Mobile Applications for Diabetes Management in Iran: An App Review and Quality Assessment Using the Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS)

Mobile Applications for Diabetes Management in Iran: An App Review and Quality Assessment Using the Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Mobile Applications for Diabetes Management in Iran: An App Review and Quality Assessment Using the Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS) Ghasem Alizadeh-dizaj, Nahid Mehrabi, Mohammad Afshar Ardalan, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4932853/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background The increasing prevalence of diabetes worldwide necessitates the development of effective mobile applications (apps) to assist individuals in managing their condition. Despite the growing number of these applications, there is limited understanding of their quality, which is essential for ensuring that they serve their intended purpose effectively. We aimed to perform a systematic search and evaluate the content and quality of diabetes applications available in Iranian app stores on the basis of the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS). Methods Iranian app stores for iOS and Android were searched using diabetes-related terms in August 2024. Apps that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were added to the content and quality assessment. Two researchers independently reviewed, rated, and evaluated the retrieved apps. The Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS) was employed to assess the included apps. MARS rates apps on a scale from 1 to 5, providing an overall score along with scores for engagement, functionality, information, aesthetics, and subject quality. Results The search terms yielded 809 apps, after removing duplicate and irrelevant apps, 33 met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. The assessment revealed an average quality score of 2.78 (SD 1.04) across the evaluated applications, indicating a moderate level of overall performance. While certain applications demonstrated promising potential by offering valuable educational content and robust features, the overall quality exhibited significant variability, with scores ranging from 1.71 to 4.53. This variability underscores a pressing need for improvements in user engagement and functionality among many of the assessed apps. Conclusions The findings highlight the critical need for targeted enhancements in mobile health applications for diabetes management to better serve the needs of users. Collaboration among developers, healthcare professionals, and researchers is essential to create high-quality, effective tools that can significantly aid individuals in managing their diabetes. Future research should prioritize the identification of best practices and address the gaps identified in this study, thereby maximizing the potential of mobile applications as indispensable resources in diabetes care. Mobile applications Diabetes Quality assessment Diabetes management Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Background Diabetes is a significant public health challenge worldwide, with a staggering prevalence that continues to rise annually( 1 , 2 ). It is estimated that in 2021, approximately 537 million adults were living with diabetes, increasing continuously until 2045, with more than 783 million adults living with diabetes( 3 , 4 ). While the prevalence of diabetes in Iran is relatively high, it has been reported to be approximately 9.7% in adults( 5 ), heralding many complications related to quality of life and healthcare systems( 6 , 7 ). Proper management of diabetes can reduce the risk of serious complications such as cardiovascular disease, kidney failure and neuropathy( 8 , 9 ). The guidelines indicate that effective management needs a multifaceted approach involving behavioral modification, dietary management, regular physical activity, and monitoring of blood glucose levels( 10 – 12 ). It shifts the focus to self-care practices, thereby empowering these patients to take active roles in managing their health to prevent diabetes complications( 13 , 14 ). Currently, studies have clearly captured the benefits of mHealth applications (apps) as supporting tools in diabetes self-management( 15 – 17 ). For example, Amalindah et al.'s research in 2020 highlighted that the integration of mHealth apps could increase the self-efficacy of users, which is helpful for attaining better control over the glycemic level when these apps are combined with conventional management strategies( 18 ). Through these applications, access to individual health information, monitoring tools, and social support is made available to the user( 19 ); hence, it facilitates patient education and encourages adherence to treatment regimens( 18 , 20 , 21 ). These applications on mobile phones can, in essence, shorten the distance between health service providers and patients( 22 ), creating an opportunity for timely interventions( 23 ), reminders( 21 ), and progress tracking( 24 ). The grossly accelerated, exuberant growth of mobile applications for health care inevitably leads to concerns regarding their quality and effectiveness( 25 ). Indeed, many such applications are developed with scant clinical evidence or even compliance with best-practice guidelines; hence, protocols are likely either misinformative or ineffective management strategies. Gong et al. conducted a study to ensure the reliability and efficacy of these digital tools in facilitating diabetes management, considering the need for rigorous assessment( 26 ). The MARS is a type of standardized instrument designed for evaluating mobile health applications( 27 ). It has a structured format that determines the quality of apps on the basis of engagement, functionality, aesthetics, information quality, and other parameters( 28 ). This study utilized MARS for the quality assessment of various diabetes-related apps available on Iranian app stores. Previous studies have successfully applied the MARS framework for evaluating diabetes applications in different settings; thus, it is important to ensure the highest quality of the selected mHealth solution( 29 , 30 ). Therefore, in this study, mobile applications created for diabetes management in Iran via MARS are identified and analyzed. In this study, a comprehensive assessment of these applications will be conducted, including meaningful insights into the features, quality, and usability characteristics of these apps, which can certainly assist healthcare service providers and patients in accommodating useful tools for the management of diabetes in Iran. The present study is envisaged to add to the discourse on the role that digital health interventions can play in chronic disease management. Methodology Study Design This study employs a descriptive cross-sectional design to assess the quality of mobile applications specifically aimed at diabetes management available in Iran. The evaluation is conducted via the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS), a validated tool that allows for a comprehensive assessment of mobile health applications on the basis of various metrics. Eligibility criteria The mobile applications included in this study were required to meet the following criteria: The app must be designed primarily for diabetes management. The app should be available for download in Iranian app stores (both Android and iOS platforms). The app must be in Persian or contain Persian language options. Applications intended solely for commercial purposes, such as those that do not provide health-related content or services (e.g., games, advertising), were excluded. Data collection process Identification of Applications A systematic search was conducted using keywords related to diabetes management (e.g., "diabetes", "blood sugar", "glycemic control") in popular Iranian app stores (Google Play Store and Apple App Store). A comprehensive review was conducted in August 2024, during which all relevant applications were documented. Screening for eligibility The identified applications were screened against the predefined eligibility criteria. Applications that met these criteria were shortlisted for quality assessment. Quality assessment via MARS The Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS) was utilized to evaluate the quality of the apps included in this review. It comprises 23 questions aimed at analyzing the engagement, functionality, aesthetics, information, and subjective quality of mobile applications. Additionally, six final app-specific questions can be customized to reflect the target health behavior/function of the application( 28 ). Each item is rated on a 5-point scale (1 = inadequate, 2 = poor, 3 = acceptable, 4 = good, and 5 = excellent). The MARS has shown excellent internal consistency and interrater reliability for assessing the quality of mHealth apps ( 28 , 31 ). To standardize the quality ratings, the assessor underwent MARS video training, which was recommended by the developers. A total of 10 apps were randomly selected for training until a consensus on the scores was achieved. Additionally, a single overall quality score is calculated on the basis of a composite of ratings from the aforementioned domains. Figure 1 shows the MARS structure. Evaluation process An independent reviewer initially screened the eligible apps on the basis of their names, descriptions, and provided screenshots. After this preliminary screening phase, the same independent reviewer downloaded the apps that met the eligibility criteria for further review. Any concerns regarding inclusion were discussed and resolved within the research group until a final decision was reached. At the stage of further investigation, two independent reviewers with backgrounds in healthcare and mobile health technologies conducted the evaluations. Each reviewer rated the applications independently using the MARS criteria on a scale from 1 (inadequate) to 5 (excellent). Discrepancies in ratings were resolved through discussion and consensus. Data analysis Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze the MARS scores, including means and standard deviations (SDs) for individual domain scores as well as the overall quality score. Quantitative variables are represented as the means and SDs, whereas categorical variables are displayed as frequencies and percentages. In line with the recommendations of the MARS developers, the MARS score for each app was calculated by summing the scores for each item and dividing by the total number of items in the objective sections. To enhance the objectivity of the measure, the means of the subjective quality items were also computed and analyzed separately. The data were examined via Microsoft Excel and SPSS statistical software to assess the quality of mobile applications for diabetes management within the sample. Correlation analyses were performed to explore the relationships between different MARS domain scores. Ethical considerations This study received ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the AJA University of Medical Sciences. Since the assessment involved publicly available applications and did not involve human subjects directly, informed consent was not necessary. However, efforts were made to ensure unbiased evaluation and reporting of findings. Results A total of 809 applications were identified through search terms in application stores, comprising 747 applications from Android stores and 62 from iOS stores. Thirty-four programs were removed because of duplication, and 725 were excluded because of irrelevance. Fifty programs were downloaded for further evaluation; however, 17 could not be installed or run due to the outdated Android version and were thus excluded from the study. Ultimately, 33 programs were included in the study (Fig. 2 ). The features of the apps included in the analysis are as follows. Among the 33 apps, 27 were supported solely by Android, whereas five were compatible with both Android and iOS. All the apps clearly identified their developers and were updated at least twice. The mean user score for all presented apps was 4.2 (SD: 0.96) out of 5. According to the star ratings from app users, among apps with at least 10 reviews, "Diabetes," "Diabetes Notebook," and "Clinic of Diabetes Diseases" received the highest ratings of 4.8, 4.6, and 4.6, respectively. In contrast, "Sinacare" had the lowest score at 3 points. The highest number of downloads and installs belonged to the "Sinacare" app with more than 50,000 downloads, and the last apps were updated or developed in 2024. Table 1 presents a description of the diabetes applications (apps) included in the study. Although the primary focus of all 33 apps was to enhance users' physical health, 14 apps also aimed to change user behavior by offering tools for monitoring and tracking. The theoretical strategies of 57 percent of the apps (n = 19) involved educating users by providing information, whereas 18 percent (n = 6) focused on monitoring and tracking activities related to users' diseases; 24 percent of the apps (n = 8) incorporated both approaches. Thirteen apps allowed users to share information stored within the program in the form of reports and charts. Nine of the apps required web access to function, and seven had an app community. Among the 33 reviewed applications, seven had the ability to send reminders to users, seven programs required a login to access the app, and only one app offered the option of password protection to increase user data privacy. Table 2 presents the characteristics and main features of the provided apps. Table 2 Characteristics of the included diabetes applications (apps). No App name Focus (What the App Targets) Theoretical Background/Strategies Technical Aspects of App App Features and Capabilities 1 Sinacare Physical health, Behavior Change Information/Education, Monitoring/Tracking Allows sharing, Has an app community, Requires login, Sends reminders, Needs web access to function Creating a user profile, Registering blood sugar and other tests, Providing educational content, Consulting with a doctor, Generating graphical reports, Reminding of medication, Reminding of tests, Bluetooth connection to glucometer, digital scale and sphygmomanometer 2 Blue Circle Physical health, Behavior Change Information/Education, Monitoring/Tracking Allows sharing, Sends reminders Registering blood sugar, Providing educational content, Generating graphical reports, Reminding of medication 3 Traditional Medicine - Blood Sugar Physical health Information/Education - Providing educational content 4 What should diabetics eat? Physical health Information/Education - Providing educational content 5 Ways to treat diabetes Physical health Information/Education - Providing educational content 6 iDia Physical health, Behavior Change Information/Education, Monitoring/Tracking Allows sharing, Has an app community, Needs web access to function Creating user profile, Registering blood sugar, Registering foods and their calories, Registering insulin injections, Registering physical activities, Registering blood pressure, Registering weight, Registering emotions, Generating graphical reports 7 Diabetes Shop Physical health Information/Education Has an app community, Needs web access to function Creating user profile, Providing educational content, selling diabetes products 8 Ghandoon Physical health, Behavior Change Information/Education, Monitoring/Tracking Allows sharing, Sends reminders Creating user profile, Providing educational content, Registering blood sugar, Generating graphical reports, Reminding of medications, Reminding of blood sugar registration, Reminding of food eating, Reminding of doctor visit 9 Diabetes Notebook Physical health, Behavior Change Monitoring/Tracking Allows sharing Registering blood sugar, Registering medications, Registering blood pressure, Registering weight, Registering A1C, Generating graphical reports 10 Diabetes Physical health, Behavior Change Information/Education, Monitoring/Tracking Allows sharing, Requires login, Needs web access to function Creating user profile, Providing educational content, Registering blood sugar, Generating graphical reports, Consulting with a doctor 11 Diabetes Physical health Information/Education - Providing educational content 12 Diabetes Physical health Information/Education - Providing educational content 13 Asan-Chek Physical health, Behavior Change Monitoring/Tracking Allows sharing, Has an app community Registering blood sugar, Registering insulin injections, Generating graphical reports, Bluetooth connection to glucometer 14 Destroyer of Diabetes Physical health Information/Education - Providing educational content 15 Diabetes Physical health Information/Education - Providing educational content 16 Diabetes Physical health Information/Education - Providing educational content 17 Clinic of Diabetes Diseases Physical health Information/Education - Providing educational content 18 Diabetes Physical health Information/Education - Providing educational content 19 Diabetes Logger Physical health, Behavior Change Monitoring/Tracking Allows sharing Registering blood sugar, Registering insulin injections, Registering meals, Generating graphical reports 20 Diabetes Treatment Physical health Information/Education - Providing educational content 21 Diabetes Physical health Information/Education - Providing educational content 22 Diabetes Physical health Information/Education - Providing educational content 23 Ghandet Physical health, Behavior Change Information/Education, Monitoring/Tracking Allows sharing, Has an app community, Requires login, Sends reminders, Needs web access to function Creating user profile, Registering blood sugar, Registering medications, Providing educational content, Reminding of blood sugar Measuring and registration, Generating graphical reports, Consulting with a doctor 24 Diabetes Physical health Information/Education - Providing educational content 25 Diabetes Physical health Information/Education - Providing educational content 26 Diabetes Physical health Information/Education - Providing educational content 27 MAN Physical health, Behavior Change Information/Education, Monitoring/Tracking Allows sharing, Requires login, Sends reminders, Needs web access to function Creating user profile, Registering blood sugar, Registering tests, Registering medications, Registering blood pressure, Reminding of medications, Reminding of doctor visit, Providing educational content, Generating graphical reports, Consulting with a doctor 28 Diabetes, Prevention and Control Physical health Information/Education - Providing educational content 29 Dialog Physical health, Behavior Change Monitoring/Tracking Allows sharing, Has an app community, Requires login, Needs web access to function Creating user profile, Registering blood sugar, Registering weight, Registering carbohydrate, Registering medications, Registering blood pressure, Registering physical activities, Registering tests, Generating graphical reports, Consulting with a doctor, Bluetooth connection to glucometer 30 Diabetes Physical health, Behavior Change Information/Education, Monitoring/Tracking Allows sharing, Sends reminders Creating user profile, Registering blood sugar, Registering weight, Registering blood pressure, Generating graphical reports, Providing educational content, Reminding of blood sugar 31 Diabetes Physical health Information/Education - Providing educational content 32 Shekarban Physical health, Behavior Change Monitoring/Tracking Allows sharing, Has an app community, Allows password-protection, Requires login, Needs web access to function Creating user profile, Registering blood sugar, Registering blood pressure, Registering physical activities, Registering medications, Registering tests, Generating graphical reports 33 MY FREESENS Physical health, Behavior Change Monitoring/Tracking Allows sharing, Has an app community, Requires login, Sends reminders, Needs web access to function Creating user profile, Registering blood sugar, Reminding of blood sugar Measuring and registration, Generating graphical reports, NFC connection to glucometer The specific scores for each app are presented in Table 3. The mean app quality score varied from 1.71 (worst-rated app) to 4.53 (best-rated app), with a similar trend observed in each section: 1.40 to 4.80 (engagement), 1.75 to 4.50 (functionality), 1.00 to 5.00 (aesthetics), 2.43 to 4.29 (information), 1.00 to 5.00 (app subjective quality), and 1.67 to 4.33 (app-specific). Overall, the 33 apps achieved a mean quality score of 2.78 (SD 1.04). On average, the highest-rated section was information (mean 3.30, SD 0.56), followed by functionality (mean 3.00, SD 0.88) and aesthetics (mean 2.80, SD 1.37), whereas the lowest-rated sections were app subjective quality (mean 2.38, SD 1.44), app specificity (mean 2.51, SD 0.90), and app engagement (mean 2.70, SD 1.26). Table 3 The specific scores for each app No App name App Quality Mean (SD) Section Mean (SD) User’s Stars Score (Votes) A B C D E F 1 Sinacare 4/18 (0/54) 4/20 (0/84) 4/25 (0/96) 5/00 (0/00) 3/86 (0/38) 4/25 (0/50) 3/50 (0/55) 3.0(116) 2 Blue Circle 2/61 (0/59) 2/60 (0/55) 3/00 (0/82) 2/00 (0/00) 3/14 (0/69) 2/25 (0/96) 2/67 (0/52) 4.4(243) 3 Traditional Medicine - Blood Sugar 2/46 (0/69) 1/80 (0/84) 3/00 (0/82) 2/67 (0/58) 3/14 (0/69) 2/00 (0/82) 2/17 (0/41) 3.4(8) 4 What should diabetics eat? 2/81 (0/46) 2/80 (0/45) 3/50 (0/58) 3/00 (0/00) 3/14 (0/38) 2/25 (0/96) 2/17 (0/41) 4.4(287) 5 Ways to treat diabetes 1/71 (0/37) 1/40 (0/55) 2/00 (0/00) 1/00 (0/00) 2/43 (0/79) 1/25 (0/50) 2/17 (0/41) 4.5(124) 6 iDia 4/38 (0/50) 4/40 (0/55) 4/25 (0/50) 4/67 (0/58) 3/86 (0/38) 4/75 (0/50) 4/33 (0/52) 4.1(102) 7 Diabetes Shop 3/68 (0/63) 3/80 (0/45) 3/25 (0/50) 4/00 (0/00) 4/29 (0/76) 3/25 (1/50) 3/50 (0/55) 3.7(12) 8 Ghandoon 4/53 (0/32) 4/80 (0/45) 4/50 (0/58) 5/00 (0/00) 4/14 (0/38) 4/75 (0/50) 4/00 (0/00) 4.3(14) 9 Diabetes Notebook 3/04 (0/62) 3/20 (0/84) 3/75 (0/50) 3/00 (0/00) 3/29 (0/95) 2/00 (0/82) 3/00 (0/63) 4.6(34) 10 Diabetes 3/71 (0/68) 4/60 (0/55) 3/75 (0/50) 3/67 (0/58) 3/71 (0/49) 3/00 (1/41) 3/50 (0/55) 5(1) 11 Diabetes 2/14 (0/48) 1/40 (0/55) 2/50 (0/58) 2/00 (0/00) 3/43 (0/53) 1/50 (0/58) 2/00 (0/63) 5(1) 12 Diabetes 1/92 (0/56) 1/40 (0/55) 2/25 (0/96) 1/67 (0/58) 3/14 (0/38) 1/25 (0/50) 1/83 (0/41) 4.5(4) 13 Asan-Chek 3/08 (0/66) 3/40 (0/55) 3/50 (0/58) 3/33 (0/58) 3/57 (0/53) 2/50 (1/00) 2/17 (0/75) 4.2(10) 14 Destroyer of Diabetes 1/90 (0/45) 1/60 (0/55) 2/50 (0/58) 1/33 (0/58) 3/29 (0/49) 1/00 (0/00) 1/67 (0/52) 5(7) 15 Diabetes 1/73 (0/44) 1/40 (0/55) 2/25 (0/50) 1/33 (0/58) 2/71 (0/49) 1/00 (0/00) 1/67 (0/52) 4.4(10) 16 Diabetes 2/05 (0/49) 1/40 (0/55) 2/25 (0/50) 2/00 (0/00) 3/14 (0/69) 1/50 (0/58) 2/00 (0/63) 3.0(2) 17 Clinic of Diabetes Diseases 1/98 (0/39) 1/60 (0/55) 2/50 (0/58) 2/00 (0/00) 3/14 (0/69) 1/00 (0/00) 1/67 (0/52) 4.6(258) 18 Diabetes 2/07 (0/54) 1/80 (0/45) 2/50 (0/58) 2/33 (0/58) 2/71 (0/76) 1/25 (0/50) 1/83 (0/41) 4.3(7) 19 Diabetes Logger 2/54 (0/61) 3/00 (0/71) 3/00 (0/82) 2/00 (0/00) 2/71 (0/49) 2/50 (1/00) 2/00 (0/63) 4.2(5) 20 Diabetes Treatment 2/32 (0/52) 1/80 (0/45) 2/75 (0/50) 2/33 (0/58) 3/29 (0/49) 1/75 (0/50) 2/00 (0/63) 4.0(4) 21 Diabetes 1/74 (0/39) 1/60 (0/55) 2/00 (0/00) 1/33 (0/58) 2/86 (0/69) 1/00 (0/00) 1/67 (0/52) 4.2(5) 22 Diabetes 1/73 (0/54) 1/60 (0/89) 1/75 (0/50) 1/67 (0/58) 2/71 (0/76) 1/00 (0/00) 1/67 (0/52) 4.3(3) 23 Ghandet 4/11 (0/59) 4/20 (0/45) 4/00 (0/82) 4/67 (0/58) 3/86 (0/69) 4/25 (0/50) 3/67 (0/52) 5(1) 24 Diabetes 1/99 (0/60) 2/00 (0/71) 2/00 (0/82) 2/00 (0/00) 2/71 (0/95) 1/25 (0/50) 2/00 (0/63) 4.4(160) 25 Diabetes 2/23 (0/56) 2/20 (0/45) 2/25 (0/50) 2/33 (0/58) 3/00 (0/58) 1/75 (0/50) 1/83 (0/75) 4.2(5) 26 Diabetes 1/72 (0/40) 1/60 (0/55) 2/00 (0/00) 1/33 (0/58) 2/71 (0/76) 1/00 (0/00) 1/67 (0/52) 0.0(0) 27 MAN 4/40 (0/39) 4/40 (0/55) 4/25 (0/50) 5/00 (0/00) 4/14 (0/38) 4/75 (0/50) 3/83 (0/41) 5(2) 28 Diabetes, Prevention and Control 1/85 (0/47) 1/80 (0/45) 2/25 (0/50) 1/67 (0/58) 2/71 (0/76) 1/00 (0/00) 1/67 (0/52) 5(1) 29 Dialog 4/50 (0/29) 4/80 (0/45) 4/25 (0/50) 5/00 (0/00) 4/14 (0/38) 5/00 (0/00) 3/83 (0/41) 3(3) 30 Diabetes 1/72 (0/40) 1/60 (0/55) 2/00 (0/00) 1/33 (0/58) 2/71 (0/76) 1/00 (0/00) 1/67 (0/52) N/A 31 Diabetes 2/23 (0/57) 2/00 (0/71) 2/50 (0/58) 2/00 (0/00) 2/86 (0/69) 2/00 (0/82) 2/00 (0/63) 4.8(15) 32 Shekarban 4/36 (0/37) 4/20 (0/45) 4/25 (0/50) 5/00 (0/00) 4/14 (0/38) 4/75 (0/50) 3/83 (0/41) 2.7(3) 33 MY FREESENS 4/37 (0/52) 4/60 (0/55) 4/25 (0/50) 4/67 (0/58) 4/29 (0/49) 4/75 (0/50) 3/67 (0/52) 4.1(42) TOTAL MEAN 2.78 2.70 3.00 2.80 3.30 2.38 2.51 4.2 A: Engagement; B: Functionality; C: Aesthetics; D: Information; E: App subjective quality; F: App specific; N/A: not applicable. Discussion The MARS is a standard instrument that is specifically designed to evaluate the quality of health-related mobile applications, including their dimensions of engagement, functionality, aesthetics, and information, and has excellent internal consistency and good construct validity( 28 ). It has been applied successfully in assessing apps across a wide range of health domains, providing an objective alternative to often unreliable user ratings and thereby serving as a valuable resource for clinicians, researchers, and app developers with respect to the promotion of self-care and wellness management( 31 ). Our assessment of 33 mobile applications for the self-management of diabetes care helped to establish important insights into their quality and usability. The average MARS quality score was 2.78, with an SD of 1.04, indicating that while some apps had good features and information, the majority still had a long way to go in terms of user experience. The scores ranged from 1.71 for the worst-rated app to 4.53 for the highly rated leading app, which indicates wide variability across this area of quality. While some of them show potency in the delivery of relevant content, others do not fare nearly as well with user interactivity and overall functionality, which more than overtly highlights both the advantages and shortcomings in this landscape of diabetes management apps. Overall Quality of Apps The overall quality of the diabetes management apps in our study, with a mean score of 2.95, reflects an overall mixed landscape of app functionality and user experience. For example, Gong et al. reported that the average rating of quality for diabetes apps was 3.42 for those available in China( 26 ). It places high emphasis on the power of having robust user interface designs in these respects. In a study by Chavez et al., 89 diabetes apps were evaluated for quality, with a reported mean score of 2.99; marked strengths were noted in data tracking functionalities( 32 ). Another European study conducted by Geirhos et al. in 2022 examined 120 diabetes apps, with a mean of 3.20, showing that although educational content is strong, interface usability is poor( 33 ). The comparison thus shows that, as promising as Iranian apps may seem, there is space for improvement in contrast to international applications. Insights from MARS evaluation Although the information domain in our study had the highest score of 3.30, indicating that the available educational content was appropriately communicated, Gong et al. reported a somewhat similar score of 3.21 for the quality of information given when reviewing the same type of apps in China( 26 ). Chavez et al., in their review of Singaporean apps, reported an average score of 2.23 in the information domain, indicating poor presentation methods for the available educational content in that region( 32 ). Interestingly, Gupta et al. emphasized the inclusion of culturally sensitive information in apps. Their rating was 3.10 on culturally tailored information in apps, which is very much in line with linking user satisfaction to quality in education( 34 ). This likely means that while our apps in Iran do well in terms of providing information, they will require some localized content to enhance user involvement. Impact of Language and Localization Pienkowska et al. highlighted localization as very important, where apps adapted to local languages and cultural settings scored much higher than generic versions did( 35 ). Similar trends were reported by Gong et al., who analyzed apps in China and reported that localization improved both user satisfaction and adherence( 26 ). In contrast, our study revealed ongoing challenges with low engagement scores (mean 2.70), indicating a lack of culturally familiar references. Additionally, a study by Geirhos et al. revealed that apps lacking local language support achieved a lower mean score in user reviews( 33 ). These results suggest that Iranian apps need to capture cultural subtleties better and provide localization for more engaging users. Regulatory and Market Landscape The necessity for regulatory frameworks in mHealth applications has been emphasized in numerous studies. DiFilippo et al. advocated for stringent guidelines in mobile health apps, resulting in observed quality variations( 36 ). Llorens-Vernet and Miró reported that apps with lower user satisfaction ratings typically lack regulation( 37 ). A comprehensive analysis of studies of medical and health-related apps by Boulos et al. highlighted the implementation of quality assessment criteria( 38 ). These studies invoke a parallel trend to what we found in Iran to say that there is a need for regulatory reforms to enhance quality assurance in diabetes management apps. User Experience and Accessibility Our assessment revealed a troubling deficiency in interactive capabilities, with user reminders highlighted in just 7 apps. Zhou et al. have shown that privacy features play a crucial role in enhancing user trust, as the average user trust rating for apps that offer strong privacy protection is higher( 39 ). Yu and Huang reported that interactive elements in apps resulted in higher user satisfaction scores for this purpose( 40 ). In contrast, Alsalman et al. and Priesterroth et al. emphasized that the gamification features of health apps received high ratings for their characteristics( 41 , 42 ). Our below-average engagement ratings among Iranian apps indicate a potential gap that could be addressed through the development of privacy and interactive features. Recommendations for development To enhance usability, health applications can become more user friendly by incorporating interactive features. According to Priesterroth et al., gamification strategies increase the number of metrics for engagement. Other studies by Geirhos et al. and Kim et al. demonstrated that the average MARS quality score of apps with social network features is significantly higher than that of apps without these features, indicating that community intervention interactions are effective in enhancing health management outcomes( 33 , 43 ). Moreover, the need for reminders and personalized alerts was emphasized in a comparative analysis of diabetes self-management apps by Brzan et al., where apps featuring this element show greater engagement with users ( 44 ). Given the limited current session of interactive capabilities in Iranian apps, there is considerable potential for improvement. Limitations The study acknowledges potential limitations, such as the subjective nature of app evaluation, which may influence the reliability of ratings. Additionally, the scope of the study was limited to Iranian app stores, and the findings may not be generalizable to other contexts or populations. Additionally, since the apps were used only once and quality ratings were based on brief usage, it is likely that some functions may have been overlooked by the raters during their evaluations. A strength of our study is that the raters purchased the upgraded versions of several apps, ensuring that they did not miss any significant features of those applications. Conclusion This research offers insight into what is currently available with respect to mobile applications for the monitoring of diabetes and effectively highlights both strengths and weaknesses through a comprehensive review using the Mobile Application Rating Scale. The results indicate that while some apps prove very useful educational content and features, most have improved substantially in terms of engaging users and functionality; the bulk of them truly have to improve much in this regard, as reflected in the variability of scores that range from 1.71–4.53—definitely a strong case for imperative, focused improvements to ensure optimal user experience. As mobile health application use continues to increase, there is a pressing call for collaboration between app developers, health professionals, and researchers to develop useful, high-quality tools that would actually help people with diabetes in the management process. Future research should identify best practices and address the gaps noted by this work to ensure that these digital resources realize their potential to become indispensable tools in the care of people with diabetes. The overall message of this study is a rigorous evaluation of the changing landscape of health apps. Abbreviations MARS Mobile App Rating Scale App Application mHealth Mobile Health iOS iPhone Operating System SD Standard Deviations Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of AJA University of Medical Sciences. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article (and its supplementary information files). Competing interests The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest regarding this study. Funding Not applicable. Authors' contributions GA conceived the original idea and designed the study. GA and LG collected, analyzed and interpreted the data. GA, LG, NM and MAA prepared the first manuscript draft. All authors contributed significantly and critically to the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the AJA University of Medical Sciences and AJA Cancer Epidemiology Research and Treatment Center. References Harding JL, Weber MB, Shaw JEJToD. The Global Burden of Diabetes. 2024:28-40. Alp H, Sahin A, Karabaglı P, Karaburgu S, Yılmaz Sanal B, Yuksel EB. Current perspective on diabetes mellitus in clinical sciences. Nobel Tıp Bookstores; 2023. Magliano DJ, Boyko EJ. IDF diabetes atlas. 2022. Soomro MH, Jabbar A. Diabetes etiopathology, classification, diagnosis, and epidemiology. BIDE's Diabetes Desk Book: Elsevier; 2024. p. 19-42. Najafipour H, Farjami M, Sanjari M, Amirzadeh R, Shadkam Farokhi M, Mirzazadeh AJFiph. Prevalence and incidence rate of diabetes, pre-diabetes, uncontrolled diabetes, and their predictors in the adult population in southeastern Iran: findings from KERCADR study. 2021;9:611652. Shahraz S, Moghaddam SS, Azmin M, Peykari N, Yoosefi M, Mohebi F, et al. 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Islam SMS, Mishra V, Siddiqui MU, Moses JC, Adibi S, Nguyen L, et al. Smartphone apps for diabetes medication adherence: systematic review. 2022;7(2):e33264. Yasmin F, Nahar N, Banu B, Ali L, Sauerborn R, Souares AJBHSR. The influence of mobile phone-based health reminders on patient adherence to medications and healthy lifestyle recommendations for effective management of diabetes type 2: a randomized control trial in Dhaka, Bangladesh. 2020;20:1-12. Abd-alrazaq AA, Suleiman N, Baagar K, Jandali N, Alhuwail D, Abdalhakam I, et al. Patients and healthcare workers experience with a mobile application for self-management of diabetes in Qatar: A qualitative study. 2021;1:100002. Sittig S, Wang J, Iyengar S, Myneni S, Franklin AJJm, uHealth. Incorporating behavioral trigger messages into a mobile health app for chronic disease management: randomized clinical feasibility trial in diabetes. 2020;8(3):e15927. Liu K, Xie Z, Or CKJJm, uHealth. Effectiveness of mobile app-assisted self-care interventions for improving patient outcomes in type 2 diabetes and/or hypertension: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. 2020;8(8):e15779. Wang Y, Min J, Khuri J, Xue H, Xie B, Kaminsky LA, et al. Effectiveness of mobile health interventions on diabetes and obesity treatment and management: systematic review of systematic reviews. 2020;8(4):e15400. Gong E, Zhang Z, Jin X, Liu Y, Zhong L, Wu Y, et al. Quality, functionality, and features of Chinese mobile apps for diabetes self-management: systematic search and evaluation of mobile apps. 2020;8(4):e14836. Azad-Khaneghah P, Neubauer N, Miguel Cruz A, Liu LJD, Technology RA. Mobile health app usability and quality rating scales: a systematic review. 2021;16(7):712-21. Stoyanov SR, Hides L, Kavanagh DJ, Zelenko O, Tjondronegoro D, Mani MJJm, et al. Mobile app rating scale: a new tool for assessing the quality of health mobile apps. 2015;3(1):e3422. Gupta K, Roy S, Altameem A, Kumar R, Saudagar AKJ, Poonia RCJIJoER, et al. Usability evaluation and classification of mHealth applications for type 2 diabetes mellitus using MARS and ID3 algorithm. 2022;19(12):6999. Lee JL, Kim Y, editors. Evaluation of Mobile Applications for Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Scoping Review. Healthcare; 2024: MDPI. Terhorst Y, Philippi P, Sander LB, Schultchen D, Paganini S, Bardus M, et al. Validation of the mobile application rating scale (MARS). 2020;15(11):e0241480. Chavez S, Fedele D, Guo Y, Bernier A, Smith M, Warnick J, et al. Mobile Apps for the Management of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(10):e145-e6. Geirhos A, Stephan M, Wehrle M, Mack C, Messner EM, Schmitt A, et al. Standardized evaluation of the quality and persuasiveness of mobile health applications for diabetes management. Scientific Reports. 2022;12(1):3639. Gupta K, Roy S, Altameem A, Kumar R, Saudagar AKJ, Poonia RC. Usability Evaluation and Classification of mHealth Applications for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Using MARS and ID3 Algorithm. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(12):6999. Pienkowska A, Ang C-S, Mammadova M, Mahadzir MDA, Car J. A Diabetes Education App for People Living With Type 2 Diabetes: Co-Design Study. JMIR Formative Research. 2023;7(1):e45490. DiFilippo KN, Huang W-H, Andrade JE, Chapman-Novakofski KM. The use of mobile apps to improve nutrition outcomes: A systematic literature review. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2015;21(5):243-53. Llorens-Vernet P, Miró J. Standards for mobile health–related apps: systematic review and development of a guide. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2020;8(3):e13057. Boulos MNK, Brewer AC, Karimkhani C, Buller DB, Dellavalle RP. Mobile medical and health apps: state of the art, concerns, regulatory control and certification. Online journal of public health informatics. 2014;5(3). Zhou L, Bao J, Watzlaf V, Parmanto B. Barriers to and facilitators of the use of mobile health apps from a security perspective: mixed-methods study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2019;7(4):e11223. Yu N, Huang Y-T. Important factors affecting user experience design and satisfaction of a mobile health app—a case study of daily yoga app. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(19):6967. Alsalman D, Bu Ali ZM, Alnosaier ZF, Alotaibi NA, Alanzi TM. Gamification for diabetes type 1 management: a review of the features of free Apps in Google Play and App Stores. Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare. 2020:425-32. Priesterroth L, Grammes J, Holtz K, Reinwarth A, Kubiak T. Gamification and behavior change techniques in diabetes self-management apps. Journal of diabetes science and technology. 2019;13(5):954-8. Kim BYB, Sharafoddini A, Tran N, Wen EY, Lee J. Consumer Mobile Apps for Potential Drug-Drug Interaction Check: Systematic Review and Content Analysis Using the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS). JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2018;6(3):e74. Brzan PP, Rotman E, Pajnkihar M, Klanjsek PJJoms. Mobile applications for control and self management of diabetes: a systematic review. 2016;40(9):1-10. Table 1 Table 1 is available in the Supplementary Files section. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Table1.docx MARSScorewithaverage.xlsx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4932853","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":344232788,"identity":"3458011e-02b0-4242-b1d2-51d66efc973e","order_by":0,"name":"Ghasem Alizadeh-dizaj","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Cancer Epidemiology Research and Treatment Center (AJA-CERTC), AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ghasem","middleName":"","lastName":"Alizadeh-dizaj","suffix":""},{"id":344232789,"identity":"64dd3114-32b5-44d2-86e7-6d75b4e18fa3","order_by":1,"name":"Nahid Mehrabi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Health Information Management, School of Paramedical Sciences, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nahid","middleName":"","lastName":"Mehrabi","suffix":""},{"id":344232790,"identity":"06ff93be-5420-4778-9c03-6c719c22e3b4","order_by":2,"name":"Mohammad Afshar Ardalan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammad","middleName":"Afshar","lastName":"Ardalan","suffix":""},{"id":344232791,"identity":"38a14961-6ce7-44e3-babe-20c8b847567f","order_by":3,"name":"Leila Gholamhosseini","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Cancer Epidemiology Research and Treatment Center (AJA-CERTC), AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Leila","middleName":"","lastName":"Gholamhosseini","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-08-18 10:00:49","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4932853/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4932853/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":64487666,"identity":"f1a0f4aa-36cd-40ae-9b99-f083bc5e70b5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-13 18:25:30","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":119143,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eStructure of the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"MARSStructure.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4932853/v1/e57541e8292188f3bb5d2443.jpg"},{"id":64487945,"identity":"efa954df-8dfb-49e3-8cb6-49be76177f02","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-13 18:33:30","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":56337,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFlow diagram for the selection of the apps\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Flowdiagramfortheappselection.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4932853/v1/a491a85fd0cc7e9d7e0de085.jpg"},{"id":87595185,"identity":"b4251c47-800a-4238-89c4-af637fe1bad0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-25 15:38:50","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1847417,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4932853/v1/f7c184ae-c7b8-4afc-bc6c-8b1e963157c3.pdf"},{"id":64487667,"identity":"bec8d8be-d37b-4fb3-9d6b-210cde68cf1d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-13 18:25:30","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":578714,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Table1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4932853/v1/055ae2a4d010e5b040780010.docx"},{"id":64487944,"identity":"4257dc73-18c7-4ce6-9ccb-a81a9273bc64","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-13 18:33:30","extension":"xlsx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":25351,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"MARSScorewithaverage.xlsx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4932853/v1/06c40528917b3882cca14ea7.xlsx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Mobile Applications for Diabetes Management in Iran: An App Review and Quality Assessment Using the Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS)","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eDiabetes is a significant public health challenge worldwide, with a staggering prevalence that continues to rise annually(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). It is estimated that in 2021, approximately 537\u0026nbsp;million adults were living with diabetes, increasing continuously until 2045, with more than 783\u0026nbsp;million adults living with diabetes(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). While the prevalence of diabetes in Iran is relatively high, it has been reported to be approximately 9.7% in adults(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e), heralding many complications related to quality of life and healthcare systems(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). Proper management of diabetes can reduce the risk of serious complications such as cardiovascular disease, kidney failure and neuropathy(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e). The guidelines indicate that effective management needs a multifaceted approach involving behavioral modification, dietary management, regular physical activity, and monitoring of blood glucose levels(\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR11\" citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e). It shifts the focus to self-care practices, thereby empowering these patients to take active roles in managing their health to prevent diabetes complications(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrently, studies have clearly captured the benefits of mHealth applications (apps) as supporting tools in diabetes self-management(\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e). For example, Amalindah et al.'s research in 2020 highlighted that the integration of mHealth apps could increase the self-efficacy of users, which is helpful for attaining better control over the glycemic level when these apps are combined with conventional management strategies(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e). Through these applications, access to individual health information, monitoring tools, and social support is made available to the user(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e); hence, it facilitates patient education and encourages adherence to treatment regimens(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e). These applications on mobile phones can, in essence, shorten the distance between health service providers and patients(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e), creating an opportunity for timely interventions(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e), reminders(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e), and progress tracking(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe grossly accelerated, exuberant growth of mobile applications for health care inevitably leads to concerns regarding their quality and effectiveness(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e). Indeed, many such applications are developed with scant clinical evidence or even compliance with best-practice guidelines; hence, protocols are likely either misinformative or ineffective management strategies. Gong et al. conducted a study to ensure the reliability and efficacy of these digital tools in facilitating diabetes management, considering the need for rigorous assessment(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe MARS is a type of standardized instrument designed for evaluating mobile health applications(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e). It has a structured format that determines the quality of apps on the basis of engagement, functionality, aesthetics, information quality, and other parameters(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). This study utilized MARS for the quality assessment of various diabetes-related apps available on Iranian app stores. Previous studies have successfully applied the MARS framework for evaluating diabetes applications in different settings; thus, it is important to ensure the highest quality of the selected mHealth solution(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, in this study, mobile applications created for diabetes management in Iran via MARS are identified and analyzed. In this study, a comprehensive assessment of these applications will be conducted, including meaningful insights into the features, quality, and usability characteristics of these apps, which can certainly assist healthcare service providers and patients in accommodating useful tools for the management of diabetes in Iran. The present study is envisaged to add to the discourse on the role that digital health interventions can play in chronic disease management.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy Design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study employs a descriptive cross-sectional design to assess the quality of mobile applications specifically aimed at diabetes management available in Iran. The evaluation is conducted via the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS), a validated tool that allows for a comprehensive assessment of mobile health applications on the basis of various metrics.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEligibility criteria\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mobile applications included in this study were required to meet the following criteria:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003col\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe app must be designed primarily for diabetes management.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe app should be available for download in Iranian app stores (both Android and iOS platforms).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe app must be in Persian or contain Persian language options.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplications intended solely for commercial purposes, such as those that do not provide health-related content or services (e.g., games, advertising), were excluded.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/span\u003e \u003c/ol\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData collection process\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eIdentification of Applications\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eA systematic search was conducted using keywords related to diabetes management (e.g., \"diabetes\", \"blood sugar\", \"glycemic control\") in popular Iranian app stores (Google Play Store and Apple App Store). A comprehensive review was conducted in August 2024, during which all relevant applications were documented.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eScreening for eligibility\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe identified applications were screened against the predefined eligibility criteria. Applications that met these criteria were shortlisted for quality assessment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eQuality assessment via MARS\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS) was utilized to evaluate the quality of the apps included in this review. It comprises 23 questions aimed at analyzing the engagement, functionality, aesthetics, information, and subjective quality of mobile applications. Additionally, six final app-specific questions can be customized to reflect the target health behavior/function of the application(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). Each item is rated on a 5-point scale (1\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;inadequate, 2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;poor, 3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;acceptable, 4\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;good, and 5\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;excellent). The MARS has shown excellent internal consistency and interrater reliability for assessing the quality of mHealth apps (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e). To standardize the quality ratings, the assessor underwent MARS video training, which was recommended by the developers. A total of 10 apps were randomly selected for training until a consensus on the scores was achieved. Additionally, a single overall quality score is calculated on the basis of a composite of ratings from the aforementioned domains. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the MARS structure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eEvaluation process\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn independent reviewer initially screened the eligible apps on the basis of their names, descriptions, and provided screenshots. After this preliminary screening phase, the same independent reviewer downloaded the apps that met the eligibility criteria for further review. Any concerns regarding inclusion were discussed and resolved within the research group until a final decision was reached. At the stage of further investigation, two independent reviewers with backgrounds in healthcare and mobile health technologies conducted the evaluations. Each reviewer rated the applications independently using the MARS criteria on a scale from 1 (inadequate) to 5 (excellent). Discrepancies in ratings were resolved through discussion and consensus.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics were employed to analyze the MARS scores, including means and standard deviations (SDs) for individual domain scores as well as the overall quality score. Quantitative variables are represented as the means and SDs, whereas categorical variables are displayed as frequencies and percentages. In line with the recommendations of the MARS developers, the MARS score for each app was calculated by summing the scores for each item and dividing by the total number of items in the objective sections. To enhance the objectivity of the measure, the means of the subjective quality items were also computed and analyzed separately. The data were examined via Microsoft Excel and SPSS statistical software to assess the quality of mobile applications for diabetes management within the sample. Correlation analyses were performed to explore the relationships between different MARS domain scores.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthical considerations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis study received ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the AJA University of Medical Sciences. Since the assessment involved publicly available applications and did not involve human subjects directly, informed consent was not necessary. However, efforts were made to ensure unbiased evaluation and reporting of findings.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 809 applications were identified through search terms in application stores, comprising 747 applications from Android stores and 62 from iOS stores. Thirty-four programs were removed because of duplication, and 725 were excluded because of irrelevance. Fifty programs were downloaded for further evaluation; however, 17 could not be installed or run due to the outdated Android version and were thus excluded from the study. Ultimately, 33 programs were included in the study (Fig. \u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe features of the apps included in the analysis are as follows. Among the 33 apps, 27 were supported solely by Android, whereas five were compatible with both Android and iOS. All the apps clearly identified their developers and were updated at least twice. The mean user score for all presented apps was 4.2 (SD: 0.96) out of 5. According to the star ratings from app users, among apps with at least 10 reviews, \u0026quot;Diabetes,\u0026quot; \u0026quot;Diabetes Notebook,\u0026quot; and \u0026quot;Clinic of Diabetes Diseases\u0026quot; received the highest ratings of 4.8, 4.6, and 4.6, respectively. In contrast, \u0026quot;Sinacare\u0026quot; had the lowest score at 3 points. The highest number of downloads and installs belonged to the \u0026quot;Sinacare\u0026quot; app with more than 50,000 downloads, and the last apps were updated or developed in 2024. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e presents a description of the diabetes applications (apps) included in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAlthough the primary focus of all 33 apps was to enhance users\u0026apos; physical health, 14 apps also aimed to change user behavior by offering tools for monitoring and tracking. The theoretical strategies of 57 percent of the apps (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;19) involved educating users by providing information, whereas 18 percent (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6) focused on monitoring and tracking activities related to users\u0026apos; diseases; 24 percent of the apps (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8) incorporated both approaches.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThirteen apps allowed users to share information stored within the program in the form of reports and charts. Nine of the apps required web access to function, and seven had an app community. Among the 33 reviewed applications, seven had the ability to send reminders to users, seven programs required a login to access the app, and only one app offered the option of password protection to increase user data privacy. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e presents the characteristics and main features of the provided apps.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics of the included diabetes applications (apps).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eApp name\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFocus\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(What the App\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTargets)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTheoretical Background/Strategies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTechnical Aspects of App\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eApp Features and Capabilities\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSinacare\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health, Behavior Change\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation/Education,\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonitoring/Tracking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAllows sharing, Has an app community, Requires login, Sends reminders, Needs web access to function\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCreating a user profile, Registering blood sugar and other tests, Providing educational content, Consulting with a doctor, Generating graphical reports, Reminding of medication, Reminding of tests, Bluetooth connection to glucometer, digital scale and sphygmomanometer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlue Circle\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health, Behavior Change\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation/Education, Monitoring/Tracking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAllows sharing, Sends reminders\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegistering blood sugar, Providing educational content, Generating graphical reports, Reminding of medication\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTraditional Medicine - Blood Sugar\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation/Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProviding educational content\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat should diabetics eat?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation/Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProviding educational content\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWays to treat diabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation/Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProviding educational content\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eiDia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health, Behavior Change\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation/Education, Monitoring/Tracking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAllows sharing, Has an app community, Needs web access to function\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCreating user profile, Registering blood sugar, Registering foods and their calories, Registering insulin injections, Registering physical activities, Registering blood pressure, Registering weight, Registering emotions, Generating graphical reports\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes Shop\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation/Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHas an app community, Needs web access to function\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCreating user profile, Providing educational content, selling diabetes products\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGhandoon\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health, Behavior Change\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation/Education, Monitoring/Tracking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAllows sharing, Sends reminders\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCreating user profile, Providing educational content, Registering blood sugar, Generating graphical reports, Reminding of medications, Reminding of blood sugar registration, Reminding of food eating, Reminding of doctor visit\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes Notebook\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health, Behavior Change\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonitoring/Tracking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAllows sharing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegistering blood sugar, Registering medications, Registering blood pressure, Registering weight, Registering A1C, Generating graphical reports\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health, Behavior Change\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation/Education, Monitoring/Tracking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAllows sharing, Requires login, Needs web access to function\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCreating user profile, Providing educational content, Registering blood sugar, Generating graphical reports, Consulting with a doctor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation/Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProviding educational content\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation/Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProviding educational content\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAsan-Chek\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health, Behavior Change\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonitoring/Tracking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAllows sharing, Has an app community\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegistering blood sugar, Registering insulin injections, Generating graphical reports, Bluetooth connection to glucometer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDestroyer of Diabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation/Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProviding educational content\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation/Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProviding educational content\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation/Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProviding educational content\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinic of Diabetes Diseases\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation/Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProviding educational content\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation/Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProviding educational content\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes Logger\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health, Behavior Change\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonitoring/Tracking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAllows sharing\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegistering blood sugar, Registering insulin injections, Registering meals, Generating graphical reports\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes Treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation/Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProviding educational content\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation/Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProviding educational content\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation/Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProviding educational content\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGhandet\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health, Behavior Change\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation/Education, Monitoring/Tracking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAllows sharing, Has an app community, Requires login, Sends reminders, Needs web access to function\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCreating user profile, Registering blood sugar, Registering medications, Providing educational content, Reminding of blood sugar Measuring and registration, Generating graphical reports, Consulting with a doctor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation/Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProviding educational content\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation/Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProviding educational content\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation/Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProviding educational content\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMAN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health, Behavior Change\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation/Education, Monitoring/Tracking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAllows sharing, Requires login, Sends reminders, Needs web access to function\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCreating user profile, Registering blood sugar, Registering tests, Registering medications, Registering blood pressure, Reminding of medications, Reminding of doctor visit, Providing educational content, Generating graphical reports, Consulting with a doctor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes, Prevention and Control\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation/Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProviding educational content\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDialog\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health, Behavior Change\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonitoring/Tracking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAllows sharing, Has an app community, Requires login, Needs web access to function\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCreating user profile, Registering blood sugar, Registering weight, Registering carbohydrate, Registering medications, Registering blood pressure, Registering physical activities, Registering tests, Generating graphical reports, Consulting with a doctor, Bluetooth connection to glucometer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health, Behavior Change\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation/Education, Monitoring/Tracking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAllows sharing, Sends reminders\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCreating user profile, Registering blood sugar, Registering weight, Registering blood pressure, Generating graphical reports, Providing educational content, Reminding of blood sugar\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInformation/Education\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProviding educational content\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShekarban\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health, Behavior Change\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonitoring/Tracking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAllows sharing, Has an app community, Allows password-protection, Requires login, Needs web access to function\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCreating user profile, Registering blood sugar, Registering blood pressure, Registering physical activities, Registering medications, Registering tests, Generating graphical reports\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMY FREESENS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical health, Behavior Change\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMonitoring/Tracking\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAllows sharing, Has an app community, Requires login, Sends reminders, Needs web access to function\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCreating user profile, Registering blood sugar, Reminding of blood sugar Measuring and registration, Generating graphical reports, NFC connection to glucometer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe specific scores for each app are presented in Table 3. The mean app quality score varied from 1.71 (worst-rated app) to 4.53 (best-rated app), with a similar trend observed in each section: 1.40 to 4.80 (engagement), 1.75 to 4.50 (functionality), 1.00 to 5.00 (aesthetics), 2.43 to 4.29 (information), 1.00 to 5.00 (app subjective quality), and 1.67 to 4.33 (app-specific). Overall, the 33 apps achieved a mean quality score of 2.78 (SD 1.04). On average, the highest-rated section was information (mean 3.30, SD 0.56), followed by functionality (mean 3.00, SD 0.88) and aesthetics (mean 2.80, SD 1.37), whereas the lowest-rated sections were app subjective quality (mean 2.38, SD 1.44), app specificity (mean 2.51, SD 0.90), and app engagement (mean 2.70, SD 1.26).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe specific scores for each app\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"30\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eApp name\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eApp Quality\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"22\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSection Mean (SD)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUser\u0026rsquo;s Stars Score (Votes)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eB\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSinacare\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/54)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/96)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0(116)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlue Circle\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/96)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4(243)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTraditional Medicine - Blood Sugar\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4(8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWhat should diabetics eat?\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/46)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/96)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4(287)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWays to treat diabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/37)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/79)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5(124)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eiDia\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1(102)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes Shop\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.7(12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGhandoon\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/32)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3(14)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes Notebook\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/62)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/84)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/95)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6(34)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/68)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1/41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/48)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/53)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/56)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/96)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.5(4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAsan-Chek\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/66)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/53)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2(10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDestroyer of Diabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/44)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4(10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/05\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.0(2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinic of Diabetes Diseases\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6(258)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/54)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3(7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes Logger\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/61)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2(5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes Treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.0(4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2(5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/54)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/89)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3(3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGhandet\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/59)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/60)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/95)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.4(160)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/56)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/75)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.2(5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0(0)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMAN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/39)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes, Prevention and Control\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/47)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDialog\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/29)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/40)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/76)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1/67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN/A\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDiabetes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/57)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/71)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/69)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/82)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/63)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.8(15)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eShekarban\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/37)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/45)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5/00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/00)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/38)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/41)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7(3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMY FREESENS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/55)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/58)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/49)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4/75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3/67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(0/52)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.1(42)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTOTAL MEAN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.78\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.70\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.80\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.30\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.38\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.51\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA: Engagement; B: Functionality; C: Aesthetics; D: Information; E: App subjective quality; F: App specific; N/A: not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe MARS is a standard instrument that is specifically designed to evaluate the quality of health-related mobile applications, including their dimensions of engagement, functionality, aesthetics, and information, and has excellent internal consistency and good construct validity(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e). It has been applied successfully in assessing apps across a wide range of health domains, providing an objective alternative to often unreliable user ratings and thereby serving as a valuable resource for clinicians, researchers, and app developers with respect to the promotion of self-care and wellness management(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e). Our assessment of 33 mobile applications for the self-management of diabetes care helped to establish important insights into their quality and usability. The average MARS quality score was 2.78, with an SD of 1.04, indicating that while some apps had good features and information, the majority still had a long way to go in terms of user experience. The scores ranged from 1.71 for the worst-rated app to 4.53 for the highly rated leading app, which indicates wide variability across this area of quality. While some of them show potency in the delivery of relevant content, others do not fare nearly as well with user interactivity and overall functionality, which more than overtly highlights both the advantages and shortcomings in this landscape of diabetes management apps.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOverall Quality of Apps\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe overall quality of the diabetes management apps in our study, with a mean score of 2.95, reflects an overall mixed landscape of app functionality and user experience. For example, Gong et al. reported that the average rating of quality for diabetes apps was 3.42 for those available in China(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). It places high emphasis on the power of having robust user interface designs in these respects. In a study by Chavez et al., 89 diabetes apps were evaluated for quality, with a reported mean score of 2.99; marked strengths were noted in data tracking functionalities(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e). Another European study conducted by Geirhos et al. in 2022 examined 120 diabetes apps, with a mean of 3.20, showing that although educational content is strong, interface usability is poor(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e). The comparison thus shows that, as promising as Iranian apps may seem, there is space for improvement in contrast to international applications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInsights from MARS evaluation\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough the information domain in our study had the highest score of 3.30, indicating that the available educational content was appropriately communicated, Gong et al. reported a somewhat similar score of 3.21 for the quality of information given when reviewing the same type of apps in China(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). Chavez et al., in their review of Singaporean apps, reported an average score of 2.23 in the information domain, indicating poor presentation methods for the available educational content in that region(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e). Interestingly, Gupta et al. emphasized the inclusion of culturally sensitive information in apps. Their rating was 3.10 on culturally tailored information in apps, which is very much in line with linking user satisfaction to quality in education(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e). This likely means that while our apps in Iran do well in terms of providing information, they will require some localized content to enhance user involvement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eImpact of Language and Localization\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ePienkowska et al. highlighted localization as very important, where apps adapted to local languages and cultural settings scored much higher than generic versions did(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e). Similar trends were reported by Gong et al., who analyzed apps in China and reported that localization improved both user satisfaction and adherence(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, our study revealed ongoing challenges with low engagement scores (mean 2.70), indicating a lack of culturally familiar references. Additionally, a study by Geirhos et al. revealed that apps lacking local language support achieved a lower mean score in user reviews(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e). These results suggest that Iranian apps need to capture cultural subtleties better and provide localization for more engaging users.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRegulatory and Market Landscape\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe necessity for regulatory frameworks in mHealth applications has been emphasized in numerous studies. DiFilippo et al. advocated for stringent guidelines in mobile health apps, resulting in observed quality variations(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e). Llorens-Vernet and Mir\u0026oacute; reported that apps with lower user satisfaction ratings typically lack regulation(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e). A comprehensive analysis of studies of medical and health-related apps by Boulos et al. highlighted the implementation of quality assessment criteria(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e). These studies invoke a parallel trend to what we found in Iran to say that there is a need for regulatory reforms to enhance quality assurance in diabetes management apps.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eUser Experience and Accessibility\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur assessment revealed a troubling deficiency in interactive capabilities, with user reminders highlighted in just 7 apps. Zhou et al. have shown that privacy features play a crucial role in enhancing user trust, as the average user trust rating for apps that offer strong privacy protection is higher(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e). Yu and Huang reported that interactive elements in apps resulted in higher user satisfaction scores for this purpose(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, Alsalman et al. and Priesterroth et al. emphasized that the gamification features of health apps received high ratings for their characteristics(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e). Our below-average engagement ratings among Iranian apps indicate a potential gap that could be addressed through the development of privacy and interactive features.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eRecommendations for development\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo enhance usability, health applications can become more user friendly by incorporating interactive features. According to Priesterroth et al., gamification strategies increase the number of metrics for engagement. Other studies by Geirhos et al. and Kim et al. demonstrated that the average MARS quality score of apps with social network features is significantly higher than that of apps without these features, indicating that community intervention interactions are effective in enhancing health management outcomes(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, the need for reminders and personalized alerts was emphasized in a comparative analysis of diabetes self-management apps by Brzan et al., where apps featuring this element show greater engagement with users (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e). Given the limited current session of interactive capabilities in Iranian apps, there is considerable potential for improvement.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitations\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study acknowledges potential limitations, such as the subjective nature of app evaluation, which may influence the reliability of ratings. Additionally, the scope of the study was limited to Iranian app stores, and the findings may not be generalizable to other contexts or populations. Additionally, since the apps were used only once and quality ratings were based on brief usage, it is likely that some functions may have been overlooked by the raters during their evaluations. A strength of our study is that the raters purchased the upgraded versions of several apps, ensuring that they did not miss any significant features of those applications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis research offers insight into what is currently available with respect to mobile applications for the monitoring of diabetes and effectively highlights both strengths and weaknesses through a comprehensive review using the Mobile Application Rating Scale. The results indicate that while some apps prove very useful educational content and features, most have improved substantially in terms of engaging users and functionality; the bulk of them truly have to improve much in this regard, as reflected in the variability of scores that range from 1.71\u0026ndash;4.53\u0026mdash;definitely a strong case for imperative, focused improvements to ensure optimal user experience. As mobile health application use continues to increase, there is a pressing call for collaboration between app developers, health professionals, and researchers to develop useful, high-quality tools that would actually help people with diabetes in the management process. Future research should identify best practices and address the gaps noted by this work to ensure that these digital resources realize their potential to become indispensable tools in the care of people with diabetes. The overall message of this study is a rigorous evaluation of the changing landscape of health apps.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eMARS \u0026nbsp;Mobile App Rating Scale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eApp \u0026nbsp;Application\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003emHealth \u0026nbsp;Mobile Health\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eiOS \u0026nbsp;iPhone Operating System\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSD \u0026nbsp;Standard Deviations\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of AJA University of Medical Sciences.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article (and its supplementary information files).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest regarding this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGA conceived the original idea and designed the study. GA and LG collected, analyzed and interpreted the data. GA, LG, NM and MAA prepared the first manuscript draft. All authors contributed significantly and critically to the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank the AJA \u0026nbsp;University of Medical Sciences and AJA Cancer Epidemiology Research and Treatment Center.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHarding JL, Weber MB, Shaw JEJToD. The Global Burden of Diabetes. 2024:28-40.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlp H, Sahin A, Karabaglı P, Karaburgu S, Yılmaz Sanal B, Yuksel EB. Current perspective on diabetes mellitus in clinical sciences. Nobel Tıp Bookstores; 2023.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMagliano DJ, Boyko EJ. IDF diabetes atlas. 2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSoomro MH, Jabbar A. 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Effectiveness of mobile app-assisted self-care interventions for improving patient outcomes in type 2 diabetes and/or hypertension: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. 2020;8(8):e15779.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWang Y, Min J, Khuri J, Xue H, Xie B, Kaminsky LA, et al. Effectiveness of mobile health interventions on diabetes and obesity treatment and management: systematic review of systematic reviews. 2020;8(4):e15400.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGong E, Zhang Z, Jin X, Liu Y, Zhong L, Wu Y, et al. Quality, functionality, and features of Chinese mobile apps for diabetes self-management: systematic search and evaluation of mobile apps. 2020;8(4):e14836.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAzad-Khaneghah P, Neubauer N, Miguel Cruz A, Liu LJD, Technology RA. 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Validation of the mobile application rating scale (MARS). 2020;15(11):e0241480.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChavez S, Fedele D, Guo Y, Bernier A, Smith M, Warnick J, et al. Mobile Apps for the Management of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(10):e145-e6.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGeirhos A, Stephan M, Wehrle M, Mack C, Messner EM, Schmitt A, et al. Standardized evaluation of the quality and persuasiveness of mobile health applications for diabetes management. Scientific Reports. 2022;12(1):3639.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGupta K, Roy S, Altameem A, Kumar R, Saudagar AKJ, Poonia RC. Usability Evaluation and Classification of mHealth Applications for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Using MARS and ID3 Algorithm. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(12):6999.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePienkowska A, Ang C-S, Mammadova M, Mahadzir MDA, Car J. A Diabetes Education App for People Living With Type 2 Diabetes: Co-Design Study. JMIR Formative Research. 2023;7(1):e45490.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDiFilippo KN, Huang W-H, Andrade JE, Chapman-Novakofski KM. The use of mobile apps to improve nutrition outcomes: A systematic literature review. Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2015;21(5):243-53.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLlorens-Vernet P, Mir\u0026oacute; J. Standards for mobile health\u0026ndash;related apps: systematic review and development of a guide. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2020;8(3):e13057.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBoulos MNK, Brewer AC, Karimkhani C, Buller DB, Dellavalle RP. Mobile medical and health apps: state of the art, concerns, regulatory control and certification. Online journal of public health informatics. 2014;5(3).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhou L, Bao J, Watzlaf V, Parmanto B. Barriers to and facilitators of the use of mobile health apps from a security perspective: mixed-methods study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2019;7(4):e11223.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYu N, Huang Y-T. Important factors affecting user experience design and satisfaction of a mobile health app\u0026mdash;a case study of daily yoga app. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(19):6967.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlsalman D, Bu Ali ZM, Alnosaier ZF, Alotaibi NA, Alanzi TM. Gamification for diabetes type 1 management: a review of the features of free Apps in Google Play and App Stores. Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare. 2020:425-32.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePriesterroth L, Grammes J, Holtz K, Reinwarth A, Kubiak T. Gamification and behavior change techniques in diabetes self-management apps. Journal of diabetes science and technology. 2019;13(5):954-8.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKim BYB, Sharafoddini A, Tran N, Wen EY, Lee J. Consumer Mobile Apps for Potential Drug-Drug Interaction Check: Systematic Review and Content Analysis Using the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS). JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2018;6(3):e74.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBrzan PP, Rotman E, Pajnkihar M, Klanjsek PJJoms. Mobile applications for control and self management of diabetes: a systematic review. 2016;40(9):1-10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Table 1","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 1 is available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Mobile applications, Diabetes, Quality assessment, Diabetes management","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4932853/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4932853/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe increasing prevalence of diabetes worldwide necessitates the development of effective mobile applications (apps) to assist individuals in managing their condition. Despite the growing number of these applications, there is limited understanding of their quality, which is essential for ensuring that they serve their intended purpose effectively. We aimed to perform a systematic search and evaluate the content and quality of diabetes applications available in Iranian app stores on the basis of the Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS).\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIranian app stores for iOS and Android were searched using diabetes-related terms in August 2024. Apps that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were added to the content and quality assessment. Two researchers independently reviewed, rated, and evaluated the retrieved apps. The Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS) was employed to assess the included apps. MARS rates apps on a scale from 1 to 5, providing an overall score along with scores for engagement, functionality, information, aesthetics, and subject quality.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe search terms yielded 809 apps, after removing duplicate and irrelevant apps, 33 met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. The assessment revealed an average quality score of 2.78 (SD 1.04) across the evaluated applications, indicating a moderate level of overall performance. While certain applications demonstrated promising potential by offering valuable educational content and robust features, the overall quality exhibited significant variability, with scores ranging from 1.71 to 4.53. This variability underscores a pressing need for improvements in user engagement and functionality among many of the assessed apps.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings highlight the critical need for targeted enhancements in mobile health applications for diabetes management to better serve the needs of users. Collaboration among developers, healthcare professionals, and researchers is essential to create high-quality, effective tools that can significantly aid individuals in managing their diabetes. Future research should prioritize the identification of best practices and address the gaps identified in this study, thereby maximizing the potential of mobile applications as indispensable resources in diabetes care.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Mobile Applications for Diabetes Management in Iran: An App Review and Quality Assessment Using the Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-09-13 18:25:25","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4932853/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fb8bf1ed-8c5d-4282-b428-e9b25a1fe5c4","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 13th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-25T15:38:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-09-13 18:25:25","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4932853","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4932853","identity":"rs-4932853","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}