Cooperation with non-kin: Context-dependent acceptance of alien queens by polygynous ant workers

Relatedness underlies the evolution of reproductive altruism, yet eusocial insect colonies occasionally accept unrelated reproductive queens. To better understand this seemingly paradox, we investigated whether acceptance of unrelated queens by workers is an incidental phenomenon resulting from failure to recognize non-nestmate queens, or whether it is an adaptive behavior favored in specific contexts where cooperation is preferable to rejection. Our study system is the socially polymorphic Alpine silver ant, Formica selysi . Within populations some colonies have a single queen (monogynous), and others have multiple, sometimes unrelated, breeding queens (polygynous). Social organization is determined by a supergene with two haplotypes. In a first experiment we investigated whether workers from polygynous colonies were inherently more prone to accepting unrelated queens than workers from the alternate, monogynous social form. We found that workers rejected all alien queens, independently of their social origin and of the number of queens heading their colony. We then investigated whether queen acceptance was favored in specific conditions. We found that workers from polygynous colonies accepted alien queens when these queens were accompanied by workers. These results show that workers flexibly adjust their acceptance of alien queens according to the situation. We discuss how conditional acceptance of unrelated queens may be adaptive by providing benefits through increased colony size and/or genetic diversity, and by avoiding the rejection costs resulting from fighting.