Toxicity and Egg-Laying Suppression by Natural Oils in Controlling Sitophilus granarius and S. oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Toxicity and Egg-Laying Suppression by Natural Oils in Controlling Sitophilus granarius and S. oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Toxicity and Egg-Laying Suppression by Natural Oils in Controlling Sitophilus granarius and S. oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Magda Sabbour, Shadia Abd El-Aziz This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7590436/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Recurrent and extensive and application of chemical insecticides for managing stored grain pests Has led to numerous negative" consequences, With the development of being one example insecticide increased resistance, contamination of the environment, and dangers to public health. As an alternative, essential oils (EOs) represent a low-risk and environmentally sustainable pest" management strategy. They exhibit strong ability to kill insects and control a wide variety of pest species while also being readily biodegradable and environmentally benign. Additionally, their complex and diverse chemical profiles reduce the likelihood of resistance development in storage pest populations. Methods The four essential oils used in this study were extracted from dried plant materials through steam distillation. Their toxic effects, including lethal concentration levels, as well as their ability to deter egg-laying, were evaluated against the target insect species. Results Prunus amygdalus was the most toxic oil against tested insects. The oils have a stronger impact on Sitophilus granarius than S. oryzae . After 90 days of storage, the adult fertility (mean no. of eggs/ female) was greatly significantly suppressed with P. amygdalus and Dianthus caryophyllus oils at 3% conc. comparing with untreated control. Conclusion P. amygdalus oil was the most toxic oil and completely inhibited egg deposition of tested insects. P. amygdalus oil can be used in integrated pest management programs as an effective alternative to chemical pesticides." Carnation grain weevil rice weevil rosemary sweet almond white mustard Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Stored agricultural products like seeds and grains are exposed to significant threats, particularly from storage pests and environmental conditions.. There is a constant necessary to preserve these stored products against deterioration, particularly in terms of degradation in quality and reduction in weight While storage., fungi, rodents, birds, Insects and microorganisms—along with their waste products—contribute to both quantitative and qualitative losses of stored grains. These losses are further influenced by environmental conditions (Chayengia et al., 2010 ). Insect pests, in particular, feed on stored grains, resulting in reduced weight, nutritional value, and germination capacity. Infestations also lead to contamination, odor, mold growth, and heat damage, which degrade grain quality potentially making the product unsuitable for consumption by humans or animals (Parajuli et al., 2022 ). Among the principal destructive pests targeting infesting stored cereals worldwide is the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.), known for its widespread distribution and its capacity to infest a variety of stored grains "Such as split peas, rice, maize, and wheat (Okram & Hath, 2019 ; Sharma et al., 2023). Another highly damaging pest, S. granarius (L.), commonly known as the grain weevil, poses a serious threat in storage facilities, silos, mills, and elevators, particularly affecting rye, barley, corn, oats, and wheat (Abd El Ghany & Abd El-Aziz, 2017; Zhang et al., 2024). These pests not only cause substantial quantitative losses but also reduce grain quality and market value. To address the adverse effects of synthetic chemical insecticides—including resistance development, ecological toxicity and threats to non-target species and human health—research has increasingly turned to natural alternatives. One promising option is the use of botanically derived essential oils (EOs), which exhibit a broad spectrum of insecticidal properties. These include repellent, antifeedant, fumigant, contact toxic, and oviposition-deterring effects, largely attributed to Biologically active substances like terpenes and phenolic volatiles (Parajuli et al., 2022 ; Rakesh et al., 2024a , 2024b ). Essential oil-based botanical insecticides offer several advantages: they are generally biodegradable, pose minimal risk to unintended species, and are regarded as safe for both the human and environment health (Flor-Weiler et al., 2023 ; Sabbour & Abd-El-Aziz, 2022 ). Their application in stored grain protection is well documented, and their complex chemical profiles are believed to reduce the likelihood of development resistance among pest species (Chiluwal et al., 2017 ; Santos et al., 2024). Furthermore, essential oils are widely applied in in food products—not only as acting as preservatives because of their antimicrobial effects., but also for their aromatic compounds that enhance sensory appeal (El-Bakry et al., 2016 ; De Lima et al., 2023 ). Numerous studies have reported a successful use of plant-based oils such as neem, eucalyptus, clove, and peppermint against major storage pests, demonstrating satisfactory levels of efficacy (Sabbour & Abd-El-Aziz, ( 2020 , 2022 ). These oils interfere with pest physiology and behavior, offering multi-modal mechanisms that increase their effectiveness as viable alternatives to traditional insecticides (Rakesh et al., 2024b ). Given the increasing need for safer and eco-friendly pest control measures, the current research was designed to examine the efficacy of four essential oils—Carnation ( Dianthus caryophyllus ), White Mustard ( Sinapis alba ), Rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis ), and ( Prunus dulcis )—on the target insect adult mortality and residual effectiveness against S. oryzae and S. granarius under storage conditions. Materials and Methods Insect Rearing The two tested species— ( Sitophilus granarius ) and ( S. oryzae )—were collected from naturally infested grain samples at the laboratory of pests and plant protection Department, National Research Centre. The insects were reared in glass jars containing clean, healthy, and uninfected rice grains. Muslin cloth was used to cover each jar, ensuring proper airflow. Rearing conditions were preserved at a controlled temperature of 28 ± 2°C, relative humidity of 75 ± 5%, and a 12:12 hour light-dark photoperiod. Prior to use, the rice grains were sterilized by freezing for seven days, then stored in airtight glass containers to prevent contamination. For stock culture maintenance, approximately 100–200 adult weevils were introduced into the sterilized containers. After one week, the adults were removed, leaving behind the oviposition marks (egg plugs) on the grains. In all subsequent bioassays, only adults aged 5–7 days were selected for testing, following established methods (Abd El Ghany & Abd El-Aziz, 2017). Tested oils: Four different essential oils were selected for this study: carnation oil derived from Dianthus caryophyllus (family Caryophyllaceae ), sweet almond oil from Prunus amygdalus dulcis (family Rosaceae ), rosemary oil obtained from Rosmarinus officinalis (family Lamiaceae ), and white mustard oil extracted from Sinapis alba (family Brassicaceae ). In line with previous studies (Khanahmadi et al., 2017; El-Shourbagy et al., 2023), these oils were extracted from dried plant materials using the steam distillation method. As outlined by Sabbour and Abd-El-Aziz (2016), the oils tested were then formulated into emulsions to facilitate their application in experimental trials. Each oil was tested at four different concentrations: 0.375%, 0.75%, 1.5%, and 3.0% . Effect of lethal concentrations of tested oils against tested insect species: Foam granules Were exposed to various Doses of the essential oils tested by spraying and were allowed to air dry completely. Once dried, these granules were thoroughly blended with rice grains at a ratio of 2 grams of foam per 100 grams of grain . The resulting mixture was transferred into 250 cc glass containers , each sealed with a muslin cloth to permit airflow. In each container, five male-female pairs (1:1 ratio) of freshly emerged adult insects (aged 1 to 5 days) were introduced to either the treated or control grain samples containing foam granules. To adjust for natural mortality in control groups, mortality data were normalized using Abbott’s formula (Abbott, 1925) . The calculation of LC₅₀ (median lethal concentration) was subsequently performed with probit analysis , as outlined by Finney (1971) . Each concentration of essential oil was tested with four replicates to ensure statistical accuracy. The persistence of tested oils against tested insects during storage: Due to potential health risks—both direct and indirect—associated with the use of synthetic insecticides on stored rice, their application is generally discouraged. To determine the long-term impact of selected essential oils against the target insect species when applied to foam as a physical barrier, an experiment was carried out after two distinct storage intervals: 21 days and 90 days . In each treatment, 100 grams of heat-sterilized rice were packed into jute sacks measuring 20 × 20 cm , which were securely tied with string. Foam granules, approximately 1 cm in diameter , Were treated by spraying various concentrations of the oil formulations, air-dried, and then positioned as a separating layer between the sacks. The oils were tested at four concentrations : 3.0%, 1.5%, 0.75%, and 0.375% . After drying, the treated foam granules were mixed with rice grains at a ratio of 1 gram of foam to 100 grams of rice to assess their effectiveness in inhibiting oviposition by the insects. In a no-choice bioassay, five pairs of newly emerged adult insects (1–5 days old), At an equal ratio of males to females, were introduced into 250 cc glass jars holding treated or untreated samples rice along with foam granules. The jars were wrapped with muslin cloth , which allowed ventilation while preventing the insects from escaping. After 21 and 90 days of storage , eggs laid by each female were counted.. In both treated and control groups, eggs were counted directly from the rice grains. Each treatment was conducted with five replicates to ensure statistical reliability. oviposition deterrence percentage was calculated by the formula: Oviposition Deterrence (%) = [(E₀ - Eₜ) / E₀] × 100 Where: In the control group E₀ = Number of eggs laid In the treatment group Eₜ = Number of eggs laid This formula quantifies the reduction in egg-laying due to the treatment compared to the untreated control. Median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) was determined using probit analysis. All data were analyzed statistically through one-way ANOVA, and mean differences were assessed for significance using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test." Results and Discussion The effects of the tested oils’ lethal concentrations against S. oryzae and S. granarius are illustrated in Tables 1 and 2. The LC₅₀ values for S. oryzae were 136, 96, 58, and 30 ppm, and for S. granarius were 122, 90, 52, and 27 ppm following treatment with Sinapis alba , Rosmarinus officinalis , Dianthus caryophyllus , and Prunus amygdalus oils, respectively. Among the tested oils, P. amygdalus was the most effective. Furthermore, S. granarius exhibited greater susceptibility to the oils than S. oryzae . At a 15% concentration, essential oils from Matricaria chamomilla and Matricaria chamomilla resulted in Considerably increased mortality levels rates against Tribolium castaneum than other oils tested (Elnabawy et al., 2022). To enhance insecticidal efficacy, a mixture of ( P. dulcis ) & ( Nigella spp.) Oils combined alongside chili pepper, onion, and garlic extracts was evaluated against Plodia interpunctella , T. confusum , Stegobium paniceum , and S. granarius (Baltaci, 2018). After 120 hours, S. granarius and S. paniceum showed greater susceptibility compared to P. interpunctella and T. confusum , indicating the effectiveness of the combined treatment. In another study, sweet almond The essential oil demonstrated notable toxicity toward adult Oryzaephilus surinamensis , with LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values of 4.52% and 5.55% (v/w), respectively, after seven days of exposure (Azab et al., 2020). Increasing both the concentration and exposure time significantly enhanced mortality rates. Yeşilayer and Özlem Sayg (2024) evaluated the efficacy of Coriandrum sativum seed essential oil against adult S. oryzae , recording the highest mortality (87.86%) at a 12% concentration after eleven days. Ebadollahi (2025) analyzed the effectiveness of essential oils as insecticides extracted from ajwain ( Trachyspermum ammi ) and cumin ( Cuminum cyminum ) against Sitophilus oryzae . The findings indicated that both oils caused notable adult weevil mortality, with ajwain oil exhibiting slightly greater effectiveness. The mortality rate increased proportionally with the concentration, reflecting a clear dose-response relationship. These results suggest that commonly used spice oils hold promise as environmentally friendly alternatives for managing stored-grain pests. Similarly, Panigrahi et al. (2025) assessed the effects of several essential oils—specifically clove, eucalyptus, and neem—on S. oryzae control and the viability of wheat seeds. Their study demonstrated that these oils not only suppressed pest populations effectively but also preserved seed germination capacity, making them suitable for post-harvest protection without affecting planting potential. Sublethal concentrations of essential oils may also significantly impact pest behavior, physiology, and life history traits (Lazarević et al., 2020; Haddi et al., 2020). Garlic oil, in particular, demonstrated potent insecticidal activity, likely due to its strong odor and bioactive compounds. It was found to interfere with the normal respiratory function of weevils, causing asphyxiation and death (Hamed et al., 2012). Because of their affinity for lipids, essential oils are able to penetrate the insect cuticle easily, acting as both contact and fumigant toxins Sabbour et al. (2024) and Kalil et al. (2022) tested the insecticidal activity of essential oils from anise, thyme, and coriander, along with their nano-emulsion formulations. Their findings showed that converting these oils into nano-emulsions notably enhanced their toxicity against S. oryzae . Specifically, anise oil in nano-emulsified form significantly reduced the emergence of adult weevils and effectively safeguarded stored wheat. Importantly, no negative impact was observed on the germination capacity of treated seeds, highlighting the potential of these formulations for both pest control and maintaining grain quality during storage. Rosemary essential oil also showed high efficacy, causing significant cumulative mortality in Ephestia kuehniella and E. cautella (Sabbour & Abd El-Aziz, 2019). Fumigation with essential oils often results in rapid immobilization or "knockdown," likely through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), thereby disrupting nerve transmission (Jayakumar et al., 2017). The presence of volatile compounds contributes to strong odors, obstructing tracheal respiration and leading to suffocation. Therefore, essential oils act primarily through respiratory disruption, neurotoxicity, and cuticular penetration. Bioresidual Efficacy and Oviposition Deterrence The residual efficacy of the tested oils against S. granarius and S. oryzae under storage conditions gradually declined with increasing storage time (21 and 90 days). However, as the oil concentration increased from 0.375% to 3.0%, oviposition deterrence also increased. The maximum deterrent effects, 100.00% and 99.00%, were recorded at the highest concentration (3%) against S. granarius and S. oryzae , respectively, after 21 days of storage in rice seeds treated with P. amygdalus oil (Figures 1 and 2). In an investigation led by Hamed et al. (2023), the insecticidal effects of natural essential oils and their nano-emulsion counterparts were evaluated against Sitophilus oryzae . The results indicated that the nano-emulsified forms—especially those derived from peppermint and thyme—were more effective, showing quicker insect mortality and greater formulation stability. These results emphasize that the potential of nano-technology in Improving the effectiveness of botanical insecticides. Similarly, research by Harmouzi et al. (2024) assessed the biological activity of essential oils derived from Ammi visnaga and Trachyspermum ammi against S. oryzae . Both oils demonstrated strong insecticidal properties, as reflected in their LC₅₀ values. Additionally, computational modeling was employed to explore the interaction between major oil compounds and insect target enzymes, offering valuable insight into their potential mechanisms of action. Ebian and Abotaleb (2025) investigated how certain plant-derived oils affect the biochemical composition of S. oryzae . Their study focused on alterations in key metabolic components, including proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, within the insects following treatment. The essential oils also interfered with the activity of major digestive enzymes. These disruptions in metabolic and enzymatic functions are believed to play a significant role in the oils’ overall insecticidal action, providing insight into the underlying mechanisms of their toxicity. According to Fernandes et al. (2017) and Ouzir et al. (2021), sweet almond oil consists mainly of unsaturated fatty acids, predominantly oleic acid (C18:1) accounting for approximately 65% of its composition. β-sitosterol is its predominant sterol, and α-tocopherol is the major form of vitamin E. In a study by Allahvaisi (2010), the oils of P. amygdalus and Mentha viridis effectively prevented pest penetration into packaged cereals, including T. castaneum , S. granarius , S. paniceum , and R. dominica . Compared to untreated controls, P. amygdalus oil showed the strongest repellent effect, reducing contamination by T. castaneum by 78.52%. Similarly, Al-Jabr (2006) demonstrated strong repellent activity of Mentha viridis and P. amygdalus oils. Nabil et al. (2021) looked into the insecticidal potential of lavender ( Lavandula angustifolia ) essential oil against Sitophilus oryzae . Their study evaluated adult mortality, repellency, and changes in gene expression, revealing that the oil’s effectiveness increased with higher concentrations, particularly within the 0.25 to 6 mg/cm² range. These results highlight its utility in assessing both contact toxicity and behavioral deterrence. In related research, Fathy and Abotaleb (2025) and Srinivasan et al. (2025) examined the efficacy of garlic ( Allium sativum ) essential oil against S. oryzae . Their findings demonstrated notable adult mortality and suppression of offspring development. Additionally, garlic oil was recognized for its low toxicity to humans and environmental safety, making it a viable botanical alternative to chemical pesticides in stored grain protection. Sheikh et al. (2024) assessed the reaction of S. oryzae to varying concentrations of Acorus calamus essential oil, observing a clear dose-dependent effect. Higher doses resulted in near-complete adult mortality and reduced reproductive output, indicating its promise for use in integrated pest management strategies during storage. All tested oils demonstrated significant oviposition deterrent activity against S. granarius and S. oryzae after 90 days of storage (Tables 3 and 4). A reduction was observed in the number of eggs laid per female by 86.25% in rice treated with P. amygdalus (3.0%) compared to the control (Table 3). Treatment with white mustard ( S. alba ) oil resulted in a 56.70% reduction in egg laying. Rosemary and D. caryophyllus oils at 3% caused reductions of 72.28% and 80.47%, respectively. Rafaat et al. (2022) Examined the bioinsecticidal effects of basil essential oils ( Ocimum basilicum ) and petitgrain mandarin ( Citrus reticulata ), focusing on their effects not only on adult Sitophilus oryzae but also on the F₁ generation, chemical composition of the grains, and seed germination rates. This study is particularly valuable for assessing the oils’ potential to suppress reproduction rather than just causing immediate adult mortality. Similarly, Labdelli et al. (2022) conducted comparative trials on S. oryzae and S. granarius using Eucalyptus essential oils. The research provided direct comparisons of mortality rates under identical treatment conditions, offering crucial insights for managing S. granarius , a species less frequently addressed in essential oil studies. In another investigation, Abd El Raheem et al. (2023) tested six plant-derived volatile oils—garlic, clove, peppermint, orange, onion, and camphor—as fumigants against three storage pests: S. granarius , S. zeamais , and S. oryzae . The study highlighted variation in mortality over a 10-day exposure period and offered detailed data on the effectiveness and time-related performance of these fumigant oils. Similar observations were made by Anjoud et al. (2024), who supported the efficacy of essential oils in managing stored grain pests across multiple species. Oviposition deterrent efficacy against S. granarius was also confirmed (Table 4). At 3% concentration, P. amygdalus oil reduced egg laying to 22.3 ± 9.72 eggs/female compared to 289.3 ± 75.8 in the control. All tested oils significantly reduced egg laying relative to the control. After 90 days of storage, adult fertility (measured as eggs/female) was greatly suppressed in treatments with P. amygdalus and D. caryophyllus oils at 3% concentration. According to Mohmmad Aasif et al. (2025), the application of Acorus calamus A 70 µl concentration of essential oil led to the highest mortality rate of Sitophilus oryzae , reaching 74.27% within 12 hours after treatment. This was followed by mortality rates of 71.01%, 67.15%, and 39.11% at 60, 50, and 40 µl concentrations, respectively. In contrast, the untreated control group showed a significantly lower mortality rate of just 5.13%. The deterrent effects of the tested oils against S. granarius at 3% concentration were as follows: P. amygdalus (92.29%), D. caryophyllus (85.86%), R. officinalis (72.04%), and S. alba (62.05%). Against S. oryzae , the deterrent effects were 86.25%, 80.47%, 72.28%, and 56.70%, respectively. D. caryophyllus possesses multiple biological properties, including anticancer, exhibited antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, repellent, and antioxidant activities. Al-Snafi (2017) reported that it contains various phytochemicals, such as coumarins, alkaloids, cyanogenic triterpenes, pelargonidin, glycosides, cyanidin, and the yellow pigment isosalipurposide. Toxic effects of celery, camphor, and garlic oils were also evaluated against S. oryzae adults, showing significant reductions in egg laying and complete inhibition of adult emergence (Hamed et al., 2012). Basil essential oil exhibited strong repellency against S. oryzae at all tested concentrations and exposure times, attributed to its components eugenol, linalool, and estragole (Al-Harbi et al., 2021). Srinivasan et al. (2025) and Chandan et al. (2025) reported that garlic essential oil had a significant impact on the reproductive success of Sitophilus oryzae , as the seeds treated with 4 μl per 40 grams showed a decrease of adult emergence. Sinapis alba essential oil contains p-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate (p-HBITC), known for its antimicrobial properties (Ekanayake et al., 2012). Both nano-castor ( Ricinus communis ) and nano-black mustard ( Brassica nigra ) oils demonstrated moderate oviposition deterrent effects against S. granarius compared to the control (Sabbour & Abd El-Aziz, 2016). Asgar Ebadollahi (2025) reported that exposure to LC₃₀ concentrations of cumin and ajwain essential oils led to a noticeable reduction in key of feeding parameters of Sitophilus oryzae , such as the consumption rate, relative intake rate, and growth performance, were evaluated. These findings suggest that both oils negatively impact the feeding efficiency and development of the pest. Given their effectiveness and natural origin, cumin and ajwain essential oils are recommended for further investigation as sustainable and "eco-friendly options for managing rice weevils instead of traditional chemical insecticides As previously noted by Baltaci (2018), mixtures of P. dulcis and Nigella spp. oils with garlic, onion, and chili extracts enhanced toxicity against several stored-product pests. After 120 hours of exposure, S. granarius and S. paniceum showed the highest susceptibility, further supporting the potential of oil mixtures in pest management. Hamed et al. (2023) observed that Syzygium aromaticum essential oil and its nano-emulsion formulation reduced wheat grain germination rates. Despite this effect, the study concluded that nano-emulsions represent a promising and environmentally friendly approach for managing Sitophilus oryzae infestations. Conclusion The essential oil of Prunus amygdalus demonstrated strong oviposition deterrent activity and insecticidal efficacy, highlighting its potential as a natural biopesticide. Its effectiveness Indicates its potential as an effective substitute for synthetic insecticides. for controlling S. granarius and S. oryzae infestations in stored rice grains. The conclusions from the current study is derived that all the tested oils were comparatively better for keeping both S. granarius and S. oryzae weevils below infestation level. P. amygdalus oil was most potent and provided the highest protectant potential to rice grains against S. granarius and S. oryzae weevil’s infestation. These tested plant oils are easy to apply, locally Declarations We, the authors of the manuscript titled "The toxicity and oviposition deterrent efficacy of some natural oils against Sitophilus oryzae Linn. and S. granarius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) during storage)," hereby declare that: The work described in this paper is original and has not been published previously, nor is it under consideration for publication elsewhere. All authors have made significant contributions to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the study. There are no conflicts of interest related to this work. All the experimental procedures were conducted following the ethical standards and guidelines of the National Research Centre, Egypt. The authors take full responsibility for the content and accuracy of the manuscript. Necessary permissions and approvals were obtained where required, and all sources of funding have been properly acknowledged. Acknowledgements The authors sincerely appreciate the support provided by. Pests and Plant Protection Department, The authors also extend their thanks to the National Research Centre for supplying the offering support and resources required to carry out this research. Ethics Statement Not applicable. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest related to this work. Data Availability All data generated or analyzed during this study are included within this published article. Funding No funding was received for this study. Author Contribution declaration All authors contributed to the study conception and design. [Prof. Sabbour] performed [specific task, e.g., data collection and analysis], [Prof Abd El Aziz] contributed to [methodology or writing], and [both of them ] supervised the project. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Consent to Publish declaration: Not applicable. Ethics Declaration Ethical Approval and Consent to Participate This study did not involve any human participants or vertebrate animals. All experimental procedures involving insect pests ( Sitophilus oryzae and S. granarius ) were carried out in accordance with institutional, national, and international guidelines for the ethical treatment of invertebrates. The research was conducted following the ethical standards and biosafety regulations of the National Research Centre (NRC), Egypt. Consent for Publication Not applicable. Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. References Abbott, W. W. (1925). A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J. Econ. Entomol. 18 : 265-67 Abd El-Aziz, S. E. (2001). Persistence of some plant oils against the Bruchid beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) during storage. 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DOI:10.57182/jbiopestic.3.3.604-609 Chiluwal, K., Kim J., Do Bae S., Park C.G. (2017). Essential oils from selected wooden species and their major components as repellents and oviposition deterrents of Callosobruchus chinensis (L.). J. Asia-Pacific Entomol., 20:1447-453. DOI:10.1016/j.aspen.2017.11.011 De Lima , L. M., sing, H.G and Mag, J.K. (2023). Essential oils in food preservation and insect control: A review. Food Science and Technology Journal. Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier. ISBN: 978-0-12-416641-7.PPT: 932 Draz, Kh. A.,Tabikha R. M., Eldosouky M. I., Darwish A. A., Abdelnasser M.. (2022). Biotoxicity of essential oils and their nano emulsions against the coleopteran stored product insect pests Sitophilus oryzae L. and Tribolium castaneum . International Journal of Pest Management 729 743 DOI: 10.1080/09670874.2022.2036862. El-Bakry, A.M., Abdel-Aziz, N.F., Sammour, E.A., Abdelgaleil, S.A.M. (2016).Insecticidal activity of natural plant essential oils against some stored product insects and their side effects on wheat seed germination. Egypt. J. Biol. Pest Control, 26, 83–88. Elnabawy, E.M., Hassan S., Taha E.A.(2022). Repellent and toxicant effects of eight essential oils against the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Biology, 11, 3 https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11010003 El-Shourbagy, N.M., Farag, S.M., Moustafa, M.A.M., Al-Shuraym, L.A., Sayed, S., Zyaan, O.H.(2023). Biochemical and insecticidal efficacy of clove and basil essential oils and two photosensitizers and their combinations on Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Biosci J. 39 :( e39100):1–14. DOI:10.14393/BJ-v39n0a2023-69129 Ekanayake, A., Zoutendam P. H. , Strife R. J., Fu. X. (2012). Development of white mustard ( Sinapis alba L.) essential oil, a food preservative. Food Chemistry 133(3):767–774. DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.090 Fathy, E. E.; Abotaleb,A.O. (2025). Biochemical effects of certain plant oils on main metabolites and several enzymes of Sitophilus oryzae. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Sustainable Development Volume 2, Issue 1, March 2025, Pages 19-27 DOI: 10.21608/jassd.2024.322727.1031 Fernandes, G.D., Gómez-Coca, R.B., Pérez-Camino, M.C., Moreda, W, Barrera- Arellano, D(2017). Chemical Characterization of Major and Minor Compounds of Nut Oils: Almond, Hazelnut, and Pecan Nut. J. Chem., 11 pages. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2609549 Flor‑Weiler, L. B, Behle, R.W. Berhow, M.A. McCormick, S. P. Vaughn, S. F. Muturi E. J, Hay W.T. (2023). Scientifc Reports , 13:3936. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-30563-6 Finney, D. J. (1971). Probit analysis. Cambridge University Press, London. Haddi, K.; Turchen, L.M.; Viteri Jumbo, L.O.; Guedes, R.N.; Pereira, E.J.; Aguiar, R.W.; Oliveira, E.E.(2020). Rethinking biorational insecticides for pest management: Unintended effects and consequences. Pest. Manag. Sci., 76, 2286–2293. DOI: 10.1002/ps.5837 Hamed, R. K. A, Ahmed S. M. S, Abotaleb A. O.B, ELSawaf B. M. (2012). Efficacy of certain plant oils as grain protectants against the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on wheat. Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Sci., 5(2):49-53. Doi. 10.21608/eajbsa.2012.14791 . Hamed, S. A.; Anber, H. A.; Zayed G. M. M. ; Frawila H. A. ; Nasseem, H. A. (2023). Insecticidal Impact of some Natural Oils and their Nano‑Emulsions on Sitophilus oryzae . J. of Plant Protection and Pathology, Mansoura Univ., Vol14. (12):379 -385. DOI: 10.21608/jppp.2023.235522.1176 Jayakumar, M., Arivoli S., Raveen R., Tennyson S. (2017).Repellent activity and fumigant toxicity of a few plant oils against the adult rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae Linnaeus 1763 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). J. Entomol. Zool. Stud., 5(2): 324-35. Khanahmadi, M., Pakravan, P., Azandaryani, A. H., Negahban, M, Ghamari, E. (2017). Fumigant toxicity of Artemisia haussknechtii essential oil and its nano-encapsulated form. J. Entomol. Zool. Studies 5: 1776-783. Labdelli F., Bousmaha F., Mazrou K., Moulay M., Adamou‑Djerbaoui M., Rabahi, H. (2022). Insecticidal Effect of Eucalyptus Essential Oils on Mortalities of Storage Pests of Grains Sitophilus oryzae and Sitophilus granarius in the Region of Tissemsilet Algeria . Indian J. Agr. Res. 56(6) 755‑758 DOI : 10.18805/IJARe.A‑661 Lazarevi´c,J., Jevremovi´c, S., Kosti´c, I., Kosti´c, M., Vuleta, A., Jovanovi´c, S.M. and Jovanovi´c, D. Š.(2020). Toxic, Oviposition Deterrent and Oxidative Stress Effects of Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil against Acanthoscelides obtectus . Insects, 11, 563; doi: 10.3390/insects11090563. Mohmmad Aasif, Ivanka P, Raffaele A. (2025 ). Review and Intercomparison of Machine Learning Applications for Short-term Flood Forecasting . . Water Resources Management 39(5):1971-1991. DOI:10.1007/s11269-025-04093-x Okram, S, Hath T.K. (2019). Biology of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Stored Rice Grains during Different Seasons in Terai Agro-Ecology of West Bengal. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci, 8(4): 1955-1963. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.804.229 Ouzir, M.; El Bernoussi S., Tabyaoui M., Taghzouti Kh., ( 2021). Almond oil: A comprehensive review of chemical composition, extraction methods, preservation conditions, potential health benefits, and safety. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety (Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf., 20(2) http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12752 Parajuli, S., Adhikari, A., Paudel, S., Oli, D., Bhandari, S., Shrestha, J. (2022). Use of biorational insecticides for the management of storage insect pests: A review. Peruvian J. Agron. 6(2): 132-46. https://doi.org/10.21704/pja.v6i2.1767 . Rakesh V, Patgiri P, Borah A (2024a) Laboratory Study of Repellent Property of Bhut Jolokia Chilli against Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Stored Wheat. J Entomol Sci 59(2):156-164. https://doi.org/10.18474/JES23-29 . Rakesh V, Patgiri P, Borah A, Nandhini D, Gogoi I (2024b) Comparative study on the repellency and chemical profiles of different chilli peppers formulations against Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in stored wheat. J Stored Prod Res 106:102312 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2024.102312 . Sabbour, M. M , Abd-El-Aziz, S. E. (2016). Efficacy of three essential oils and their nano-particles against Sitophilus granarius under laboratory and store conditions. J. ent. Res., 40 (3), 229-234. DOI : 10.5958/0974-4576.2016.00042.6 Sabbour, M. M , Abd-El-Aziz, S. E.( 2019). Impact of certain nano oils against Ephestia kuehniella and Ephestia cutella ( Lepidoptera-Pyralidae) under laboratory and store conditions. Bull. Nat. Res. Cent., 43(1): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-019-0129-3 Sabbour, M. M, Abd-El-Aziz, S. E. (2020). Plant essential oils for the management of two serious stored pests in Egypt. J. ent. Res., 44 (3): 377-84. DOI : 10.5958/0974 4576.2020.00064.X Sabbour, M. M, Abd-El-Aziz, S. E. (2021). Bioefficacy of some essential oils and nano gel chitosan on two insect species of stored pea seeds. J. ent. Res., 45 (4) : 647-52. DOI : 10.5958/0974-4576.2021.00101.8 Sabbour, M. M , Abd-El-Aziz, S. E. (2022). Bio-insecticidal and seed protectant effects of four essential oils against Callosobruchus maculatus and Callosobruchus chinensis during storage. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 676-81. DOI : 10.31830/2348-7542.2022.ROC-867 Sabbour, M.M.A., Rişvanli, M.R., Boyno, G. (2024). Book Chapter : Nanotechnology: A New Frontier in Sustainable Agricultural Pest and Disease Management. Nanotechnology and Plant Disease Management Open source preview, ISBN9781003256762. 2024, pp. 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003256762. Sheikh, A. M., Yaqoob M., Jeelani Wani F. , Bhat T. A., Gani M., Bhat M. A. (2024). nsecticidal Activity of Different Doses of Acorus calamus Essential Oil against Sitophilus oryzae . J. Scientific Res. Reports. 666-670. 30 [Issue 6], DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i62084 Srinivasan, T., Nivethika M. J., Kanimozhi T. , Komala G., Prakash K. , Elaiyabharathi T. , Suganthi A., Arulprakash R., Shanmugam S. P. , Baskaran V., Santhanakrishnan P. V., Ravikesavan R., Murugan M.. (2025). Plant Science Today, 12(sp1): 01–12 1900 https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.5834 Steel, R. G. D, Torrie, J. H. (1980). Principles and procedures of statistics: A biometrical approach, 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill, New York. Yeşilayer,A. , Özlem Sayg,K.(2024). Efficacy of essential oil of Coriandrum sativum against Sitophylus oryzae (Coleoptera:Curculionidae). Tur.J.Agr.-Food Sci. Tech. 12 ( 12): 2478-2482. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v12i12.2478-2482.6893 Tables Table 1. Effect of Lethal concentrations of tested oils against S. oryzae Tested oils LC 50 (ppm) 95% Confidence limit Slope Sinapis alba 136 77.0 - 163 0.01 Rosmarinus officinalis 96 60 - 121 0.01 Dianthus caryophyllus 58 39-100 0.03 Prunus amygdalus 30 22- 76 0.10 Table 2. Effect of Lethal concentrations of tested oils against S. granaries Tested oils LC 50 (ppm) 95% Confidence limit Slope Sinapis alba 122 97.0 - 143 0.01 Rosmarinus officinalis 90 65.0 - 111 0.01 Dianthus caryophyllus 52 43-98 0.03 Prunus amygdalus 27 22- 66 0.20 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7590436","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":598795973,"identity":"667ab1cc-f181-4591-8594-d5e4ee652cb1","order_by":0,"name":"Magda Sabbour","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAvUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHjYwxc/AwEaiFskGkrUYHCBWi3z72WMPPrbdiza+kfzswYcKBnl+sQP4tRicyUs3nNlWnLvtRpq54YwzDIYzZycQ0MKQYybN25YA1JIAYjAkGNwmoEW+/w1Ey+YZ6d+I08JwA2rLBokcIm0xuPEu3XDGuYTcGWfelEnOOCNB2C/y/bnHHnwoS8jtb0/fJvGhwkaeX5qQw+BAAKxSgljlIMB/gBTVo2AUjIJRMJIAAGh8QsKrGWrUAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"National Research Centre","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Magda","middleName":"","lastName":"Sabbour","suffix":""},{"id":598795974,"identity":"6427f840-06d8-4a85-8a8c-6ef467917d5c","order_by":1,"name":"Shadia Abd El-Aziz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Research Centre","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shadia","middleName":"Abd","lastName":"El-Aziz","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-09-11 09:53:29","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7590436/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7590436/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":104400998,"identity":"667c0310-0b41-498e-ae00-a39bc513053a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-11 12:11:39","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":27268,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOviposition deterrent effect of tested oils against \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e adults after 21 days during storage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7590436/v1/0f85f9ea104441318b133fc0.png"},{"id":103829933,"identity":"07a425fd-9b59-4360-a387-30e8b55eb9b0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-03 12:32:07","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25956,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOviposition deterrent effect of tested oils against \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS. granarius\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e adults after 21 days during storage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7590436/v1/81fe22cbf5da50aa0106af98.png"},{"id":104407899,"identity":"23ab4896-1b34-47c6-8afd-4e5b16db9977","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-11 12:40:44","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1441568,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7590436/v1/45c99fd5-2eeb-48a2-baae-08499e25a6a6.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Toxicity and Egg-Laying Suppression by Natural Oils in Controlling Sitophilus granarius and S. oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eStored agricultural products like seeds and grains are exposed to significant threats, particularly from storage pests and environmental conditions.. There is a constant necessary to preserve these stored products against deterioration, particularly in terms of degradation in quality and reduction in weight While storage., fungi, rodents, birds, Insects and microorganisms\u0026mdash;along with their waste products\u0026mdash;contribute to both quantitative and qualitative losses of stored grains. These losses are further influenced by environmental conditions (Chayengia et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInsect pests, in particular, feed on stored grains, resulting in reduced weight, nutritional value, and germination capacity. Infestations also lead to contamination, odor, mold growth, and heat damage, which degrade grain quality potentially making the product unsuitable for consumption by humans or animals (Parajuli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the principal destructive pests targeting infesting stored cereals worldwide is the rice weevil, \u003cem\u003eSitophilus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e (L.), known for its widespread distribution and its capacity to infest a variety of stored grains \"Such as split peas, rice, maize, and wheat (Okram \u0026amp; Hath, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Sharma et al., 2023). Another highly damaging pest, \u003cem\u003eS. granarius\u003c/em\u003e (L.), commonly known as the grain weevil, poses a serious threat in storage facilities, silos, mills, and elevators, particularly affecting rye, barley, corn, oats, and wheat (Abd El Ghany \u0026amp; Abd El-Aziz, 2017; Zhang et al., 2024). These pests not only cause substantial quantitative losses but also reduce grain quality and market value.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo address the adverse effects of synthetic chemical insecticides\u0026mdash;including resistance development, ecological toxicity and threats to non-target species and human health\u0026mdash;research has increasingly turned to natural alternatives. One promising option is the use of botanically derived essential oils (EOs), which exhibit a broad spectrum of insecticidal properties. These include repellent, antifeedant, fumigant, contact toxic, and oviposition-deterring effects, largely attributed to Biologically active substances like terpenes and phenolic volatiles (Parajuli et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Rakesh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024a\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024b\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEssential oil-based botanical insecticides offer several advantages: they are generally biodegradable, pose minimal risk to unintended species, and are regarded as safe for both the human and environment health (Flor-Weiler et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Sabbour \u0026amp; Abd-El-Aziz, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Their application in stored grain protection is well documented, and their complex chemical profiles are believed to reduce the likelihood of development resistance among pest species (Chiluwal et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Santos et al., 2024). Furthermore, essential oils are widely applied in in food products\u0026mdash;not only as acting as preservatives because of their antimicrobial effects., but also for their aromatic compounds that enhance sensory appeal (El-Bakry et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; De Lima et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumerous studies have reported a successful use of plant-based oils such as neem, eucalyptus, clove, and peppermint against major storage pests, demonstrating satisfactory levels of efficacy (Sabbour \u0026amp; Abd-El-Aziz, (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). These oils interfere with pest physiology and behavior, offering multi-modal mechanisms that increase their effectiveness as viable alternatives to traditional insecticides (Rakesh et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024b\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eGiven the increasing need for safer and eco-friendly pest control measures, the current research was designed to examine the efficacy of four essential oils\u0026mdash;Carnation (\u003cem\u003eDianthus caryophyllus\u003c/em\u003e), White Mustard (\u003cem\u003eSinapis alba\u003c/em\u003e), Rosemary (\u003cem\u003eRosmarinus officinalis\u003c/em\u003e), and (\u003cem\u003ePrunus dulcis\u003c/em\u003e)\u0026mdash;on the target insect adult mortality and residual effectiveness against \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. granarius\u003c/em\u003e under storage conditions.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eInsect Rearing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe two tested species\u0026mdash; (\u003cem\u003eSitophilus granarius\u003c/em\u003e) and (\u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e)\u0026mdash;were collected from naturally infested grain samples at the laboratory of pests and plant protection \u0026nbsp;Department, National Research Centre. The insects were reared in glass jars containing clean, healthy, and uninfected rice grains. Muslin cloth was used to cover each jar, ensuring proper airflow. Rearing conditions were preserved at a controlled temperature of 28 \u0026plusmn; 2\u0026deg;C, relative humidity of 75 \u0026plusmn; 5%, and a 12:12 hour light-dark photoperiod.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrior to use, the rice grains were sterilized by freezing for seven days, then stored in airtight glass containers to prevent contamination. For stock culture maintenance, approximately 100\u0026ndash;200 adult weevils were introduced into the sterilized containers. After one week, the adults were removed, leaving behind the oviposition marks (egg plugs) on the grains. In all subsequent bioassays, only adults aged 5\u0026ndash;7 days were selected for testing, following established methods (Abd El Ghany \u0026amp; Abd El-Aziz, 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTested oils:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFour different essential oils were selected for this study: \u003cstrong\u003ecarnation oil\u003c/strong\u003e derived from \u003cem\u003eDianthus caryophyllus\u003c/em\u003e (family \u003cstrong\u003eCaryophyllaceae\u003c/strong\u003e), \u003cstrong\u003esweet almond oil\u003c/strong\u003e from \u003cem\u003ePrunus amygdalus dulcis\u003c/em\u003e (family \u003cstrong\u003eRosaceae\u003c/strong\u003e), \u003cstrong\u003erosemary oil\u003c/strong\u003e obtained from \u003cem\u003eRosmarinus officinalis\u003c/em\u003e (family \u003cstrong\u003eLamiaceae\u003c/strong\u003e), and \u003cstrong\u003ewhite mustard oil\u003c/strong\u003e extracted from \u003cem\u003eSinapis alba\u003c/em\u003e (family \u003cstrong\u003eBrassicaceae\u003c/strong\u003e). In line with previous studies (Khanahmadi et al., 2017; El-Shourbagy et al., 2023), these oils were extracted from dried plant materials using the \u003cstrong\u003esteam distillation\u003c/strong\u003e method. As outlined by Sabbour and Abd-El-Aziz (2016), the oils tested \u0026nbsp;were then formulated into emulsions to facilitate their application in experimental trials. Each oil was tested at four different concentrations: \u003cstrong\u003e0.375%, 0.75%, 1.5%, and 3.0%\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of lethal concentrations of tested oils against tested insect species:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFoam granules Were exposed to various Doses of the essential oils tested by spraying and were allowed to air dry completely. Once dried, these granules were thoroughly blended with rice grains at a ratio of \u003cstrong\u003e2 grams of foam per 100 grams of grain\u003c/strong\u003e. The resulting mixture was transferred into \u003cstrong\u003e250 cc glass containers\u003c/strong\u003e, each sealed with a \u003cstrong\u003emuslin cloth\u003c/strong\u003e to permit airflow. In each container, \u003cstrong\u003efive male-female pairs\u003c/strong\u003e (1:1 ratio) of freshly emerged adult insects (aged 1 to 5 days) were introduced to either the treated or control grain samples containing foam granules.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo adjust for natural mortality in control groups, mortality data were normalized using\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Abbott\u0026rsquo;s formula (Abbott, 1925)\u003c/strong\u003e. The calculation of LC₅₀ (median lethal concentration) was subsequently performed with \u003cstrong\u003eprobit analysis\u003c/strong\u003e, as outlined by \u003cstrong\u003eFinney (1971)\u003c/strong\u003e. Each concentration of essential oil was tested with \u003cstrong\u003efour replicates\u003c/strong\u003e to ensure statistical accuracy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe persistence of tested oils against tested insects during storage:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDue to potential health risks\u0026mdash;both direct and indirect\u0026mdash;associated with the use of synthetic insecticides on stored rice, their application is generally discouraged. To determine the long-term impact of selected essential oils against the target insect species when applied to foam as a physical barrier, an experiment was carried out after two distinct storage intervals: \u003cstrong\u003e21 days\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003e90 days\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn each treatment, \u003cstrong\u003e100 grams of heat-sterilized rice\u003c/strong\u003e were packed into \u003cstrong\u003ejute sacks\u003c/strong\u003e measuring \u003cstrong\u003e20 \u0026times; 20 cm\u003c/strong\u003e, which were securely tied with string. Foam granules, approximately \u003cstrong\u003e1 cm in diameter\u003c/strong\u003e, Were treated by spraying various concentrations of the oil formulations, air-dried, and then positioned as a separating layer between the sacks.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe oils were tested at \u003cstrong\u003efour concentrations\u003c/strong\u003e: \u003cstrong\u003e3.0%, 1.5%, 0.75%, and 0.375%\u003c/strong\u003e. After drying, the treated foam granules were mixed with rice grains at a ratio of \u003cstrong\u003e1 gram of foam to 100 grams of rice\u003c/strong\u003e to assess their effectiveness in inhibiting oviposition by the insects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn a no-choice bioassay, \u003cstrong\u003efive pairs of newly emerged adult insects\u003c/strong\u003e (1\u0026ndash;5 days old), At an equal ratio of males to females, were introduced into 250 cc glass jars holding treated or untreated samples rice along with foam granules. The jars were wrapped with \u003cstrong\u003emuslin cloth\u003c/strong\u003e, which allowed ventilation while preventing the insects from escaping.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter \u003cstrong\u003e21 and 90 days of storage\u003c/strong\u003e, eggs laid by each female were counted.. In both treated and control groups, eggs were counted directly from the rice grains. Each treatment was conducted with \u003cstrong\u003efive replicates\u003c/strong\u003e to ensure statistical reliability.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eoviposition deterrence percentage was calculated by the formula:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOviposition Deterrence (%) = [(E₀ - Eₜ) / E₀] \u0026times; 100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhere:\u003cbr\u003eIn the control group\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;E₀\u003c/strong\u003e = Number of eggs laid\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003eIn the treatment group \u003cstrong\u003eEₜ\u003c/strong\u003e = Number of eggs laid\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis formula quantifies the reduction in egg-laying due to the treatment compared to the untreated control.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMedian lethal concentration (LC₅₀) was determined using probit analysis. All data were analyzed statistically through one-way ANOVA, and mean differences were assessed for significance using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test.\u0026quot; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe effects of the tested oils\u0026rsquo; lethal concentrations against \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. granarius\u003c/em\u003e are illustrated in Tables 1 and 2. The LC₅₀ values for \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e were 136, 96, 58, and 30 ppm, and for \u003cem\u003eS. granarius\u003c/em\u003e were 122, 90, 52, and 27 ppm following treatment with \u003cem\u003eSinapis alba\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eRosmarinus officinalis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eDianthus caryophyllus\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003ePrunus amygdalus\u003c/em\u003e oils, respectively. Among the tested oils, \u003cem\u003eP. amygdalus\u003c/em\u003e was the most effective. Furthermore, \u003cem\u003eS. granarius\u003c/em\u003e exhibited greater susceptibility to the oils than \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt a 15% concentration, essential oils from \u003cem\u003eMatricaria chamomilla\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eMatricaria chamomilla\u003c/em\u003e resulted in Considerably increased mortality levels rates against \u003cem\u003eTribolium castaneum\u003c/em\u003e than other oils tested (Elnabawy et al., 2022). To enhance insecticidal efficacy, a mixture of (\u003cem\u003eP. dulcis\u003c/em\u003e) \u0026amp; (\u003cem\u003eNigella\u003c/em\u003e spp.) Oils combined alongside chili pepper, onion, and garlic extracts was evaluated against \u003cem\u003ePlodia interpunctella\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eT. confusum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eStegobium paniceum\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eS. granarius\u003c/em\u003e (Baltaci, 2018). After 120 hours, \u003cem\u003eS. granarius\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. paniceum\u003c/em\u003e showed greater susceptibility compared to \u003cem\u003eP. interpunctella\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eT. confusum\u003c/em\u003e, indicating the effectiveness of the combined treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn another study, sweet almond The essential oil demonstrated notable toxicity toward adult \u003cem\u003eOryzaephilus surinamensis\u003c/em\u003e, with LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values of 4.52% and 5.55% (v/w), respectively, after seven days of exposure (Azab et al., 2020). Increasing both the concentration and exposure time significantly enhanced mortality rates. Yeşilayer and \u0026Ouml;zlem Sayg (2024) evaluated the efficacy of \u003cem\u003eCoriandrum sativum\u003c/em\u003e seed essential oil against adult \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e, recording the highest mortality (87.86%) at a 12% concentration after eleven days. Ebadollahi (2025) analyzed the effectiveness of essential oils as insecticides extracted from ajwain (\u003cem\u003eTrachyspermum ammi\u003c/em\u003e) and cumin (\u003cem\u003eCuminum cyminum\u003c/em\u003e) against \u003cem\u003eSitophilus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e. The findings indicated that both oils caused notable adult weevil mortality, with ajwain oil exhibiting slightly greater effectiveness. The mortality rate increased proportionally with the concentration, reflecting a clear dose-response relationship. These results suggest that commonly used spice oils hold promise as environmentally friendly alternatives for managing stored-grain pests. Similarly, Panigrahi et al. (2025) assessed the effects of several essential oils\u0026mdash;specifically clove, eucalyptus, and neem\u0026mdash;on \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e control and the viability of wheat seeds. Their study demonstrated that these oils not only suppressed pest populations effectively but also preserved seed germination capacity, making them suitable for post-harvest protection without affecting planting potential. Sublethal concentrations of essential oils may also significantly impact pest behavior, physiology, and life history traits (Lazarević et al., 2020; Haddi et al., 2020). Garlic oil, in particular, demonstrated potent insecticidal activity, likely due to its strong odor and bioactive compounds. It was found to interfere with the normal respiratory function of weevils, causing asphyxiation and death (Hamed et al., 2012). Because of their affinity for lipids, essential oils are able to penetrate the insect cuticle easily, acting as both contact and fumigant toxins Sabbour et al. (2024) and Kalil et al. (2022) tested the insecticidal activity of essential oils from anise, thyme, and coriander, along with their nano-emulsion formulations. Their findings showed that converting these oils into nano-emulsions notably enhanced their toxicity against \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e. Specifically, anise oil in nano-emulsified form significantly reduced the emergence of adult weevils and effectively safeguarded stored wheat. Importantly, no negative impact was observed on the germination capacity of treated seeds, highlighting the potential of these formulations for both pest control and maintaining grain quality during storage. Rosemary essential oil also showed high efficacy, causing significant cumulative mortality in \u003cem\u003eEphestia kuehniella\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eE. cautella\u003c/em\u003e (Sabbour \u0026amp; Abd El-Aziz, 2019). Fumigation with essential oils often results in rapid immobilization or \u0026quot;knockdown,\u0026quot; likely through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), thereby disrupting nerve transmission (Jayakumar et al., 2017). The presence of volatile compounds contributes to strong odors, obstructing tracheal respiration and leading to suffocation. Therefore, essential oils act primarily through respiratory disruption, neurotoxicity, and cuticular penetration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBioresidual Efficacy and Oviposition Deterrence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe residual efficacy of the tested oils against \u003cem\u003eS. granarius\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e under storage conditions gradually declined with increasing storage time (21 and 90 days). However, as the oil concentration increased from 0.375% to 3.0%, oviposition deterrence also increased. The maximum deterrent effects, 100.00% and 99.00%, were recorded at the highest concentration (3%) against \u003cem\u003eS. granarius\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e, respectively, after 21 days of storage in rice seeds treated with \u003cem\u003eP. amygdalus\u003c/em\u003e oil (Figures 1 and 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn an investigation led by Hamed et al. (2023), the insecticidal effects of natural essential oils and their nano-emulsion counterparts were evaluated against \u003cem\u003eSitophilus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e. The results indicated that the nano-emulsified forms\u0026mdash;especially those derived from peppermint and thyme\u0026mdash;were more effective, showing quicker insect mortality and greater formulation stability. These results emphasize that the potential of nano-technology in Improving the effectiveness of botanical insecticides. Similarly, research by Harmouzi et al. (2024) assessed the biological activity of essential oils derived from \u003cem\u003eAmmi visnaga\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eTrachyspermum ammi\u003c/em\u003e against \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e. Both oils demonstrated strong insecticidal properties, as reflected in their LC₅₀ values. Additionally, computational modeling was employed to explore the interaction between major oil compounds and insect target enzymes, offering valuable insight into their potential mechanisms of action. Ebian and Abotaleb (2025) investigated how certain plant-derived oils affect the biochemical composition of \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e. Their study focused on alterations in key metabolic components, including proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, within the insects following treatment. The essential oils also interfered with the activity of major digestive enzymes. These disruptions in metabolic and enzymatic functions are believed to play a significant role in the oils\u0026rsquo; overall insecticidal action, providing insight into the underlying mechanisms of their toxicity.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Fernandes et al. (2017) and Ouzir et al. (2021), sweet almond oil consists mainly of unsaturated fatty acids, predominantly oleic acid (C18:1) accounting for approximately 65% of its composition. \u0026beta;-sitosterol is its predominant sterol, and \u0026alpha;-tocopherol is the major form of vitamin E. In a study by Allahvaisi (2010), the oils of \u003cem\u003eP. amygdalus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eMentha viridis\u003c/em\u003e effectively prevented pest penetration into packaged cereals, including \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. granarius\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. paniceum\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eR. dominica\u003c/em\u003e. Compared to untreated controls, \u003cem\u003eP. amygdalus\u003c/em\u003e oil showed the strongest repellent effect, reducing contamination by \u003cem\u003eT. castaneum\u003c/em\u003e by 78.52%. Similarly, Al-Jabr (2006) demonstrated strong repellent activity of \u003cem\u003eMentha viridis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eP. amygdalus\u003c/em\u003e oils. Nabil et al. (2021) looked into the insecticidal potential of lavender (\u003cem\u003eLavandula angustifolia\u003c/em\u003e) essential oil against \u003cem\u003eSitophilus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e. Their study evaluated adult mortality, repellency, and changes in gene expression, revealing that the oil\u0026rsquo;s effectiveness increased with higher concentrations, particularly within the 0.25 to 6 mg/cm\u0026sup2; range. These results highlight its utility in assessing both contact toxicity and behavioral deterrence. In related research, Fathy and Abotaleb (2025) and Srinivasan et al. (2025) examined the efficacy of garlic (\u003cem\u003eAllium sativum\u003c/em\u003e) essential oil against \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e. Their findings demonstrated notable adult mortality and suppression of offspring development. Additionally, garlic oil was recognized for its low toxicity to humans and environmental safety, making it a viable botanical alternative to chemical pesticides in stored grain protection. Sheikh et al. (2024) assessed the reaction of \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e to varying concentrations of \u003cem\u003eAcorus calamus\u003c/em\u003e essential oil, observing a clear dose-dependent effect. Higher doses resulted in near-complete adult mortality and reduced reproductive output, indicating its promise for use in integrated pest management strategies during storage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll tested oils demonstrated significant oviposition deterrent activity against \u003cem\u003eS. granarius\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e after 90 days of storage (Tables 3 and 4). A reduction was observed in the number of eggs laid per female by 86.25% in rice treated with \u003cem\u003eP. amygdalus\u003c/em\u003e (3.0%) compared to the control (Table 3). Treatment with white mustard (\u003cem\u003eS. alba\u003c/em\u003e) oil resulted in a 56.70% reduction in egg laying. Rosemary and \u003cem\u003eD. caryophyllus\u003c/em\u003e oils at 3% caused reductions of 72.28% and 80.47%, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Rafaat et al. (2022) Examined the bioinsecticidal effects of basil essential oils (\u003cem\u003eOcimum basilicum\u003c/em\u003e) and petitgrain mandarin (\u003cem\u003eCitrus reticulata\u003c/em\u003e), focusing on their effects not only on adult \u003cem\u003eSitophilus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e but also on the F₁ generation, chemical composition of the grains, and seed germination rates. This study is particularly valuable for assessing the oils\u0026rsquo; potential to suppress reproduction rather than just causing immediate adult mortality. Similarly, Labdelli et al. (2022) conducted comparative trials on \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. granarius\u003c/em\u003e using \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus\u003c/em\u003e essential oils. The research provided direct comparisons of mortality rates under identical treatment conditions, offering crucial insights for managing \u003cem\u003eS. granarius\u003c/em\u003e, a species less frequently addressed in essential oil studies. In another investigation, Abd El Raheem et al. (2023) tested six plant-derived volatile oils\u0026mdash;garlic, clove, peppermint, orange, onion, and camphor\u0026mdash;as fumigants against three storage pests: \u003cem\u003eS. granarius\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eS. zeamais\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e. The study highlighted variation in mortality over a 10-day exposure period and offered detailed data on the effectiveness and time-related performance of these fumigant oils. Similar observations were made by Anjoud et al. (2024), who supported the efficacy of essential oils in managing stored grain pests across multiple species.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOviposition deterrent efficacy against \u003cem\u003eS. granarius\u003c/em\u003e was also confirmed (Table 4). At 3% concentration, \u003cem\u003eP. amygdalus\u003c/em\u003e oil reduced egg laying to 22.3 \u0026plusmn; 9.72 eggs/female compared to 289.3 \u0026plusmn; 75.8 in the control. All tested oils significantly reduced egg laying relative to the control. After 90 days of storage, adult fertility (measured as eggs/female) was greatly suppressed in treatments with \u003cem\u003eP. amygdalus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eD. caryophyllus\u003c/em\u003e oils at 3% concentration. According to \u003cstrong\u003eMohmmad Aasif et al. (2025),\u003c/strong\u003e the application of \u003cem\u003eAcorus calamus\u003c/em\u003e A 70 \u0026micro;l concentration of essential oil led to the highest mortality rate of \u003cem\u003eSitophilus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e, reaching 74.27% within 12 hours after treatment. This was followed by mortality rates of 71.01%, 67.15%, and 39.11% at 60, 50, and 40 \u0026micro;l concentrations, respectively. In contrast, the untreated control group showed a significantly lower mortality rate of just 5.13%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe deterrent effects of the tested oils against \u003cem\u003eS. granarius\u003c/em\u003e at 3% concentration were as follows: \u003cem\u003eP. amygdalus\u003c/em\u003e (92.29%), \u003cem\u003eD. caryophyllus\u003c/em\u003e (85.86%), \u003cem\u003eR. officinalis\u003c/em\u003e (72.04%), and \u003cem\u003eS. alba\u003c/em\u003e (62.05%). Against \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e, the deterrent effects were 86.25%, 80.47%, 72.28%, and 56.70%, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eD. caryophyllus\u003c/em\u003e possesses multiple biological properties, including anticancer, exhibited antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, repellent, and antioxidant activities. Al-Snafi (2017) reported that it contains various phytochemicals, such as coumarins, alkaloids, cyanogenic triterpenes, pelargonidin, glycosides, cyanidin, and the yellow pigment isosalipurposide.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eToxic effects of celery, camphor, and garlic oils were also evaluated against \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e adults, showing significant reductions in egg laying and complete inhibition of adult emergence (Hamed et al., 2012). Basil essential oil exhibited strong repellency against \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e at all tested concentrations and exposure times, attributed to its components eugenol, linalool, and estragole (Al-Harbi et al., 2021). Srinivasan et al. (2025) and Chandan et al. (2025) reported that garlic essential oil had a significant impact on the reproductive success of \u003cem\u003eSitophilus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e, as the seeds treated with 4 \u0026mu;l per 40 grams showed a decrease of adult emergence.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSinapis alba\u003c/em\u003e essential oil contains p-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate (p-HBITC), known for its antimicrobial properties (Ekanayake et al., 2012). Both nano-castor (\u003cem\u003eRicinus communis\u003c/em\u003e) and nano-black mustard (\u003cem\u003eBrassica nigra\u003c/em\u003e) oils demonstrated moderate oviposition deterrent effects against \u003cem\u003eS. granarius\u003c/em\u003e compared to the control (Sabbour \u0026amp; Abd El-Aziz, 2016). Asgar Ebadollahi (2025) reported that exposure to LC₃₀ concentrations of cumin and ajwain essential oils led to a noticeable reduction in key of feeding parameters of \u003cem\u003eSitophilus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e, such as the consumption rate, relative intake rate, and growth performance, were evaluated. These findings suggest that both oils negatively impact the feeding efficiency and development of the pest. Given their effectiveness and natural origin, cumin and ajwain essential oils are recommended for further investigation as sustainable and \u0026quot;eco-friendly options for managing rice weevils instead of traditional chemical insecticides\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs previously noted by Baltaci (2018), mixtures of \u003cem\u003eP. dulcis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eNigella\u003c/em\u003e spp. oils with garlic, onion, and chili extracts enhanced toxicity against several stored-product pests. After 120 hours of exposure, \u003cem\u003eS. granarius\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. paniceum\u003c/em\u003e showed the highest susceptibility, further supporting the potential of oil mixtures in pest management. Hamed et al. (2023) observed that \u003cem\u003eSyzygium aromaticum\u003c/em\u003e essential oil and its nano-emulsion formulation reduced wheat grain germination rates. Despite this effect, the study concluded that nano-emulsions represent a promising and environmentally friendly approach for managing \u003cem\u003eSitophilus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e infestations.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe essential oil of \u003cem\u003ePrunus amygdalus\u003c/em\u003e demonstrated strong oviposition deterrent activity and insecticidal efficacy, highlighting its potential as a natural biopesticide. Its effectiveness Indicates its potential as an effective substitute for synthetic insecticides. for controlling \u003cem\u003eS. granarius\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e infestations in stored rice grains.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe conclusions from the current study is derived that all the tested oils were comparatively better for keeping both \u003cem\u003eS. granarius\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e weevils below infestation level. \u003cem\u003eP. amygdalus\u003c/em\u003e oil was most potent and provided the highest protectant potential to rice grains against \u003cem\u003eS. granarius\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e weevil\u0026rsquo;s infestation. These tested plant oils are easy to apply, locally\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe, the authors of the manuscript titled \u003cem\u003e\u0026quot;The toxicity and oviposition deterrent efficacy of some natural oils against Sitophilus oryzae Linn. and S. granarius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) during storage),\u0026quot;\u003c/em\u003e hereby declare that:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col start=\"1\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe work described in this paper is original and has not been published previously, nor is it under consideration for publication elsewhere.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAll authors have made significant contributions to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the study.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThere are no conflicts of interest related to this work.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAll the experimental procedures were conducted following the ethical standards and guidelines of the National Research Centre, Egypt.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eThe authors take full responsibility for the content and accuracy of the manuscript.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNecessary permissions and approvals were obtained where required, and all sources of funding have been properly acknowledged.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;The authors sincerely appreciate the support provided by. Pests and Plant Protection Department, The authors also extend their thanks to the National Research Centre for supplying the offering support and resources required to carry out this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest related to this work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;All data generated or analyzed during this study are included within this published article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;No funding was received for this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contribution declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;All authors contributed to the study conception and design. [Prof. Sabbour] performed [specific task, e.g., data collection and analysis], [Prof Abd El Aziz] contributed to [methodology or writing], and [both of them ] supervised the project. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish declaration:\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Declaration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval and Consent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThis study did not involve any human participants or vertebrate animals. All experimental procedures involving insect pests (\u003cem\u003eSitophilus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eS. granarius\u003c/em\u003e) were carried out in accordance with institutional, national, and international guidelines for the ethical treatment of invertebrates. The research was conducted following the ethical standards and biosafety regulations of the National Research Centre (NRC), Egypt.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for Publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbbott, W. W. (1925). A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. J. Econ. Entomol. 18 : 265-67\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAbd El-Aziz, S. E. (2001). Persistence of some plant oils against the Bruchid beetle, \u003cem\u003eCallosobruchus maculatus\u003c/em\u003e (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) during storage. Ain Shams. 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(2025\u003cstrong\u003e). \u003c/strong\u003eReview and Intercomparison of Machine Learning Applications for Short-term Flood Forecasting\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e. Water Resources Management 39(5):1971-1991. DOI:10.1007/s11269-025-04093-x\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOkram, S, Hath T.K. (2019). Biology of \u003cem\u003eSitophilus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Stored Rice Grains during Different Seasons in Terai Agro-Ecology of West Bengal. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci, 8(4): 1955-1963. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2019.804.229 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOuzir, M.; El Bernoussi S., Tabyaoui M., Taghzouti Kh., ( 2021). Almond oil: A comprehensive review of chemical composition, extraction methods, preservation conditions, potential health benefits, and safety. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety (Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf., 20(2) http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12752 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eParajuli, S., Adhikari, A., Paudel, S., Oli, D., Bhandari, S., Shrestha, J. (2022). Use of biorational insecticides for the management of storage insect pests: A review. Peruvian J. Agron. 6(2): 132-46. https://doi.org/10.21704/pja.v6i2.1767 .\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRakesh V, Patgiri P, Borah A (2024a) Laboratory Study of Repellent Property of Bhut Jolokia Chilli against \u003cem\u003eSitophilus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Stored Wheat. J Entomol Sci 59(2):156-164. https://doi.org/10.18474/JES23-29 .\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRakesh V, Patgiri P, Borah A, Nandhini D, Gogoi I (2024b) Comparative study on the repellency and chemical profiles of different chilli peppers formulations against \u003cem\u003eSitophilus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in stored wheat. J Stored Prod Res 106:102312 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2024.102312 .\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSabbour, M. M , Abd-El-Aziz, S. E. (2016). Efficacy of three essential oils and their nano-particles against \u003cem\u003eSitophilus granarius\u003c/em\u003e under laboratory and store conditions. J. ent. Res., 40 (3), 229-234. DOI : 10.5958/0974-4576.2016.00042.6 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSabbour, M. M , Abd-El-Aziz, S. E.( 2019). Impact of certain nano oils against \u003cem\u003eEphestia kuehniella\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eEphestia cutella\u003c/em\u003e( Lepidoptera-Pyralidae) under laboratory and store conditions. Bull. Nat. Res. Cent., 43(1): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-019-0129-3 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSabbour, M. M, Abd-El-Aziz, S. E. (2020). Plant essential oils for the management of two serious stored pests in Egypt. J. ent. Res., 44 (3): 377-84. DOI : 10.5958/0974 4576.2020.00064.X \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSabbour, M. M, Abd-El-Aziz, S. E. (2021). Bioefficacy of some essential oils and nano gel chitosan on two insect species of stored pea seeds. J. ent. Res., 45 (4) : 647-52. DOI : 10.5958/0974-4576.2021.00101.8 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSabbour, M. M , Abd-El-Aziz, S. E. (2022). Bio-insecticidal and seed protectant effects of four essential oils against \u003cem\u003eCallosobruchus maculatus \u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003eCallosobruchus chinensis\u003c/em\u003e during storage. Res. Crop. 23 (3) : 676-81. DOI : 10.31830/2348-7542.2022.ROC-867 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSabbour, M.M.A., Rişvanli, M.R., Boyno, G. (2024). Book Chapter : Nanotechnology: A New Frontier in Sustainable Agricultural Pest and Disease Management. \u003cbr\u003e Nanotechnology and Plant Disease Management Open source preview, ISBN9781003256762. 2024, pp. 1\u0026ndash;22. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003256762.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSheikh, A. M., Yaqoob M., Jeelani Wani F. , Bhat T. A., Gani M., Bhat M. A. (2024). nsecticidal Activity of Different Doses of Acorus calamus Essential Oil against Sitophilus oryzae . J. Scientific Res. Reports. 666-670. 30 [Issue 6], DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i62084\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSrinivasan, T., Nivethika M. J., Kanimozhi T. , Komala G., Prakash K. , Elaiyabharathi T. , Suganthi A., Arulprakash R., Shanmugam S. P. , Baskaran V., Santhanakrishnan P. V., Ravikesavan R., Murugan M.. (2025). Plant Science Today, 12(sp1): 01\u0026ndash;12 1900 https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.5834\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSteel, R. G. D, Torrie, J. H. (1980). Principles and procedures of statistics: A biometrical approach, 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill, New York.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYeşilayer,A. , \u0026Ouml;zlem Sayg,K.(2024). Efficacy of essential oil of Coriandrum sativum against \u003cem\u003eSitophylus oryzae\u003c/em\u003e (Coleoptera:Curculionidae). Tur.J.Agr.-Food Sci. Tech. 12 ( 12): 2478-2482. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v12i12.2478-2482.6893 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1. Effect of Lethal concentrations of tested oils against \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"625\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32.3718%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTested oils\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.0705%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e(ppm)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 27.8846%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e95% Confidence\u0026nbsp;limit\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.6731%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSlope\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32.3718%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSinapis alba\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19.0705%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27.8846%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.0 - 163\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.6731%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32.3718%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eRosmarinus officinalis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19.0705%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27.8846%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60 - 121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.6731%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32.3718%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eDianthus caryophyllus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19.0705%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27.8846%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39-100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.6731%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 32.3718%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrunus amygdalus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19.0705%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 27.8846%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22- 76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20.6731%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2. Effect of Lethal concentrations of tested oils against \u003cem\u003eS. granaries\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"606\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30.2479%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTested oils\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 19.6694%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eLC\u003csub\u003e50\u003c/sub\u003e(ppm)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28.7603%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003e95% Confidence\u0026nbsp;limit\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.3223%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp dir=\"RTL\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan dir=\"LTR\"\u003eSlope\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30.2479%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSinapis alba\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19.6694%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e122\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.7603%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.0 - 143\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.3223%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30.2479%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eRosmarinus officinalis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19.6694%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.7603%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.0 - 111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.3223%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30.2479%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDianthus caryophyllus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19.6694%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.7603%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43-98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.3223%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 30.2479%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePrunus amygdalus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19.6694%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28.7603%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22- 66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 21.3223%;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/58895_8739fc6c57c1c19a/58895_custom_files/img1772540874.png\" width=\"1014\" height=\"1066\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Carnation, grain weevil, rice weevil, rosemary, sweet almond, white mustard","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7590436/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7590436/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecurrent and extensive and application of chemical insecticides for managing stored grain pests Has led to numerous negative\" consequences, With the development of being one example insecticide increased resistance, contamination of the environment, and dangers to public health. As an alternative, essential oils (EOs) represent a low-risk and environmentally sustainable pest\" management strategy. They exhibit strong ability to kill insects and control a wide variety of pest species while also being readily biodegradable and environmentally benign. Additionally, their complex and diverse chemical profiles reduce the likelihood of resistance development in storage pest populations.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe four essential oils used in this study were extracted from dried plant materials through steam distillation. Their toxic effects, including lethal concentration levels, as well as their ability to deter egg-laying, were evaluated against the target insect species.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003ePrunus amygdalus\u003c/em\u003e was the most toxic oil against tested insects. The oils have a stronger impact on \u003cem\u003eSitophilus granarius\u003c/em\u003e than \u003cem\u003eS. oryzae\u003c/em\u003e. After 90 days of storage, the adult fertility (mean no. of eggs/ female) was greatly significantly suppressed with \u003cem\u003eP. amygdalus\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eDianthus caryophyllus\u003c/em\u003e oils at 3% conc. comparing with untreated control.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eP. amygdalus\u003c/em\u003e oil was the most toxic oil and completely inhibited egg deposition of tested insects. P. amygdalus oil can be used in integrated pest management programs as an effective alternative to chemical pesticides.\"\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Toxicity and Egg-Laying Suppression by Natural Oils in Controlling Sitophilus granarius and S. oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-03 12:31:58","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7590436/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a395db81-2b71-43c5-918f-b812898dfed9","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 3rd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-09T14:57:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-03 12:31:58","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7590436","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7590436","identity":"rs-7590436","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}