Compromised futures: gastrointestinal parasites reduce survival and recruitment but not reproductive performance in wild female spotted hyenas ( Crocuta crocuta )

Background Gastrointestinal parasitic (GIP) infections can decrease the survival and reproductive performance of humans and livestock. Even so, the immediate and delayed fitness consequences of GIP in unmanaged wild mammal populations, particularly during the sensitive and energetically demanding early life stage, remain largely unknown. Methods We investigate non-invasively the effects of GIP during early life on the survival to adulthood, age at first reproduction and longevity of 68 individually known female spotted hyenas in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. We also test whether a high investment in gastrointestinal local immunity (i.e. faecal mucin and immunoglobulin A) and an elevated allostatic load (i.e. faecal glucocorticoid metabolites) decrease these measures of performance, when controlling for resource availability and maternal effects (i.e. maternal social rank) using logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models. Results Ancylostoma sp. infections and the level of immunoglobulin A both negatively associate with survival to adulthood, probably because of the damage caused by the parasite and resource allocation trade-off between immunity and maintenance. Conversely, maternal social rank has a positive influence on survival to adulthood and longevity. Immune responses, allostatic load and GIP do not affect the age at first reproduction, suggesting either no effect, a complex interaction between different life stages, or a more immediate time-dependent effect. Conclusion Our study highlights the critical role of GIP infections and maternal effects on early-life fitness and long-term outcomes in females of a wild carnivore, thereby contributing to our understanding of ecological dynamics in unmanaged ecosystems.