Ely Health Post), identified as "hotspots [ 9 , 10 ]. This persistence highlights the complexity of disease control and underscores the need to understand the underlying factors contributing to its high prevalence despite mass Praziquantel treatment. The sustained high transmission of schistosomiasis is exacerbated by factors such as poor hygiene, open-air urination practices [ 4 , 11 ], and disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which reduced access to appropriate preventive treatments [ 12 ]. This situation underscores the urgent need to tailor prevention and control strategies to local specificities in order to enhance intervention effectiveness and better understand barriers to community acceptance of recommended preventive measures. It is therefore crucial to assess the prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis in health facilities identified as "hotspots," with particular focus on the under 5 and 5 to 10years age groups. Furthermore, it is equally important to identify the determinants and factors associated with this high prevalence, as well as to evaluate the acceptability of preventive measures against urogenital schistosomiasis among mothers or guardians of these children. Additionally, the acceptability of preventive measures would likely vary across health facilities and be influenced by awareness campaigns, cultural perceptions, and healthcare access in these different areas. The objectives of the research are to determine the prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis in "hotspot" health posts, to identify factors associated with this high prevalence, such as hygiene conditions and practices in freshwater areas, and to assess the acceptability of the recommended measures in place, taking into account awareness, cultural perceptions, and access to healthcare in these specific areas. METHODOLOGY Study framework The department of Tambacounda, located in the eponymous region, had a population of 442,397 inhabitants in 2024, covering an area of 13,487 km², resulting in a population density of 33.32 inhabitants/km². In 2024, the department had 2 health districts with 2 reference health posts (located in Tambacounda and Maka Colibantang) and 41 health posts. This study focuses on three health posts in the department identified as "hotspots" due to their very high prevalence rates (≥ 50%) of urogenital schistosomiasis among children aged 5 to 14—the target group for Praziquantel treatment [ 13 ]. Study type, period, and population We conducted a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study in August 2024. The primary target population consisted of children aged 1 to 10 years living in the three "hotspot" health posts in the Tambacounda department: Ndoga Babacar and Saré Ely (Maka Colibantang district) and Bohé Balédji (Tambacounda district) [ 9 , 10 ]. However, for practical and ethical reasons, the study surveyed mothers or caregivers of children aged 1 to 10 years instead of the children themselves. Inclusion and exclusion criteria Were included all children aged 1 to 10 years residing in the three target health posts' catchment areas, whose mothers or caregivers provided free and informed consent. Were excluded children aged 1–10 years not residing in the target health posts' service areas, those absent at the time of the study, cases of refusal (parent/guardian declined participation), and any child with circumstances preventing their participation (e.g., severe illness, disability affecting assessment). The sample size was calculated using Schwartz's formula [ 14 , 15 ] : n = Z² × p × (1-p)/E², where : Z = 1.96 (95% confidence level), p = 90% (estimated prevalence), and E = 5% (margin of error). Sampling Yielding an initial sample of 144. Accounting for a design effect of 2 and 10% non-response rate, the final sample size was 317, rounded to 288 for practical implementation. The study employed a two-stage stratified cluster sampling method across three hotspot health posts. For each post, four villages/neighborhoods were randomly selected (total 12 clusters), with each cluster comprising 24 individuals (12 boys and 12 girls) distributed equally across three age groups (1–5, 5–14, and > 14 years). Households were randomly selected within each cluster, with all present members included. Data collection involved interviewing mothers/caregivers for children under 10 years and direct interviews for those 10 years and older. This analysis focuses specifically on the 192 mothers/caregivers of children under 10 years from the total sample. The stratified approach ensured representation across key demographic groups while maintaining methodological rigor in these high-prevalence areas. Data Collection Data collection was carried out using a closed-ended structured questionnaire via Kobo Collect. Interviewers conducted face-to-face interviews with mothers or caregivers and other individuals in the four selected villages for each health center. Responses were directly recorded on the forms, and each session lasted approximately 15 to 20 minutes. Operational definition of variables The dependent variable was the presence of urogenital schistosomiasis, confirmed by microscopic examination through the detection of Schistosoma haematobium eggs using the filtration technique [ 1 , 3 ]. The independent variables pertained to knowledge, attitudes, practices, acceptability of preventive measures, as well as clinical, paraclinical, and therapeutic data. Data Analysis The data were extracted from Kobo Collect and analyzed using R software version 4.4.1. Descriptive analysis was used to assess knowledge, attitudes, practices (KAP), acceptability of preventive measures, as well as parasitological data and treatment follow-up. Factors associated with the presence of urogenital schistosomiasis were examined using Chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests in bivariate analysis [ 16 – 19 ]. Binary logistic regression was performed using a stepwise method, where the addition of a new variable triggered a reassessment of previously included variables, potentially leading to their removal if they became non-significant [ 20 ]. This approach identified factors associated with urogenital schistosomiasis at a significance threshold of 0.5% [ 16 – 19 ]. Ethical considerations The study protocol was approved by the National Committee for Health Research Ethics (CNERS)under reference number 179/MSAS/CNERS/SP on July 15, 2024 [ 21 ] and received administrative authorization from the Directorate of Planning, Statistics, and Research under reference number 1062 on July 16, 2024 [ 22 ]. Investigators received training on ethical guidelines to ensure proper conduct throughout the study. Free and informed consent was obtained from mothers or caregivers after explaining the study's objectives, procedures, potential risks, and benefits. RESULTS Descriptive study We interviewed 205 mothers and caregivers. 1. Distribution of Mothers/Caregivers by Sociodemographic Characteristics, Knowledge, and Attitudes Regarding Urogenital Schistosomiasis The majority of participants were from the Maka Colibantang district (68.29%), with a balanced distribution between men (48.29%) and women (51.71%). Most were unschooled (87.80%), and over half of the children were aged 5 to 10 (56.56%). Only 35.59% of participants were aware of urogenital schistosomiasis, and 24.9% had received information about the disease. Knowledge of symptoms (28.8%) and modes of transmission (4.9%) was low. Regarding curative treatment, 21% were aware of it, while knowledge of preventive measures remained marginal (6.8%). Nevertheless, 75.6% of participants were willing to discuss the disease, 85.4% expressed intent to seek healthcare, and 62.90% refused to let their children frequent freshwater sources ( Table I ). 2. Distribution of Mothers/Caregivers by Practices and Children by Clinical, Paraclinical, and Therapeutic Characteristics Among mothers/caregivers, 38.50% permitted their children to frequent freshwater sources, despite 21% reporting a history of hematuria. Only a minority (13.2%) had discussed the disease with anyone, and merely 14.1% sought healthcare. Acceptability of preventive measures was high (89.93%). At the time of the survey, 14.63% of children exhibited macroscopic hematuria. Among 5–10-year-olds, 91.53% received treatment for schistosomiasis, compared to 52.7% of children under 10. Few participants (2%) reported side effects. Urine dipstick tests were positive for 35.60% of participants, while microscopy confirmed Schistosoma haematobium eggs in 26.34% of cases. Prevalence was higher in children aged 5–10 (34.75%) than in those under 5 (14.94%) (Table II). Analytical study 3. Associated factors with urogenital schistosomiasis in bivariate analysis In bivariate analysis, the factors significantly associated with urogenital schistosomiasis were: residence in Tambacounda district (OR = 5.14 [2.65–10.2], p < 0.001), age 5–10 years (OR = 2.99 [1.51–6.26], p = 0.003), freshwater contact (OR = 4.96 [2.97–9.88], p < 0.001), history of hematuria (OR = 4.80 [2.35–9.98], p < 0.001), current hematuria at time of survey (OR = 11.9 [5.03–31.2], p < 0.001), rejection of preventive measures (OR = 2.51 [1.6–5.38], p = 0.026), healthcare-seeking behavior (OR = 3.15 [1.38–7.17], p = 0.008), having discussed the disease with someone (OR = 2.95 [1.19–7.27], p = 0.026) and positive urine dipstick test (OR = 65.2 [23.8–237], p < 0.001) (Table III). 4. Associated factors with urogenital schistosomiasis in multivariate analysis In binary logistic regression, the factors significantly associated with urogenital schistosomiasis were: residence in Tambacounda district (aOR = 18.99 [3.66–98.53]; p < 0.001), children whose mothers/caregivers had better knowledge of disease symptoms (aOR = 8.01 [2.56–29.58]; p = 0.01), history of hematuria (aOR = 10.66 [2.97–45.54]; p < 0.001), presence of hematuria at time of survey (aOR = 17.38 [1.28–235]; p = 0.014) and positive urine dipstick test (aOR = 199 [27.44–723]; p < 0.001) (Table IV). DISCUSSION 1. Sociodemographic Characteristics, Knowledge, and Attitudes of Mothers/Caregivers Regarding Urogenital Schistosomiasis Knowledge about urogenital schistosomiasis was insufficient, with only 35.59% of individuals demonstrating good understanding of the disease - a rate lower than that reported by Djagadou et al. in Togo (42.7%) [ 23 ] in 2023. While most informed individuals recognized disease symptoms (78.67%), understanding of transmission modes remained very limited (13.34%), as was knowledge of prevention methods (18.67%). Similar gaps were observed in Benin, where Agossoukpe et al. (2023) found only 25.89% of individuals had adequate knowledge about urogenital schistosomiasis [ 24 ]. These results highlight the need to strengthen awareness campaigns and health education to improve understanding of disease transmission and prevention strategies. Most participants (75.61%) were willing to discuss the disease, and 85.40% expressed willingness to seek healthcare for their children. A majority (62.9%) were reluctant to allow their children to frequent freshwater sources, demonstrating cautious awareness of the infection risks associated with these aquatic environments. 2. Caregiver practices and children's clinical, paraclinical, and therapeutic characteristics The study revealed that 38.5% of mothers/caregivers permitted their children to access freshwater sources, while 21% reported a history of hematuria in their children. These findings highlight how knowledge gaps, negative attitudes, and risky water-related practices contribute to schistosomiasis transmission, particularly among school-aged children and caregivers, emphasizing the urgent need for enhanced health education and addressing sociocultural barriers [ 25 ]. Treatment coverage reached 66.55% for children aged 5–10 years, surpassing the 54.29% reported in Benin [ 24 ], yet indicating room for improved treatment efforts and follow-up. Diagnostic results showed 14.63% of children with current hematuria, 35.60% testing positive on urine dipstick, and 26.34% with microscopically confirmed Schistosoma haematobium eggs. While these prevalence rates were lower than Nigeria's 69% [ 26 ] and higher than Tanzania's 6.9% [ 27 ], they aligned closely with Cameroon's 31.5% [ 28 ], potentially reflecting variations in environmental conditions, control programs, or diagnostic approaches. Notably, infection rates were significantly higher among 5-10-year-olds (34.75%) compared to children under five (14.94%), suggesting increased exposure or vulnerability in older children. The study documented excellent praziquantel tolerance, with only 2% reporting side effects - a striking contrast to the 92% adverse events observed in Sulawesi [ 29 ], possibly attributable to population differences, treatment conditions, or methodological variations between studies. These findings collectively underscore the importance of targeted interventions for school-aged children while maintaining vigilance in treatment safety monitoring across different populations. 3. Associated factors with urogenital schistosomiasis Knowledge of urogenital schistosomiasis symptoms among mothers/caregivers (OR = 8.01 [2.56–29.58], p = 0.01) was associated with higher disease frequency. This may be explained by their greater awareness and subsequent healthcare-seeking behavior for their children. Freshwater contact (OR = 5.44 [2.74–10.83], p < 0.001) and rejection of preventive measures (OR = 2.48 [1.14–5.39], p = 0.022) were strongly associated with urogenital schistosomiasis. This link between freshwater exposure and schistosomiasis occurrence was similarly observed in Nigeria by Balogun et al . [ 26 ] and in Tanzania by Nazareth et al . [ 27 ]. These findings highlight the critical need to reduce exposure to contaminated water sources and improve uptake of preventive measures for infection control. History of hematuria (aOR = 10.66 [2.97–45.54], p < 0.001), hematuria detected during the survey (aOR = 12.29 [5.02–30.39], p < 0.001), and positive urine dipstick test (aOR = 69.2 [22.9-211.29], p < 0.001) were also strongly associated with urogenital schistosomiasis. The urine dipstick test demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy for detecting urogenital schistosomiasis in high-prevalence settings (≥ 50%), underscoring its value for systematic and early screening in highly endemic areas [ 30 ]. Residence in the Tambacounda health district was associated with significantly higher infection risk (aOR = 18.99 [3.66–98.53], p < 0.001), highlighting area-specific environmental or social factors at the Bohé Balédji health post characterized by lack of clean water access and population mobility [ 31 ]. Lack of schistosomiasis treatment showed no significant association with infection status (aOR = 3.43 [0.21–51.57], p = 0.391). This suggests other factors - particularly exposure to contaminated water, preventive measure uptake, and reinfection cycles - may play more determinant roles in disease transmission [ 32 ]. 4. Study limitations Limitations of this study include potential recall and reporting bias among mothers/caregivers, the use of purposive sampling limited to three high-prevalence health posts, and reliance on diagnostic tools (urine dipsticks and microscopy) that may underestimate the true infection prevalence. Furthermore, certain contextual factors such as cultural practices may not have been sufficiently accounted for, while the lack of longitudinal data limits our understanding of long-term transmission dynamics. Finally, the absence of control groups or intervention comparisons restricts the evaluation of preventive and therapeutic measures' effectiveness. CONCLUSION This study highlights significant gaps in knowledge and prevention of urogenital schistosomiasis among mothers/caregivers of children, as well as key environmental and behavioral factors associated with disease transmission. The findings underscore the urgent need to strengthen awareness campaigns and early screening programs to reduce schistosomiasis incidence in high-risk areas. Future interventions should incorporate: targeted educational strategies, environmental control measures, continuous surveillance to address socio-cultural and environmental determinants of transmission, and expansion of mass Praziquantel treatment to children under 5 years. While this study provides crucial insights, its limitations must be acknowledged, and further research is needed to better understand transmission dynamics and optimize control strategies for urogenital schistosomiasis. Declarations Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no competing interests. What was known about the subject? It was established that urogenital schistosomiasis is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, primarily due to exposure to contaminated water. Symptoms such as hematuria were key indicators, and insufficient knowledge about the disease contributed to its spread. Control strategies relied on antiparasitic drugs, with challenges related to reinfections and adherence to preventive measures. What does this study add that is new? This study uncovers significant gaps in knowledge about urogenital schistosomiasis in Senegal and identifies specific risk factors, such as exposure to freshwater sources and children's age. It also demonstrates the effectiveness of urine test strips for screening and highlights local disparities in risk. Authors' contributions: Dr. El Hadji Cheikh Abdoulaye DIOP was the principal initiator of this study as part of his doctoral thesis in public health, supervised by Professor Mamadou Makhtar Mbacké LEYE. Adélaïde Ndew DOG, Dr. Dossolo SANOGO, and members of the Tambacounda District core team contributed to the questionnaire design. Dr. Bayal CISSE and Dr. Ndèye Mbacké KANE supported research funding. Acknowledgments: We would like to thank the National Program for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (PLMNT) and the Accelerating Resilient and Sustainable Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases (ARISE) project for funding this research. We also extend our sincere gratitude to all members of the extended core team of the Tambacounda Health District who participated in data collection, as well as to all the mothers and caregivers who kindly agreed to take part in this study. References Colley DG, Bustinduy AL, Secor WE, King CH. Human schistosomiasis. Lancet . 2014;383(9936):2253-64. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61949-2. ePILLY Trop. Maladies infectieuses tropicales . 2022 [cited 2024 Jan 27]. Available from: www.infectiologie.com. CDC. CDC - DPDx - Schistosomiasis Infection . 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Meta-analysis of urine heme dipstick diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis . 2013;7(9):e2431. ANSD/SRSD. Situation économique et sociale régionale Tambacounda 2019 . Tambacounda ; 2019. 107 p. Aula OP, McManus DP, Jones MK, Gordon CA. Schistosomiasis with a focus on Africa. Trop Med Infect Dis . 2021;6(3):1-40. Tables Table I : Distribution of mothers or guardians according to socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge and attitudes towards urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS) Variables Absolute frequency (n) Relative Frequency (%) 1. Distribution by district -Tambacounda 65 31,71 -Maka Colibantang 130 68,29 2. Gender distribution -Masculine 99 48,29 -Feminine 106 51,71 3. Distribution by education -Yes 25 12,20 -No 180 87,80 4. Age distribution -1 to 5 years old 87 43,44 - 5 to 10 years 118 56,56 5. Knowledge of the BUG -Yes 75 35,59 -No 130 63,41 6. BUG Information -Yes 51 24,9 -No 154 75,1 7. Knowledge of the main symptoms -Yes 59 28,8 -No 146 71,2 8. Knowledge of the modes of transmission -Yes 10 4,9 -No 195 95,1 9. Knowledge of curative treatment -Yes 43 21 -No 162 79 10. Knowledge of the means of prevention -Yes 14 6,8 -No 191 93,2 11. Would be willing to talk about illness -Yes 155 75,61 -No 50 24,39 12. Talking to someone about the disease -Yes 27 13,2 -No 178 86,8 13. Intention to let freshwater frequent -Yes 76 37,10 -No 129 62,90 Table II : Distribution of mothers or guardians according to practices and of children according to clinical, paraclinical and therapeutic characteristics Variables Absolute frequency (n) Relative Frequency (%) 14. To be frequented by fresh waters -Yes 79 38,50 -No 126 58,50 15. Intention to seek care -Yes 175 85,40 -No 30 14,60 16. Having sought care -Yes 29 14,1 -No 176 85,9 17. Acceptability of preventive measures -Yes 170 89,93 -No 35 10,07 18. Concept of anterior hematuria -Yes 43 21,00 -No 162 79,00 19. Hematuria at the time of investigation -Yes 30 14,63 -No 175 85,37 20. Treatment of schistosomiasis 5 to 10 years -Yes 108 91,53 -No 18 8,47 21. Treatment in children under 10 years of age -Yes 108 52,7 -No 97 47,3 22. Existence of side effects -Yes 4 2 -No 201 92 23. Urine dipstick results -Positive 73 35,60 -Negative 132 64,40 24. Microscopy Results -Presence of SH eggs 54 26,34 -Absence of SH eggs 151 73,66 25. Distribution by prevalence -Under 5 years old 13 14,94 -5 to 10 years 41 34,75 Table III: Identification of factors associated with UGS in bivariate analysis Variables Respondents P value Yes (%) N= No (%) N= 1. District Tambacounda 32 (49,2%) 33 (50,8%) <0.001* Maka Colibantang 22 (15,7%) 118 (84,3%) 2. Age group Ages 5 and up 41 (34,7%) 77 (65,3%) 0,003* Under 5 years old 13 (14,9%) 74 (85,1%) 3. Sex of the child Masculine 31 (31,3%) 68 (78,7%) 0,161 Feminine 23 (21,7%) 83 (68,3%) 4. Schooling of the child Yes 7 (28%) 18 (72%) 0,99 No 47 (26,1%) 133 (73,9%) 5. Knowledge of urogenital bilharzia Yes 23 (30,7%) 52 (69,3%) 0,366 No 31 (23,8%) 99 (76,2%) 6. Informed about urogenital schistosomiasis Yes 14 (27,5%) 37 (72,5%) 0,981 No 40 (26%) 114 (74%) 7. Knowledge Main Symptoms Yes 21 (35,6%) 38 (64,4%) 0,082 No 33 (22,6%) 113 (77,4%) 8. Knowledge of transmission methods Yes 3 (30%) 7 (70%) 0,725 No 51 (26,2%) 14 (73,8%) 9. Knowledge of curative treatment Yes 14 (32,6%) 29 (67,4%) 0,397 No 40 (24,7%) 122 (75,3%) 10. Knowledge of the means of prevention Yes 3 (21,4%) 11 (78,6%) 0,99 No 51 (26,7%) 140 (73,3%) 11. Concept of anterior hematuria Yes 23 (53,5%) 20 (46,5%) <0.001* No 31 (19,1%) 131 (80,9%) 12. Talking to someone about the disease Yes 11 (48,8%) 6 (52,2%) 0,026* No 43 (23,6%) 139 (76,4%) 13. Having sought care Yes 14 (48,3%) 15 (51,7%) 0,008* No 40 (22,7%) 136 (77,3%) 14. Freshwater Visitation No 36 (45,6%) 43 (53,4%) <0.001* No 18 (14,3%) 108 (85,7%) 15. Acceptability of Preventive Measures No 15 (42,9%) 20 (57,1%) 0,026* Yes 39 (22,9%) 131 (77,1%) 16. Hematuria at the time of investigation Yes 22 (76,3%) 8 (26,7%) <0.001* No 32 (18,3%) 143 (81,7%) 17. Treatment of schistosomiasis in 5 to 10 years of age No 36 (33,3%) 72 (66,7%) 0,025* Yes 18 (18,6%) 79 (81,4%) 18. Existence of side effects Yes 3 (75%) 1 (25%) 0,057* No 51 (25,4%) 150 (74,6%) 19. Urine dipstick results Positive 50 (68,5%) 23 (31,5%) <0.001* Negative 4 (3,03%) 128 (96,97%) Table I V : Identification of factors associated with UGS in multivariate analysis Variables Bivariate analysis Multivariate analysis P value GOLD Ruffian IC at 95% P value Adjusted GOLD IC at 95% District Tambacounda <0.001* 5,14 [2,65-10,2] < 0.001* 18,99 [3,66-98,53] Ages 5 to 10 0,003* 2,99 [1,51-6,26] 0,666 1,39 [0,31-6,13] Male 0,161 1,64 [0,88-3,10] 0,86 0,9 [0.27-3.02] Not in school 0,99 1,11 [0,41-2,76] 0,557 1,66 [0.28-9.86] BUG Knowledge 0,366 1,41 [0,74; 2,67] 0,369 0,24 [0.01-5.36] Informed about the BUG 0,981 1,08 [0,52; 2,19] 0,3 0,358 [0.02-3.96] Sign Knowledge 0,082 1,89 [0,97-3,66] 0,01* 8,71 [2,56-29,58] Knowledge and transmission 0,725 1,24 [0,25; 4,79] 0,127 21,94 [2,56-29,58] Treatment knowledge 0,397 1,48 [0.69; Rev. 3,24] 0,579 0,45 [0,03-7,65] Lack of knowledge prevention 0,99 1,29 [0.38; 6,16] 0,078 21,84 [0,77-61,68] Frequent fresh water <0.001* 4,96 [2,97-9,88] 0,8 11,86 [0.19-3.34] Refusals by preventive means 0,026* 2,51 [1,6-5,38] 0,33 0,44 [0.9-2.88] History of hematuria <0.001* 4,80 [2,35-9,98] < 0.001* 10,66 [2,97-45,54] Talking about the disease 0,026* 2,95 [1,19; 7,27] 0,112 11,86 [0,52-27,22] Use of care 0.008 * 3,15 [1,38; 7,17] 0,128 0,7 [0,2-2,11] Hematuria during the investigation <0.001* 11,9 [5,03-31,2] 0,014* 17,38 [1,28-235] Not treated against BUG 0,025* 2,18 [1,15; 4,26] 0,686 1,33 [0,33-5,36] Existence side effects 0,057 8,02 [0,91; 234] 0,389 7,09 [0.7-67.66 ] Positive urine dipstick <0.001* 65,2 [23,8-237] < 0.001* 199 [27,44-723] Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6676222","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":457338737,"identity":"66f34067-1367-4ea6-af75-abf262febd74","order_by":0,"name":"El Cheikh Abdoulaye DIOP","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDCCAwwMEgkMDHL87A1AnoEF8VqMJXsOgLRIEKkFSCVuuJEA4hKhhe9488MbDyruGDPcfH51w48CCQb+9u4EvFokzxwztkg480yOcXZO2c0eoMMkzpzdgFeLwY0cNonEtsPGzNI5aTd4gFoMJHKJ05LYJnkm7eYfkrT0SLAfu02ULTC/GEvw5LDdljGQ4CHoF1CI3fxRcUfO/vjxZzff/LGR42/vxa8FCg4AMY8BiMVDjHKYFvYHxKoeBaNgFIyCEQYAh25OIeMQ+1gAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Tambacounda Health District","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"El","middleName":"Cheikh Abdoulaye","lastName":"DIOP","suffix":""},{"id":457338738,"identity":"c98fb1d1-1955-44e7-9071-c778ef1e3496","order_by":1,"name":"Mamadou Makhtar Mbacké LEYE","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mamadou","middleName":"Makhtar Mbacké","lastName":"LEYE","suffix":""},{"id":457338739,"identity":"94853925-3a22-4807-ad87-426a153dce8d","order_by":2,"name":"Ndèye Mbacké KANE","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Program for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ndèye","middleName":"Mbacké","lastName":"KANE","suffix":""},{"id":457338740,"identity":"88b2710f-502e-4aca-b270-3e26cb05d78e","order_by":3,"name":"Adélaïde Ndew DOG","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tambacounda Health District","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Adélaïde","middleName":"Ndew","lastName":"DOG","suffix":""},{"id":457338741,"identity":"b85a7fed-ebc3-489a-8c69-e2fdb92675ec","order_by":4,"name":"Bayal CISSE","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Regional Health Directorate of Tambacounda","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Bayal","middleName":"","lastName":"CISSE","suffix":""},{"id":457338742,"identity":"15323b8b-0ca0-48c2-abb9-117fbc115434","order_by":5,"name":"Dossolo SANOGO","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tambacounda Health District","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dossolo","middleName":"","lastName":"SANOGO","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-16 01:53:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6676222/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6676222/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":83468504,"identity":"136543b0-a25d-4b5b-aa42-63422ebee1fc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-26 23:16:22","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2420172,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6676222/v1/75ca4612-2c89-43a7-84c9-f6e685a5fcb1.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eAssociated Factors with Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Children aged 1 to 10 years in High- Prevalence Health Posts in Tambacounda Department (Senegal)\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eUrogenital schistosomiasis (also known as urinary bilharzia) is a parasitic disease caused by the blood fluke \u003cem\u003eSchistosoma haematobium\u003c/em\u003e that infects the urinary tract and surrounding tissues [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Transmission occurs primarily through contact with contaminated freshwater where the parasite's fork-tailed cercariae (infective larval stage) penetrate the skin, causing cercarial dermatitis[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. During the chronic phase, symptoms include hematuria (blood in urine), pelvic pain, and recurrent urinary tract infections, potentially progressing to severe complications such as chronic bladder lesions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrimarily endemic to sub-Saharan Africa, urogenital schistosomiasis affects over 700\u0026nbsp;million people across 78 countries, with 51 nations bearing the highest burden - accounting for approximately 90% of global cases and mortality [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis is confirmed through microscopic urine analysis, while both therapeutic and preventive management primarily relies on praziquantel administration [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorld Health Organization (WHO) classifies schistosomiasis endemicity levels as follows: low endemicity (prevalence\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;10%), moderate endemicity: prevalence 10\u0026ndash;50% and high endemicity: prevalence\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;50% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Senegal, in 2013, mapping revealed that 59 out of 72 districts were endemic for schistosomiasis, with high endemicity in the Tambacounda and K\u0026eacute;dougou regions. Despite annual Praziquantel distribution campaigns achieving over 80% coverage in these districts, the disease remains highly endemic [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. In 2021, a study revealed an average schistosomiasis incidence rate of 28% at the Tambacounda Regional Hospital in 2017 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn 2023, the impact assessment of urogenital schistosomiasis treatment revealed very high prevalence rates (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;50%) in three out of the 43 health facilities in the Tambacounda department: 91% in Balla Bani (Boh\u0026eacute; Bal\u0026eacute;dji Health Post), 75% in Ndiay\u0026eacute;ne (Ndoga Babacar Health Post), and 59% in Sar\u0026eacute; Gallo (Sar\u0026eacute; Ely Health Post), identified as \"hotspots [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. This persistence highlights the complexity of disease control and underscores the need to understand the underlying factors contributing to its high prevalence despite mass Praziquantel treatment. The sustained high transmission of schistosomiasis is exacerbated by factors such as poor hygiene, open-air urination practices [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], and disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which reduced access to appropriate preventive treatments [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. This situation underscores the urgent need to tailor prevention and control strategies to local specificities in order to enhance intervention effectiveness and better understand barriers to community acceptance of recommended preventive measures.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is therefore crucial to assess the prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis in health facilities identified as \"hotspots,\" with particular focus on the under 5 and 5 to 10years age groups. Furthermore, it is equally important to identify the determinants and factors associated with this high prevalence, as well as to evaluate the acceptability of preventive measures against urogenital schistosomiasis among mothers or guardians of these children. Additionally, the acceptability of preventive measures would likely vary across health facilities and be influenced by awareness campaigns, cultural perceptions, and healthcare access in these different areas.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe objectives of the research are to determine the prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis in \"hotspot\" health posts, to identify factors associated with this high prevalence, such as hygiene conditions and practices in freshwater areas, and to assess the acceptability of the recommended measures in place, taking into account awareness, cultural perceptions, and access to healthcare in these specific areas.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODOLOGY","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy framework\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe department of Tambacounda, located in the eponymous region, had a population of 442,397 inhabitants in 2024, covering an area of 13,487 km\u0026sup2;, resulting in a population density of 33.32 inhabitants/km\u0026sup2;. In 2024, the department had 2 health districts with 2 reference health posts (located in Tambacounda and Maka Colibantang) and 41 health posts. This study focuses on three health posts in the department identified as \"hotspots\" due to their very high prevalence rates (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;50%) of urogenital schistosomiasis among children aged 5 to 14\u0026mdash;the target group for Praziquantel treatment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy type, period, and population\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe conducted a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study in August 2024. The primary target population consisted of children aged 1 to 10 years living in the three \"hotspot\" health posts in the Tambacounda department: Ndoga Babacar and Sar\u0026eacute; Ely (Maka Colibantang district) and Boh\u0026eacute; Bal\u0026eacute;dji (Tambacounda district) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. However, for practical and ethical reasons, the study surveyed mothers or caregivers of children aged 1 to 10 years instead of the children themselves.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInclusion and exclusion criteria\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWere included all children aged 1 to 10 years residing in the three target health posts' catchment areas, whose mothers or caregivers provided free and informed consent.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWere excluded children aged 1\u0026ndash;10 years not residing in the target health posts' service areas, those absent at the time of the study, cases of refusal (parent/guardian declined participation), and any child with circumstances preventing their participation (e.g., severe illness, disability affecting assessment).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample size was calculated using Schwartz's formula [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] : n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Z\u0026sup2; \u0026times; p \u0026times; (1-p)/E\u0026sup2;, where :\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.96 (95% confidence level),\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;90% (estimated prevalence),\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eand E\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5% (margin of error).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSampling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYielding an initial sample of 144. Accounting for a design effect of 2 and 10% non-response rate, the final sample size was 317, rounded to 288 for practical implementation. The study employed a two-stage stratified cluster sampling method across three hotspot health posts. For each post, four villages/neighborhoods were randomly selected (total 12 clusters), with each cluster comprising 24 individuals (12 boys and 12 girls) distributed equally across three age groups (1\u0026ndash;5, 5\u0026ndash;14, and \u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;14 years). Households were randomly selected within each cluster, with all present members included. Data collection involved interviewing mothers/caregivers for children under 10 years and direct interviews for those 10 years and older. This analysis focuses specifically on the 192 mothers/caregivers of children under 10 years from the total sample. The stratified approach ensured representation across key demographic groups while maintaining methodological rigor in these high-prevalence areas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData collection was carried out using a closed-ended structured questionnaire via Kobo Collect. Interviewers conducted face-to-face interviews with mothers or caregivers and other individuals in the four selected villages for each health center. Responses were directly recorded on the forms, and each session lasted approximately 15 to 20 minutes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOperational definition of variables\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe dependent variable was the presence of urogenital schistosomiasis, confirmed by microscopic examination through the detection of Schistosoma haematobium eggs using the filtration technique [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. The independent variables pertained to knowledge, attitudes, practices, acceptability of preventive measures, as well as clinical, paraclinical, and therapeutic data.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data were extracted from Kobo Collect and analyzed using R software version 4.4.1. Descriptive analysis was used to assess knowledge, attitudes, practices (KAP), acceptability of preventive measures, as well as parasitological data and treatment follow-up. Factors associated with the presence of urogenital schistosomiasis were examined using Chi-square or Fisher\u0026rsquo;s exact tests in bivariate analysis [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR17 CR18\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Binary logistic regression was performed using a stepwise method, where the addition of a new variable triggered a reassessment of previously included variables, potentially leading to their removal if they became non-significant [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. This approach identified factors associated with urogenital schistosomiasis at a significance threshold of 0.5% [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR17 CR18\" citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEthical considerations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study protocol was approved by the National Committee for Health Research Ethics (CNERS)under reference number 179/MSAS/CNERS/SP on July 15, 2024 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e] and received administrative authorization from the Directorate of Planning, Statistics, and Research under reference number 1062 on July 16, 2024 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e]. Investigators received training on ethical guidelines to ensure proper conduct throughout the study. Free and informed consent was obtained from mothers or caregivers after explaining the study's objectives, procedures, potential risks, and benefits.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDescriptive study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe interviewed 205 mothers and caregivers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1. Distribution of Mothers/Caregivers by Sociodemographic Characteristics, Knowledge, and Attitudes Regarding Urogenital Schistosomiasis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe majority of participants were from the Maka Colibantang district (68.29%), with a balanced distribution between men (48.29%) and women (51.71%). Most were unschooled (87.80%), and over half of the children were aged 5 to 10 (56.56%). Only 35.59% of participants were aware of urogenital schistosomiasis, and 24.9% had received information about the disease. Knowledge of symptoms (28.8%) and modes of transmission (4.9%) was low. Regarding curative treatment, 21% were aware of it, while knowledge of preventive measures remained marginal (6.8%). Nevertheless, 75.6% of participants were willing to discuss the disease, 85.4% expressed intent to seek healthcare, and 62.90% refused to let their children frequent freshwater sources (\u003cb\u003eTable I\u003c/b\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2. Distribution of Mothers/Caregivers by Practices and Children by Clinical, Paraclinical, and Therapeutic Characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong mothers/caregivers, 38.50% permitted their children to frequent freshwater sources, despite 21% reporting a history of hematuria. Only a minority (13.2%) had discussed the disease with anyone, and merely 14.1% sought healthcare. Acceptability of preventive measures was high (89.93%). At the time of the survey, 14.63% of children exhibited macroscopic hematuria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong 5\u0026ndash;10-year-olds, 91.53% received treatment for schistosomiasis, compared to 52.7% of children under 10. Few participants (2%) reported side effects. Urine dipstick tests were positive for 35.60% of participants, while microscopy confirmed Schistosoma haematobium eggs in 26.34% of cases. Prevalence was higher in children aged 5\u0026ndash;10 (34.75%) than in those under 5 (14.94%) \u003cb\u003e(Table II).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnalytical study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3. Associated factors with urogenital schistosomiasis in bivariate analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn bivariate analysis, the factors significantly associated with urogenital schistosomiasis were: residence in Tambacounda district (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.14 [2.65\u0026ndash;10.2], p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), age 5\u0026ndash;10 years (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.99 [1.51\u0026ndash;6.26], p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003), freshwater contact (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.96 [2.97\u0026ndash;9.88], p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), history of hematuria (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.80 [2.35\u0026ndash;9.98], p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), current hematuria at time of survey (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11.9 [5.03\u0026ndash;31.2], p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), rejection of preventive measures (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.51 [1.6\u0026ndash;5.38], p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.026), healthcare-seeking behavior (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.15 [1.38\u0026ndash;7.17], p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.008), having discussed the disease with someone (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.95 [1.19\u0026ndash;7.27], p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.026) and positive urine dipstick test (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;65.2 [23.8\u0026ndash;237], p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) \u003cb\u003e(Table III).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4. Associated factors with urogenital schistosomiasis in multivariate analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn binary logistic regression, the factors significantly associated with urogenital schistosomiasis were: residence in Tambacounda district (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18.99 [3.66\u0026ndash;98.53]; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), children whose mothers/caregivers had better knowledge of disease symptoms (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.01 [2.56\u0026ndash;29.58]; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01), history of hematuria (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10.66 [2.97\u0026ndash;45.54]; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), presence of hematuria at time of survey (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17.38 [1.28\u0026ndash;235]; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.014) and positive urine dipstick test (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;199 [27.44\u0026ndash;723]; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) \u003cb\u003e(Table IV).\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e1. Sociodemographic Characteristics, Knowledge, and Attitudes of Mothers/Caregivers Regarding Urogenital Schistosomiasis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge about urogenital schistosomiasis was insufficient, with only 35.59% of individuals demonstrating good understanding of the disease - a rate lower than that reported by Djagadou et al. in Togo (42.7%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e] in 2023. While most informed individuals recognized disease symptoms (78.67%), understanding of transmission modes remained very limited (13.34%), as was knowledge of prevention methods (18.67%). Similar gaps were observed in Benin, where Agossoukpe et \u003cem\u003eal.\u003c/em\u003e (2023) found only 25.89% of individuals had adequate knowledge about urogenital schistosomiasis [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. These results highlight the need to strengthen awareness campaigns and health education to improve understanding of disease transmission and prevention strategies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost participants (75.61%) were willing to discuss the disease, and 85.40% expressed willingness to seek healthcare for their children. A majority (62.9%) were reluctant to allow their children to frequent freshwater sources, demonstrating cautious awareness of the infection risks associated with these aquatic environments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2. Caregiver practices and children's clinical, paraclinical, and therapeutic characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study revealed that 38.5% of mothers/caregivers permitted their children to access freshwater sources, while 21% reported a history of hematuria in their children. These findings highlight how knowledge gaps, negative attitudes, and risky water-related practices contribute to schistosomiasis transmission, particularly among school-aged children and caregivers, emphasizing the urgent need for enhanced health education and addressing sociocultural barriers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment coverage reached 66.55% for children aged 5\u0026ndash;10 years, surpassing the 54.29% reported in Benin [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e], yet indicating room for improved treatment efforts and follow-up. Diagnostic results showed 14.63% of children with current hematuria, 35.60% testing positive on urine dipstick, and 26.34% with microscopically confirmed Schistosoma haematobium eggs. While these prevalence rates were lower than Nigeria's 69% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e] and higher than Tanzania's 6.9% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], they aligned closely with Cameroon's 31.5% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], potentially reflecting variations in environmental conditions, control programs, or diagnostic approaches. Notably, infection rates were significantly higher among 5-10-year-olds (34.75%) compared to children under five (14.94%), suggesting increased exposure or vulnerability in older children. The study documented excellent praziquantel tolerance, with only 2% reporting side effects - a striking contrast to the 92% adverse events observed in Sulawesi [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e], possibly attributable to population differences, treatment conditions, or methodological variations between studies. These findings collectively underscore the importance of targeted interventions for school-aged children while maintaining vigilance in treatment safety monitoring across different populations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3. Associated factors with urogenital schistosomiasis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eKnowledge of urogenital schistosomiasis symptoms among mothers/caregivers (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.01 [2.56\u0026ndash;29.58], p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01) was associated with higher disease frequency. This may be explained by their greater awareness and subsequent healthcare-seeking behavior for their children.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFreshwater contact (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5.44 [2.74\u0026ndash;10.83], p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) and rejection of preventive measures (OR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2.48 [1.14\u0026ndash;5.39], p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.022) were strongly associated with urogenital schistosomiasis. This link between freshwater exposure and schistosomiasis occurrence was similarly observed in Nigeria by Balogun et \u003cem\u003eal\u003c/em\u003e. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e] and in Tanzania by Nazareth et \u003cem\u003eal\u003c/em\u003e. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. These findings highlight the critical need to reduce exposure to contaminated water sources and improve uptake of preventive measures for infection control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistory of hematuria (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10.66 [2.97\u0026ndash;45.54], p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), hematuria detected during the survey (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12.29 [5.02\u0026ndash;30.39], p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), and positive urine dipstick test (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;69.2 [22.9-211.29], p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) were also strongly associated with urogenital schistosomiasis. The urine dipstick test demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy for detecting urogenital schistosomiasis in high-prevalence settings (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;50%), underscoring its value for systematic and early screening in highly endemic areas [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidence in the Tambacounda health district was associated with significantly higher infection risk (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18.99 [3.66\u0026ndash;98.53], p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), highlighting area-specific environmental or social factors at the Boh\u0026eacute; Bal\u0026eacute;dji health post characterized by lack of clean water access and population mobility [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLack of schistosomiasis treatment showed no significant association with infection status (aOR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.43 [0.21\u0026ndash;51.57], p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.391). This suggests other factors - particularly exposure to contaminated water, preventive measure uptake, and reinfection cycles - may play more determinant roles in disease transmission [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e4. Study limitations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimitations of this study include potential recall and reporting bias among mothers/caregivers, the use of purposive sampling limited to three high-prevalence health posts, and reliance on diagnostic tools (urine dipsticks and microscopy) that may underestimate the true infection prevalence. Furthermore, certain contextual factors such as cultural practices may not have been sufficiently accounted for, while the lack of longitudinal data limits our understanding of long-term transmission dynamics. Finally, the absence of control groups or intervention comparisons restricts the evaluation of preventive and therapeutic measures' effectiveness.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study highlights significant gaps in knowledge and prevention of urogenital schistosomiasis among mothers/caregivers of children, as well as key environmental and behavioral factors associated with disease transmission. The findings underscore the urgent need to strengthen awareness campaigns and early screening programs to reduce schistosomiasis incidence in high-risk areas. Future interventions should incorporate: targeted educational strategies, environmental control measures, continuous surveillance to address socio-cultural and environmental determinants of transmission, and expansion of mass Praziquantel treatment to children under 5 years. While this study provides crucial insights, its limitations must be acknowledged, and further research is needed to better understand transmission dynamics and optimize control strategies for urogenital schistosomiasis.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest statement:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat was known about the subject?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was established that urogenital schistosomiasis is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, primarily due to exposure to contaminated water. Symptoms such as hematuria were key indicators, and insufficient knowledge about the disease contributed to its spread. Control strategies relied on antiparasitic drugs, with challenges related to reinfections and adherence to preventive measures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat does this study add that is new?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study uncovers significant gaps in knowledge about urogenital schistosomiasis in Senegal and identifies specific risk factors, such as exposure to freshwater sources and children\u0026apos;s age. It also demonstrates the effectiveness of urine test strips for screening and highlights local disparities in risk.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDr. El Hadji Cheikh Abdoulaye DIOP was the principal initiator of this study as part of his doctoral thesis in public health, supervised by Professor Mamadou Makhtar Mback\u0026eacute; LEYE. Ad\u0026eacute;la\u0026iuml;de Ndew DOG, Dr. Dossolo SANOGO, and members of the Tambacounda District core team contributed to the questionnaire design. Dr. Bayal CISSE and Dr. Nd\u0026egrave;ye Mback\u0026eacute; KANE supported research funding.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eWe would like to thank the National Program for the Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (PLMNT) and the Accelerating Resilient and Sustainable Elimination of Neglected Tropical Diseases (ARISE) project for funding this research. We also extend our sincere gratitude to all members of the extended core team of the Tambacounda Health District who participated in data collection, as well as to all the mothers and caregivers who kindly agreed to take part in this study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eColley DG, Bustinduy AL, Secor WE, King CH. 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Urogenital schistosomiasis prevalence and MDA compliance in Tanzania. \u003cem\u003eParasite Epidemiol Control\u003c/em\u003e. 2022;18:e00257.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGreen AE, Anchang-Kimbi JK, Wepnje GB, et \u003cem\u003eal.\u003c/em\u003e Urogenital schistosomiasis in Cameroon. \u003cem\u003eInfect Dis Poverty\u003c/em\u003e. 2021;10(1):1-15.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePutri ASD, Diana TV, Daris R, et \u003cem\u003eal.\u003c/em\u003e Community perception of schistosomiasis mass treatment in Indonesia. \u003cem\u003eGac Sanit\u003c/em\u003e. 2021;35(S1):35-90.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKing CH, Bertsch D. Meta-analysis of urine heme dipstick diagnosis of \u003cem\u003eSchistosoma haematobium \u003c/em\u003einfection. \u003cem\u003ePLoS Negl Trop Dis\u003c/em\u003e. 2013;7(9):e2431.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eANSD/SRSD. \u003cem\u003eSituation \u0026eacute;conomique et sociale r\u0026eacute;gionale Tambacounda 2019\u003c/em\u003e. Tambacounda ; 2019. 107 p.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAula OP, McManus DP, Jones MK, Gordon CA. Schistosomiasis with a focus on Africa. \u003cem\u003eTrop Med Infect Dis\u003c/em\u003e. 2021;6(3):1-40.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eI\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Distribution of mothers or guardians according to socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge and attitudes towards urogenital schistosomiasis (UGS)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbsolute frequency (n)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelative Frequency (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. Distribution by district\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -Tambacounda\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e31,71\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -Maka Colibantang\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e68,29\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Gender distribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -Masculine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e48,29\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -Feminine\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e51,71\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Distribution by education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e12,20\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e87,80\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Age distribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -1 to 5 years old\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e43,44\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; - 5 to 10 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e56,56\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5. Knowledge of the BUG\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e35,59\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e130\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e63,41\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6. BUG Information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 24,9\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e154\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e75,1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7. Knowledge of the main symptoms\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e28,8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e146\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e71,2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8. Knowledge of the modes of transmission\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e4,9\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e195\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e95,1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9. Knowledge of curative treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e21\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e79\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10. Knowledge of the means of prevention\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e6,8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e191\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93,2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11. Would be willing to talk about illness\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e75,61\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e24,39\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12. Talking to someone about the disease\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e13,2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e86,8\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13. Intention to let freshwater frequent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -Yes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e37,10\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e62,90\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eII\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistribution of mothers or guardians according to practices and of children according to clinical, paraclinical and therapeutic characteristics\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAbsolute frequency (n)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelative Frequency (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14. To be frequented by fresh waters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e38,50\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e58,50\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15. Intention to seek care\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e85,40\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e14,60\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e16. Having sought care\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e14,1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e85,9\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17. Acceptability of preventive measures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89,93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10,07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e18. Concept of anterior hematuria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e21,00\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e162\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e79,00\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e19. Hematuria at the time of investigation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e14,63\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e85,37\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20. Treatment of schistosomiasis 5 to 10 years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91,53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e8,47\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e21. Treatment in children under 10 years of age\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e52,7\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e47,3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e22. Existence of side effects\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -Yes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -No\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e201\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e92\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e23. Urine dipstick results\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -Positive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e35,60\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -Negative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e64,40\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e24. Microscopy Results\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -Presence of SH eggs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e26,34\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; -Absence of SH eggs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e73,66\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e25. Distribution by prevalence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-Under 5 years old\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e14,94\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 51px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;-5 to 10 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 24px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e34,75\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable III:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIdentification of factors associated with UGS in bivariate analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" align=\"left\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 38px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRespondents\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes (%) N=\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo (%) N=\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. District\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTambacounda\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (49,2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (50,8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMaka Colibantang\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (15,7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118 (84,3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Age group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAges 5 and up\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41 (34,7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77 (65,3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,003*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUnder 5 years old\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (14,9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74 (85,1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Sex of the child\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMasculine\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (31,3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68 (78,7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFeminine\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (21,7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;83 (68,3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4. Schooling of the child\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYes\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (28%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (72%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNo\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47 \u0026nbsp;(26,1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e133 (73,9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5. Knowledge of urogenital bilharzia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYes\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (30,7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52 (69,3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNo\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (23,8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99 (76,2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6. Informed about urogenital schistosomiasis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYes\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (27,5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37 (72,5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,981\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNo\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (26%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e114 (74%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7. Knowledge Main Symptoms\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYes\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (35,6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38 (64,4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,082\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNo\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (22,6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;113 (77,4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8. Knowledge of transmission methods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYes\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (30%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (70%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,725\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNo\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51 (26,2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (73,8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9. Knowledge of curative treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (32,6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (67,4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,397\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNo\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (24,7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122 (75,3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10. Knowledge of the means of prevention\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYes\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (21,4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (78,6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNo\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51 (26,7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e140 (73,3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11. Concept of anterior hematuria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYes\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (53,5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (46,5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNo\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (19,1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131 (80,9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12. Talking to someone about the disease\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYes\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11 (48,8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (52,2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,026*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNo\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (23,6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e139 (76,4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13. Having sought care\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYes\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (48,3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (51,7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,008*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNo\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (22,7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;136 (77,3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e14. Freshwater Visitation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNo\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (45,6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43 (53,4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNo\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (14,3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108 (85,7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15. Acceptability of Preventive Measures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNo\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (42,9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (57,1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,026*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYes\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39 (22,9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131 (77,1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e16. Hematuria at the time of investigation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYes\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (76,3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (26,7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNo\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32 (18,3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e143 (81,7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17. Treatment of schistosomiasis in 5 to 10 years of age\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNo\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (33,3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72 (66,7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,025*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYes\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (18,6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79 (81,4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e18. Existence of side effects\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYes\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (75%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (25%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,057*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNo\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51 (25,4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150 (74,6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 100px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e19. Urine dipstick results\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePositive\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 (68,5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23 (31,5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cul\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNegative\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ul\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (3,03%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128 (96,97%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable I\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIdentification of factors associated with UGS in multivariate analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"110%\"\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 30px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBivariate analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMultivariate analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGOLD\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRuffian\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIC\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eat 95%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdjusted GOLD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIC\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eat 95%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDistrict Tambacounda\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5,14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e[2,65-10,2]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e18,99\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e[3,66-98,53]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAges 5 to 10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0,003*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2,99\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e[1,51-6,26]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,666\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0,31-6,13] \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,161\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0,88-3,10]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 0,86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 0,9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; [0.27-3.02]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot in school\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;1,11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0,41-2,76]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,557\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; [0.28-9.86]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBUG Knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,366\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0,74; 2,67]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,369\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.01-5.36]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformed about the BUG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,981\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0,52; 2,19]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,358\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.02-3.96]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSign Knowledge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0,082\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1,89\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e[0,97-3,66]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,01*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8,71\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e[2,56-29,58]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKnowledge and transmission\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,725\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0,25; 4,79]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 0,127\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21,94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[2,56-29,58]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTreatment knowledge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,397\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.69; Rev. 3,24]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 0,579\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;0,45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; [0,03-7,65]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLack of knowledge prevention\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.38; 6,16]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,078\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21,84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0,77-61,68]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequent fresh water\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4,96\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e[2,97-9,88]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11,86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.19-3.34]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRefusals by preventive means\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0,026*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2,51\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e[1,6-5,38]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;0,44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; [0.9-2.88]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHistory of hematuria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4,80\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e[2,35-9,98]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10,66\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e[2,97-45,54]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTalking about the disease\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0,026*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2,95\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e[1,19; 7,27]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11,86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;[0,52-27,22]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUse of care\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003cstrong\u003e*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[1,38; 7,17]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0,2-2,11]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHematuria during the investigation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11,9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e[5,03-31,2]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; 0,014*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17,38\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;[1,28-235]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNot treated against BUG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,025*\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2,18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[1,15; 4,26]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,686\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1,33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;[0,33-5,36]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExistence side effects\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8,02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0,91; 234]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0,389\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7,09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[0.7-67.66\u003cstrong\u003e]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 35px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePositive urine dipstick\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 8px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e65,2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 12px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e[23,8-237]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 10px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt; 0.001* \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e199\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 14px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e[27,44-723]\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Schistosomiasis, Urogenital, Mothers, Guardians, Children, Tambacounda, Senegal, mothers/caregivers, children aged 2-10 years","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6676222/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6676222/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eIntroduction :\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis remains very high (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;50%) in three health posts in the Tambacounda Department, despite mass treatment with Praziquantel among children aged 5\u0026ndash;14 years. This study aims to identify factors associated with the persistence of urogenital schistosomiasis in Tambacounda.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eM\u0026eacute;thodes :\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe conducted a descriptive analytical study in August 2024. The target population consisted of mothers or guardians of children aged 1\u0026ndash;10 years. Data were collected using Kobo Toolbox and analyzed with R 4.4.1. Binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with urogenital schistosomiasis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eResults\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe majority (89.93%) of mothers/guardians accepted preventive measures, while 14.63% of children presented with hematuria. Among children aged [5\u0026ndash;10[ years, 66.55% received treatment. Urine dipstick positivity was 35.6%, and 26.34% were carriers of \u003cem\u003eSchistosoma haematobium\u003c/em\u003e eggs. The prevalence of urogenital schistosomiasis was 34.75% in children aged [5\u0026ndash;10[ years compared to 14.94% in those aged [1\u0026ndash;5[ years. Associated factors statistically significant included : residence in Boh\u0026eacute; Bal\u0026eacute;dji (ORa\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18.99 [3.66\u0026ndash;98.53]; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), mothers/guardians knowledge of disease symptoms (ORa\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;87.01 [2.56\u0026ndash;29.58]; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.01), history of hematuria (ORa\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10.66 [2.97\u0026ndash;45.54]; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), presence of hematuria at the time of the survey (ORa\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;17.38 [1.28\u0026ndash;235]; p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.014) and positive urine dipstick results (ORa\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;199 [27.44\u0026ndash;723]; p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eConclusion\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUrogenital schistosomiasis prevalence remains high in three health posts in Tambacounda despite mass treatment in children aged [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR6 CR7 CR8 CR9 CR10 CR11 CR12 CR13\" citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] years. We recommend: strengthening health education for mothers/guardians, systematic screening via urine dipsticks and extending mass treatment to children under 5 years.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Associated Factors with Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Children aged 1 to 10 years in High- Prevalence Health Posts in Tambacounda Department (Senegal)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-20 09:57:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6676222/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1f7481a8-517a-4416-9e3d-c6291a86a5d4","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 20th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-26T23:08:14+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-20 09:57:46","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6676222","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6676222","identity":"rs-6676222","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}