Allele specific expression and gene regulation explain transgressive thermal tolerance in non-native hybrids of the endangered California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense)

Hybridization between native and non-native species is an ongoing global conservation threat. Hybrids that exhibit traits and tolerances that surpass parental values are of particular concern, given their ability to outcompete the native parent. It is crucial to understand the mechanisms that drive these transgressive hybrid traits to diagnose and develop strategies to manage hybrid populations. Here, we explore several aspects of the hybridization between the endangered California tiger salamander ( Ambystoma californiense ; CTS) and the introduced barred tiger salamander ( Ambystoma mavortium ; BTS). We assayed critical thermal maximum (CTMax) to compare the ability of CTS, BTS and hybrids to tolerate acute thermal stress, and found that hybrids exhibit a wide range of CTMax values, with 40% (6/15) able to tolerate temperatures greater than either parent. We quantified the genomic response of each individual to discover and compare thermal abatement strategies. We found that CTS and BTS have strikingly different numbers and tissue-specific patterns of overall gene expression, with hybrids expressing intermediate values. We evaluated transgressive and variable phenotypes by uncovering regulatory mechanisms that give rise to these unique traits. F1 hybrids display abundant and variable degrees of allele specific expression (ASE), likely arising from extensive compensatory evolution in gene regulatory mechanisms of the parental lineages. We found that the proportion of genes with allelic imbalance in individual hybrids correlates with their CTMax, suggesting that BTS-biased expression confers improved thermal tolerance. We discuss the implications of these findings with respect to ongoing management of CTS in the face of future climate change.