Polyphenols and antioxidant activity of Sulla pallida from mining sites of Morocco: Implication for phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated pastures

Polyphenols and antioxidant activity of Sulla pallida from mining sites of Morocco: Implication for phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated pastures | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Polyphenols and antioxidant activity of Sulla pallida from mining sites of Morocco: Implication for phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated pastures Anass EL YEMLAHI, Hamass ZERRAD, Giovanni Caprioli, Laura Acquaticci, and 5 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5506939/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract An on-field survey was conducted to assess the physiological and symbiotic response of Sulla pallida in an abandoned mining site in Northeast Morocco. Results indicated that S. pallida maintained high nodulation and nitrogen efficiency even at late growth stages while accumulating significant levels of Fe, Pb, Zn, and Cu in its aerial parts. Phenol content varied significantly (p<0.05) by phenological stage and plant part, with a high concentration of total extractable polyphenols (7.73 %DM) and tannins (6.97 %DM) recorded during the vegetative stage. Antioxidant activity, as shown by DPPH radical scavenging (IC 50 of 0.126 mg/mL), was comparable to the control (BHT, IC 50 of 0.110 mg/mL). Anti-lipid peroxidation and ferric reduction potential were highest during flowering, with values outperforming controls in some assays. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis identified 38 compounds, with high levels of 4-Hydroxy benzoic acid, rutin, vanillic, gallic, and p-coumaric acids. These findings highlighted S. pallid as a promising forage species for remediating heavy metal-contaminated pastures and promoting sustainable land use. S.pallida heavy metals polyphenolic antioxidant activity HPLC-ESI-MS/MS and phytoremediation Introduction Environmental pollution by heavy metals from is becoming a real issue with a large effect on agricultural productivity, particularly when they depend on symbiotic relationships. Variousanthropogenic activities have persistently contributed to soil contamination, particularly with heavy metals, which often remain in the environment and have detrimental effects on living organisms (Leila et al. 2020 ; Barillaro et al. 2024 ). Such a situation requires the development of methods, such as soil flushing, vapor extraction, landfilling, leaching, and soil fixation, have been extensively implemented to address metal contamination in soil (Marques et al. 2009 ). However, these methods are expensive, labor-intensive, and often environmentally disruptive, highlighting the need for more sustainable and cost-effective alternatives. In this context, bioremediation involves plants with a high capacity to bio-concentrate and/or bio-immobilize toxic metals from soil, appears as a good and eco-friendly strategy to minimize the impact of heavy metals in soil. In Mediterranean pastures, species of the genus Sulla (a Fabaceae) represent a good asset in agricultural economics because of their quality as forage crops (Kadi et al. 2011 ; Issolah et al. 2014 ; Errassi et al. 2018 ) and ability to improve soil fertility (Molinu et al. 2023 ). Those species, composed of various annual and perennial species, display a high level of genotypic diversity (Duan et al. 2015 ; Liu et al. 2017 ), as well as the capacity to form specialized symbiotic relationships with soil bacteria (Kishinevsky et al. 2003 ; Benhizia et al. 2004 ). Among Sulla species, Sulla pallida Desf. synonym Hedysarum pallidum Desf. (Choi and Ohashi 2003 ), is a north-African endemic species, preferentially allogamous (Neila and Mohamed 2001 ), recognized for its nutritional richness and ability to in arid zones such as those located in northeastern Morocco (El Yemlahi et al. 2024 ). The plant steel grows spontaneously in quite diverse environments (Abdelguerfi​​-Berrekia et al. 1991; Moore et al. 2006 ), including those of mining area located in Algeria (Benhizia et al. 2004 ; Benhamdi et al. 2014 ; Kassa-Laouar et al. 2019 ) and in Morocco (Smouni et al. 2010 ; Lamin et al. 2021 ), and suggesting eco - physiological adaptation to this particular environment. Therefore, this original research aims to evaluate the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of natural populations of S. pallida , a forage legume growing spontaneously on mining sites in Northeast of Morocco.The findings could provide a basis for improving soil health and promoting sustainable land use in polluted environments. Material and methods Plant sampling and nodulation assessment Plant samples (stems and roots) of S.pallida , were collected from an abandoned mining site in the North-eastern of Morocco. Samples were hand-clipped at the two growth stages, early vegetative and flowering stages. Nodulation ability was evaluated using a nodule-scoring chart proposed by Howieson and Dilworth (2016). Effectiveness in nitrogen fixation was assessed at the flowering stage, by measuring shoot dry weight and total N using the Kjeldahl method (Bremner 1965). Heavy metal analysis Plants were oven-dried at 60°C, then grounded using POLYMIX® PX-MFC 90 D Hammer mill. Furthermore, a mixture of soil samples was taken from the surface layer (0-15 cm), air-dried, and ground using a porcelain mortar and pestle. The samples were homogenized and sieved for heavy metal analysis, using an Axios X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer at the Units of Technical Support to Scientific Research (UATRS) ‏of the National Centre for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST) in Rabat, Morocco. The transfer factor (TF) of heavy metal from soil to plants was determined using the following formula: Where “MP” is themetal concentration in the plant, and “MS” is themetal concentration in the soil. Phenolics compounds analysis Plant samples were dried at 50°C and were tested for total extractable phenolics (TEP) and tannins (TET) employing the Folin Ciocalteu method following the procedures outlined by (Makkar 2003).Total extractable condensed tannins (ECT) were determined using the butanol-HCl-Fe 3+ method (Porter et al. 1985). The liquid extracts were further dried at 40°C and the solid residue was then solubilized in distilled water to determine total flavonoid content (TFC) using the aluminum chloride colorimetric method as outlined by (Nurcholis et al. 2021). Antioxidant activity evaluation Free radical scavenging activity The radical-scavenging activity was investigated using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) bioassay following the procedure approved by (Mensor et al. 2001). A concentrated solution of extracts used to determinetotal flavonoid contentwas prepared and then diluted to 2 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL, and 0.5 mg/mL. Briefly, 2.5ml of the serial dilution was transferred into glass test tubes and mixed with 1 mL of 0.3 mM DPPH solution newly prepared in methanol. The mixture was then incubated at room temperature in the dark for 30 minutes. Methanol and BHT (butyl hydroxytoluene) were utilized as negative and positive controls respectively. The absorbance was measured at 517 nm and the antioxidant activity was then calculated as percent inhibition as follows: Where “Acontrol” is the absorbance of the control experiment and “Asample” is the absorbance of the sample. Ferric reducing antioxidant power The antioxidant activity of S. pallida extracts was additionally analyzed using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP assay) as earlier stated by (Lfitat et al. 2021). Briefly, 2.5 ml of extract solutions prepared at different concentrations werecombined with equal volumes of phosphate buffer (0.2 M, pH 6.6) and 1% K 3 Fe[CN] 6 . The obtained solution was incubated in a water bath at 50°C for 20 min,thencentrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min after adding 2.5 ml of 10% TCA (Trichloroacetic Acid). 2.5 mL was taken from the supernatant and mixed with 2.5 mL of distilled water and 100 µL of 0.1% iron chloride (FeCl 3 ). The absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured at 700 nm. An increase in the absorbance indicates the high ferric-reducing ability of the extract. Distilled water was used as a blank and rutin as a positive control. Antioxidant assessment utilizing a β-carotene-linoleate method The anti-lipid peroxidation activities of the samples were assessed by the b-carotene/linoleate model system (Miller 1971). A stock solution of β-carotene and linoleic acid was prepared with 2 mL of β-carotene (2 mg in 10 mL of chloroform) added to a tube containing 40 mg of linoleic acid and 400 mg of Tween 40. After combining the two phases, the chloroform was completely evaporated, and then 50 mL of oxygen-saturated distilled water was added to the mixture with stirring.Five milliliters of the prepared emulsion were placed into a set of tubes, each containing 0.2 mL of various concentrations of the extracts or BHT. Immediately after the emulsion was added, the absorbance was measured at 470 nm using a UV spectrophotometer. Finally, the tubes were incubated in a water bath at 50°C, and the absorbance was taken after 120 minutes. The antioxidant activity was then calculated as inhibition % of the β-carotene, using the following formula: Where: “Aantiox 0 ” and “Aantiox 120 ” are the absorbance of the sample at 0 and 120 min respectively, and “Acontrol 120 ” is the absorbance of the control at 120 min. Half minimal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) The extract concentration corresponding to 50% inhibition of DPPH radicals scavenging was extrapolated from the curves of the percentage inhibition against the concentration used.The results are reported as half minimal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ), which indicates the quantity of extract or standard required to reduce the initial concentration of DPPH radicals by 50%. Similarly, the sample concentration providing 50% β-carotene bleaching (IC 50 ) was determined by plotting the inhibition percentages against the sample concentrations. Finally, the extract concentration needed to reach 0.5 of absorbance for ferric reducing power was calculated from the graph of absorbance, and the results are presented as half minimal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ). The lower (IC 50 ) value is related to a higher antioxidant activity. HPLC-Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry ( HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) analysis Reagents and standards Cyanidin-3-glucoside chloride, delphinidin-3,5-diglucoside chloride, delphinidin-3-galactoside chloride, petunidin-3-glucoside chloride, malvidin-3-galactoside chloride, quercetin-3-glucoside and kaempferol-3-glucoside were purchased from PhytoLab (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany). The remaining 31 analytical standards of the 38 phenolic compounds were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). Individual stock solutions of each analyte, at a concentration of 1000 mg L −1 , were prepared by dissolving pure standards in HPLC-grade methanol and storing them in glass stoppered bottles at 4 ° C, except for anthocyanins, which were stored at − 15 ° C until analysis. Standard working solutions at various concentrations were prepared daily by appropriate dilution of the stock solutions with HPLC-grade methanol. Formic acid (99%) was obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Analytical-grade hydrochloric acid (37%) was obtained from Carlo Erba Reagents (Milan, Italy). HPLC-grade methanol was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Milano, Italy). Deionized water (> 18 MΩ cm resistivity) was further purified using a Milli-Q SP Reagent Water System (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). All solvents and solutions were filtered through a 0.2 μm polyamide filter from Sartorius Stedim (Goettingen, Germany). Before HPLC analysis, all samples were filtered with Phenex™ RC 4 mm 0.2 μm syringeless filter, Phenomenex (Castel Maggiore, BO, Italy). HPLC-ESI-MS/MS HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis was conducted on the aerial parts of S. pallida using an Agilent 1290 Infinity series and a Triple Quadrupole 6420 from Agilent Technology (Santa Clara, CA) equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source operating in negative and positive ionization modes. The instrument was allowed to perform a single run with polarity switching without any problems. MS/MS parameters of each analyte were optimized in flow injection analysis (FIA) (1 μL of a 10 mg L −1 individual standard solution) by using Optimizer Software (Agilent). The separation of target compounds was achieved on a Synergi Polar–RP C18 analytical column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 4 µm) from Phenomenex (Chesire, UK). The column was preceded by a Polar RP security guard cartridge (4 mm x 3 mm ID). The mobile phase was a mixture of (A) water and (B) methanol, both with formic acid 0.1%, at a flow rate of 0.8 mL min −1 in gradient elution mode. The composition of the mobile phase varied as follows: 0–1 min, isocratic condition, 20% B; 1–25 min, 20–85% B; 25–26 min, isocratic condition, 85% B; 26–32 min, 85–20% B. All solvents and solutions were filtered through a 0.2 μm polyamide filter from Sartorius Stedim (Goettingen, Germany). The injection volume was 2 μL. The temperature of the column was 30 ° C, and the temperature of the drying gas in the ionization source was 350 ° C. The gas flow was 12 L/min, the nebulizer pressure was 55 psi, and the capillary voltage was 4000 V. Detection was performed in the dynamic-multiple reaction monitoring (dynamic-MRM) mode, and the dynamic-MRM peak areas were integrated for quantification. The most abundant product ion was used for quantitation, and the others for qualification. The specific time window for each compound (Δ retention time) was set at 2 min. The selected ion transitions and the mass spectrometer parameters for the analyzed compounds are reported in Table 7. Statistical analysis All experiences were conducted in three triplicatesand expressed as means ± standard deviation (SD). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried outusing (Proc GLM) procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA), following the model equation: Where “µ” is the overall mean, “s” is the growth of the stage, and “e“ is a random error. Results Symbiosis and nodulation evaluation Primary results showed the occurrence of S. pallida on alkaline (8.62) silty soil, rich in potassium (289 ppm) and poor in phosphorus (9.50 ppm) and nitrogen (0.15%).Furthermore, the on-field survey of examined plants showed that S. pallida had a great symbiosis ability and forms extremely abundant, large, and pink root nodules (Howieson and Dilworth 2016). Results (Table 1) showed high productivity (up to 41.74% of dry matter at the flowering stage) and high nitrogen content (4.14% at the vegetative stage) of S. pallida at a mining site located in Northeast Morocco. Heavy metal analysis From the elemental analysis point of view, the results of five soil heavy metal analyses are depicted in Table 2. Results showed low concentrations of manganese (1100 mg/kg) and iron (39450 mg/kg) in comparison with maximum permissible limits set by official organizations such as World Health and Food and Agricultural Organization (Table 2). By contrast, high concentrations of lead (8755 mg/kg), followed by zinc (3710 mg/kg) and copper (471 mg/kg) were recorded in the studied zone, generally above the threshold limits (Table 2). Similarly, high levels of iron (4270 mg/Kg), lead (1010.25 mg/kg), zinc (693.75 mg/kg), and copper (129.00 mg/kg), notably above the critical limits, were observed in aerial parts of S. pallida evaluated at two maturity stage (Table 2). On the other hand,a low concentration of manganese was recorded (184.50 mg/kg). Phenolic contents analysis Regarding thephenolics content of S. pallida , results (Table 3) disclosed notable differences ( P<0.05 ) of total extractable phenols (TEP) and tannins (TET) content. The higher concentration was noted in the aerial parts at the vegetative stage (7.73 %DM and 6.97 %DM, respectively). Similarly, the amount of total extractable condensed tannin (ECT) was significantly ( P<0.05 ) higher at the vegetative stage (4.50 %DM) in comparison with the flowering stage (2.50 %DM) and the root part (0.55 %DM). Total flavonoid content (TFC) was higherat the vegetative stage (9.34 mg/100g DM) compared with the flowering stage (4.88 mg/100g DM) and the roots part (3.19 mg/100g DM). Antioxidant activity analysis DPPH radical scavenging activity The antioxidant properties of S. pallida extracts were assessed using DPPH free radical scavenging activity assay (Table 4). The results revealed a dose-dependent ( p<0.05 ) variation in the extract activity of Sulla evaluated at two growth stages. The (IC 50 ) value which is the concentration of the extracts needed to scavenge 50% of the initial DPPH radicals, was higher ( p<0.05 ) at the vegetative stage (IC 50 =0.126) compared with the flowering stage (IC 50 =0.416). At 1 mg/mL of the extract, S. pallida at the vegetative stage demonstrated a high percentage of free radical scavenging ability up to 81.88%, similar to that obtained by the synthetic one (BHT) (82.1%). Ferric reducing antioxidant power Likewise, the extracts of S. pallida set at three different concentrations (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/mL) showed high ferric reducing power (IC 50 =0.179 mg/mL) at the vegetative stage and generating (OD700) values of 0.590, 0.975 and 1.032 respectively (Table 5). These values are slightly lower ( P<0.005 ) in comparison with those recorded at the flowering stage (0.765, 1.001 and 1.121) with (IC 50 =0.112 mg/mL). However, they were much higher in comparison with the root part (0.192, 0.347 and 0.548) (IC 50 =0.964 mg/mL) or with the positive control (0.430, 0.674 and 0.961) (IC 50 =0.310 mg/mL). β-carotene bleaching test The inhibitory effect of S. pallida extract on lipid peroxidation was assessed using the beta-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay, which founded on the reduction of the yellow color of β-carotene due to its interaction with radicals generated during the oxidation of linoleic acid. Results show that the upper parts of S. pallida extract set to 1 mg/mL, possessed a higher antioxidant effect at vegetative (84.83%) and flowering stage (83.00%) than BHT (63.30%) with an IC 50 equal to 0.39 mg/mL and 0.56mg/mL respectively (Table 6). HPLC-ESI-MS/MS profile The phenolic compounds in the aqueous extract of S. pallida were identified through HPLC-ESI-MS/MS, detecting 38 compounds (Table 7). The findings show that 16 phenolic compounds were present with a total concentration of 2297.17 mg/kg, including 4-Hydroxy benzoic acid (401.30 mg/kg) and rutin (313.51 mg/kg), along with vanillic acid (245.26 mg/kg), gallic acid (243.44 mg/kg), and p-coumaric acid (209.29 mg/kg) were the most abundant compounds, representing over 61% of the extract (Table 8). Discussion The current data showed that S. pallida is able to maintain high symbiotic efficiency in term of nitrogen content and dry matter accumulation, similar and/or higher in comparison with other Sulla species evaluated under field conditions (Fitouri et al. 2012 ; El Yemlahi et al. 2019 ). Such findings indicate the aptitude of S. pallida to establish symbiosis withsoil microorganismsand promoting sustainable agriculture (El Yemlahi et al. 2019 ; M’saouar et al. 2020 ). In fact, earlier study revealed that the bacteria isolated from root-nodules of S. pallida , collected from the same minging site, had a great similarity to rhizobial bacteria (El Yelmlahi et al., 2019). Those strains are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen in a symbiotic relationship with the host plants, thereby enriching soil fertility and reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers. On the other hand, the field survey revealed the great capacity of S. pallida to accumulate high concentrations ofiron (Fe), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), in its upper part. Some of those metals such as Fe, Zn, and Cu, are essential to maintain various biochemical and physiological functions. While others, such Pb, pose a significant health concern due to their toxic effects (Yang et al. 2022 ). Similar findings have been advanced by (Benhamdi et al. 2014 ; Kassa-Laouar et al. 2019 ), who reported the ability of S. pallida growing wild in the old mining sites located in Algeria, to accumulate antimony (Sb) and arsenic (As) in shoots and roots. Particular results have been attributed to the presence of heavy metal-resistant soil bacteria (Benhizia et al. 2004 ; Hamane et al. 2020 ; Oubohssaine et al. 2022 ),and ability of the plant to induce significant increases in phenolic compoundsand enzymes, with high antioxidant activities (Benhamdi et al. 2014 ; Kassa-Laouar et al. 2019 ; Usman et al. 2020 ; Oubohssaine et al. 2022 ). In fact, phenolic compounds, such as tannins, frequently play a master role in responding to various abiotic and biotic stresses (Dehghanian et al. 2022 ; Kumar et al. 2023 ). To emphasize, several chemical compounds, including flavonoidsand condensed tannins, have been identified in the genus Sulla, which confer antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-aging, and anti-diabetic properties (Tibe et al. 2011 ; Dong et al. 2013 ; Molinu et al. 2023 ). In this study, high concentration of total extractable phenolics, mainly consisting of tannins, were measuredwhen compared with related species such as S. flexeuosa grown in different habitats (Errassi et al. 2018 ), or with those obtained for S.coronaria examined at different phonological stages (Amato et al. 2005 ), using different preservation methods (Rufino-Moya et al. 2019 ). A study carried out by (Lavid et al. 2001 ) demonstrated that waterlily (Nymphaea) rich in tannin are tolerant to Pb by directly chelating the Pb.Results indicated by (Jańczak-Pieniążek et al. 2022 ) showed that heavy metals such as (Cu) and (Pb) caused an improvementin the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL), a key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds with an antioxidant function (Tian and Lei 2006 ). Furthermore, the results of measured phenolic compounds disclose high concentration of soluble condensed tanninin the aerial partsof S. pallida in comparison with S. flexeuosa (Errassi et al. 2018 ) or S. coronaria (Molinu et al. 2023 )over the same growth of stage. Furthermore, the results ofHPLC-ESI-MS analysis of the aerial parts of S. pallida showed a high concentration of coumaric acid with great scavenging and antioxidative properties (Roychoudhury et al. 2021 ). Additionally, the high concentration of hydroxybenzoic acid detected in this study has been reported to exhibit various biological activities including antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties (Cueva et al. 2010 ), as well as to modulate the effect of short-term drought and freezing stress on Triticum aestivum L. plants (Horváth et al. 2007 ). Studies conducted by (Yang et al. 2008 ) shed light on rutin's potent ability to scavenge free radicals, superoxide anion radicals, and hydroxyl radicals, as well as its effect on lipid peroxidation. Remarkably, significant amounts of vanillic acid and gallic acid werealso detected in the extract of Sulla pallida. The phenolic compound gallic acid has been shown to possess strong antioxidant activity and to enhance the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (Singh et al. 1999 ), such as those evaluated by (Benhamdi et al. 2014 ).Vanillic acid, on the other hand, can be effective upon different environmental stresses byinducing a plant antioxidant defense, methylglyoxal detoxification system, and osmoregulation (Parvin et al. 2024 ). Equally important, the syringic acid, revealed by HPLC-ESI-MS analysis, plays a crucial role in the communication between plants and soil microorganisms (Zhou et al. 2014 ). In this regard, the findings obtained by (Hamane et al. 2020 ) highlighted the presenceof high diversity soil bacteria, with great plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) activities, isolated from root-nodules of S. pallida collected from the same studied site. Such compounds might serve collectively as antioxidants to detoxify ROSs generated under heavy metal stress conditions (Sakihama et al. 2002 ; Kumar et al. 2023 ). In this study, the antioxidant activities evaluation of S. pallida extract showed high radical scavenging capacity, and ferric-reducing ability, in comparison with results reported by (Hafsi et al. 2017 ) for S. carnosa grown under salinity and potassium deficiency, whichtended to be lower as the plant progressed from vegetative to flowering stage (Molinu et al. 2023 ). Conclusion The findings of the present study demonstrated a significant potential for S. pallida as a forage legume due to its strong mean DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC 50 0.271 mg.mL − 1 ), ferric reducing power (IC 50 0.145 mg.mL − 1 ), and ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation (IC 50 0.374 mg.mL − 1 ). Additionally, its great ability to accumulate high concentration of heavy metals, particularly for Pb (1610 mg/Kg DM), and to maintain remarkable symbiosis with soil microorganisms, suggests that S. pallida could be an effective plant for remediating and rehabilitating heavy metal-contaminated pastures and maintaining a consistent, long-term land use in heavy metal polluted environments. Declarations Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the National Centre for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST) for mineral analysis. Ethical Approval Not applicable Consent to Participate Not applicable Consent to Publish Not applicable Authors Contributions All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Data collection was conducted by Mounir HASSANI ZERROUK, Amin LAGLAOUI, Abdelhay ARAKRAK, and Mohammed BAKKALI. Material preparation, and analysis were performed by Anass EL YEMLAHI, HamassZERRAD, Giovanni Caprioli, Laura Acquaticci. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Anass EL YEMLAHI. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding Not applicable Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no conflicting interests Availability of data and materials Not applicable References Abdelguerfi-Berrekia R, Abdelguerfi A, Bounaga N, Guittonneau GG (1991) Répartition des espèces spontanées du genre Hedysarum L. en Algérie, en relation avec certains facteurs du milieu. Fourrages 126:187–207. Amato G, Di Miceli G, Giambalvo D, Scarpello C, Stringi L (2005) Condensed tannins content in Sulla ( Hedysarum coronarium L.) as affected by environment, genotype and growth stage. In: Bullitta S (ed) Bioactive compounds in pasture species for phytotherapy and animal welfare . CNR-ISPAAM, Sassari, pp 41–54. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/8477 Barillaro J, Soto da Costa L, Gómez-Corea WN, et al (2024) Landscape degradation drives metal bioaccumulation in bats from Atlantic Forest cacao region, Brazil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11356-024-35478-X/METRICS Benhamdi A, Bentellis A, Rached O, et al (2014) Effects of antimony and arsenic on antioxidant enzyme activities of two steppic plant species in an old antimony mining area. Biol Trace Elem Res 158:96–104. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12011-014-9917-7 Benhizia Y, Benhizia H, Benguedouar A, et al (2004) Gamma proteobacteria can nodulate legumes of the genus Hedysarum. Syst Appl Microbiol 27:462–468. https://doi.org/10.1078/0723202041438527 Bremner JM (1965) Total nitrogen. In: Norman AG (ed) Methods of soil analysis . Agron Monogr 9:1149–1178. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.c32 Choi BH, Ohashi H (2003) Generic criteria and an infrageneric system for Hedysarum and related genera (Papilionoideae-Leguminosae). Taxon 52:567–576. https://doi.org/10.2307/3647455 Cueva C, Moreno-Arribas MV, Martín-Álvarez PJ, et al (2010) Antimicrobial activity of phenolic acids against commensal, probiotic and pathogenic bacteria. Res Microbiol 161:372–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RESMIC.2010.04.006 Dehghanian Z, Habibi K, Dehghanian M, et al (2022) Reinforcing the bulwark: unravelling the efficient applications of plant phenolics and tannins against environmental stresses. Heliyon 8:e09094. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HELIYON.2022.E09094 Dong Y, Tang D, Zhang N, et al (2013) Phytochemicals and biological studies of plants in genus Hedysarum. Chem Cent J 7:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-153X-7-124/TABLES/1 Duan L, Wen J, Yang X, et al (2015) Phylogeny of Hedysarum and tribe Hedysareae (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) inferred from sequence data of ITS, matK, trnL-F and psbA-trnH. Taxon 64:49–64. https://doi.org/10.12705/641.26 El Yemlahi A, Arakrak A, Laglaoui A, Bakkali M (2019) Preliminary characterization of root-nodule bacteria isolated from forage legumes of the genus Hedysarum in northern Morocco. Moroccan J Biol 16:30–34. El Yemlahi A, Abdelhay A, Laglaoui A, et al (2024) Potential contribution of Sulla spinosissima subsp. capitata and Sulla pallida as a forage crop in arid Mediterranean regions. Arid Land Research and Management 38:382–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2024.2306618 Errassi A, Ayadi M, Chabbi M, Noutfia A, Jaber A (2018) Phenolic Composition of Hedysarum flexuosum (Sulla) in Northwestern Morocco. J Mater Environ Sci 9:1662–1667. Fitouri SD, Trabelsi D, Saïdi S, et al (2012) Diversity of rhizobia nodulatingsulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.) and selection of inoculant strains for semi-arid Tunisia. Ann Microbiol 62:77–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13213-011-0229-2/METRICS Hafsi C, Falleh H, Saada M, et al (2017) Potassium deficiency alters growth, photosynthetic performance, secondary metabolites content, and related antioxidant capacity in Sulla carnosa grown under moderate salinity. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 118:609–617. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PLAPHY.2017.08.002 Hamane S, Zerrouk MH, Lyemlahi AE, et al (2020) Screening and Characterization of Phosphate-Solubilizing Rhizobia Isolated from Hedysarum pallidum in the Northeast of Morocco. 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2576-6_7 Horváth E, Pál M, Szalai G, et al (2007) Exogenous 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and salicylic acid modulate the effect of short-term drought and freezing stress on wheat plants. Biol Plant 51:480–487. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10535-007-0101-1/METRICS Howieson JG, Dilworth MJ (2016) Working with rhizobia . Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), ACIAR Monograph No. 173, Canberra, Australia, 312p. Issolah R, Tahar A, Alane F, et al (2014) Analysis of the growth and the chemical composition within some algerian populations of Sulla. Journal of Biological Sciences 14:220–225. https://doi.org/10.3923/JBS.2014.220.225 Jańczak-Pieniążek M, Cichoński J, Michalik P, Chrzanowski G (2022) Effect of Heavy Metal Stress on Phenolic Compounds Accumulation in Winter Wheat Plants. Molecules 28:. https://doi.org/10.3390/MOLECULES28010241 Kadi SA, Guermah H, Bannelier C, et al (2011) Nutritive value of sun-dried sulla (hedysarumflexuosum) and its effect on performance and carcass characteristics of growing rabbits. World Rabbit Science 19:151–159. https://doi.org/10.4995/WRS.2011.848 Kassa-Laouar M, Mechakra A, Rodrigue A, et al (2019) Antioxidative Enzyme Responses to Antimony Stress of Serratia marcescens – an Endophytic Bacteria of Hedysarum pallidum Roots. Pol J Environ Stud 29:141–152. https://doi.org/10.15244/PJOES/100494 Kishinevsky BD, Nandasena KG, Yates RJ, et al (2003) Phenotypic and genetic diversity among rhizobia isolated from three Hedysarum species: H. spinosissimum, H. coronarium and H. flexuosum. Plant Soil 251:143–153. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022967213088/METRICS Kumar K, Debnath P, Singh S, Kumar N (2023) An Overview of Plant Phenolics and Their Involvement in Abiotic Stress Tolerance. Stresses 2023, Vol 3, Pages 570-585 3:570–585. https://doi.org/10.3390/STRESSES3030040 Lamin H, Alami S, Bouhnik O, et al (2021) Identification of the endosymbionts from Sulla spinosissima growing in a lead mine tailings in Eastern Morocco as Mesorhizobiumcamelthornisv. aridi. J Appl Microbiol 130:948–959. https://doi.org/10.1111/JAM.14834 Lavid N, Schwartz A, Yarden O, Tel-Or E (2001) The involvement of polyphenols and peroxidase activities in heavy-metal accumulation by epidermal glands of the waterlily (Nymphaeaceae). Planta 212:323–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/S004250000400 Leila B, Loubna B, Ali B (2020) Impacts of mining activities on soil properties: case studies from Morocco mine sites. Soil Sci Ann 71:395–407. https://doi.org/10.37501/soilsa/133011 Lfitat A, Zejli H, Bousraf FZ, et al (2021) Comparative assessment of total phenolics content and in vitro antioxidant capacity variations of macerated leaf extracts of Olea europaea L. and Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels. Mater Today Proc 45:7271–7277. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATPR.2020.12.990 Liu PL, Wen J, Duan L, et al (2017) Hedysarum L. (Fabaceae: Hedysareae) Is Not Monophyletic – Evidence from Phylogenetic Analyses Based on Five Nuclear and Five Plastid Sequences. PLoS One 12:e0170596. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0170596 Makkar HPS (2003) Quantification of Tannins in Tree and Shrub Foliage. Quantification of Tannins in Tree and Shrub Foliage. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0273-7 Marques APGC, Rangel AOSS, Castro PML (2009) Remediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils: Phytoremediation as a Potentially Promising Clean-Up Technology. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 39:622–654. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380701798272 Mensor LL, Menezes FS, Leitão GG, et al (2001) Screening of Brazilian plant extracts for antioxidant activity by the use of DPPH free radical method. Phytother Res 15:127–130. https://doi.org/10.1002/PTR.687 Miller HE (1971) A simplified method for the evaluation of antioxidants. J Am Oil Chem Soc 48:91–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02635693 Molinu MG, Sulas L, Campesi G, et al (2023) Subterranean Clover and Sulla as Valuable and Complementary Sources of Bioactive Compounds for Rainfed Mediterranean Farming Systems. Plants (Basel) 12:. https://doi.org/10.3390/PLANTS12020417 Moore G, Sanford P, Wiley T (2006) Herbaceous perennial legumes. Perennial pastures for Western Australia . Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Bulletin 4690, Perth, Australia. M’saouar R, Bakkali M, Laglaoui A, Arakrak A (2020) Isolation and characterization of the roots and soil endomycorrhizae of Hedysarum pallidum Desf. in the northeast of Morocco. In: Kumar M, Kumar V, Prasad R (eds) Phyto-Microbiome in Stress Regulation . Environmental and Microbial Biotechnology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2576-6_4 Neila TF, Mohamed M (2001) Hedysarum phylogeny mediated by RFLP analysis of nuclear ribosomal DNA: RFLP and Hedysarum phylogeny. Genet Resour Crop Evol 48:339–345. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012051410501/METRICS Nurcholis W, Sya’bani Putri DN, Husnawati H, et al (2021) Total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts from accessions of Amomum compactum fruits. Annals of Agricultural Sciences 66:58–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AOAS.2021.04.001 Oubohssaine M, Sbabou L, Aurag J (2022) Native Heavy Metal-Tolerant Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Improves Sulla spinosissima (L.) Growth in Post-Mining Contaminated Soils. Microorganisms 2022, Vol 10, Page 838 10:838. https://doi.org/10.3390/MICROORGANISMS10050838 Parvin K, Hasanuzzaman M, Mohsin SM, et al (2024) Vanillic Acid Modulates Antioxidant Defense and Methylglyoxal Detoxification Systems to Combat Drought Stress in Tomato Seedlings. Plants 2024, Vol 13, Page 3114 13:3114. https://doi.org/10.3390/PLANTS13223114 Porter LJ, Hrstich LN, Chan BG (1985) The conversion of procyanidins and prodelphinidins to cyanidin and delphinidin. Phytochemistry 25:223–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)94533-3 Roychoudhury S, Sinha B, Choudhury BP, et al (2021) Scavenging Properties of Plant-Derived Natural Biomolecule Para-Coumaric Acid in the Prevention of Oxidative Stress-Induced Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 10:. https://doi.org/10.3390/ANTIOX10081205 Rufino-Moya PJ, Blanco M, Bertolín JR, Joy M (2019) Effect of the method of preservation on the chemical composition and in vitro fermentation characteristics in two legumes rich in condensed tannins. Anim Feed Sci Technol 251:12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANIFEEDSCI.2019.02.005 Sakihama Y, Cohen MF, Grace SC, Yamasaki H (2002) Plant phenolic antioxidant and prooxidant activities: Phenolics-induced oxidative damage mediated by metals in plants. Toxicology 177:67–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00196-8 Sbabou L, Idir Y, Bruneel O, Le Quere A, Aurag J (2016) Characterization of root-nodule bacteria isolated from Hedysarum spinosissimum L., growing in mining sites of northeastern region of Morocco. SOJ Microbiol Infect Dis 4:1–8. https://doi.org/10.15226/sojmid/4/3/00156 Singh K, Khanna AK, Chander R (1999) Protective effect of ellagic acid on t -butyl hydroperoxide-induced lipid peroxidation in isolated rat hepatocytes. Ind J Exp Biol 37:939–943. Smouni A, Ater M, Auguy F, Laplaze L, El Mzibri M, Berhada F, Filali-Maltouf A, Doumas P (2010) Évaluation de la contamination par les éléments-traces métalliques dans une zone minière du Maroc oriental. Cah Agric 19:273–279. https://doi.org/10.1684/agr.2010.0413 Sulas L, Seddaiu G, Muresu R, Roggero PP (2009) Fixation de l'azote du sulla en conditions méditerranéennes. Agron J 101:1470–1478. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2009.0150 Tian X, Lei Y (2006) Nitric oxide treatment alleviates drought stress in wheat seedlings. Biol Plant 50:775–778. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10535-006-0129-7/METRICS Tibe O, Meagher LP, Fraser K, Harding DRK (2011) Condensed tannins and flavonoids from the forage legume sulla ( Hedysarum coronarium ). J Agric Food Chem 59:9402–9409. https://doi.org/10.1021/JF2014759 Usman K, Abu-Dieyeh MH, Zouari N, Al-Ghouti MA (2020) Lead (Pb) bioaccumulation and antioxidative responses in Tetraenaqataranse. Scientific Reports 2020 10:1 10:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73621-z Yang J, Guo J, Yuan J (2008) In vitro antioxidant properties of rutin. LWT - Food Science and Technology 41:1060–1066. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LWT.2007.06.010 Yang Z, Li X, Tian L, et al (2022) Heavy metals exposure is associated with early liver dysfunction among rural residents aged 40-75 years in southwest China. J Appl Toxicol 42:1044–1056. https://doi.org/10.1002/JAT.4276 Zhou XG, Wu FZ, Xiang WS (2014) Syringic acid inhibited cucumber seedling growth and changed rhizosphere microbial communities. Plant Soil Environ 60:158–164. https://doi.org/10.17221/924/2013-PSE Tables Table 1. Symbiosis efficiency of S. pallida evaluated at mining site Aerial dry matter (%) Nitrogen content (%) Vegetative stage 19.99±0.91 4.14±0.01 Flowering stage 41.74±0.34 2.00±0.08 Mean 33.04 2.86 SEM 5.33 0.52 P-value 0.0001 0.0001 Values represent an average of triplicates ± standard deviation. SEM: standard error of the mean. Table 2. Mean concentrations of heavy metals (mg/kg DM) in soil and plants samples of S. pallida at mining site Soil Plants Transfer factor (%) Samples MPLS a Samples MPLF a Fe 39450±777.82 50000 4270±2035.89 1000 10.82 Pb 8755±162.63 100 1010.25±732.17 30 11.54 Zn 3710±127.28 300 693.75±449.24 60 18.70 Mn 1100±0.00 2000 184.50±75.66 1000 16.77 Cu 471±7.07 100 129.00±42.43 40 27.39 Fe: iron; Pb: lead; Zn: zinc; Mn: manganese; Cu: copper; MPLS: maximum permissible limits in soil. MPLF: maximum permissible limits in animal feeds. a According to World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) (2001; 2011) Table 3. Polyphenols content of S. pallida at mining site Aerial parts Root parts SEM P-value Vegetative stage Flowering stage TEP a 7.73±0.21 a 5.32±0.22 b 1.32±0.06 c 0.937 0.0001 TET a 6.97±0.23 a 5.03±0.15 b 0.95±0.13 c 0.888 0.0001 NTP a 0.77±0.03 a 0.28±0.06 b 0.37±0.07 b 0.077 0.0001 ECT b 4.50±0.29 a 2.50±0.04 b 0.55±0.07 c 0.572 0.0001 TFC c 9.34±0.71 a 4.88±0.91 b 3.19±0.65 b 1.186 0.0086 Different letters in the same row indicate significant differences (p < 0.05). Values represent an average of triplicates ± standard deviation.TEP: total extractable phenolics; TET: total extractable tannins; TFC: total flavonoid content; ECT: extractible condensed tannin; NTP: non-tannic phenolics; SEM: standard error of the mean. a expressed as eq-g Tanic acid/100g DM. b expressed eq-g Leucocyanidin/100g DM. c expressed as eq-mg Rutin/100g DM. Table 4. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of S. pallida at mining site DPPH free radical scavenging (%) Concentration (mg/mL) 0.25 0.5 1 IC 50 Aerial parts Vegetative stage 50.24±0.60 a 71.50±1.28 a 81.88±0.20 a 0.126 Flowering stage 32.12±4.03 b 67.18±1.41 ab 79.70±1.33 ab 0.416 Root parts 24.70±2.12 c 46.40±1.00 c 67.20±0.99 c 0.655 BHT 50.70±0.97 a 72.10±0.15 b 82.10±0.47 b 0.110 Different letters in the same row indicate significant differences (p < 0.05). Values represent an average of triplicates ± standard deviation. BHT was used as positive control. Table 5. Ferric Reducing Power of S. pallida at mining site Absorbance at 700 nm Concentration (mg/mL) 0.25 0.5 1 IC 50 Aerial parts Vegetative stage 0.590±0.007 b 0.975±0.006 b 1.032±0.004 b 0.179 Flowering stage 0.765±0.002 a 1.001±0.003 a 1.121±0.002 a 0.112 Root parts 0.192±0.002 d 0.347±0.009 d 0.548±0.005 d 0.964 Rutin 0.430 ±0.005 c 0.674 ±0.008 c 0.961±0.003 c 0.310 Different letters in the same row indicate significant differences (p < 0.05). Values represent an average of triplicates ± standard deviation. BHT was used as positive control. Table 6. Percentage of Inhibition of S. pallida extract using β -Carotene/linoleic Acid Bleaching System. % of inhibition Concentration (mg/mL) 0.25 0.5 1 IC 50 Aerial parts Vegetative stage 37.87±1.85 b 61.73±1.10 a 84.83±3.21 a 0.392 Flowering stage 45.90±1.75 a 55.40±1.40 b 83.00±1.39 a 0.356 Root parts 12.33±0.58 c 27.80±2.60 c 50.87±1.50 c 0.971 BHT 36.60±0.46 b 52.50±1.10 b 63.30±1.49 b 0.560 Different letters in the same row indicate significant differences (p < 0.05). Values represent an average of triplicates ± standard deviation. BHT was used as positive control. Table 7. HPLC–MS/MS acquisition parameters (dynamic-MRM mode) used for the analysis of the 38 marker compounds. No. Compounds Precursor ion, m/z Product ion, m/z Fragm-entor, V Collision energy, V Polarity Retention time (Rt, min) Delta retention time (ΔRt) 1 Gallic acid 169 125.2 * 97 12 Negative 6.96 2 2 Neochlorogenic acid 353 191.2 * , 179 82 12, 12 Negative 9.52 2 3 Delphindin-3-galactoside 465.01 303 * 121 20 Positive 11.36 2 4 (+)-Catechin 289 245.2 * ,109.2 131 8, 20 Negative 11.44 2 5 Procyanidin B2 576.99 576.99 * , 321.2 160 0, 32 Negative 12.41 2 6 Chlorogenic acid 353 191.2 * , 127.5 82 12, 20 Negative 12.42 2 7 p -Hydroxybenzoic acid 137 93.2 * 92 16 Negative 12.86 2 8 (-)-Epicatechin 289 245.1 * , 109.1 126 8, 20 Negative 13.03 2 9 Cyanidin-3-glucoside 449 287.3 * , 255.6 121 20, 20 Positive 13.14 2 10 Petunidin-3-glucoside 479.01 317 * , 302 121 20, 44 Positive 13.26 2 11 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid 137 93.2 * 88 8 Negative 13.59 2 12 Caffeic acid 179 135.2 * , 134.1 92 12, 24 Negative 13.65 2 13 Vanillic acid 167 152.4 * , 108.1 88 12, 20 Negative 14.32 2 14 Resveratrol 227 185 * 131 12 Negative 14.40 2 15 Pelargonidin-3-glucoside 433.01 271 * , 121 116 24, 50 Positive 14.52 2 16 Pelagonidin-3-rutinoside 579.01 271 * 145 32 Positive 14.56 2 17 Malvidin-3-galactoside 493.01 331 * , 315.1 121 20, 50 Positive 14.64 2 18 Syringic acid 196.9 182.2 * , 121.2 93 8, 12 Negative 15.28 2 19 Procyanidin A2 575 575 * , 285 170 0, 20 Negative 16.18 2 20 p -Coumaric acid 163 119.2 * , 93.2 83 12, 36 Negative 16.70 2 21 Ferulic acid 193 134.2 * , 131.6 83 12, 8 Negative 17.10 2 22 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid 514.9 353.1 * , 191 117 8, 28 Negative 17.61 2 23 Rutin 609 300.2 * , 271.2 170 32, 50 Negative 17.73 2 24 Hyperoside 465.01 303 * , 61.1 97 8, 50 Positive 18.33 2 25 Isoquercitrin 463 271.2 * , 300.2 155 44, 24 Negative 18.36 2 26 Delphindin-3,5-diglucoside 462.9 300.1 * 165 24 Negative 18.38 2 27 Phloridzin 435.39 273 * , 167 155 8, 28 Negative 18.83 2 28 Quercitrin 446.99 300.2 * , 301.2 160 24, 16 Negative 19.61 2 29 Myricetin 316.99 179.1 * , 182 150 16, 24 Negative 19.61 2 30 Naringin 578.99 271.3 * , 151.3 170 32, 44 Negative 19.62 2 31 Kaempferol-3-glucoside 447 284.2 * , 255.2 170 24, 40 Negative 19.77 2 32 Hesperidin 611.01 303 * , 334.8 112 20, 12 Positive 20.19 2 33 Ellagic acid 301 301 * , 229 170 0, 24 Negative 21.41 2 34 trans -cinnamic acid 149 131.2 74 4 Positive 21.44 2 35 Quercetin 300.99 151.2 * , 179.2 145 16, 12 Negative 21.87 2 36 Phloretin 272.99 167 * , 123 116 8, 20 Negative 22.30 2 37 Kaempferol 287.01 153 * , 69.1 60 36, 50 Positive 23.84 2 38 Isorhamnetin 314.99 300.2 * , 196.1 145 16, 4 Negative 24.57 2 Table 8 . Concentration (mg.kg -1 of dried extract) of bioactive compounds in the extract. Compounds Concentration (mg/kg) 1 Gallic acid 243.44 2 Neochlorogenic acid 17.73 3 Delphindin3-galactoside n.d. 4 Catechin n.d. 5 procyanidin B2 n.d. 6 Chlorogenic acid n.d. 7 4-Hydroxy benzoic acid 401.30 8 Epicatechin n.d. 9 Cyanidin-3-glucoside n.d. 10 Petunidin-3-glucoside n.d. 11 3-Hydroxy benzoic acid n.d. 12 Caffeic acid 189.90 13 Vanillic acid 245.26 14 Resveratrol n.d. 15 Pelargonidin-3-glucoside n.d. 16 Pelargonidin-3-rutinoside n.d. 17 Malvidin-3-galactoside n.d. 18 Syringic acid 165.63 19 Procyanidin A2 n.d. 20 P-Coumaric acid 209.29 21 Ferulic acid 115.59 22 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid n.d. 23 Rutin 313.51 24 Hyperoside n.d. 25 Isoquercitrin 137.59 26 Delphinidin-3,5-diglucoside 178.30 27 Phloridzin 1.58 28 Quercitrin n.d. 29 Myricetin n.d. 30 Naringin n.d. 31 Kaempferol-3-glucoside 16.02 32 Hesperidin n.d. 33 Ellagic acid n.d. 34 trans -cinnamic acid n.d. 35 Quercetin 32.02 36 Phloretin 2.83 37 Kaempferol n.d. 38 Isorhamnetin 26.18 Total compounds 2297.17 a n.d., not detectable. Relative standard deviation (RSD) for all compounds ranged from 2.11 to 7.32%. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5506939","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":408360401,"identity":"9b29b087-297c-417e-bc04-95a308c94225","order_by":0,"name":"Anass EL YEMLAHI","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7UlEQVRIie3SsWrDMBCA4SsHcoYjXm3ch7hgcLfkVSq8HqGQJSVDBoOz9AG69RmyeI7RkMXdO5p2LrR07FLJYwepYyH6B4FAHzqQAGKx/1jilju4VcnDtKc5XI1+gm5hS2gAOFmiAPlvBDKZCARJirR4feHlep6/92+fsry2RH34SN5QWQrXG1Wsa+672g2Gjz7ChqpCGHVbSJX1HVqSGu9gK0M338J73eaDI/vpFi9hpAqFjW4zcsSESWbUxg521i1Jyc/dmRQGSHpojl+y3emnw7AY77vdKk0aPwGY/X6FELA/ZgweicVisQvvBweYOp8T5ClLAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Research Team of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Engineering, FSTT, Abdelmalek Essadi University Tetouan, Morocco","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Anass","middleName":"EL","lastName":"YEMLAHI","suffix":""},{"id":410713116,"identity":"79fdcab1-5a9b-4a05-a5c6-e78421023b51","order_by":1,"name":"Hamass ZERRAD","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Research Team of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Engineering, FSTT, Abdelmalek Essadi University Tetouan, Morocco","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hamass","middleName":"","lastName":"ZERRAD","suffix":""},{"id":408360402,"identity":"08329f3c-64e3-467c-9b73-e65193b7c696","order_by":2,"name":"Giovanni Caprioli","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"CHemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHip), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delleCarceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Giovanni","middleName":"","lastName":"Caprioli","suffix":""},{"id":408360403,"identity":"70f78c7b-5d6f-4627-9ea2-94be49ba8511","order_by":3,"name":"Laura Acquaticci","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"CHemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHip), School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via Madonna delleCarceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Laura","middleName":"","lastName":"Acquaticci","suffix":""},{"id":408360404,"identity":"d03787c6-279b-4de9-a8ab-280e6c18a90b","order_by":4,"name":"Houssam Annaz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Research Team of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Engineering, FSTT, Abdelmalek Essadi University Tetouan, Morocco; Research Laboratory Biology, Environment and Sustainable Development. ENS. Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Houssam","middleName":"","lastName":"Annaz","suffix":""},{"id":410713117,"identity":"c9b24a9e-13ec-4961-80ff-2c0cff93743a","order_by":5,"name":"Mounir HASSANI ZERROUK","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Research Team of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Engineering, FSTT, Abdelmalek Essadi University Tetouan, Morocco","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mounir","middleName":"HASSANI","lastName":"ZERROUK","suffix":""},{"id":408360405,"identity":"0f5e661a-ae7c-485a-89bc-a70ce62196c6","order_by":6,"name":"Amin LAGLAOUI","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Research Team of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Engineering, FSTT, Abdelmalek Essadi University Tetouan, Morocco","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amin","middleName":"","lastName":"LAGLAOUI","suffix":""},{"id":408360406,"identity":"252e06eb-a552-4bf5-9e93-d3f244a1b65e","order_by":7,"name":"Abdelhay ARAKRAK","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Research Team of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Engineering, FSTT, Abdelmalek Essadi University Tetouan, Morocco","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdelhay","middleName":"","lastName":"ARAKRAK","suffix":""},{"id":408360407,"identity":"f43cca4c-5e94-4326-8edf-13ff4dde8a87","order_by":8,"name":"Mohammed BAKKALI","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Research Team of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Engineering, FSTT, Abdelmalek Essadi University Tetouan, Morocco","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohammed","middleName":"","lastName":"BAKKALI","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-11-22 21:01:49","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5506939/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5506939/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":75366925,"identity":"48316287-c2d7-4530-884a-8c8fa2ab3a49","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-02-03 19:54:17","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1486061,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5506939/v1/ac66848e-d252-43c2-82b8-b37d351b6eb1.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Polyphenols and antioxidant activity of Sulla pallida from mining sites of Morocco: Implication for phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated pastures","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eEnvironmental pollution by heavy metals from is becoming a real issue with a large effect on agricultural productivity, particularly when they depend on symbiotic relationships. Variousanthropogenic activities have persistently contributed to soil contamination, particularly with heavy metals, which often remain in the environment and have detrimental effects on living organisms (Leila et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Barillaro et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuch a situation requires the development of methods, such as soil flushing, vapor extraction, landfilling, leaching, and soil fixation, have been extensively implemented to address metal contamination in soil (Marques et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). However, these methods are expensive, labor-intensive, and often environmentally disruptive, highlighting the need for more sustainable and cost-effective alternatives. In this context, bioremediation involves plants with a high capacity to bio-concentrate and/or bio-immobilize toxic metals from soil, appears as a good and eco-friendly strategy to minimize the impact of heavy metals in soil.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Mediterranean pastures, species of the genus Sulla (a Fabaceae) represent\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ea good asset in agricultural economics because of their quality as forage crops (Kadi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Issolah et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Errassi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) and ability to improve soil fertility (Molinu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Those species, composed of various annual and perennial species, display a high level of genotypic diversity (Duan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Liu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), as well as the capacity to form specialized symbiotic relationships with soil bacteria (Kishinevsky et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Benhizia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong Sulla species, \u003cem\u003eSulla pallida\u003c/em\u003e Desf. synonym \u003cem\u003eHedysarum pallidum\u003c/em\u003e Desf. (Choi and Ohashi \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e), is a north-African endemic species, preferentially allogamous (Neila and Mohamed \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e), recognized for its nutritional richness and ability to in arid zones such as those located in northeastern Morocco (El Yemlahi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). The plant steel grows spontaneously in quite diverse environments (Abdelguerfi​​-Berrekia et al. 1991; Moore et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e), including those of mining area located in Algeria (Benhizia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Benhamdi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Kassa-Laouar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) and in Morocco (Smouni et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Lamin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), and suggesting eco\u003cb\u003e-\u003c/b\u003ephysiological adaptation to this particular environment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore, this original research aims to evaluate the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of natural populations of \u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u003c/em\u003e, a forage legume growing spontaneously on mining sites in Northeast of Morocco.The findings could provide a basis for improving soil health and promoting sustainable land use in polluted environments.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlant sampling and\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003enodulation assessment\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlant samples (stems and roots) of \u003cem\u003eS.pallida\u003c/em\u003e, were collected from an abandoned mining site in the North-eastern of Morocco.\u0026nbsp;Samples were hand-clipped at the two growth stages, early vegetative and flowering stages.\u0026nbsp;Nodulation ability was evaluated using\u0026nbsp;a nodule-scoring chart\u0026nbsp;proposed by Howieson and Dilworth (2016).\u0026nbsp;Effectiveness in nitrogen fixation was assessed at the flowering stage, by measuring shoot dry weight and total N using the Kjeldahl method (Bremner 1965).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeavy metal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eanalysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlants were oven-dried at 60\u0026deg;C, then grounded using POLYMIX\u0026reg; PX-MFC 90 D Hammer mill. Furthermore, a mixture of soil samples was taken from the surface layer (0-15 cm), air-dried, and ground using a porcelain mortar and pestle. The samples were homogenized and sieved for heavy metal analysis, using an Axios X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer at the Units of Technical Support to Scientific Research (UATRS) \u0026rlm;of the National Centre for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST) in Rabat, Morocco. The transfer factor (TF) of heavy metal from soil to plants was determined using the following formula:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere \u0026ldquo;MP\u0026rdquo; is themetal concentration in the plant, and \u0026ldquo;MS\u0026rdquo; is themetal concentration in the soil.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhenolics compounds analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlant samples were dried at 50\u0026deg;C \u0026nbsp;and were tested for total extractable phenolics (TEP) and tannins (TET) employing the Folin Ciocalteu method following the procedures outlined by (Makkar 2003).Total extractable condensed tannins (ECT) were determined using the butanol-HCl-Fe\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e method (Porter et al. 1985). The liquid extracts were further dried at 40\u0026deg;C and the solid residue was then solubilized in distilled water to determine total flavonoid content (TFC) using the aluminum chloride colorimetric method as outlined by (Nurcholis et al. 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAntioxidant\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eactivity\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;evaluation\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFree radical scavenging activity\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe radical-scavenging activity was investigated using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) bioassay following the procedure approved by (Mensor et al. 2001). A concentrated solution of extracts used to determinetotal flavonoid contentwas prepared and then diluted to 2 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL, and 0.5 mg/mL. Briefly, 2.5ml of the serial dilution was transferred into glass test tubes and mixed with 1 mL of 0.3 mM DPPH solution newly prepared in methanol. The mixture was then incubated at room temperature in the dark for 30 minutes. Methanol and BHT (butyl hydroxytoluene) were utilized as negative and positive controls respectively. The absorbance was measured at 517 nm and the antioxidant activity was then calculated as percent inhibition as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere \u0026ldquo;Acontrol\u0026rdquo; is the absorbance of the control experiment and \u0026ldquo;Asample\u0026rdquo; is the absorbance of the sample.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eFerric reducing antioxidant power\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe antioxidant activity of \u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eextracts was additionally analyzed using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP assay) as earlier stated by (Lfitat et al. 2021). Briefly, 2.5 ml of extract solutions prepared at different concentrations werecombined with equal volumes of phosphate buffer (0.2\u0026nbsp;M, pH 6.6) and 1% K\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eFe[CN]\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e. The obtained solution was incubated in a water bath at 50\u0026deg;C for 20\u0026nbsp;min,thencentrifuged at 3000\u0026nbsp;rpm for 10\u0026nbsp;min after adding 2.5\u0026nbsp;ml of 10% TCA (Trichloroacetic Acid). 2.5 mL was taken from the supernatant and mixed with 2.5\u0026nbsp;mL of distilled water and 100\u0026nbsp;\u0026micro;L of 0.1% iron chloride (FeCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e). The absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured at 700 nm. An increase in the absorbance indicates the high ferric-reducing ability of the extract. Distilled water was used as a blank and rutin as a positive control.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eAntioxidant assessment utilizing a \u0026beta;-carotene-linoleate method\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe anti-lipid peroxidation activities of the samples were assessed by the b-carotene/linoleate model system (Miller 1971). A stock solution of \u0026beta;-carotene and linoleic acid was prepared with 2 mL of \u0026beta;-carotene (2 mg in 10 mL of chloroform) added to a tube containing 40 mg of linoleic acid and 400 mg of Tween 40. After combining the two phases, the chloroform was completely evaporated, and then 50 mL of oxygen-saturated distilled water was added to the mixture with stirring.Five milliliters of the prepared emulsion were placed into a set of tubes, each containing 0.2 mL of various concentrations of the extracts or BHT. Immediately after the emulsion was added, the absorbance was measured at 470 nm using a UV spectrophotometer. Finally, the tubes were incubated in a water bath at 50\u0026deg;C, and the absorbance was taken after 120 minutes. The antioxidant activity was then calculated as inhibition % of the \u0026beta;-carotene, using the following formula:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere: \u0026ldquo;Aantiox\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026rdquo;\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eand \u0026ldquo;Aantiox\u003csub\u003e120\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026rdquo;\u003csub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003eare the absorbance of the sample at 0 and 120 min respectively, and \u0026ldquo;Acontrol\u003csub\u003e120\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026rdquo; is the absorbance of the control at 120 min.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eHalf minimal inhibitory concentration (IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe extract concentration corresponding to 50% inhibition of DPPH radicals scavenging was\u0026nbsp;extrapolated\u0026nbsp;from the curves of the percentage inhibition against the concentration used.The results are reported as half minimal inhibitory concentration (IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e), which indicates the quantity of extract or standard required to reduce the initial concentration of DPPH radicals by 50%. Similarly, the sample concentration providing 50% \u0026beta;-carotene bleaching (IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e) was determined by plotting the inhibition percentages against the sample concentrations. Finally, the extract concentration needed to reach 0.5 of absorbance for ferric reducing power was calculated from the graph of absorbance, and the results are presented as half minimal inhibitory concentration (IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e). The lower (IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e) value is related to a higher antioxidant activity.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHPLC-Electrospray\u0026nbsp;Ionization-Mass Spectrometry\u0026nbsp;(\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHPLC-ESI-MS/MS)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eanalysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eReagents and standards\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCyanidin-3-glucoside chloride, delphinidin-3,5-diglucoside chloride, delphinidin-3-galactoside chloride, petunidin-3-glucoside chloride, malvidin-3-galactoside chloride, quercetin-3-glucoside and kaempferol-3-glucoside were purchased from PhytoLab (Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany). The remaining 31 analytical standards of the 38 phenolic compounds were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). Individual stock solutions of each analyte, at a concentration of 1000 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e, were prepared by dissolving pure standards in HPLC-grade methanol and storing them in glass stoppered bottles at 4 \u003csup\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/sup\u003eC, except for anthocyanins, which were stored at \u0026minus; 15 \u003csup\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/sup\u003eC until analysis. Standard working solutions at various concentrations were prepared daily by appropriate dilution of the stock solutions with HPLC-grade methanol. Formic acid (99%) was obtained from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Analytical-grade hydrochloric acid (37%) was obtained from Carlo Erba Reagents (Milan, Italy). HPLC-grade methanol was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich (Milano, Italy). Deionized water (\u0026gt; 18 M\u0026Omega; cm resistivity) was further purified using a Milli-Q SP Reagent Water System (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). All solvents and solutions were filtered through a 0.2 \u0026mu;m polyamide filter from Sartorius Stedim (Goettingen, Germany). Before HPLC analysis, all samples were filtered with Phenex\u0026trade; RC 4 mm 0.2 \u0026mu;m syringeless filter, Phenomenex (Castel Maggiore, BO, Italy).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHPLC-ESI-MS/MS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis was conducted on the aerial parts of \u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eusing an Agilent 1290 Infinity series and a Triple Quadrupole 6420 from Agilent Technology (Santa Clara, CA) equipped with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source operating in negative and positive ionization modes. The instrument was allowed to perform a single run with polarity switching without any problems. MS/MS parameters of each analyte were optimized in flow injection analysis (FIA) (1 \u0026mu;L of a 10 mg L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e individual standard solution) by using Optimizer Software (Agilent). The separation of target compounds was achieved on a Synergi Polar\u0026ndash;RP C18 analytical column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 4 \u0026micro;m) from Phenomenex (Chesire, UK). The column was preceded by a Polar RP security guard cartridge (4 mm x 3 mm ID). The mobile phase was a mixture of (A) water and (B) methanol, both with formic acid 0.1%, at a flow rate of 0.8 mL min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e in gradient elution mode. The composition of the mobile phase varied as follows: 0\u0026ndash;1 min, isocratic condition, 20% B; 1\u0026ndash;25 min, 20\u0026ndash;85% B; 25\u0026ndash;26 min, isocratic condition, 85% B; 26\u0026ndash;32 min, 85\u0026ndash;20% B. All solvents and solutions were filtered through a 0.2 \u0026mu;m polyamide filter from Sartorius Stedim (Goettingen, Germany). The injection volume was 2 \u0026mu;L. The temperature of the column was 30\u003csup\u003e\u0026deg;\u003c/sup\u003eC, and the temperature of the drying gas in the ionization source was 350\u003csup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u0026deg;\u003c/sup\u003eC. The gas flow was 12 L/min, the nebulizer pressure was 55 psi, and the capillary voltage was 4000 V. Detection was performed in the dynamic-multiple reaction monitoring (dynamic-MRM) mode, and the dynamic-MRM peak areas were integrated for quantification. The most abundant product ion was used for quantitation, and the others for qualification. The specific time window for each compound (\u0026Delta; retention time) was set at 2 min. The selected ion transitions and the mass spectrometer parameters for the analyzed compounds are reported in Table 7.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eStatistical\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eanalysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll experiences were conducted in three triplicatesand expressed as means \u0026plusmn; standard deviation (SD). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried outusing (Proc GLM) procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA), following the model equation:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere \u0026ldquo;\u0026micro;\u0026rdquo; is the overall mean, \u0026ldquo;s\u0026rdquo; is the growth of the stage, and \u0026ldquo;e\u0026ldquo; is a random error.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSymbiosis and nodulation evaluation\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimary results showed the occurrence of \u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eon alkaline (8.62) silty\u0026nbsp;soil, rich in potassium (289 ppm) and poor in phosphorus (9.50 ppm) and nitrogen (0.15%).Furthermore, the on-field survey of examined plants showed that \u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ehad a great symbiosis ability and forms extremely abundant, large, and pink root nodules (Howieson and Dilworth 2016). Results (Table 1) showed high productivity (up to 41.74% of dry matter at the flowering stage) and high nitrogen content (4.14% at the vegetative stage) of \u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eat a mining site located in Northeast\u0026nbsp;Morocco.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eHeavy metal\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eanalysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom the elemental analysis point of view, the results of five soil heavy metal analyses are depicted in Table 2. Results showed low concentrations of manganese (1100 mg/kg) and iron (39450 mg/kg) in comparison with maximum permissible limits set by official organizations such as World Health and Food and Agricultural Organization (Table 2). By contrast, high concentrations of lead (8755 mg/kg), followed by zinc (3710 mg/kg) and copper (471 mg/kg) were recorded in the studied zone, generally above the threshold limits (Table 2). Similarly, high levels of iron (4270 mg/Kg), lead (1010.25 mg/kg), zinc (693.75 mg/kg), and copper (129.00 mg/kg), notably above the critical limits, were observed in aerial parts of \u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u003c/em\u003e evaluated at two maturity stage (Table 2). On the other hand,a low concentration of manganese was recorded (184.50 mg/kg).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhenolic contents analysis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding\u0026nbsp;thephenolics content of \u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u003c/em\u003e, results (Table 3) disclosed notable differences (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/em\u003e) of total extractable phenols (TEP) and tannins (TET) content. The higher concentration was noted in the aerial parts at the vegetative stage (7.73 %DM\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;6.97 %DM,\u0026nbsp;respectively).\u0026nbsp;Similarly, the amount of total\u0026nbsp;extractable condensed tannin (ECT) was significantly (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/em\u003e)\u0026nbsp;higher\u0026nbsp;at the\u0026nbsp;vegetative\u0026nbsp;stage (4.50 %DM) in comparison with the\u0026nbsp;flowering stage (2.50 %DM) and the root part (0.55 %DM). Total flavonoid\u0026nbsp;content (TFC) was higherat the vegetative stage (9.34\u0026nbsp;mg/100g DM) compared with the flowering\u0026nbsp;stage\u0026nbsp;(4.88\u0026nbsp;mg/100g DM) and the roots part (3.19\u0026nbsp;mg/100g DM).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntioxidant\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eactivity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDPPH radical scavenging activity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe antioxidant properties of \u003cem\u003eS.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003epallida\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eextracts were assessed using DPPH\u0026nbsp;free radical scavenging activity assay (Table 4). The results revealed a dose-dependent (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/em\u003e) variation in the extract activity of \u003cem\u003eSulla\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eevaluated at two growth stages. The (IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e) value which is the concentration of the extracts needed to scavenge 50% of the initial\u0026nbsp;DPPH radicals, was higher (\u003cem\u003ep\u0026lt;0.05\u003c/em\u003e) at the vegetative stage (IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e=0.126)\u0026nbsp;compared with the flowering stage (IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e=0.416).\u0026nbsp;At 1 mg/mL of the extract,\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;S. pallida\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eat the vegetative stage demonstrated a high percentage of free radical scavenging ability up to 81.88%,\u0026nbsp;similar to that obtained by the synthetic one (BHT) (82.1%).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFerric reducing antioxidant power\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLikewise, the extracts of \u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eset at three different concentrations (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/mL) showed high ferric reducing power (IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e=0.179\u0026nbsp;mg/mL) at the\u0026nbsp;vegetative stage and generating (OD700) values of\u0026nbsp;0.590,\u0026nbsp;0.975\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;1.032\u0026nbsp;respectively (Table 5). These values are slightly lower (\u003cem\u003eP\u0026lt;0.005\u003c/em\u003e) in comparison with those recorded at the flowering stage (0.765,\u0026nbsp;1.001\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;1.121) with (IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e=0.112\u0026nbsp;mg/mL). However, they were much higher in comparison with the\u0026nbsp;root\u0026nbsp;part (0.192, 0.347 and 0.548) (IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e=0.964\u0026nbsp;mg/mL)\u0026nbsp;or with the positive control (0.430, 0.674 and 0.961) (IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e=0.310\u0026nbsp;mg/mL).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eβ-carotene bleaching test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe inhibitory effect of \u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eextract on lipid peroxidation was assessed using the beta-carotene/linoleic acid bleaching assay, which founded on the reduction of the yellow color of β-carotene due to its interaction with radicals generated during the oxidation of linoleic acid. Results show that the upper parts of \u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eextract set to 1 mg/mL, possessed a higher antioxidant effect at vegetative (84.83%) and flowering stage (83.00%) than BHT (63.30%) with an IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e equal to\u0026nbsp;0.39\u0026nbsp;mg/mL and\u0026nbsp;0.56mg/mL respectively (Table 6).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eHPLC-ESI-MS/MS profile\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe phenolic compounds in the aqueous extract of S. pallida were identified through HPLC-ESI-MS/MS, detecting 38 compounds (Table 7). The findings show that 16 phenolic compounds were present with a total concentration of 2297.17 mg/kg, including 4-Hydroxy benzoic acid (401.30 mg/kg) and rutin (313.51 mg/kg), along with vanillic acid (245.26 mg/kg), gallic acid (243.44 mg/kg), and p-coumaric acid (209.29 mg/kg) were the most abundant compounds, representing over 61% of the extract (Table 8).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe current data showed that \u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u003c/em\u003e is able to maintain high symbiotic efficiency in term of nitrogen content and dry matter accumulation, similar and/or higher in comparison with other Sulla species evaluated under field conditions (Fitouri et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; El Yemlahi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). Such findings indicate the aptitude of \u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u003c/em\u003e to establish symbiosis withsoil microorganismsand promoting sustainable agriculture (El Yemlahi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; M\u0026rsquo;saouar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). In fact, earlier study revealed that the bacteria isolated from root-nodules of \u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u003c/em\u003e, collected from the same minging site, had a great similarity to rhizobial bacteria (El Yelmlahi et al., 2019). Those strains are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen in a symbiotic relationship with the host plants, thereby enriching soil fertility and reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn the other hand, the field survey revealed the great capacity of \u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u003c/em\u003e to accumulate high concentrations ofiron (Fe), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), in its upper part. Some of those metals such as Fe, Zn, and Cu, are essential to maintain various biochemical and physiological functions. While others, such Pb, pose a significant health concern due to their toxic effects (Yang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilar findings have been advanced by (Benhamdi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Kassa-Laouar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), who reported the ability of \u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u003c/em\u003e growing wild in the old mining sites located in Algeria, to accumulate antimony (Sb) and arsenic (As) in shoots and roots. Particular results have been attributed to the presence of heavy metal-resistant soil bacteria (Benhizia et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Hamane et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Oubohssaine et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e),and ability of the plant to induce significant increases in phenolic compoundsand enzymes, with high antioxidant activities (Benhamdi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Kassa-Laouar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Usman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Oubohssaine et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In fact, phenolic compounds, such as tannins, frequently play a master role in responding to various abiotic and biotic stresses (Dehghanian et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Kumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo emphasize, several chemical compounds, including flavonoidsand condensed tannins, have been identified in the genus Sulla, which confer antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-aging, and anti-diabetic properties (Tibe et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Dong et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Molinu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, high concentration of total extractable phenolics, mainly consisting of tannins, were measuredwhen compared with related species such as \u003cem\u003eS. flexeuosa\u003c/em\u003e grown in different habitats (Errassi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), or with those obtained for \u003cem\u003eS.coronaria\u003c/em\u003e examined at different phonological stages (Amato et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e), using different preservation methods (Rufino-Moya et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). A study carried out by (Lavid et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e) demonstrated that waterlily (Nymphaea) rich in tannin are tolerant to Pb by directly chelating the Pb.Results indicated by (Jańczak-Pieniążek et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) showed that heavy metals such as (Cu) and (Pb) caused an improvementin the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and tyrosine ammonia lyase (TAL), a key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds with an antioxidant function (Tian and Lei \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the results of measured phenolic compounds disclose high concentration of soluble condensed tanninin the aerial partsof \u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u003c/em\u003e in comparison with \u003cem\u003eS. flexeuosa\u003c/em\u003e (Errassi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) or \u003cem\u003eS. coronaria\u003c/em\u003e (Molinu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)over the same growth of stage. Furthermore, the results ofHPLC-ESI-MS analysis of the aerial parts of \u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u003c/em\u003e showed a high concentration of coumaric acid with great scavenging and antioxidative properties (Roychoudhury et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, the high concentration of hydroxybenzoic acid detected in this study has been reported to exhibit various biological activities including antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties (Cueva et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e), as well as to modulate the effect of short-term drought and freezing stress on \u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e L. plants (Horv\u0026aacute;th et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). Studies conducted by (Yang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) shed light on rutin's potent ability to scavenge free radicals, superoxide anion radicals, and hydroxyl radicals, as well as its effect on lipid peroxidation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRemarkably, significant amounts of vanillic acid and gallic acid werealso detected in the extract of \u003cem\u003eSulla pallida.\u003c/em\u003e The phenolic compound gallic acid has been shown to possess strong antioxidant activity and to enhance the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes (Singh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e), such as those evaluated by (Benhamdi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).Vanillic acid, on the other hand, can be effective upon different environmental stresses byinducing a plant antioxidant defense, methylglyoxal detoxification system, and osmoregulation (Parvin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Equally important, the syringic acid, revealed by HPLC-ESI-MS analysis, plays a crucial role in the communication between plants and soil microorganisms (Zhou et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). In this regard, the findings obtained by (Hamane et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) highlighted the presenceof high diversity soil bacteria, with great plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) activities, isolated from root-nodules of \u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u003c/em\u003e collected from the same studied site.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSuch compounds might serve collectively as antioxidants to detoxify ROSs generated under heavy metal stress conditions (Sakihama et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Kumar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In this study, the antioxidant activities evaluation of \u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u003c/em\u003e extract showed high radical scavenging capacity, and ferric-reducing ability, in comparison with results reported by (Hafsi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) for \u003cem\u003eS. carnosa\u003c/em\u003e grown under salinity and potassium deficiency, whichtended to be lower as the plant progressed from vegetative to flowering stage (Molinu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe findings of the present study demonstrated a significant potential for \u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u003c/em\u003e as a forage legume due to its strong mean DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e 0.271 mg.mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), ferric reducing power (IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e 0.145 mg.mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), and ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation (IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e 0.374 mg.mL\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e). Additionally, its great ability to accumulate high concentration of heavy metals, particularly for Pb (1610 mg/Kg DM), and to maintain remarkable symbiosis with soil microorganisms, suggests that \u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u003c/em\u003e could be an effective plant for remediating and rehabilitating heavy metal-contaminated pastures and maintaining a consistent, long-term land use in heavy metal polluted environments.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank the National Centre for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST) for mineral analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eConsent to Publish\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the study conception and design. Data collection was conducted by Mounir HASSANI ZERROUK, Amin LAGLAOUI, Abdelhay ARAKRAK, \u0026nbsp;and Mohammed BAKKALI. Material preparation, and analysis were performed by Anass EL YEMLAHI, HamassZERRAD, Giovanni Caprioli, Laura Acquaticci. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Anass EL YEMLAHI. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no conflicting interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAbdelguerfi-Berrekia R, Abdelguerfi A, Bounaga N, Guittonneau GG (1991) R\u0026eacute;partition des esp\u0026egrave;ces spontan\u0026eacute;es du genre \u003cem\u003eHedysarum\u003c/em\u003e L. en Alg\u0026eacute;rie, en relation avec certains facteurs du milieu. \u003cem\u003eFourrages\u003c/em\u003e 126:187\u0026ndash;207.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAmato G, Di Miceli G, Giambalvo D, Scarpello C, Stringi L (2005) Condensed tannins content in Sulla (\u003cem\u003eHedysarum coronarium\u003c/em\u003e L.) as affected by environment, genotype and growth stage. In: Bullitta S (ed) \u003cem\u003eBioactive compounds in pasture species for phytotherapy and animal welfare\u003c/em\u003e. CNR-ISPAAM, Sassari, pp 41\u0026ndash;54. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/8477\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBarillaro J, Soto da Costa L, G\u0026oacute;mez-Corea WN, et al (2024) Landscape degradation drives metal bioaccumulation in bats from Atlantic Forest cacao region, Brazil. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 1\u0026ndash;15. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11356-024-35478-X/METRICS\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBenhamdi A, Bentellis A, Rached O, et al (2014) Effects of antimony and arsenic on antioxidant enzyme activities of two steppic plant species in an old antimony mining area. Biol Trace Elem Res 158:96\u0026ndash;104. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12011-014-9917-7\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBenhizia Y, Benhizia H, Benguedouar A, et al (2004) Gamma proteobacteria can nodulate legumes of the genus Hedysarum. Syst Appl Microbiol 27:462\u0026ndash;468. https://doi.org/10.1078/0723202041438527\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBremner JM (1965) Total nitrogen. In: Norman AG (ed) \u003cem\u003eMethods of soil analysis\u003c/em\u003e. Agron Monogr 9:1149\u0026ndash;1178. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronmonogr9.2.c32\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChoi BH, Ohashi H (2003) Generic criteria and an infrageneric system for Hedysarum and related genera (Papilionoideae-Leguminosae). Taxon 52:567\u0026ndash;576. https://doi.org/10.2307/3647455\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eCueva C, Moreno-Arribas MV, Mart\u0026iacute;n-\u0026Aacute;lvarez PJ, et al (2010) Antimicrobial activity of phenolic acids against commensal, probiotic and pathogenic bacteria. Res Microbiol 161:372\u0026ndash;382. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RESMIC.2010.04.006\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDehghanian Z, Habibi K, Dehghanian M, et al (2022) Reinforcing the bulwark: unravelling the efficient applications of plant phenolics and tannins against environmental stresses. Heliyon 8:e09094. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HELIYON.2022.E09094\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDong Y, Tang D, Zhang N, et al (2013) Phytochemicals and biological studies of plants in genus Hedysarum. Chem Cent J 7:1\u0026ndash;13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-153X-7-124/TABLES/1\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDuan L, Wen J, Yang X, et al (2015) Phylogeny of Hedysarum and tribe Hedysareae (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) inferred from sequence data of ITS, matK, trnL-F and psbA-trnH. Taxon 64:49\u0026ndash;64. https://doi.org/10.12705/641.26\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEl Yemlahi A, Arakrak A, Laglaoui A, Bakkali M (2019) Preliminary characterization of root-nodule bacteria isolated from forage legumes of the genus \u003cem\u003eHedysarum\u003c/em\u003e in northern Morocco. Moroccan J Biol 16:30\u0026ndash;34.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEl Yemlahi A, Abdelhay A, Laglaoui A, et al (2024) Potential contribution of \u003cem\u003eSulla\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003espinosissima\u003c/em\u003e subsp. \u003cem\u003ecapitata\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSulla pallida\u003c/em\u003e as a forage crop in arid Mediterranean regions. Arid Land Research and Management 38:382\u0026ndash;408. https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2024.2306618\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eErrassi A, Ayadi M, Chabbi M, Noutfia A, Jaber A (2018) Phenolic Composition of \u003cem\u003eHedysarum flexuosum\u003c/em\u003e (Sulla) in Northwestern Morocco. \u003cem\u003eJ Mater Environ Sci\u003c/em\u003e 9:1662\u0026ndash;1667.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFitouri SD, Trabelsi D, Sa\u0026iuml;di S, et al (2012) Diversity of rhizobia nodulatingsulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.) and selection of inoculant strains for semi-arid Tunisia. Ann Microbiol 62:77\u0026ndash;84. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13213-011-0229-2/METRICS\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHafsi C, Falleh H, Saada M, et al (2017) Potassium deficiency alters growth, photosynthetic performance, secondary metabolites content, and related antioxidant capacity in Sulla carnosa grown under moderate salinity. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 118:609\u0026ndash;617. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PLAPHY.2017.08.002\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHamane S, Zerrouk MH, Lyemlahi AE, et al (2020) Screening and Characterization of Phosphate-Solubilizing Rhizobia Isolated from Hedysarum pallidum in the Northeast of Morocco. 113\u0026ndash;124. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2576-6_7\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHorv\u0026aacute;th E, P\u0026aacute;l M, Szalai G, et al (2007) Exogenous 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and salicylic acid modulate the effect of short-term drought and freezing stress on wheat plants. Biol Plant 51:480\u0026ndash;487. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10535-007-0101-1/METRICS\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eHowieson JG, Dilworth MJ (2016) \u003cem\u003eWorking with rhizobia\u003c/em\u003e. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), ACIAR Monograph No. 173, Canberra, Australia, 312p.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eIssolah R, Tahar A, Alane F, et al (2014) Analysis of the growth and the chemical composition within some algerian populations of Sulla. Journal of Biological Sciences 14:220\u0026ndash;225. https://doi.org/10.3923/JBS.2014.220.225\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eJańczak-Pieniążek M, Cichoński J, Michalik P, Chrzanowski G (2022) Effect of Heavy Metal Stress on Phenolic Compounds Accumulation in Winter Wheat Plants. Molecules 28:. https://doi.org/10.3390/MOLECULES28010241\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKadi SA, Guermah H, Bannelier C, et al (2011) Nutritive value of sun-dried sulla (hedysarumflexuosum) and its effect on performance and carcass characteristics of growing rabbits. World Rabbit Science 19:151\u0026ndash;159. https://doi.org/10.4995/WRS.2011.848\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKassa-Laouar M, Mechakra A, Rodrigue A, et al (2019) Antioxidative Enzyme Responses to Antimony Stress of Serratia marcescens \u0026ndash; an Endophytic Bacteria of Hedysarum pallidum Roots. Pol J Environ Stud 29:141\u0026ndash;152. https://doi.org/10.15244/PJOES/100494\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKishinevsky BD, Nandasena KG, Yates RJ, et al (2003) Phenotypic and genetic diversity among rhizobia isolated from three Hedysarum species: H. spinosissimum, H. coronarium and H. flexuosum. Plant Soil 251:143\u0026ndash;153. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022967213088/METRICS\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKumar K, Debnath P, Singh S, Kumar N (2023) An Overview of Plant Phenolics and Their Involvement in Abiotic Stress Tolerance. Stresses 2023, Vol 3, Pages 570-585 3:570\u0026ndash;585. https://doi.org/10.3390/STRESSES3030040\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLamin H, Alami S, Bouhnik O, et al (2021) Identification of the endosymbionts from Sulla spinosissima growing in a lead mine tailings in Eastern Morocco as Mesorhizobiumcamelthornisv. aridi. J Appl Microbiol 130:948\u0026ndash;959. https://doi.org/10.1111/JAM.14834\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLavid N, Schwartz A, Yarden O, Tel-Or E (2001) The involvement of polyphenols and peroxidase activities in heavy-metal accumulation by epidermal glands of the waterlily (Nymphaeaceae). Planta 212:323\u0026ndash;331. https://doi.org/10.1007/S004250000400\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLeila B, Loubna B, Ali B (2020) Impacts of mining activities on soil properties: case studies from Morocco mine sites. Soil Sci Ann 71:395\u0026ndash;407. https://doi.org/10.37501/soilsa/133011\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLfitat A, Zejli H, Bousraf FZ, et al (2021) Comparative assessment of total phenolics content and in vitro antioxidant capacity variations of macerated leaf extracts of Olea europaea L. and Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels. Mater Today Proc 45:7271\u0026ndash;7277. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATPR.2020.12.990\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLiu PL, Wen J, Duan L, et al (2017) Hedysarum L. (Fabaceae: Hedysareae) Is Not Monophyletic \u0026ndash; Evidence from Phylogenetic Analyses Based on Five Nuclear and Five Plastid Sequences. PLoS One 12:e0170596. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0170596\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMakkar HPS (2003) Quantification of Tannins in Tree and Shrub Foliage. Quantification of Tannins in Tree and Shrub Foliage. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0273-7\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMarques APGC, Rangel AOSS, Castro PML (2009) Remediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils: Phytoremediation as a Potentially Promising Clean-Up Technology. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 39:622\u0026ndash;654. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643380701798272\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMensor LL, Menezes FS, Leit\u0026atilde;o GG, et al (2001) Screening of Brazilian plant extracts for antioxidant activity by the use of DPPH free radical method. Phytother Res 15:127\u0026ndash;130. https://doi.org/10.1002/PTR.687\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMiller HE (1971) A simplified method for the evaluation of antioxidants. J Am Oil Chem Soc 48:91\u0026ndash;91. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02635693\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMolinu MG, Sulas L, Campesi G, et al (2023) Subterranean Clover and Sulla as Valuable and Complementary Sources of Bioactive Compounds for Rainfed Mediterranean Farming Systems. Plants (Basel) 12:. https://doi.org/10.3390/PLANTS12020417\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMoore G, Sanford P, Wiley T (2006) Herbaceous perennial legumes. \u003cem\u003ePerennial pastures for Western Australia\u003c/em\u003e. Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, Bulletin 4690, Perth, Australia.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eM\u0026rsquo;saouar R, Bakkali M, Laglaoui A, Arakrak A (2020) Isolation and characterization of the roots and soil endomycorrhizae of \u003cem\u003eHedysarum pallidum\u003c/em\u003e Desf. in the northeast of Morocco. In: Kumar M, Kumar V, Prasad R (eds) \u003cem\u003ePhyto-Microbiome in Stress Regulation\u003c/em\u003e. Environmental and Microbial Biotechnology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2576-6_4\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNeila TF, Mohamed M (2001) Hedysarum phylogeny mediated by RFLP analysis of nuclear ribosomal DNA: RFLP and Hedysarum phylogeny. Genet Resour Crop Evol 48:339\u0026ndash;345. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012051410501/METRICS\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNurcholis W, Sya\u0026rsquo;bani Putri DN, Husnawati H, et al (2021) Total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts from accessions of Amomum compactum fruits. Annals of Agricultural Sciences 66:58\u0026ndash;62. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AOAS.2021.04.001\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eOubohssaine M, Sbabou L, Aurag J (2022) Native Heavy Metal-Tolerant Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Improves Sulla spinosissima (L.) Growth in Post-Mining Contaminated Soils. Microorganisms 2022, Vol 10, Page 838 10:838. https://doi.org/10.3390/MICROORGANISMS10050838\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eParvin K, Hasanuzzaman M, Mohsin SM, et al (2024) Vanillic Acid Modulates Antioxidant Defense and Methylglyoxal Detoxification Systems to Combat Drought Stress in Tomato Seedlings. Plants 2024, Vol 13, Page 3114 13:3114. https://doi.org/10.3390/PLANTS13223114\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePorter LJ, Hrstich LN, Chan BG (1985) The conversion of procyanidins and prodelphinidins to cyanidin and delphinidin. Phytochemistry 25:223\u0026ndash;230. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)94533-3\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRoychoudhury S, Sinha B, Choudhury BP, et al (2021) Scavenging Properties of Plant-Derived Natural Biomolecule Para-Coumaric Acid in the Prevention of Oxidative Stress-Induced Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 10:. https://doi.org/10.3390/ANTIOX10081205\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRufino-Moya PJ, Blanco M, Bertol\u0026iacute;n JR, Joy M (2019) Effect of the method of preservation on the chemical composition and in vitro fermentation characteristics in two legumes rich in condensed tannins. Anim Feed Sci Technol 251:12\u0026ndash;20. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANIFEEDSCI.2019.02.005\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSakihama Y, Cohen MF, Grace SC, Yamasaki H (2002) Plant phenolic antioxidant and prooxidant activities: Phenolics-induced oxidative damage mediated by metals in plants. Toxicology 177:67\u0026ndash;80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00196-8\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSbabou L, Idir Y, Bruneel O, Le Quere A, Aurag J (2016) Characterization of root-nodule bacteria isolated from \u003cem\u003eHedysarum spinosissimum\u003c/em\u003e L., growing in mining sites of northeastern region of Morocco. \u003cem\u003eSOJ Microbiol Infect Dis\u003c/em\u003e 4:1\u0026ndash;8. https://doi.org/10.15226/sojmid/4/3/00156\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSingh K, Khanna AK, Chander R (1999) Protective effect of ellagic acid on \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e-butyl hydroperoxide-induced lipid peroxidation in isolated rat hepatocytes. \u003cem\u003eInd J Exp Biol\u003c/em\u003e 37:939\u0026ndash;943.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSmouni A, Ater M, Auguy F, Laplaze L, El Mzibri M, Berhada F, Filali-Maltouf A, Doumas P (2010) \u0026Eacute;valuation de la contamination par les \u0026eacute;l\u0026eacute;ments-traces m\u0026eacute;talliques dans une zone mini\u0026egrave;re du Maroc oriental. \u003cem\u003eCah Agric\u003c/em\u003e 19:273\u0026ndash;279. https://doi.org/10.1684/agr.2010.0413\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSulas L, Seddaiu G, Muresu R, Roggero PP (2009) Fixation de l\u0026apos;azote du sulla en conditions m\u0026eacute;diterran\u0026eacute;ennes. \u003cem\u003eAgron J\u003c/em\u003e 101:1470\u0026ndash;1478. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2009.0150\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTian X, Lei Y (2006) Nitric oxide treatment alleviates drought stress in wheat seedlings. Biol Plant 50:775\u0026ndash;778. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10535-006-0129-7/METRICS\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eTibe O, Meagher LP, Fraser K, Harding DRK (2011) Condensed tannins and flavonoids from the forage legume sulla (\u003cem\u003eHedysarum coronarium\u003c/em\u003e). J Agric Food Chem 59:9402\u0026ndash;9409. https://doi.org/10.1021/JF2014759\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eUsman K, Abu-Dieyeh MH, Zouari N, Al-Ghouti MA (2020) Lead (Pb) bioaccumulation and antioxidative responses in Tetraenaqataranse. Scientific Reports 2020 10:1 10:1\u0026ndash;10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73621-z\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYang J, Guo J, Yuan J (2008) In vitro antioxidant properties of rutin. LWT - Food Science and Technology 41:1060\u0026ndash;1066. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LWT.2007.06.010\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYang Z, Li X, Tian L, et al (2022) Heavy metals exposure is associated with early liver dysfunction among rural residents aged 40-75 years in southwest China. J Appl Toxicol 42:1044\u0026ndash;1056. https://doi.org/10.1002/JAT.4276\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhou XG, Wu FZ, Xiang WS (2014) Syringic acid inhibited cucumber seedling growth and changed rhizosphere microbial communities. Plant Soil Environ 60:158\u0026ndash;164. https://doi.org/10.17221/924/2013-PSE\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSymbiosis efficiency of \u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u003c/em\u003e evaluated at mining site\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAerial dry matter\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNitrogen content\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVegetative stage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.99\u0026plusmn;0.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.14\u0026plusmn;0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlowering stage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.74\u0026plusmn;0.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.00\u0026plusmn;0.08\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSEM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValues represent an average of triplicates \u0026plusmn; standard deviation. SEM: standard error of the mean.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMean concentrations of heavy metals (mg/kg DM) in soil and plants samples of\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u003c/em\u003e at mining site\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"586\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSoil\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 208px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTransfer factor (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSamples\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMPLS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSamples\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMPLF\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFe\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39450\u0026plusmn;777.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4270\u0026plusmn;2035.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8755\u0026plusmn;162.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1010.25\u0026plusmn;732.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZn\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3710\u0026plusmn;127.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e693.75\u0026plusmn;449.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMn\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1100\u0026plusmn;0.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e184.50\u0026plusmn;75.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCu\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e471\u0026plusmn;7.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"bottom\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 129px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129.00\u0026plusmn;42.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 79px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 151px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFe: iron; Pb: lead; Zn: zinc; Mn: manganese; Cu: copper; MPLS: maximum permissible limits in soil. MPLF: maximum permissible limits in animal feeds.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003eAccording to World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) (2001; 2011)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePolyphenols content of \u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eat mining site\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"524\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 246px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAerial parts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRoot\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eparts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSEM\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP-value\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVegetative stage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 115px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFlowering stage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTEP\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.73\u0026plusmn;0.21\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.32\u0026plusmn;0.22\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.32\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.937\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTET\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.97\u0026plusmn;0.23\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.03\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.95\u0026plusmn;0.13\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.888\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNTP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.77\u0026plusmn;0.03\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u0026plusmn;0.06\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.37\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eECT\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.50\u0026plusmn;0.29\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.50\u0026plusmn;0.04\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.55\u0026plusmn;0.07\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.572\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTFC\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.34\u0026plusmn;0.71\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.88\u0026plusmn;0.91\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 92px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.19\u0026plusmn;0.65\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 56px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.186\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0086\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDifferent letters in the same row indicate significant differences (p \u0026lt; 0.05). Values represent an average of triplicates \u0026plusmn; standard deviation.TEP: total extractable phenolics; TET: total extractable tannins; TFC: total flavonoid content; ECT: extractible condensed tannin; NTP: non-tannic phenolics; SEM: standard error of the mean.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e expressed as\u0026nbsp;eq-g Tanic acid/100g DM. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e expressed eq-g Leucocyanidin/100g DM.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eexpressed as eq-mg Rutin/100g DM.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDPPH free radical scavenging activity of \u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eat mining site\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"614\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 387px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDPPH free radical scavenging (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConcentration (mg/mL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAerial parts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVegetative stage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.24\u0026plusmn;0.60\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.50\u0026plusmn;1.28\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81.88\u0026plusmn;0.20\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 122px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering stage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.12\u0026plusmn;4.03\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.18\u0026plusmn;1.41\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.70\u0026plusmn;1.33\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.416\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRoot\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eparts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.70\u0026plusmn;2.12\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.40\u0026plusmn;1.00\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.20\u0026plusmn;0.99\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.655\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 227px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBHT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.70\u0026plusmn;0.97\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.10\u0026plusmn;0.15\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.10\u0026plusmn;0.47\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDifferent letters in the same row indicate significant differences (p \u0026lt; 0.05). Values represent an average of triplicates \u0026plusmn; standard deviation. BHT was used as positive control.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5.\u003c/strong\u003e Ferric Reducing Power of \u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eat mining site\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"626\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 238px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 389px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbsorbance at 700 nm\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 238px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConcentration (mg/mL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAerial parts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVegetative stage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.590\u0026plusmn;0.007\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.975\u0026plusmn;0.006\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.032\u0026plusmn;0.004\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.179\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 135px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering stage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.765\u0026plusmn;0.002\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.001\u0026plusmn;0.003\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.121\u0026plusmn;0.002\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 238px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRoot\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eparts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.192\u0026plusmn;0.002\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.347\u0026plusmn;0.009\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.548\u0026plusmn;0.005\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.964\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 238px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRutin\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 110px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.430 \u0026plusmn;0.005\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 107px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.674 \u0026plusmn;0.008\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.961\u0026plusmn;0.003\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 67px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.310\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDifferent letters in the same row indicate significant differences (p \u0026lt; 0.05). Values represent an average of triplicates \u0026plusmn; standard deviation. BHT was used as positive control.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6.\u003c/strong\u003e Percentage of Inhibition of \u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u003c/em\u003e extract using \u0026beta; -Carotene/linoleic Acid Bleaching System.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"591\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 378px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e% of inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConcentration (mg/mL)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e0.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 98px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAerial parts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVegetative stage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.87\u0026plusmn;1.85\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.73\u0026plusmn;1.10\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.83\u0026plusmn;3.21\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.392\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 116px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFlowering stage\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.90\u0026plusmn;1.75\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.40\u0026plusmn;1.40\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83.00\u0026plusmn;1.39\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.356\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRoot\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eparts\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.33\u0026plusmn;0.58\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.80\u0026plusmn;2.60\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.87\u0026plusmn;1.50\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.971\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 213px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBHT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.60\u0026plusmn;0.46\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.50\u0026plusmn;1.10\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.30\u0026plusmn;1.49\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.560\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDifferent letters in the same row indicate significant differences (p \u0026lt; 0.05). Values represent an average of triplicates \u0026plusmn; standard deviation. BHT was used as positive control.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e HPLC\u0026ndash;MS/MS acquisition parameters (dynamic-MRM mode) used for the analysis of the 38 marker compounds.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"709\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCompounds\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrecursor ion, \u003cem\u003em/z\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProduct ion, \u003cem\u003em/z\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFragm-entor, V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCollision energy, V\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolarity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRetention time (Rt, min)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelta retention time (\u0026Delta;Rt)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGallic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e169\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125.2\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeochlorogenic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e353\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e191.2\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e, 179\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12, 12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelphindin-3-galactoside\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e465.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e303\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(+)-Catechin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e289\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e245.2\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e,109.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8, 20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProcyanidin B2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e576.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e576.99\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e, 321.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0, 32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChlorogenic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e353\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e191.2\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e,\u0026nbsp;127.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12, 20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-Hydroxybenzoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.2\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(-)-Epicatechin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e289\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e245.1\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e,\u0026nbsp;109.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8, 20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyanidin-3-glucoside\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e449\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e287.3\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e,\u0026nbsp;255.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20, 20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePetunidin-3-glucoside\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e479.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e317\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e, 302\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20, 44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-Hydroxybenzoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.2\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaffeic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e179\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135.2\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e,\u0026nbsp;134.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12, 24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVanillic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e152.4\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e,\u0026nbsp;108.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12, 20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResveratrol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e227\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e185\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePelargonidin-3-glucoside\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e433.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e271\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e,\u0026nbsp;121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24, 50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePelagonidin-3-rutinoside\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e579.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e271\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalvidin-3-galactoside\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e493.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e331\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e,\u0026nbsp;315.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20, 50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSyringic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e196.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e182.2\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e,\u0026nbsp;121.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8, 12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProcyanidin A2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e575\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e575\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e, 285\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0, 20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-Coumaric acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119.2\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e,\u0026nbsp;93.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12, 36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFerulic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e193\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134.2\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e,\u0026nbsp;131.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12, 8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e514.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e353.1\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e, 191\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8, 28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRutin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e609\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300.2\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e,\u0026nbsp;271.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32, 50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHyperoside\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e465.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e303\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e, 61.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8, 50\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIsoquercitrin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e463\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e271.2\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e,\u0026nbsp;300.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44, 24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelphindin-3,5-diglucoside\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e462.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300.1\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhloridzin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e435.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e273\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e,\u0026nbsp;167\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e155\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8, 28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuercitrin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e446.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300.2\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e,\u0026nbsp;301.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e160\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24, 16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMyricetin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e316.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e179.1\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e,\u0026nbsp;182\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16, 24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaringin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e578.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e271.3\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e,\u0026nbsp;151.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32, 44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKaempferol-3-glucoside\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e447\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e284.2\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e,\u0026nbsp;255.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24, 40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHesperidin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e611.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e303\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e,\u0026nbsp;334.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20, 12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEllagic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e301\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e301\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e, 229\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0, 24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003etrans\u003c/em\u003e-cinnamic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e149\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e131.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuercetin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e151.2\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e,\u0026nbsp;179.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16, 12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhloretin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e272.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e167\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e,\u0026nbsp;123\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8, 20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKaempferol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e287.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e153\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e, 69.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36, 50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositive\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 161px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIsorhamnetin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 57px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e314.99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e300.2\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e,\u0026nbsp;196.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 66px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16, 4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 78px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNegative\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 64px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 76px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 8\u003c/strong\u003e. Concentration (mg.kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e of dried extract) of bioactive compounds in the extract.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompounds\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConcentration\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(mg/kg)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGallic acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e243.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeochlorogenic acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelphindin3-galactoside\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCatechin\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eprocyanidin B2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChlorogenic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4-Hydroxy benzoic acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e401.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEpicatechin\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyanidin-3-glucoside\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePetunidin-3-glucoside\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3-Hydroxy benzoic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCaffeic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e189.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVanillic acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e245.26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResveratrol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePelargonidin-3-glucoside\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePelargonidin-3-rutinoside\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMalvidin-3-galactoside\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSyringic acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e165.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProcyanidin A2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP-Coumaric acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e209.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFerulic acid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e115.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRutin\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e313.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHyperoside\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIsoquercitrin\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e137.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDelphinidin-3,5-diglucoside\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e178.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhloridzin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuercitrin\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMyricetin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNaringin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKaempferol-3-glucoside\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHesperidin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEllagic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003etrans\u003c/em\u003e-cinnamic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuercetin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhloretin\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKaempferol\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003en.d.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 34px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 187px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIsorhamnetin\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 221px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal compounds\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 180px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2297.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003en.d., not detectable. Relative standard deviation (RSD) for all compounds ranged from 2.11 to 7.32%.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"S.pallida, heavy metals, polyphenolic, antioxidant activity, HPLC-ESI-MS/MS, and phytoremediation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5506939/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5506939/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAn on-field survey was conducted to assess the physiological and symbiotic response of \u003cem\u003eSulla pallida\u003c/em\u003e in an abandoned mining site in Northeast Morocco. Results indicated that \u003cem\u003eS. pallida\u003c/em\u003e maintained high nodulation and nitrogen efficiency even at late growth stages while accumulating significant levels of Fe, Pb, Zn, and Cu in its aerial parts. Phenol content varied significantly (p\u0026lt;0.05) by phenological stage and plant part, with a high concentration of total extractable polyphenols (7.73 %DM) and tannins (6.97 %DM) recorded during the vegetative stage. Antioxidant activity, as shown by DPPH radical scavenging (IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e of 0.126 mg/mL), was comparable to the control (BHT, IC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e of 0.110 mg/mL). Anti-lipid peroxidation and ferric reduction potential were highest during flowering, with values outperforming controls in some assays. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis identified 38 compounds, with high levels of 4-Hydroxy benzoic acid, rutin, vanillic, gallic, and p-coumaric acids. These findings highlighted \u003cem\u003eS. pallid\u003c/em\u003e as a promising forage species for remediating heavy metal-contaminated pastures and promoting sustainable land use.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Polyphenols and antioxidant activity of Sulla pallida from mining sites of Morocco: Implication for phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated pastures","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-01-30 07:49:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5506939/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7a85518d-e8c8-41e4-87d9-144d1ed27c8b","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 30th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-01-30T07:49:55+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-01-30 07:49:55","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5506939","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5506939","identity":"rs-5506939","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}