Effect of Oral Health Promotion Interventions On Pregnant Women Dental Caries: A Field Trial

Effect of Oral Health Promotion Interventions On Pregnant Women Dental Caries: A Field Trial | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effect of Oral Health Promotion Interventions On Pregnant Women Dental Caries: A Field Trial Marzie Deghatipour, Zahra Ghorbani, Amir Hossein Mokhlesi, Shahla Ghanbari, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1288066/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 3 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Dental caries is a costly and very common disease, especially in pregnant women. Reasons such as not paying attention to oral health, poor diet and also lack of adequate education in this regard cause this to happen. Performing well-designed educational interventions using primary health system's forces, can improve oral health of pregnant women and help control this disease. We conducted this study to evaluate the effectiveness of some oral health interventions on pregnant women dental caries. Methods: A field trial study was done in comprehensive Health Centers in Varamin, Tehran, Iran to assess 439 mothers’ dental health status from pregnancy up to 2 years after delivery in intervention (n = 239) and control groups (n = 200). Mothers in intervention groups received oral health-related education consisted of nutritional and behavioral messages via either of four methods: A: comprehensive method including all following methods together (n = 74), B: group discussion by dentists (n = 59), C: face to face education by primary health care providers (n = 53), and D: social network applications (n = 53); while those in control group only received routine maternal and oral health care. We used a questionnaire to collect mothers’ demographic, socioeconomic and dental care behavior data and also performed oral examinations to assess their DMFT at baseline and 24 months after delivery to evaluate the effectiveness of these educational oral health interventions. Results: From 454 mothers participated the examination session, 18 pregnant women discontinued during the follow-ups and 439 were remained with mean age of 27.47. In the intervention group, the frequency of daily brushing among women increased from 64% at baseline to 85.6% at the last follow-up and the mean D significantly decreased nearly 1unit at same period (P <0.05). Most and least dental caries changes were in comprehensive intervention group and social network intervention group compared to other intervention groups, respectively. Conclusions: Performing educational interventions during and after pregnancy using various message delivery methods and messengers (oral health professionals and trained PHCPs), could improve oral health status and behaviors of pregnant and lactating mothers in a feasible and applicable manner. Dental caries pregnant women oral health Community-based interventions. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Background Dental caries is the most prevalent global infectious diseases with considerable economic and quality-of-life burdens. There is enough evidence to conclude that poor oral health behaviors and bad dietary habits such as excessive consumption of sweets are important risk factors associated with dental caries ( 1 , 2 ). One of the groups most prone to tooth decay are pregnant women. According to reports, tooth decay in these people was up to 2.9 times more than normal people. They were also more likely to develop gingivitis and generally, their oral health was more at risk ( 3 ). Also, periodontitis is a common condition in pregnancy, and these two conditions are related to each other due to various factors. Periodontitis during this period can lead to negative pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth and low birth weight ( 4 ). Maternal oral health status also can affect developing early childhood caries that may result in so many consequences for child’s health in the future ( 5 , 6 ). The importance of oral health before, during and after pregnancy has attracted the attention of policymakers, scientific foundations, agencies, and Primary Health Care Providers (PHCPs) who serve pregnant women and young children. It is recommended that pregnant women receive oral health education and self-care behavior education to prevent dental infections during pregnancy period ( 7 ). A recent systematic review of oral health knowledge and awareness in pregnant women concluded that they had poor level of knowledge and awareness ( 8 ). Also, another study on pregnant women reported that the majority of participants had received no instructions on oral health care during their pregnancy ( 9 ). All of this evidence points to the importance of oral health education in pregnancy and the need to start planning for it. Health promotion is defined as the “process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behavior toward a wide range of social and environmental interventions”. Health promotion goal can be to increase health-related knowledge or awareness; making changes in different behavioral determinants such as beliefs, attitudes and habits and finally removing environmental and social barriers that influence health related behaviors ( 10 ). Oral health promotion is crucial during pregnancy period and should contain educational programs and oral health care providing ( 11 ). A recent review study revealed that a small number of oral health interventions for pregnant women covered the various dimensions needed to successfully promote oral health. Therefore, more evidence-based interventions with appropriate design are needed to teach oral health guidelines and achieve oral health promotion during pregnancy ( 12 ). One of the things that can make oral health interventions better is integrating it with general health care in forms such as primary health care, according to new FDI World Dental Federation’s recommendation ( 13 ). In the Islamic Republic of Iran reportedly, in 1995, oral health was integrated into Primary Health Care (PHC) to provide preventive intervention to the target group of mothers and children under 5 in all regions of Iran ( 14 ). Free maternal and child health services were provided in each town’s Public Healthcare Centers, including pregnancy visits, baby growth monitoring and vaccination by PHCPs. The national population coverage of child care (vaccination and growth monitoring of newborns) and maternal care (antenatal care coverage) was reported 98% ( 15 ) and 94.3% ( 16 ) in public health services in Iran, respectively. PHC workers (PHCPs) were assigned to conduct educational and preventive interventions on mothers and children’s oral health as well as dentists to do dental treatments in the context of PHC setting in public health sector. However, a recent study in Iran revealed that the assigned preventive oral health care was not performed well enough and this integration did not result in improvements in oral health in the targeted population. The mean DMFT index for pregnant women in this study was 10.3, of which about 70% was D, which is not satisfactory and showed a serious need for treatment. Also, daily toothbrushing habit was less common compared to some other countries, that indicates more educational efforts is needed ( 17 ). According to results reported worldwide and especially in this country, oral health promotion intervention was planned and providers were assigned, but there was a gap which has led to ineffective efforts. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a study and assess the efficacy of a feasible, available and not expensive interventions for pregnant and lactating women. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral health interventions on pregnant women dental caries as an indicator for oral health promotion outcome to achieve an effective intervention plan to help policymakers improve the oral health of mothers and children. Methods Study design and setting A field trial was designed to evaluate the effect of oral health promotion interventions on mothers’ dental caries. This study was done in Pishva and Pakdasht. These counties are neighbors in Varamin region, Tehran province, Iran, and both are partially deprived and similar in socioeconomic status. Sample size and selection According to the previous study, the SD of decayed teeth of Iranian pregnant women was 4.40( 18 ). Considering that the intervention is expected to lead to an 20% reduction in D (α = 0.05 with 80% of power), approximately, 200 subjects were needed to participate in each case and control group in this the study. The target population comprised pregnant women (15 years and older) in the second / third trimester of pregnancy residing in Pishva and Pakdasht, seeking maternal care from the 18 Public Healthcare Centers. The research participants were recruited and followed up for 24 months after delivery. Recruitment began in July 2016 and the follow up procedure ended in November 2018. Also, pregnant women with known systemic disease, high-risk pregnancy, long-term use of medications and those and those who did not receive enough educational intervention (absence from attending at least 3 face-to-face sessions or 5 group discussion sessions with the dentist) were excluded. After the assessment of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, research team provided information about the study aims and intentions to the recruited women and then obtained informed consent from them. Participants were assigned to study groups in consultation with the local managers of the comprehensive health centers and based on their recommendations, as well as according to the population of each center and their distance to prevent contamination of the samples. Intervention All the interventions were led by a dental public health Associate Professor and a trained dental public health PhD candidate in collaboration with the Health Deputy of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Interventions were consisted of offering nutritional and behavioral oral health-related messages and trainings, some tips from National Maternal and Child Oral Health Policy Center recommendations ( 7 ) and WHO Guideline on Sugars Intake for Adults and Children ( 19 ). The educational content has been approved by the Department of Oral Health of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Nutritional messages consisted of mother and child healthy diet, encouraging daily intake of fruits and vegetables, restricting frequency of sweet consumption (e.g. juices, honey, chocolate, cookies, and sugar) in baby bottle. Behavioral messages included teaching the correct method of tooth brushing, encouraging mothers to brush their teeth twice a day, using fluoridate tooth paste, clarifying the importance of dental visits during pregnancy and lactating period for both mother and newborn, using chewing xylitol gum, avoiding any use of tobacco products, using of finger tooth brush for child, avoiding breastfeeding during the night and sweet bottle feeding at all times. Interventions were performed in all eight Public Healthcare Centers in Pishva as the intervention group using the 4 following methods: A: Comprehensive intervention: This type of intervention was performed on 74 mothers at two health care centers and consisted of all the three mentioned interventions below. B: Performing group discussion sessions by dentists: Totally seven behavioral and nutritional educational sessions were performed every three months, from late pregnancy up to 18months after delivery. Nearly 59 mothers participated in group sessions. Group sessions were held at the conference hall of healthcare centers and they were facilitated by a trained dentist, a nutritionist and a midwife in each center. Lectures were delivered by the dentist to provide advices on the educational tips mentioned above, group discussion (question and answer) about mothers and their newborn oral health behavioral and dietary issues. Main topics from previous sessions were asked and repeated in the next group session. At the first educational intervention, participants were given a pamphlet consisting of the given advices at the session, and a tube of fluoridated toothpaste accompanied with a tooth brush. C: Face to face advice by PHCPs at routine maternal and child care visits: All the PHCPs working in Pishva healthcare centers and health posts were trained during three workshops, focusing on the importance of pregnant women’s oral health and the essential role of PHCPs on improving mother and newborn’s oral health. Approximately 53 mothers were educated by these trained PHCPs. These sessions were implemented at pregnancy, 1, 6, 12 and 18 months after delivery, when mothers attended health care centers for routine baby checkups (vaccination and growth supervision of newborns). PHCPs educated mothers on nutritional and behavioral issues using posters, pamphlets, dentate manikin head model and tooth brush, and finger brush. D: Social networking applications: A Dental Public Health PhD candidate created a channel on Telegram social network application and sent 84 behavioral (n=41) and nutritional (n=43) contents consisted of audios, videos, and text messages to 53 mothers enrolled in healthcare centers. Participants received messages every week starting from pregnancy period until 18 months after the delivery. All 200 mothers in ten Public Healthcare Centers in Pakdasht received routine maternal and child health services (oral and general) as the control group. Data collection and variables For data collection, oral examinations were done and a structured questionnaire was used. Oral examinations were performed at baseline (pregnancy period), 6 and 24 months after their delivery. Two trained and calibrated dentists (Kappa = 0.85) recorded Decayed (D), Missing (M), and Filled (F) teeth of each participant using cotton rolls, battery-operated lights and mouth mirror at the maternal care room in public health centers, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) oral health surveys basic methods ( 20 ). Dentists were blinded to group allocation during oral examinations. At last, participants were informed of the results of their oral examinations and, if needed, were advised to visit a public dental service for treatments. Questionnaire was filled by a Dental Public Health PhD candidate via face-to-face interviews with mothers at intervals similar to oral examinations. This questionnaire was used in research team’s previous study on mothers oral health status ( 17 ) and included demographic questions such as mother’s age, educational background, family size, and income, and some oral health behavior questions including daily frequency of tooth brushing, flossing and sweets consumption habits and also asking if they had a dental visit in the last 6 months. After completing oral examinations and interviews, all the study participants were given a tube of fluoridated tooth paste and a tooth brush. The correct brushing method was demonstrated to all of the participants and they were advised to brush at least twice a day. Main outcome variables were D, M, and F at 24 months after delivery. Main explanatory variable was intervention group vs control group. Age, socio-economic status (SES) variables (income, education, family size) and behavioral variables (brushing, flossing, dental visit and sweet consumption) in the sixth month after delivery were considered as covariates. All the analyses were controlled for baseline D, M, and F to consider the participants’ baseline oral health status. Statistical analysis Statistical analysis and data preparation were done via IBM SPSS Statistics (version 19) software and STATA (version 14). For bivariate statistical analysis, Chi-square, Kruskal–Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U tests were used. Also, for modeling D and M, General Linear Model (Link function) was used, while due to the multiplicity of zero values ​​in F, Poisson regression with zero inflation was used to model it. Adjusted models were used to study the association between explanatory variables and outcome variables. P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Ethical issues This study was approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research Affairs of Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical sciences (code: IR.SBMU.DRC.REC.1397.003). Informed consent was taken from the mothers after providing information on study objectives and the confidentiality of the participant’s information throughout the study. Results Amidst all 647 registered women, 454 (intervention, n=239 and control, n=215) participated the examination session. The flowchart of sampling is provided in Figure 1 . During the follow-up, totally, 18 pregnant women (intervention, n=3 and control, n=15) discontinued this study. The mean (SD) age of the women in the intervention and control group was 27.05 (5.43) and 27.98 (5.76) respectively. About half of the mothers participated in the study were educated for a period of less than 12 years. Majority of mothers in both intervention and control group were located in low- and middle-income groups (Table 1 ). Table 1 Participants distribution according to demographic, socioeconomic, dental care behaviors, and mother’s dental caries variables in intervention and control groups (n=436). Characteristics Intervention (n=236) Control (n = 200) Comprehensive (n = 74) Group discussion (n = 58) Face to face by PHCPs (n = 52) Social network (n = 52) Control (n = 200) N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) N (%) Demographic variables Maternal age group 15-25 22 (29.70) 21 (36.20) 16 (30.80) 19 (36.50) 58 (29.00) 25-35 45 (60.80) 29 (50.00) 31 (59.60) 27 (51.90) 112 (56.00) 35-44 7 (9.50) 8 (13.80) 5 (9.60) 6 (11.50) 30 (15.00) Socioeconomic variables Maternal level of education Less than 12 years 42 (56.80) 28 (48.30) 31 (59.60) 28 (53.80) 116 (58.00) 12 years 27 (36.50) 28 (48.30) 18 (34.60) 18 (34.60) 71 (35.50) More than 12 years 5 (6.80) 2 (3.40) 3 (5.80) 6 (11.50 ) 13 (6.50) Family income Low 33 (44.60) 15 (25.90) 20 (38.50) 15 (28.80) 70 (35.00) Middle 26 (35.10) 27 (46.60) 22 (42.30) 19 (36.50) 95 (47.50) High 15 (20.30) 16 (27.60) 10 (19.20) 18 (34.60) 35 (17.50) Family size 3-4 50 (67.60) 40 (69) 36 (69.20) 40 (76.90) 132 (66.00) 5-6 24 (32.40) 18 (31) 16 (30.80) 12 (23.10) 68 (34.00) Total 74 (100%) 58 (100%) 52 (100%) 52 (100%) 200 (100%) At the last follow-up (24 months after delivery), participants in low-income group had more D compared to middle and high-income group. Also, more filled teeth were observed in participants who had educated for more than 12 years or visited a dentist in 6 months ago compared to others. Moreover, women in higher age group had more D, M, and F (P <0.05, P <0.001). More missing teeth also were explored in mothers with higher family size (P <0.001) (Table 2 ). Table 2 Demographic, socioeconomic and oral health of women at 24 months’ follow-up (n=436). Variables N (%) D Mean (SD) M Mean (SD) F Mean (SD) Demographic variables Age group 15-25 169 (38.8) 6.64 (4.23) 1.51 (1.92) 1.17 (1.79) 25-35 221(50.7) 6.40 (3.97) 2.57 (2.61) 1.80 (2.44) 35-44 46 (10.6) 4.96 (2.89) 4.46(3.51) 2.85 (2.89) P-value 0.05 a <0.001 a <0.001 a Place Intervention 236 (54.1) 6.72 (4.02) 2.53 (2.8) 1.78 (2.18) Control 200 (45.9) 5.89 (3.93) 2.16 (2.41) 1.54 (2.46) P-value 0.01 b 0.16 b 0.03 b Indicators of socioeconomic status Income Low 152 (34.9) 7.98 (4.18) 2.38 (2.55) 1.55 (2.05) Middle 189 (43.3) 6.0 (3.17) 2.53 (2.54) 1.61 (2.06) High 95 (21.8) 4.4 (4.16) 1.99 (2.91) 1.98 (3.07) P-value <0.001 a 0.02 a 0.85 a Education (years of schooling) Less than 12 years 187 (42.9) 6.68(4.21) 3.36 (4.33) 1.96 (2.49) 12 years 224 (51.4) 6.76 (4.22) 2.21 (2.35) 1.20 (1.84) More than12 years 25 (5.7) 5.79 (3.63) 2.40 (2.64) 2.19 (2.67) P-value 0.09 a 0.69 a <0.001 a Family size 3-4 298(68.3) 6.23(3.98) 2.03(2.49) 1.68(2.39) 5-6 138(31.7) 6.58(4.03) 3.06(2.79) 1.64(2.16) P-value 0.74 b 0.46 b <0.001 b 0.843 b Dental care behaviors Brushing Habit(6month) Once a day or more 325 (74.50) 6.42 (4.03) 2.39 (2.47) 1.69 (2.22) Less than once a day 111 (25.50) 6.09 (3.91) 2.28 (3.07) 1.59 (2.58) P-value 0.40 b 0.13 b 0.23 b Flossing Habit (6month) once a day or more 98 (22.5) 6.51(3.84) 2.02 (2.23) 1.61 (2.33) Less than once a day 338 (77.5) 6.29 (4.04) 2.46 (2.73) 1.69 (2.32) P-value 0.43 b 0.11 b 0.56 b Dental Visit (6month) Yes 118 (27.1) 7.16 (4.02) 3.20 (2.84) 2.29 (1.97) No 318 (72.9) 6.04 (3.95) 2.05 (2.48) 1.44 (2.39) P-value 0.01 b <0.001 b <0.001 b Sweet Consumption once a day 301 (69) 6.12 (3.89) 2.31 (2.57) 1.86 (2.57) more than once a day 135 (31) 6.84 (4.19) 2.47 (2.77) 1.24 (1.52) P-value 0.17 b 0.55 b 0.21 b Total 436(100%) 6.34 (3.99) 2.36 (2.63) 1.67 (2.32) Bold numbers: relationship significant at 5% level. a Krusal–Wallis test b Mann-Whitney U-test The frequency of daily brushing among women in intervention group increased from 64% at baseline to 85.6% at the last follow-up, while no change was observed in the control group. At baseline, one third of women in intervention group consumed sweet stuff more than once a day which decreased to 17% at the last follow-up. Also, having a dental visit in the previous year decreased from 58% to 1.5% in the control group whereas it increased from 43% to nearly 50% in the intervention group during the study period. Women in intervention group especially those who underwent comprehensive intervention had more daily tooth brushing, flossing and less sweet consumption habits and also, having a dental visit has increased among them in the last 12 months at the last follow-up compared to the base line. Detailed information regarding brushing, and flossing, sweet consumption and dental visit were indicated in Figure 2. Most and least dental caries changes were in comprehensive intervention group and social network intervention group compared to other intervention groups respectively. The mean D in intervention group significantly decreased from 7.60 at baseline to 6.72 at follow-up in 24 months after delivery (P <0.05). Also, while the mean F in control group was more than intervention group at baseline, this amount surpassed in intervention group at the last follow-up. The results of the last follow-up showed that the intervention group had 10% less decayed teeth compared to the control group after controlling for place, age, and SES (models 1 to 3). But in model 4 when oral health behavioral factors were controlled, no significant difference was detected. The number of missing teeth were not statistically different in intervention group, neither in adjusted models nor in unadjusted ones (Table 3 ). Table 3 Association between demographic and dental care behaviors with number of missing teeth at 24 month follow up (n=436). M-24 month Model1 P-value&CR(95% CI) Model2 P-value&CR(95% CI) Model3 P-value&CR(95% CI) Model4 P-value&CR(95% CI) Baseline M at pregnancy <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* Place intervention 0.76 & 1.01(0.89,1.15) 0.50 & 1.04(0.92,1.18) 0.56 & 1.03(0.91,1.18) 0.82 & 0.98(0.85,1.12) age <0.001* 0.52 0.35 Family size 0.004* 0.01* Education 0.03* 0.09 income Low <0.001* & 1.39(1.16,1.18) <0.001* & 1.35(1.12,1.63) Middle <0.001* & 1.36(1.14,1.61) 0.002* & 1.32(1.10,1.57) Daily brush (at 6m) less than once 0.23 & 0.91(0.78,1.06) Daily floss(at6m) less than once 0.56 & 1.04(0.89,1.23) Having Visited a dentist in the past 12 month (at 6m) Yes 0.002* & 1.24(1.08,1.42) GLM model with Poisson link.function Bold numbers: relationship significant at 5% level. Model 1: adjusted for baseline M and place. Model 2: adjusted for baseline M and place, and age. Model 3: adjusted for baseline M, place, age, education, and income. Model 4: adjusted for baseline M, place, age, education, income, and oral health behaviors. Women in intervention group had 48% [CR = 1.48 (95% CI 1.27;1.73)] more filled teeth compared to women in control group. In adjusted models, people with low or middle SES had more D, M, and F compared to control group (P<0.05) (Tables 4). Table 4 Association between demographic and dental care behaviors with number of filled teeth at 24 month follow up (n=436). F-24 month Model1 P-value&CR (95% CI) Model2 P-value&CR (95% CI) Model3 P-value&CR (95% CI) Model4 P-value&CR (95% CI) Baseline F at pregnancy <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* <0.001* Place intervention <0.001* & 1.48(1.26,1.73) <0.001* & 1.49(1.27,1.73) <0.001* & 1.51(1.29,1.76) 0.03* & 1.19(1.01,1.41) age 0.04* 0.78 0.60 Family size 0.20 0.41 Education 0.79 & 1.00(0.98,1.02) 0.78 & 0.99(0.97,1.01) income Low <0.001* 0.009* Middle 0.009* & 1.30(1.06,1.59) 0.03* & 1.24(1.01,1.52) Daily brush (at 6m) less than once 0.10 & 0.85(0.70,1.03) Daily floss(at6m) less than once 0.93 & 0.99(0.82,1.18) Having Visited a dentist in the past 12 month (at 6m) Yes <0.001* & 2.14(1.81,2.53) GLM model with Poisson link.function Bold numbers: relationship significant at 5% level. Model 1: adjusted for baseline F and place. Model 2: adjusted for baseline F and place, and age. Model 3: adjusted for baseline F, place, age, education, and income. Model 4: adjusted for baseline F, place, age, education, income, and oral health behaviors. Discussion We designed this study to assess the effectiveness of some modified educational/behavioral interventions aimed at oral health promotion in pregnant women. Our particular interventions were feasible, cost effective and not complicated that made them applicable especially in deprived areas like this study’s field. Also, some interventions were done by PHCPs in order to integrating oral health into general health as the new FDI World Dental Federation’s manifest recommended ( 13 ). In our study, the baseline mean DMFT was higher in the intervention group compared to the control group and remained higher in the last follow-up due to the nature of DMFT index; it means that DMFT is a cumulative index and never decreases over time. The DMFT index in the intervention group was higher than the control group due to the increase in M and F and decrease in D components. In other words, contrary to the control group, mothers in the intervention group followed their dental visits and let the dentists to treat their decayed teeth. Also, we observed brushing habit was significantly increased in the intervention group while it did not change in the control group at the last follow-up. This improvement in brushing behavior was also observed in other studies ( 21 – 24 ). Sweet consumption behavior and having regular dental visits are usually affected by pregnancy and post-delivery period. Lactating women usually ignore their own nutrition and health after delivery because they are very busy taking care of their newborns ( 25 ). But mothers in the intervention field had more dental visits and less sweet consumption in the last follow-up. Our result substantiated the findings from the previous studies which indicated that educational intervention may increase mother’s awareness of healthy nutrition, leading to lower sugar consumption ( 12 , 22 , 26 ). In the present study, there was a significant positive association between family size and M, which has mentioned in a paper discussing World Health Organization global policy for improvement of oral health ( 27 ). Moreover, in most low- and middle-income countries, investment in oral health care is low ( 28 ). This association may be resulted of some caries risk factors at the population level include low family income, restricted dental care access, and low oral health knowledge that involves low-income groups ( 29 ). We conducted four types of interventions to evaluate the effectiveness of different educational methods and messengers. D, M, and F changes were more noticeable in comprehensive intervention group compared to other intervention and control groups. The highest reduction of D and the highest amount of M, and F increase were observed in the comprehensive group compared to others. These findings are in accordance with the results of an Iranian study performed via an educational comprehensive intervention using lecture, group discussion, question and answer and educational videos which led to a decrease in the growth of the DMFT compared to the control group ( 30 ). Women in comprehensive intervention group also had the highest frequency of brushing and flossing, dental visit and the lowest frequency of sweet consumption compared to other intervention and control groups. This finding is in accordance with the results of an Australian study which reported that mothers in combination intervention group brushed their teeth two or more times a day at a higher rate compared to control group and other intervention groups (oral health videos together with a bag containing an oral health pamphlet plus a toothbrush and toothpaste) ( 31 ). We should suggest that the combination of using different methods and various healthcare providers and professionals for intervention, can lead to better transmission of oral health messages to mothers, ultimately leaving a cumulative effect on mother’s oral health behaviors. Women in PHCPs intervention group had the same number of filled teeth as comprehensive group at the last follow-up. This type of intervention acts better in D reduction and M incremental changes and more frequency of brushing habit and dental visit and less sweet consumption compared to social network and group discussion led by dentist interventions. Agreed to our findings, another study conducted educational oral health interventions by midwives as PHCPs, reported significant increases in F and decreases in D were observed in intervention group compared to the other group ( 32 ). Two other studies also reported increasing in oral health care habits of mothers who trained by prenatal healthcare providers in intervention groups compared to control group ( 22 , 33 ). Owing to mothers' frequent access to maternal and child healthcare during pregnancy and 2-4 years after delivery of their children (such as vaccination time), and also covering a large target population, especially expectant and new mothers and their children at a very low cost, PHCPs are uniquely positioned to provide oral health education, and referrals of mother for utilization of dental services and play a significant role in mothers' and children's oral health. Group discussion performed by dentists was more effective in improving oral health care and treatment seeking behaviors and also decreasing dental caries compared to the control group and social network in this study. a study revealed that at the end of the study mothers, who received oral health education and discussion session by dental professionals, had more brushing and flossing habits compared to control group ( 24 ). dentists, as an oral health professional, can reliably diagnose dental caries and advising mothers to seek dental treatment. They are in an ideal position to train and motivate mothers on their oral health and assist them to carry out brushing and flossing in a proper and efficient way. From pregnancy period up to the last follow-up, participants in social network intervention group had the least changes in D, M, and F and also oral health care behaviors. But some other studies reported significant improvements caused by social networks educational interventions. A Brazilian study reported that the use of mobile applications as a tool for delivering oral health promotion can improve oral health knowledge and decrease oral health indices ( 34 ). Also, Scheerman et al. performed promotional oral health intervention study on adolescents and their mothers. Mothers received social media and behavioral education. After the first and the sixth month follow-up, the frequency of tooth brushing among adolescents in both intervention groups were significantly higher than the control group ( 35 ). Based on recent studies, using mobile social network can improve people's oral health awareness and promote oral health behavioral more effectively. Nevertheless, our result showed that using social network was not as presumably effective as it was thought This may be because lactating mother are busy taking care of their newborn and do not spend much time to check oral health messages popped up on their mobile phones. Despite our finding, because of cost effectiveness and availability of this method, we suggest applying it in the pregnant women’s oral health promotion efforts in this country. Limitations We should mention that due to the different culture and structure of the healthcare system in the Islamic Republic of Iran, our findings might not be generalized to other countries. Nevertheless, it may be suitable to be considered for similar deprived areas in Iran. Unfortunately, due to the limited population of Pishva and Pakdasht, we could not collect enough samples to fulfill the participants’ estimated size, so the study is underpowered (CI is broad due to this issue). Also, it should be mentioned that for those who did not participate in the study, the Comprehensive Health Centers did not provide patient information to the study team due to confidentiality. We should acknowledge that random assignment was not applicable in this study due to geographical proximity of residence’s location in each area that increased chance of data transmission between intervention groups (sample contamination). Some women were not reachable for social network intervention because they did not have smart phones or did not use social applications. Conclusion It can be concluded that, our interventions not only improved mothers ‘oral health behaviors such as brushing, nutrition, and dental visit in the previous 12 months, but also led to reduction of decayed teeth and filling untreated teeth in intervention group in a feasible and applicable manner and they complied with new oral health promotion suggestions made by health organizations. Likewise, our comprehensive preventive intervention demonstrated improved maternal oral health, in a cost-saving manner. Our results suggest Performing educational interventions during and after pregnancy using both oral health professionals and trained PHCPs at the local context (Iran), could help the promotion of oral health status and awareness of pregnant and lactating mothers. Abbreviations CI: Confidence Intervals D: decayed teeth M: missing teeth due to caries F: filled teeth due to caries OR: Odds Ratio PHCPs: Primary Health Care Providers’ SES: Socio-Economic Status SD: Standard Deviation WHO: World Health Organization Declarations - Ethics approval and consent to participate : We confirm that all methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. This study was approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research Affairs of Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical sciences (code: IR.SBMU.DRC.REC.1397.003). After explanation of the study objectives, an informed consent was obtained for the participation. One of the mothers at the baseline of study was under 16 years old whose consent form was signed by her father as her legal guardian according the local rules. -Consent for publication : Not applicable - Availability of data and material: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. -Funding: This study was funded by Research Affairs of Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. -Authors' contributions: Acknowledgements: The authors have no conflict of interest to report. The authors wish to acknowledge Dr Rahmanali Taheri, Dr Shahzadeh Fazeli, Dr Parvin Bastani from Deputy for health affairs, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences for their kind help and support for this study. Thanks to Dr Gholami, Mrs. Kooshmaghani) Pishva health network) and Dr Fathi, Mrs.Mozayeni (Pakdasht health network) and all of primary care providers who work in Pishva and Pakdasht health centers for their diligent work during the clinical field work. Author information Affiliations: 1.Marzie Deghatipour DDS, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Department of Community Oral Health, Dental School, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran. 2. Zahra Ghorbani, DDS, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Community Oral Health, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 3. Amir Hossein Mokhlesi, DDs. Dental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 4. Shahla Ghanbari, DDS, Ph.D. PhD in Health Education. Deputy for Health affairs, Shahid Beheshti University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran. 5. Mahshid Namdari, Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. References Pitts NB, Zero DT, Marsh PD, Ekstrand K, Weintraub JA, Ramos-Gomez F, et al. Dental caries. Nature reviews Disease primers. 2017;3(1):1–16. Ozdemir D. Dental caries: the most common disease worldwide and preventive strategies. International Journal of Biology. 2013;5(4):55. Rakchanok N, Amporn D, Yoshida Y, Harun-Or-Rashid M, Sakamoto J. Dental caries and gingivitis among pregnant and non-pregnant women in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Nagoya Journal of Medical Science. 2010;72(1-2):43–50. Armitage GC. Bi-directional relationship between pregnancy and periodontal disease. Periodontology 2000. 2013;61(1):160–76. Casamassimo PS, Thikkurissy S, Edelstein BL, Maiorini E. Beyond the dmft: the human and economic cost of early childhood caries. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2009;140(6):650–7. Marchi KS, Rinki C, Shah M, Dove M, Terpak C, Curtis MP, et al. Medical provider promotion of oral health and women’s receipt of dental care during pregnancy. Maternal and child health journal. 2019;23(7):890–902. Maternal N, Center COHR. Oral health care during pregnancy: a national consensus statement: summary of an expert workgroup meeting: National Maternal and Child Oral Health Resource Center, Georgetown University; 2012. Gambhir RS, Nirola A, Gupta T, Sekhon TS, Anand S. Oral health knowledge and awareness among pregnant women in India: A systematic review. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. 2015;19(6):612. Honkala S, Al-Ansari J. Self‐reported oral health, oral hygiene habits, and dental attendance of pregnant women in Kuwait. Journal of clinical periodontology. 2005;32(7):809–14. Charter O, editor Ottawa Charter for health promotion. First international conference on health promotion; 1986. George A, Johnson M, Blinkhorn A, Ellis S, Bhole S, Ajwani S. Promoting oral health during pregnancy: current evidence and implications for Australian midwives. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2010;19(23-24):3324–33. Vamos CA, Thompson EL, Avendano M, Daley EM, Quinonez RB, Boggess K. Oral health promotion interventions during pregnancy: a systematic review. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2015;43(5):385–96. Glick M, Williams DM, Yahya IB, Bondioni E, Cheung WW, Clark P, et al. Vision 2030: Delivering Optimal Oral Health for All. Pakshir HR. Oral health in Iran. International dental journal. 2004;54(S6):367–72. Sajadi HS, Majdzadeh R. From primary health care to universal health coverage in the Islamic Republic of Iran: a journey of four decades. Archives of Iranian medicine. 2019;22(5):262–8. WHO. iran 2019 [Available from: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/countries/country-details/GHO/iran-(islamic-republic-of)?countryProfileId=e16ed800-9300-444e-a085-f75f5f93cc24 . Ghorbani Z, Pakkhesal M, Arshi S, Eghbal MJ, Deghatipour M, Tennant M, et al. Challenges impeding integration of oral health into primary health care. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2017;23(12):802–8. Deghatipour M, Ghorbani Z, Ghanbari S, Arshi S, Ehdayivand F, Namdari M, et al. Oral health status in relation to socioeconomic and behavioral factors among pregnant women: a community-based cross-sectional study. BMC oral health. 2019;19(1):117. Organization WH. Guideline: sugars intake for adults and children: World Health Organization; 2015. Organization WH. Oral health surveys: basic methods: World Health Organization; 2013. Shamsi M, Hidarnia A, Niknami S, Khorsandi M. The status of dental caries and some acting factors in a sample of Iranian women with pregnancy. World Journal of Medical Sciences. 2013;9(4):190–7. Cibulka NJ, Forney S, Goodwin K, Lazaroff P, Sarabia R. Improving oral health in low-income pregnant women with a nurse practitioner‐directed oral care program. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 2011;23(5):249–57. Vasiliauskiene I, Milciuviene S, Bendoraitiene E, Narbutaite J, Slabsinskiene E, Andruskeviciene V. Dynamics of pregnant women’s oral health status during preventive programme. Stomatologija. 2007;9(4):129–36. Al Khamis S, Asimakopoulou K, Newton T, Daly B. The effect of dental health education on pregnant women's adherence with toothbrushing and flossing—A randomized control trial. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2017;45(5):469–77. Boggess KA, Edelstein BL. Oral health in women during preconception and pregnancy: implications for birth outcomes and infant oral health. Maternal and child health journal. 2006;10(1):169–74. Panagakos F. Partners in prevention: A winning approach for communities and companies. The journal of evidence-based dental practice. 2012;2(12):58–61. Petersen PE. World Health Organization global policy for improvement of oral health-World Health Assembly 2007. International dental journal. 2008;58(3):115–21. Beck JD, Offenbacher S. Systemic effects of periodontitis: epidemiology of periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease. Journal of periodontology. 2005;76:2089–100. Petersen PE, Bourgeois D, Ogawa H, Estupinan-Day S, Ndiaye C. The global burden of oral diseases and risks to oral health. Bull World Health Organ. 2005;83(9):661–9. Shahnazi H, Hosseintalaei M, Ghashghaei FE, Charkazi A, Yahyavi Y, Sharifirad G. Effect of educational intervention on perceived susceptibility self-efficacy and DMFT of pregnant women. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 2016;18(5). Clifford H, Johnson N, Brown C, Battistutta D. When can oral health education begin? Relative effectiveness of three oral health education strategies starting pre-partum. Community dental health. 2012;29(2):162. George A, Dahlen HG, Blinkhorn A, Ajwani S, Bhole S, Ellis S, et al. Evaluation of a midwifery initiated oral health-dental service program to improve oral health and birth outcomes for pregnant women: A multi-centre randomised controlled trial. International journal of nursing studies. 2018;82:49–57. Adams SH, Gregorich SE, Rising SS, Hutchison M, Chung LH. Integrating a nurse-midwife‐led oral health intervention into CenteringPregnancy prenatal care: results of a pilot study. Journal of midwifery & women's health. 2017;62(4):463–9. Marchetti G, Fraiz FC, Nascimento WMd, Soares GMS, Assunção LRdS. Improving adolescents’ periodontal health: Evaluation of a mobile oral health App associated with conventional educational methods: A cluster randomized trial. International journal of paediatric dentistry. 2018;28(4):410–9. Scheerman JFM, Hamilton K, Sharif MO, Lindmark U, Pakpour AH. A theory-based intervention delivered by an online social media platform to promote oral health among Iranian adolescents: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Psychology & health. 2020;35(4):449–66. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editor invited by journal 31 Jan, 2022 Submission checks completed at journal 31 Jan, 2022 First submitted to journal 23 Jan, 2022 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1288066","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":80434009,"identity":"1dad2f87-a0f5-48e2-9655-1e4d615b488a","order_by":0,"name":"Marzie Deghatipour","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Zahedan University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Marzie","middleName":"","lastName":"Deghatipour","suffix":""},{"id":80434010,"identity":"ececa407-96ab-49bf-aaaf-725c8ca0ac58","order_by":1,"name":"Zahra Ghorbani","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zahra","middleName":"","lastName":"Ghorbani","suffix":""},{"id":80434011,"identity":"c7ffcb0e-f30a-4657-838d-dff31d82ce82","order_by":2,"name":"Amir Hossein Mokhlesi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACxgZmIGlgwA4kEyqABDNzA5FaQGTCGZAWRkJagGrgWhjbIIbgVc4/7XDb58IcG2NzZubDHx7Oq43mbwdq+VGxDacWiduJzbNnbkszs2xmS5NI3HY8d8ZhxgbGnjO3cVsD1MLMu+2wjcFhHjOGxG3HchuAWpgZ23BrkUdo4f/8IXHOsdz5hLQYQLWYAW1hkEhsqMndQEiLIURLmrHBYTYziYRjB3I3ArUcxOcXudvpj4FabAw3HG9+/PFHTV3uvPOHDz74UYHH+2jgMJg8QLR6IKgjRfEoGAWjYBSMEAAA54xbnnTtmKsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amir","middleName":"Hossein","lastName":"Mokhlesi","suffix":""},{"id":80434012,"identity":"82efa2c1-5ac6-4e72-a997-c153470e6738","order_by":3,"name":"Shahla Ghanbari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shahid Beheshti University of medical sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shahla","middleName":"","lastName":"Ghanbari","suffix":""},{"id":80434013,"identity":"232c7a05-e5bd-4738-a082-7cb4ef40f59e","order_by":4,"name":"Mahshid Namdari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mahshid","middleName":"","lastName":"Namdari","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-01-23 08:14:04","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1288066/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1288066/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":17878851,"identity":"9de28c1f-4822-4769-ac83-fed76e5983d8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-02-02 16:32:40","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":434190,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFlowchart of mother intervention study design.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1288066/v1/64c10fcbd738e0d0ddfb3bf5.png"},{"id":17878849,"identity":"1d0eaae0-a63d-4cb5-942e-64853503127d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-02-02 16:32:39","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":32674,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBrushing habit (brushing once a day or more), Flossing habit (flossing once a day or more), Sweet consumption habit (consume sweet more than once a day or more), and Dental visit (have any dental visits in the previous 12 months) in four intervention and control groups at baseline, and 24-month follow-up (by percentage %)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Figure2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1288066/v1/faebf095d446d9e32a75521d.png"},{"id":17878854,"identity":"da18ea57-ab09-4653-8750-02b48dedbdb1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-02-02 16:32:48","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":837804,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1288066/v1/65588c1c-aa3a-4250-8eaa-8d8f25b76216.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of Oral Health Promotion Interventions On Pregnant Women Dental Caries: A Field Trial\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eDental caries is the most prevalent global infectious diseases with considerable economic and quality-of-life burdens. There is enough evidence to conclude that poor oral health behaviors and bad dietary habits such as excessive consumption of sweets are important risk factors associated with dental caries (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). One of the groups most prone to tooth decay are pregnant women. According to reports, tooth decay in these people was up to 2.9 times more than normal people. They were also more likely to develop gingivitis and generally, their oral health was more at risk (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Also, periodontitis is a common condition in pregnancy, and these two conditions are related to each other due to various factors. Periodontitis during this period can lead to negative pregnancy outcomes such as preterm birth and low birth weight (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Maternal oral health status also can affect developing early childhood caries that may result in so many consequences for child\u0026rsquo;s health in the future (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). The importance of oral health before, during and after pregnancy has attracted the attention of policymakers, scientific foundations, agencies, and Primary Health Care Providers (PHCPs) who serve pregnant women and young children. It is recommended that pregnant women receive oral health education and self-care behavior education to prevent dental infections during pregnancy period (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). A recent systematic review of oral health knowledge and awareness in pregnant women concluded that they had poor level of knowledge and awareness (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). Also, another study on pregnant women reported that the majority of participants had received no instructions on oral health care during their pregnancy (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). All of this evidence points to the importance of oral health education in pregnancy and the need to start planning for it.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth promotion is defined as the \u0026ldquo;process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behavior toward a wide range of social and environmental interventions\u0026rdquo;. Health promotion goal can be to increase health-related knowledge or awareness; making changes in different behavioral determinants such as beliefs, attitudes and habits and finally removing environmental and social barriers that influence health related behaviors (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). Oral health promotion is crucial during pregnancy period and should contain educational programs and oral health care providing (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). A recent review study revealed that a small number of oral health interventions for pregnant women covered the various dimensions needed to successfully promote oral health. Therefore, more evidence-based interventions with appropriate design are needed to teach oral health guidelines and achieve oral health promotion during pregnancy (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). One of the things that can make oral health interventions better is integrating it with general health care in forms such as primary health care, according to new FDI World Dental Federation\u0026rsquo;s recommendation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e). In the Islamic Republic of Iran reportedly, in 1995, oral health was integrated into Primary Health Care (PHC) to provide preventive intervention to the target group of mothers and children under 5 in all regions of Iran (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e). Free maternal and child health services were provided in each town\u0026rsquo;s Public Healthcare Centers, including pregnancy visits, baby growth monitoring and vaccination by PHCPs. The national population coverage of child care (vaccination and growth monitoring of newborns) and maternal care (antenatal care coverage) was reported 98% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e) and 94.3% (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e) in public health services in Iran, respectively. PHC workers (PHCPs) were assigned to conduct educational and preventive interventions on mothers and children\u0026rsquo;s oral health as well as dentists to do dental treatments in the context of PHC setting in public health sector. However, a recent study in Iran revealed that the assigned preventive oral health care was not performed well enough and this integration did not result in improvements in oral health in the targeted population. The mean DMFT index for pregnant women in this study was 10.3, of which about 70% was D, which is not satisfactory and showed a serious need for treatment. Also, daily toothbrushing habit was less common compared to some other countries, that indicates more educational efforts is needed (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to results reported worldwide and especially in this country, oral health promotion intervention was planned and providers were assigned, but there was a gap which has led to ineffective efforts. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a study and assess the efficacy of a feasible, available and not expensive interventions for pregnant and lactating women. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oral health interventions on pregnant women dental caries as an indicator for oral health promotion outcome to achieve an effective intervention plan to help policymakers improve the oral health of mothers and children.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy design and setting\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA field trial was designed to evaluate the effect of oral health promotion interventions on mothers\u0026rsquo; dental caries. This study was done in Pishva and Pakdasht. These counties are neighbors in Varamin region, Tehran province, Iran, and both are partially deprived and similar in socioeconomic status.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSample size and selection\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to the previous study, the SD of decayed teeth of Iranian pregnant women was 4.40(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). Considering that the intervention is expected to lead to an 20% reduction in D (α\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05 with 80% of power), approximately, 200 subjects were needed to participate in each case and control group in this the study. The target population comprised pregnant women (15 years and older) in the second / third trimester of pregnancy residing in Pishva and Pakdasht, seeking maternal care from the 18 Public Healthcare Centers. The research participants were recruited and followed up for 24 months after delivery. Recruitment began in July 2016 and the follow up procedure ended in November 2018. Also, pregnant women with known systemic disease, high-risk pregnancy, long-term use of medications and those and those who did not receive enough educational intervention (absence from attending at least 3 face-to-face sessions or 5 group discussion sessions with the dentist) were excluded. After the assessment of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, research team provided information about the study aims and intentions to the recruited women and then obtained informed consent from them. Participants were assigned to study groups in consultation with the local managers of the comprehensive health centers and based on their recommendations, as well as according to the population of each center and their distance to prevent contamination of the samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eIntervention\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll the interventions were led by a dental public health Associate Professor and a trained dental public health PhD candidate in collaboration with the Health Deputy of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Interventions were consisted of offering nutritional and behavioral oral health-related messages and trainings, some tips from National Maternal and Child Oral Health Policy Center recommendations (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e) and WHO Guideline on Sugars Intake for Adults and Children (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e). The educational content has been approved by the Department of Oral Health of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Nutritional messages consisted of mother and child healthy diet, encouraging daily intake of fruits and vegetables, restricting frequency of sweet consumption (e.g. juices, honey, chocolate, cookies, and sugar) in baby bottle.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBehavioral messages included teaching the correct method of tooth brushing, encouraging mothers to brush their teeth twice a day, using fluoridate tooth paste, clarifying the importance of dental visits during pregnancy and lactating period for both mother and newborn, using chewing xylitol gum, avoiding any use of tobacco products, using of finger tooth brush for child, avoiding breastfeeding during the night and sweet bottle feeding at all times. Interventions were performed in all eight Public Healthcare Centers in Pishva as the intervention group using the 4 following methods:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA: Comprehensive intervention:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis type of intervention was performed on 74 mothers at two health care centers and consisted of all the three mentioned interventions below.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eB: Performing group discussion sessions by dentists:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotally seven behavioral and nutritional educational sessions were performed every three months, from late pregnancy up to 18months after delivery. Nearly 59 mothers participated in group sessions. Group sessions were held at the conference hall of healthcare centers and they were facilitated by a trained dentist, a nutritionist and a midwife in each center. Lectures were delivered by the dentist to provide advices on the educational tips mentioned above, group discussion (question and answer) about mothers and their newborn oral health behavioral and dietary issues. Main topics from previous sessions were asked and repeated in the next group session. At the first educational intervention, participants were given a pamphlet consisting of the given advices at the session, and a tube of fluoridated toothpaste accompanied with a tooth brush.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eC: Face to face advice by PHCPs at routine maternal and child care visits:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll the PHCPs working in Pishva healthcare centers and health posts were trained during three workshops, focusing on the importance of pregnant women\u0026rsquo;s oral health and the essential role of PHCPs on improving mother and newborn\u0026rsquo;s oral health. Approximately 53 mothers were educated by these trained PHCPs. These sessions were implemented at pregnancy, 1, 6, 12 and 18 months after delivery, when mothers attended health care centers for routine baby checkups (vaccination and growth supervision of newborns). PHCPs educated mothers on nutritional and behavioral issues using posters, pamphlets, dentate manikin head model and tooth brush, and finger brush.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eD: Social networking applications:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Dental Public Health PhD candidate created a channel on Telegram social network application and sent 84 behavioral (n=41) and nutritional (n=43) contents consisted of audios, videos, and text messages to 53 mothers enrolled in healthcare centers. Participants received messages every week starting from pregnancy period until 18 months after the delivery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll 200 mothers in ten Public Healthcare Centers in Pakdasht received routine maternal and child health services (oral and general) as the control group.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData collection and variables\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor data collection, oral examinations were done and a structured questionnaire was used. Oral examinations were performed at baseline (pregnancy period), 6 and 24 months after their delivery. Two trained and calibrated dentists (Kappa = 0.85) recorded Decayed (D), Missing (M), and Filled (F) teeth of each participant using cotton rolls, battery-operated lights and mouth mirror at the maternal care room in public health centers, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) oral health surveys basic methods (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e). Dentists were blinded to group allocation during oral examinations. At last, participants were informed of the results of their oral examinations and, if needed, were advised to visit a public dental service for treatments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire was filled by a Dental Public Health PhD candidate via face-to-face interviews with mothers at intervals similar to oral examinations. This questionnaire was used in research team\u0026rsquo;s previous study on mothers oral health status (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e) and included demographic questions such as mother\u0026rsquo;s age, educational background, family size, and income, and some oral health behavior questions including daily frequency of tooth brushing, flossing and sweets consumption habits and also asking if they had a dental visit in the last 6 months. After completing oral examinations and interviews, all the study participants were given a tube of fluoridated tooth paste and a tooth brush. The correct brushing method was demonstrated to all of the participants and they were advised to brush at least twice a day.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMain outcome variables were D, M, and F at 24 months after delivery. Main explanatory variable was intervention group vs control group. Age, socio-economic status (SES) variables (income, education, family size) and behavioral variables (brushing, flossing, dental visit and sweet consumption) in the sixth month after delivery were considered as covariates. All the analyses were controlled for baseline D, M, and F to consider the participants\u0026rsquo; baseline oral health status.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis and data preparation were done via IBM SPSS Statistics (version 19) software and STATA (version 14). For bivariate statistical analysis, Chi-square, Kruskal\u0026ndash;Wallis, and Mann-Whitney U tests were used. Also, for modeling D and M, General Linear Model (Link function) was used, while due to the multiplicity of zero values ​​in F, Poisson regression with zero inflation was used to model it. Adjusted models were used to study the association between explanatory variables and outcome variables. P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthical issues\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e This study was approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research Affairs of Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical sciences (code: IR.SBMU.DRC.REC.1397.003). Informed consent was taken from the mothers after providing information on study objectives and the confidentiality of the participant\u0026rsquo;s information throughout the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eAmidst all 647 registered women, 454 (intervention, n=239 and control, n=215) participated the examination session. The flowchart of sampling is provided in Figure \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. During the follow-up, totally, 18 pregnant women (intervention, n=3 and control, n=15) discontinued this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mean (SD) age of the women in the intervention and control group was 27.05 (5.43) and 27.98 (5.76) respectively. About half of the mothers participated in the study were educated for a period of less than 12 years. Majority of mothers in both intervention and control group were located in low- and middle-income groups (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParticipants distribution according to demographic, socioeconomic, dental care behaviors, and mother\u0026rsquo;s dental caries variables in intervention and control groups (n=436).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntervention\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=236)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n = 200)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComprehensive\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n = 74)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGroup discussion\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n = 58)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFace to face by PHCPs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n = 52)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocial network\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n = 52)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eControl\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(n = 200)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eN (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemographic variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaternal age group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15-25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (29.70)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21 (36.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (30.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (36.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58 (29.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e25-35\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45 (60.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29 (50.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (59.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (51.90)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112 (56.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e35-44\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (9.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (13.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (9.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (11.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30 (15.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocioeconomic variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMaternal level of education\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLess than 12 years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42 (56.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (48.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31 (59.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (53.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116 (58.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12 years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (36.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28 (48.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (34.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (34.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71 (35.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMore than 12 years\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (6.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 (3.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (5.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (11.50 )\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 (6.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily income\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLow\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33 (44.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (25.90)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20 (38.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (28.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70 (35.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMiddle\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (35.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27 (46.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22 (42.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (36.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95 (47.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHigh\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (20.30)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (27.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10 (19.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (34.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35 (17.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily size\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3-4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50 (67.60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36 (69.20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40 (76.90)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e132 (66.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5-6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24 (32.40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18 (31)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16 (30.80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 (23.10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68 (34.00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt the last follow-up (24 months after delivery), participants in low-income group had more D compared to middle and high-income group. Also, more filled teeth were observed in participants who had educated for more than 12 years or visited a dentist in 6 months ago compared to others. Moreover, women in higher age group had more D, M, and F (P \u0026lt;0.05, P \u0026lt;0.001). More missing teeth also were explored in mothers with higher family size (P \u0026lt;0.001) (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab2\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDemographic, socioeconomic and oral health of women at 24 months\u0026rsquo; follow-up (n=436).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(SD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(SD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(SD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDemographic variables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge group\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15-25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169 (38.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.64 (4.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.51 (1.92)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.17 (1.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25-35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e221(50.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.40 (3.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.57 (2.61)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.80 (2.44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35-44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 (10.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.96 (2.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.46(3.51)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.85 (2.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.05\u003c/strong\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlace\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIntervention\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e236 (54.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.72 (4.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.53 (2.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.78 (2.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e200 (45.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.89 (3.93)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.16 (2.41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.54 (2.46)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.01\u003c/strong\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.16 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.03\u003c/strong\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"11\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIndicators of socioeconomic status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIncome\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152 (34.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.98 (4.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.38 (2.55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.55 (2.05)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMiddle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e189 (43.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.0 (3.17)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.53 (2.54)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.61 (2.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95 (21.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4 (4.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.99 (2.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.98 (3.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.02\u003c/strong\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation (years of schooling)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than 12 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e187 (42.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.68(4.21)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.36 (4.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.96 (2.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e224 (51.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.76 (4.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.21 (2.35)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.20 (1.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMore than12 years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25 (5.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.79 (3.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.40 (2.64)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.19 (2.67)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69 \u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily size\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e298(68.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.23(3.98)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.03(2.49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.68(2.39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5-6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e138(31.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.58(4.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.06(2.79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.64(2.16)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.843 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"12\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDental care behaviors\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBrushing Habit(6month)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOnce a day or more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e325 (74.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.42 (4.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.39 (2.47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.69 (2.22)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than once a day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e111 (25.50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.09 (3.91)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.28 (3.07)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.59 (2.58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlossing Habit\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(6month)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eonce a day or more\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98 (22.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.51(3.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.02 (2.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.61 (2.33)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLess than once a day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e338 (77.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.29 (4.04)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.46 (2.73)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.69 (2.32)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.43 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDental Visit\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(6month)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e118 (27.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.16 (4.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.20 (2.84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.29 (1.97)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e318 (72.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.04 (3.95)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.05 (2.48)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.44 (2.39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.01\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001\u003c/strong\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSweet Consumption\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eonce a day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e301 (69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.12 (3.89)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.31 (2.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.86 (2.57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003emore than once a day\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135 (31)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.84 (4.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.47 (2.77)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.24 (1.52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP-value\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.17 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55 \u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e436(100%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.34 (3.99)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.36 (2.63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.67 (2.32)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eBold numbers: relationship significant at 5% level.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eKrusal\u0026ndash;Wallis test\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003eMann-Whitney U-test\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe frequency of daily brushing among women in intervention group increased from 64% at baseline to 85.6% at the last follow-up, while no change was observed in the control group. At baseline, one third of women in intervention group consumed sweet stuff more than once a day which decreased to 17%\u0026nbsp;at the\u0026nbsp;last follow-up. Also, having a dental visit in the previous year decreased from 58% to 1.5% in the control group whereas it increased from 43% to nearly 50% in the intervention group during the study period.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWomen in intervention group especially those who underwent comprehensive intervention had more daily tooth brushing, flossing and less sweet consumption habits and also, having a dental visit has increased among them in the last 12 months at the last follow-up compared to the base line. Detailed information regarding brushing, and flossing, sweet consumption and dental visit were indicated in Figure 2. Most and least dental caries changes were in comprehensive intervention group and social network intervention group compared to other intervention groups respectively. The mean D in intervention group significantly decreased from 7.60 at baseline to 6.72 at follow-up in 24 months after delivery (P \u0026lt;0.05). Also, while the mean F in control group was more than intervention group at baseline, this amount surpassed in intervention group at the last follow-up.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the last follow-up showed that the intervention group had 10% less decayed teeth compared to the control group after controlling for place, age, and SES (models 1 to 3). But in model 4 when oral health behavioral factors were controlled, no significant difference was detected. The number of missing teeth were not statistically different in intervention group, neither in adjusted models nor in unadjusted ones (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab3\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssociation between demographic and dental care behaviors with number of missing teeth at 24 month follow up (n=436).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM-24 month\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value\u0026amp;CR(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value\u0026amp;CR(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value\u0026amp;CR(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value\u0026amp;CR(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBaseline M at pregnancy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlace\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eintervention\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.76 \u0026amp; 1.01(0.89,1.15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50 \u0026amp; 1.04(0.92,1.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56 \u0026amp; 1.03(0.91,1.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82 \u0026amp; 0.98(0.85,1.12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily size\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.004*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.01*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.03*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eincome\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLow\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001* \u0026amp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.39(1.16,1.18)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001* \u0026amp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.35(1.12,1.63)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMiddle\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001* \u0026amp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.36(1.14,1.61)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.002* \u0026amp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.32(1.10,1.57)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDaily brush (at 6m)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eless than once\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23 \u0026amp; 0.91(0.78,1.06)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDaily floss(at6m)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eless than once\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.56 \u0026amp; 1.04(0.89,1.23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHaving Visited a dentist in the past 12 month (at 6m)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.002* \u0026amp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.24(1.08,1.42)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGLM model with Poisson link.function\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBold numbers: relationship significant at 5% level.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModel 1: adjusted for baseline M and place.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModel 2: adjusted for baseline M and place, and age.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModel 3: adjusted for baseline M, place, age, education, and income.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModel 4: adjusted for baseline M, place, age, education, income, and oral health behaviors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003eWomen in intervention group had 48% [CR = 1.48 (95% CI 1.27;1.73)] more filled teeth compared to women in control group. In adjusted models, people with low or middle SES had more D, M, and F compared to control group (P\u0026lt;0.05) (Tables 4).\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab4\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAssociation between demographic and dental care behaviors with number of filled teeth at 24 month follow up (n=436).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF-24 month\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value\u0026amp;CR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value\u0026amp;CR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value\u0026amp;CR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModel4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-value\u0026amp;CR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(95% CI)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBaseline F at pregnancy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlace\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eintervention\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001* \u0026amp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.48(1.26,1.73)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001* \u0026amp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.49(1.27,1.73)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001* \u0026amp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.51(1.29,1.76)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.03* \u0026amp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.19(1.01,1.41)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.04*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily size\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.79 \u0026amp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00(0.98,1.02)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.78 \u0026amp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.99(0.97,1.01)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eincome\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLow\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.009*\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMiddle\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.009* \u0026amp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.30(1.06,1.59)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.03* \u0026amp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.24(1.01,1.52)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDaily brush (at 6m)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eless than once\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10 \u0026amp; 0.85(0.70,1.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDaily floss(at6m)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eless than once\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.93 \u0026amp; 0.99(0.82,1.18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHaving Visited a dentist in the past 12 month (at 6m)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026lt;0.001* \u0026amp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.14(1.81,2.53)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"isPasted\"\u003eGLM model with Poisson link.function\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBold numbers: relationship significant at 5% level.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModel 1: adjusted for baseline F and place.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModel 2: adjusted for baseline F and place, and age.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModel 3: adjusted for baseline F, place, age, education, and income.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eModel 4: adjusted for baseline F, place, age, education, income, and oral health behaviors.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe designed this study to assess the effectiveness of some modified educational/behavioral interventions aimed at oral health promotion in pregnant women. Our particular interventions were feasible, cost effective and not complicated that made them applicable especially in deprived areas like this study\u0026rsquo;s field. Also, some interventions were done by PHCPs in order to integrating oral health into general health as the new FDI World Dental Federation\u0026rsquo;s manifest recommended (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study, the baseline mean DMFT was higher in the intervention group compared to the control group and remained higher in the last follow-up due to the nature of DMFT index; it means that DMFT is a cumulative index and never decreases over time. The DMFT index in the intervention group was higher than the control group due to the increase in M and F and decrease in D components. In other words, contrary to the control group, mothers in the intervention group followed their dental visits and let the dentists to treat their decayed teeth. Also, we observed brushing habit was significantly increased in the intervention group while it did not change in the control group at the last follow-up. This improvement in brushing behavior was also observed in other studies (\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR22 CR23\" citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSweet consumption behavior and having regular dental visits are usually affected by pregnancy and post-delivery period. Lactating women usually ignore their own nutrition and health after delivery because they are very busy taking care of their newborns (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e). But mothers in the intervention field had more dental visits and less sweet consumption in the last follow-up. Our result substantiated the findings from the previous studies which indicated that educational intervention may increase mother\u0026rsquo;s awareness of healthy nutrition, leading to lower sugar consumption (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, there was a significant positive association between family size and M, which has mentioned in a paper discussing World Health Organization global policy for improvement of oral health (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, in most low- and middle-income countries, investment in oral health care is low (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). This association may be resulted of some caries risk factors at the population level include low family income, restricted dental care access, and low oral health knowledge that involves low-income groups (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe conducted four types of interventions to evaluate the effectiveness of different educational methods and messengers. D, M, and F changes were more noticeable in comprehensive intervention group compared to other intervention and control groups. The highest reduction of D and the highest amount of M, and F increase were observed in the comprehensive group compared to others. These findings are in accordance with the results of an Iranian study performed via an educational comprehensive intervention using lecture, group discussion, question and answer and educational videos which led to a decrease in the growth of the DMFT compared to the control group (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e). Women in comprehensive intervention group also had the highest frequency of brushing and flossing, dental visit and the lowest frequency of sweet consumption compared to other intervention and control groups. This finding is in accordance with the results of an Australian study which reported that mothers in combination intervention group brushed their teeth two or more times a day at a higher rate compared to control group and other intervention groups (oral health videos together with a bag containing an oral health pamphlet plus a toothbrush and toothpaste) (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e). We should suggest that the combination of using different methods and various healthcare providers and professionals for intervention, can lead to better transmission of oral health messages to mothers, ultimately leaving a cumulative effect on mother\u0026rsquo;s oral health behaviors.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen in PHCPs intervention group had the same number of filled teeth as comprehensive group at the last follow-up. This type of intervention acts better in D reduction and M incremental changes and more frequency of brushing habit and dental visit and less sweet consumption compared to social network and group discussion led by dentist interventions. Agreed to our findings, another study conducted educational oral health interventions by midwives as PHCPs, reported significant increases in F and decreases in D were observed in intervention group compared to the other group (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e). Two other studies also reported increasing in oral health care habits of mothers who trained by prenatal healthcare providers in intervention groups compared to control group (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e). Owing to mothers' frequent access to maternal and child healthcare during pregnancy and 2-4 years after delivery of their children (such as vaccination time), and also covering a large target population, especially expectant and new mothers and their children at a very low cost, PHCPs are uniquely positioned to provide oral health education, and referrals of mother for utilization of dental services and play a significant role in mothers' and children's oral health.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Group discussion performed by dentists was more effective in improving oral health care and treatment seeking behaviors and also decreasing dental caries compared to the control group and social network in this study. a study revealed that at the end of the study mothers, who received oral health education and discussion session by dental professionals, had more brushing and flossing habits compared to control group (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e). dentists, as an oral health professional, can reliably diagnose dental caries and advising mothers to seek dental treatment. They are in an ideal position to train and motivate mothers on their oral health and assist them to carry out brushing and flossing in a proper and efficient way.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom pregnancy period up to the last follow-up, participants in social network intervention group had the least changes in D, M, and F and also oral health care behaviors. But some other studies reported significant improvements caused by social networks educational interventions. A Brazilian study reported that the use of mobile applications as a tool for delivering oral health promotion can improve oral health knowledge and decrease oral health indices (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e). Also, Scheerman et al. performed promotional oral health intervention study on adolescents and their mothers. Mothers received social media and behavioral education. After the first and the sixth month follow-up, the frequency of tooth brushing among adolescents in both intervention groups were significantly higher than the control group (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e). Based on recent studies, using mobile social network can improve people's oral health awareness and promote oral health behavioral more effectively. Nevertheless, our result showed that using social network was not as presumably effective as it was thought This may be because lactating mother are busy taking care of their newborn and do not spend much time to check oral health messages popped up on their mobile phones. Despite our finding, because of cost effectiveness and availability of this method, we suggest applying it in the pregnant women\u0026rsquo;s oral health promotion efforts in this country.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Limitations","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe should mention that due to the different culture and structure of the healthcare system in the Islamic Republic of Iran, our findings might not be generalized to other countries. Nevertheless, it may be suitable to be considered for similar deprived areas in Iran.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnfortunately, due to the limited population of Pishva and Pakdasht, we could not collect enough samples to fulfill the participants\u0026rsquo; estimated size, so the study is underpowered (CI is broad due to this issue).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlso, it should be mentioned that for those who did not participate in the study, the Comprehensive Health Centers did not provide patient information to the study team due to confidentiality.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe should acknowledge that random assignment was not applicable in this study due to geographical proximity of residence\u0026rsquo;s location in each area that increased chance of data transmission between intervention groups (sample contamination).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome women were not reachable for social network intervention because they did not have smart phones or did not use social applications.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIt can be concluded that, our interventions not only improved mothers \u0026lsquo;oral health behaviors such as brushing, nutrition, and dental visit in the previous 12 months, but also led to reduction of decayed teeth and filling untreated teeth in intervention group in a feasible and applicable manner and they complied with new oral health promotion suggestions made by health organizations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e Likewise, our comprehensive preventive intervention demonstrated improved maternal oral health, in a cost-saving manner. Our results suggest Performing educational interventions during and after pregnancy using both oral health professionals and trained PHCPs at the local context (Iran), could help the promotion of oral health status and awareness of pregnant and lactating mothers.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eCI: Confidence Intervals\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eD: decayed teeth\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM: missing teeth due to caries\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eF: filled teeth due to caries\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOR: Odds Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePHCPs: Primary Health Care Providers\u0026rsquo;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSES: Socio-Economic Status\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD: Standard Deviation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWHO: World Health Organization\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-\u003cem\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/em\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e We confirm that all methods were performed in accordance with the\u0026nbsp;relevant guidelines and regulations. This study was approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research Affairs of Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical sciences (code: IR.SBMU.DRC.REC.1397.003). After explanation of the study objectives, an informed consent was obtained for the participation. One of the mothers at the baseline of study was under 16 years old whose consent form was signed by her father as her legal guardian according the local rules.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;-Consent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e:\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;-\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and material:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e The authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-Funding:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e This study was funded by Research Affairs of Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e-Authors\u0026apos; contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have no conflict of interest to report. The authors wish to acknowledge Dr Rahmanali Taheri, Dr Shahzadeh Fazeli, Dr Parvin Bastani from Deputy for health affairs, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences for their kind help and support for this study. Thanks to Dr Gholami, Mrs. Kooshmaghani) Pishva health network) and Dr Fathi, Mrs.Mozayeni (Pakdasht health network) and all of primary care providers who work in Pishva and Pakdasht health centers for their diligent work during the clinical field work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAffiliations:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1.Marzie Deghatipour\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;DDS, Ph.D.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAssistant Professor, Department of Community Oral Health, Dental School, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. Zahra\u0026nbsp;Ghorbani, DDS, Ph.D.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAssociate\u0026nbsp;Professor, Department of Community Oral Health, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3. Amir Hossein Mokhlesi, DDs.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDental Research Center, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShahla Ghanbari,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDDS, Ph.D.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;PhD in Health Education. Deputy for Health affairs, Shahid Beheshti University of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5. Mahshid Namdari,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDepartment of Biostatistics, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePitts NB, Zero DT, Marsh PD, Ekstrand K, Weintraub JA, Ramos-Gomez F, et al. Dental caries. Nature reviews Disease primers. 2017;3(1):1\u0026ndash;16.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOzdemir D. Dental caries: the most common disease worldwide and preventive strategies. International Journal of Biology. 2013;5(4):55.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRakchanok N, Amporn D, Yoshida Y, Harun-Or-Rashid M, Sakamoto J. Dental caries and gingivitis among pregnant and non-pregnant women in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Nagoya Journal of Medical Science. 2010;72(1-2):43\u0026ndash;50.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eArmitage GC. Bi-directional relationship between pregnancy and periodontal disease. Periodontology 2000. 2013;61(1):160\u0026ndash;76.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCasamassimo PS, Thikkurissy S, Edelstein BL, Maiorini E. Beyond the dmft: the human and economic cost of early childhood caries. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2009;140(6):650\u0026ndash;7.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMarchi KS, Rinki C, Shah M, Dove M, Terpak C, Curtis MP, et al. Medical provider promotion of oral health and women\u0026rsquo;s receipt of dental care during pregnancy. Maternal and child health journal. 2019;23(7):890\u0026ndash;902.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMaternal N, Center COHR. Oral health care during pregnancy: a national consensus statement: summary of an expert workgroup meeting: National Maternal and Child Oral Health Resource Center, Georgetown University; 2012.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGambhir RS, Nirola A, Gupta T, Sekhon TS, Anand S. Oral health knowledge and awareness among pregnant women in India: A systematic review. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology. 2015;19(6):612.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHonkala S, Al-Ansari J. Self‐reported oral health, oral hygiene habits, and dental attendance of pregnant women in Kuwait. Journal of clinical periodontology. 2005;32(7):809\u0026ndash;14.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCharter O, editor Ottawa Charter for health promotion. First international conference on health promotion; 1986.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGeorge A, Johnson M, Blinkhorn A, Ellis S, Bhole S, Ajwani S. Promoting oral health during pregnancy: current evidence and implications for Australian midwives. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2010;19(23-24):3324\u0026ndash;33.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVamos CA, Thompson EL, Avendano M, Daley EM, Quinonez RB, Boggess K. Oral health promotion interventions during pregnancy: a systematic review. Community dentistry and oral epidemiology. 2015;43(5):385\u0026ndash;96.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eGlick M, Williams DM, Yahya IB, Bondioni E, Cheung WW, Clark P, et al. Vision 2030: Delivering Optimal Oral Health for All.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePakshir HR. Oral health in Iran. 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Evaluation of a midwifery initiated oral health-dental service program to improve oral health and birth outcomes for pregnant women: A multi-centre randomised controlled trial. International journal of nursing studies. 2018;82:49\u0026ndash;57.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAdams SH, Gregorich SE, Rising SS, Hutchison M, Chung LH. Integrating a nurse-midwife‐led oral health intervention into CenteringPregnancy prenatal care: results of a pilot study. Journal of midwifery \u0026amp; women's health. 2017;62(4):463\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMarchetti G, Fraiz FC, Nascimento WMd, Soares GMS, Assun\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o LRdS. Improving adolescents\u0026rsquo; periodontal health: Evaluation of a mobile oral health App associated with conventional educational methods: A cluster randomized trial. International journal of paediatric dentistry. 2018;28(4):410\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eScheerman JFM, Hamilton K, Sharif MO, Lindmark U, Pakpour AH. A theory-based intervention delivered by an online social media platform to promote oral health among Iranian adolescents: a cluster randomized controlled trial. Psychology \u0026amp; health. 2020;35(4):449\u0026ndash;66.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-oral-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ohea","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Oral Health](http://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ohea/default.aspx","title":"BMC Oral Health","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Dental caries, pregnant women, oral health, Community-based interventions.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1288066/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1288066/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e Dental caries is a costly and very common disease, especially in pregnant women. Reasons such as not paying attention to oral health, poor diet and also lack of adequate education in this regard cause this to happen. Performing well-designed educational interventions using primary health system's forces, can improve oral health of pregnant women and help control this disease. We conducted this study to evaluate the effectiveness of some oral health interventions on pregnant women dental caries.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c/strong\u003eA field trial study was done in comprehensive Health Centers in Varamin, Tehran, Iran to assess 439 mothers’ dental health status from pregnancy up to 2 years after delivery in intervention (n = 239) and control groups (n = 200). Mothers in intervention groups received oral health-related education consisted of nutritional and behavioral messages via either of four methods: A: comprehensive method including all following methods together (n = 74), B: group discussion by dentists (n = 59), C: face to face education by primary health care providers (n = 53), and D: social network applications (n = 53); while those in control group only received routine maternal and oral health care. We used a questionnaire to collect mothers’ demographic, socioeconomic and dental care behavior data and also performed oral examinations to assess their DMFT at baseline and 24 months after delivery to evaluate the effectiveness of these educational oral health interventions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e From 454 mothers participated the examination session, 18 pregnant women discontinued during the follow-ups and 439 were remained with mean age of 27.47. In the intervention group, the frequency of daily brushing among women increased from 64% at baseline to 85.6% at the last follow-up and the mean D significantly decreased nearly 1unit at same period (P \u0026lt;0.05). Most and least dental caries changes were in comprehensive intervention group and social network intervention group compared to other intervention groups, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions:\u003c/strong\u003e Performing educational interventions during and after pregnancy using various message delivery methods and messengers (oral health professionals and trained PHCPs), could improve oral health status and behaviors of pregnant and lactating mothers in a feasible and applicable manner.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of Oral Health Promotion Interventions On Pregnant Women Dental Caries: A Field Trial","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-02-02 16:32:38","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1288066/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2022-01-31T12:37:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2022-01-31T12:36:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Oral Health","date":"2022-01-23T08:01:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-oral-health","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ohea","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Oral Health](http://bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ohea/default.aspx","title":"BMC Oral Health","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"462bb01b-fcd6-40fe-81bb-c564a8192d1b","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 2nd, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-06-21T05:29:20+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-02-02 16:32:38","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1288066","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1288066","identity":"rs-1288066","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"FbvkV6FR0MCFSLy54lSbu","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}