Solar Light-Driven Photocatalysis Using BaFe2O4/rGO for Chlorhexidine Digluconate Contaminated Water: Comparison With Artificial UV and Visible Light-Mediated Photocatalysis

Solar Light-Driven Photocatalysis Using BaFe2O4/rGO for Chlorhexidine Digluconate Contaminated Water: Comparison With Artificial UV and Visible Light-Mediated Photocatalysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Solar Light-Driven Photocatalysis Using BaFe2O4/rGO for Chlorhexidine Digluconate Contaminated Water: Comparison With Artificial UV and Visible Light-Mediated Photocatalysis Astha Singh, Brijesh Kumar Mishra This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-386420/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 06 Jan, 2022 Read the published version in Environmental Science and Pollution Research → Version 1 posted 6 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Synthesis and characterization of dual functioning material is an effective approach for promotion of organic pollutant degradation through adsorption as well as photocatalysis. Herein, graphene oxide modified by addition of barium nitrate and iron to construct smooth sheet-like structure (BaFe 2 O 4 /rGO) for removal of Chlorhexidine Digluconate (CHD). Compare with GO (75.69% -UV-light ;88.17%-visible-light), BaFe 2 O 4 /rGO showed significant adsorption-photocatalysis effect under visible-light (93.95%) than UV-light (78.17%). The introduction of barium nitrate and iron into graphene oxide led to smooth porous structure with increased surface area (93.66 m 2 g -1 ), which resulted in large number of adsorption active site and great photocatalytic activity with efficient charge separation. Although, catalysts did not mineralize CHD completely, but the parent compound mineralized to some extent, which was confirmed by the TOC measurement and UV 254 absorbance variation. In addition, toxicity of degraded products was analyzed by bacterial susceptibility test on Bacillus cereus DPAML065 suggested that nontoxic byproducts of CHD formed, which led to their safe disposal. Based on the identified transformed products, the possible degradation pathway was proposed. Batch studies demonstrated that BaFe 2 O 4 /rGO is highly photoactive based on reaction rate constant (R 2 =0.984), where the kinetics data was well-fitted using the pseudo-first order. Moreover, efficiency of catalysts was examined under solar light to achieve the sustainability. Environmental Policy Chlorhexidine Digluconate BaFe2O4/rGO Adsorption combining Photocatalysis Energy Efficiency Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Full Text Due to technical limitations, full-text HTML conversion of this manuscript could not be completed. However, the manuscript can be downloaded and accessed as a PDF. Tables Table 1 : ANOVA Analysis for catalytic activity of different photocatalyst. Source Sum Square df Mean Square F-value P-value R 2 adj. R 2 GO Quadratic 5004.12 9 556.01 27.27 <0.0012 0.9609 0.9256 Residual 263.86 10 20.39 - - Lack of Fit 158 5 31.60 3.45 0.1004 Pure Error 45.86 5 9.17 - - Cor.Total 520.97 19 - - - BaFe 2 O 4 /rGO Quadratic 4542.05 9 504.67 63.49 0.9828 0.9673 Residual 79.48 10 - Lack of Fit 66.7 5 13.25 5.01 < 0.0507 Pure Error 13.22 5 2.64 - Cor.Total 4621.54 19 - - Table 2 : LCMS Analysis of GO and BaFe 2 O 4 /rGO mediated photocatalytic degradation of CHD. Time (min) GO (Peak) BaFe 2 O 4 /rGO (Peak) 0 505 505 20 370/149 425 60 265 354 80 133 316/170 100 127 209 Table 3 : Comparison of CHD degradation using GO and BaFe 2 O 4 /rGO under different source of light. Sample Experimental conditions Removal efficiency TOC removal UV 254 reduction R 2 K value (min - 1 ) Light source GO C o = 30 mgL -1 S/C=1.64, pH=9.5 75.56 73.19 65.14 0.931 0.0512 UV lamp BaFe 2 O 4 /rGO C o = 30 mgL -1 S/C=1.61, pH=9.5 78.17 74.68 68.27 0.965 0.052 UV lamp GO C o = 30 mgL -1 S/C=2.21, pH=8.9 88.17 83.9 51.23 0.937 0.031 Visible light BaFe 2 O 4 /rGO C o = 30 mgL -1 S/C=1.68, pH=9.2 93.95 88.12 71.01 0.984 0.038 Visible light GO C o = 30 mgL -1 S/C=2.12, pH=8.5 76.93 57.14 36.27 0.925 0.0086 Solar light BaFe 2 O 4 /rGO C o = 30 mgL -1 S/C=1.69, pH=9.4 78.68 69.57 59.99 0.971 0.0112 Solar light Supplementary Files GA.png Supplementary.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 06 Jan, 2022 Read the published version in Environmental Science and Pollution Research → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Minor Revision 09 Nov, 2021 Reviews received at journal 21 Sep, 2021 Reviewers invited by journal 24 Apr, 2021 Editor invited by journal 13 Apr, 2021 Editor assigned by journal 08 Apr, 2021 First submitted to journal 01 Apr, 2021 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-386420","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":23397699,"identity":"ff11cdfb-efdf-4686-ac1d-0cee72228086","order_by":0,"name":"Astha Singh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines): Indian Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Astha","middleName":"","lastName":"Singh","suffix":""},{"id":23397700,"identity":"fd5c372c-11be-41ee-b1a6-da881d5a0bc2","order_by":1,"name":"Brijesh Kumar Mishra","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABAUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAx4GhgOMDQwM8uxAgsdAjp+BgbHxAFFaDHsOgLQYSzYwMDYQ1MIA0sJwIwGohQGkBWgIPi3mPKcTD/7ccU+ecebbhw/eFBhI6LYfBtpSYxONS4tlb++Gw7xnig3bpdONDecYGEiYnUkEajmWltuAy2HneTccZmxLYGycncYmzWPwp87sAFALY8NhvFoO/mxLsG+4eYz9Nw/IlvMPCWg527vhAG9bQmLDDTY2ZrCWGwRssew5C/RLW0Lyxp40ZkmwX24AbUnA4xdzntzNH4EOs53Pfozxw5s/IIelP3zwocYGpxYcIIE05aNgFIyCUTAK0AAAXw1l4KXRBEgAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4451-1924","institution":"Indian Institute of Technolgy (ISM)","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Brijesh","middleName":"Kumar","lastName":"Mishra","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2021-04-02 14:34:49","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-386420/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-386420/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17689-8","type":"published","date":"2022-01-07T01:16:04+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":8543778,"identity":"f2f3e0c9-0d76-4d19-9506-d9c6821bd353","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-28 12:13:21","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":59756,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"a) XRD patterns; b) FTIR spectra and c) UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra of GO and BaFe2O4/rGO.","description":"","filename":"Fig01.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-386420/v1/7ad6664e36d3a6485ec7795b.png"},{"id":8544061,"identity":"5a6ce6c1-9bf3-48e6-a727-33794b6bb99e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-28 12:16:21","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":116838,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"a) Full scan spectra and extended high-resolution b) C 1s; c) O 1s and d) Ba 3d spectra of GO and BaFe2O4/rGO.","description":"","filename":"Fig02.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-386420/v1/50b8819a396a7d35ef4e8d24.png"},{"id":8544062,"identity":"43e52e9e-539d-498f-aa4d-6c1e990d0003","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-28 12:16:21","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":938033,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"SEM, TEM and EDS images of photocatalysts (a-e) GO; and (f-m) BaFe2O4/rGO.","description":"","filename":"Fig03.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-386420/v1/c82a4c9b39e7d1bd80984324.png"},{"id":8543783,"identity":"cd3c1a1c-df2e-45f1-9132-fc640eb4817c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-28 12:13:21","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":66171,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"a) Adsorption of CHD at optimized condition; b) pseudo-first order model; and c) pseudo-second order model for GO and BaFe2O4/rGO. ","description":"","filename":"Fig04.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-386420/v1/d768303b9f40b29a8843c5e4.png"},{"id":8544151,"identity":"883872bb-16ae-46d1-9edc-5163163dd42a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-28 12:19:21","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":103571,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"a) Photocatalytic degradation of CHD at optimized condition; b) pseudo-first order kinetics; c) trapping experiment of active species; and d) reusability experiment of GO and BaFe2O4/rGO mediated photocatalytic degradation of CHD.","description":"","filename":"Fig05.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-386420/v1/298e3ab2e3b8b6acdb1c41e6.png"},{"id":8544207,"identity":"988ef716-21c8-42c8-96ac-8b0c3e5d0836","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-28 12:22:21","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":48324,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"a) TOC removal and; b) UV absorbance reduction in GO and BaFe2O4/rGO mediated photocatalytic degradation of CHD at optimized condition.","description":"","filename":"Fig06.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-386420/v1/ecbb95f50bda5e031ab92971.png"},{"id":17078308,"identity":"1b79fad4-a9e3-4561-b314-8802be6be9b9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-01-07 01:16:17","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":729679,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript02.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-386420/v1_covered.pdf"},{"id":13626778,"identity":"5b738e71-0497-43a0-be0f-b9b8ce67d2f7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 07:50:52","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":724634,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript02.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-386420/v1_covered.pdf"},{"id":8544236,"identity":"6cd7fc11-8a06-4666-83b9-cf7475b8989f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-28 12:25:27","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":664672,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript02.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-386420/v1_stamped.pdf"},{"id":8543779,"identity":"5b7fad45-ffe7-407b-9baa-e5579232bf90","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-28 12:13:21","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":352382,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"GA.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-386420/v1/7d3fd312fc11ad98036609c2.png"},{"id":8544065,"identity":"2566eaff-bc46-446a-8abf-bb25cc758939","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-28 12:16:21","extension":"docx","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":6026198,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplementary.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-386420/v1/574fb0c144d2bf725ec84956.docx"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eSolar Light-Driven Photocatalysis Using BaFe2O4/rGO for Chlorhexidine Digluconate Contaminated Water: Comparison With Artificial UV and Visible Light-Mediated Photocatalysis\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Full Text","content":"\u003cp\u003eDue to technical limitations, full-text HTML conversion of this manuscript could not be completed. However, the manuscript can be downloaded and accessed as a PDF.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e: ANOVA Analysis for catalytic activity of different photocatalyst.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"89\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSource\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"76\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSum Square\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"62\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edf\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"69\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean Square\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"67\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"77\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"67\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"68\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eadj. 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width=\"67\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.9609\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" width=\"68\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.9256\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"89\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResidual\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"76\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e263.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"62\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"69\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e20.39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"67\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"77\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"89\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLack of Fit\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"76\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e158\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"62\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"69\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31.60\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"67\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.45\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"77\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.1004\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"89\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePure Error\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"76\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e45.86\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"62\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"69\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"67\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"77\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"89\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCor.Total\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"76\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e520.97\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"62\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"69\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"67\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"77\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBaFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/rGO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"89\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuadratic\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"76\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4542.05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"62\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"69\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e504.67\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"67\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e63.49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"77\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" width=\"67\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.9828\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd rowspan=\"5\" width=\"68\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.9673\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"89\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResidual\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"76\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e79.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"62\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"69\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"67\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"77\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"89\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLack of Fit\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"76\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e66.7\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"62\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"69\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.25\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"67\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"77\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; 0.0507\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"89\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePure Error\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"76\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e13.22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"62\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"69\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"67\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"77\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"89\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCor.Total\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"76\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4621.54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"62\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"69\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"67\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"77\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr /\u003eTable 2\u003c/strong\u003e: LCMS Analysis of GO and BaFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/rGO mediated photocatalytic degradation of CHD.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"200\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTime (min)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"200\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGO (Peak)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"200\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBaFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/rGO (Peak)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"200\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"200\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e505\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"200\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e505\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"200\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"200\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e370/149\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"200\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e425\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"200\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e60\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"200\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e265\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"200\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e354\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"200\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e80\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"200\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e133\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"200\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e316/170\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"200\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"200\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e127\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"200\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e209\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr /\u003eTable 3\u003c/strong\u003e: Comparison of CHD degradation using GO and BaFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/rGO under different source of light.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"93\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExperimental conditions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"74\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRemoval efficiency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTOC removal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUV\u003csub\u003e254 \u003c/sub\u003ereduction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eK value (min\u003csup\u003e- 1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"67\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLight source\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"93\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e= 30 mgL\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS/C=1.64, pH=9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"74\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e75.56\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e73.19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e65.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.931\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0512\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"67\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUV lamp\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBaFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/rGO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"93\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e= 30 mgL\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS/C=1.61, pH=9.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"74\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e78.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e74.68\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e68.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.965\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"67\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUV lamp\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"93\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e= 30 mgL\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS/C=2.21, pH=8.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"74\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e83.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51.23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.937\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.031\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"67\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVisible light\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBaFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/rGO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"93\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e= 30 mgL\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS/C=1.68, pH=9.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"74\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e93.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e71.01\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.984\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.038\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"67\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVisible light\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"93\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e= 30 mgL\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS/C=2.12, pH=8.5\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"74\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e76.93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e57.14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e36.27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.925\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0086\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"67\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSolar light\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"101\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBaFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/rGO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"93\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e= 30 mgL\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eS/C=1.69, pH=9.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"74\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e78.68\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"70\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e69.57\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"73\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e59.99\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"58\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.971\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"64\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0112\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"67\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSolar light\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"espr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Science and Pollution Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/11356)","snPcode":"11356","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11356/3","title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Chlorhexidine Digluconate, BaFe2O4/rGO, Adsorption combining Photocatalysis, Energy Efficiency","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-386420/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-386420/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eSynthesis and characterization of dual functioning material is an effective approach for promotion of organic pollutant degradation through adsorption as well as photocatalysis. Herein, graphene oxide modified by addition of barium nitrate and iron to construct smooth sheet-like structure (BaFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/rGO) for removal of Chlorhexidine Digluconate (CHD). Compare with GO (75.69% -UV-light ;88.17%-visible-light), BaFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/rGO showed significant adsorption-photocatalysis effect under visible-light (93.95%) than UV-light (78.17%). The introduction of barium nitrate and iron into graphene oxide led to smooth porous structure with increased surface area (93.66 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e), which resulted in large number of adsorption active site and great photocatalytic activity with efficient charge separation. Although, catalysts did not mineralize CHD completely, but the parent compound mineralized to some extent, which was confirmed by the TOC measurement and UV\u003csub\u003e254\u003c/sub\u003e absorbance variation. In addition, toxicity of degraded products was analyzed by bacterial susceptibility test on Bacillus\u003cem\u003e cereus \u003c/em\u003eDPAML065 suggested that nontoxic byproducts of CHD formed, which led to their safe disposal. Based on the identified transformed products, the possible degradation pathway was proposed. Batch studies demonstrated that BaFe\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e/rGO is highly photoactive based on reaction rate constant (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e=0.984), where the kinetics data was well-fitted using the pseudo-first order. Moreover, efficiency of catalysts was examined under solar light to achieve the sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Solar Light-Driven Photocatalysis Using BaFe2O4/rGO for Chlorhexidine Digluconate Contaminated Water: Comparison With Artificial UV and Visible Light-Mediated Photocatalysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-04-28 12:13:19","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-386420/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Minor Revision","date":"2021-11-10T01:21:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2021-09-21T14:37:48+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2021-04-25T00:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","date":"2021-04-14T00:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2021-04-09T00:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","date":"2021-04-01T07:29:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"espr","sideBox":"Learn more about [Environmental Science and Pollution Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/11356)","snPcode":"11356","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11356/3","title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"4b409ba3-c983-4578-8fb0-944f696dadaa","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 28th, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":3951393,"name":"Environmental Policy"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-01-07T01:16:04+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-386420","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17689-8","journal":{"identity":"environmental-science-and-pollution-research","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},"publishedOn":"2022-01-07 01:16:04","publishedOnDateReadable":"January 7th, 2022"},"versionCreatedAt":"2021-04-28 12:13:19","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11356-021-17689-8","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17689-8","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-386420","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-386420","identity":"rs-386420","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}