Levels and Health Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Residues in Vegetables from Rivers Niger-Benue Confluence in Lokoja, North Central, Nigeria

Levels and Health Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Residues in Vegetables from Rivers Niger-Benue Confluence in Lokoja, North Central, Nigeria | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Levels and Health Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Residues in Vegetables from Rivers Niger-Benue Confluence in Lokoja, North Central, Nigeria Oluyinka O. Akinlotan, Ifeoma M. Odika, Chukwuma O. B. Okoye This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5968584/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Organochlorine pesticide residues, OCPs are group of synthetic chemicals containing chlorine, hydrogen, carbon and are highly hydrophobic, slowly biodegradable. They are commonly used as insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and can accumulate in plants and animals with a potential to long range transport. These chlorinated hydrocarbons are persistence, toxic, hazardous and have been linked to various environmental contaminations and health challenges such as cancer, neurological damage, immunological disorder and reproductive problems. This study aimed at determining the levels of OCPs and their health risk in order to ascertain the status of consuming these vegetables from this part of Nigeria. The study investigated the levels and health risk of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) residues in vegetables (spinach, jute leaf, pumpkin leaf, okro, tomatoes, garden egg and cucumber) cultivated around rivers Niger-Benue confluence in Lokoja, North Central, Nigeria. Concentrations of OCPs were determined in vegetable samples collected from major markets in five local government areas in the vicinity of the confluence after extraction by sonication using 1:1 dichloromethane – hexane mixture as solvent followed by clean–up with activated silica gel. Recovery test was carried out to ensure the accuracy of the method. Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used in the determination of the OCPs. The health risk indices (HRI) (which is a technique used to assess and communicate the level of risk posed by environmental pollutants) of consuming the analysed vegetables were assessed according to the USEPA guidelines, whereby the estimated daily intake (EDI) was compared with the acceptable daily intake (ADI). The average recovery of 76% was obtained. The highest non carcinogenic health index values of 8.33, 6.32 and 4.61 were found for dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide and heptachlor in jute leaves while the highest potential carcinogenic health index value of 37.020 was found for dieldrin also in jute leaves. The HRI values of heptachlor, its epoxide and dieldrin obtained exceeded the standard limits (1 mg/kg). The values of OCPs detected in analyzed samples were very much higher than standard limit of 1 mg/kg established by USEPA and are likely to pose a threat to human health. Organochlorine Pesticides GC-MS Vegetables Pollution Heptachlor Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 1. Introduction Vegetable production in Nigeria is enormous, and figures are occasionally reported as the estimated yearly production. For instance, annual production levels of 3.8 million tonnes of onions and 6 million t onnes of tomatoes have been reported [ 1 ]. A total area of one million hectares of land has been reported to be used for tomato cultivation annually, implying that the average daily consumption of vegetables in Nigerian homes should be about 18 percent [ 2 ]. Nigeria is ranked second largest producer of tomato in Africa and thirtieth largest in the world, producing 1.701 million tonnes of tomato annually at an average of 25–30 tonnes per hectare [ 3 ]. Some of the vegetables grown in Nigeria include onion, okra, cucumber, garden eggs, pepper, amaranthus, carrot, melon, Corchorus olitorius (ewedu), Adansonia digtata (baobab leaves), pumpkin leaves, spinach, and so forth. The increased awareness of the health benefits of these vegetables has caused immense attention to their consumption in Nigeria [ 4 ]. Vegetables constitute an essential part of our daily diet and have been linked to general health [ 5 ]. As a result, pollutants in vegetables may endanger a large percentage of the population in Nigeria [ 6 ]. The majority of pollutants known as micropollutants are poisonous and persistent, affecting both human health and the ecosystem's normal operation. Micropollutants include trace metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticide residues (OCPs) [ 7 ]. Organochlorine pesticide residues, OCPs are highly hydrophobic but very slowly degradeable and can accumulate in plants and animals with a potential to long range transport [ 8 , 9 ]. Originally created in 1884, these persistent chlorinated hydrocarbons were widely utilised in agriculture between the 1940s and 1960s [ 10 ]. According to Dasika et al. [ 11 ], pesticide residues are the deposits of the active ingredient, metabolites, or breakdown products of the pesticide that are found. Plants can absorb OCPs through their roots, stems and leaves and then store these in their tissues. This can increase the concentrations of these residues in the plant parts, posing a risk of contamination to consumers in the food chain including humans. [ 12 ] When animals consume plants or other organisms contaminated by OCPs, these residues can accumulate in their bodies particularly in fatty tissues leading to biomagnification. [ 13 ] OCPs can enter waterways and soil through runoff or leaching contaminating aquatic life and other organisms. The US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) conducts human health risk assessments to evaluate the potential health risks associated with exposure to OCPs. [ 14 ] The EPA’s risk assessment process involves four steps: hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment and risk characterization. This process helps the agency to determine the potential health risks associated with exposure to OCPs and develop guidelines for safe exposure levels. [ 15 ] Hazard index (HI) is a numerical value used to assess the potential health risks associated with exposure to one or more hazardous substances by quantifying the level of risk posed by a particular substance or mixture of substances. HI is usually calculated by comparing the estimated exposure level to a substance with a reference dose (RfD) or a toxicity threshold. [ 16 ] The hazard risk index (HRI) is a technique used to assess and communicate the level of risk posed by environmental pollutants such as chemicals, pesticides and heavy metals. [ 16 ] If HRI is less than 1, the exposure level is considered safe and the risk of adverse health effects is low but when it is greater than 1, the risk is considered high. The study on the levels of Organochlorine pesticide residues in tissues of fish samples from River Benue, Vinikilang, Adamawa State, Nigeria revealed that all the organochlorine pesticides dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (o,p-DDE), 4,4’- dichlorodiphenyldichloroethan (p,p’-DDD),2,4’dichlorodiphenyldichloroethan (o,p’-DDD), 2,4’-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(o,p’-DDT),4,4’dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p’-DDT), metoxichlor, dieldrin and aldrin analyzed were detected in the samples and were lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of 0.02 mg/kg and acceptable dietary intake (ADI) of 0.0001 mg /kg. [ 17 ] There had been report of the detection of these pesticide residues- lindane and p,p’-DDT in Catfish and Tilapia at the concentration levels ranging from 0.005 to 0.015 mg/kg [ 18 ] Lindane and p,p’-DDT were reported to show strong positive correlations with fat in a significant number of samples, implying a possible influence of fat on the accumulation of these pesticides. [ 18 ] Reliance on pesticides is difficult to sustain because of the unanticipated long-term adverse effects on the environment and human health in particular. There have been reports of severe health consequences, including headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, reproductive problems, neurotoxicity, hypertension, cardiovascular illnesses and cancer [ 19 , 20 ]. Humans are exposed to OCPs through skin contact, contaminated food consumption, and direct inhalation. Pesticides are used by farmers all over the world, including in Nigeria, as a preventative measure against the potential for catastrophic crop loss due to pests and diseases. As a result, pesticides have been used in Nigerian agriculture for many years to manage and eliminate crop pests as well as in the public health field to control disease vectors. However, within the past decade, the usage of pesticides in agriculture has rapidly increased. Vegetables are frequently treated with pesticides due to their vulnerability to disease and insect attacks. As a result, food safety is a global public concern. The confluence of the Niger and Benue rivers at Lokoja encourages a lot of vegetable farming, particularly in the local government areas that surround it. As the bridge connecting Nigeria's northern and southern states, Lokoja is ideally located. This study examined fourteen distinct organochlorine insecticides (p,p′-DDE, lindane, α-lindane, β-lindane, methoxychlor, endosulfan, endosulfan I, endosulfan II, endosulfan sulphate, aldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide and p dieldrin) in the following vegetable samples – spinach, jute leaf, pumpkin leaf, okro, tomatoes, garden egg and cucumber. The levels of OCP residues in the vegetable samples were assessed and the possible health risks to humans from consuming contaminated vegetables were calculated to ensure safety of their consumption. This study is relevant because the outcome will guide in policy and decision – making, help to develop effective remediation strategies and also improve human health and sustainable environment. 2. Materials and method 2.2 Study Area Nigeria's north central region, which includes Kogi State and the other five states, is a distinctive agricultural belt that produces a wide range of vegetables [ 21 ].The study area covers five Local Government Areas (LGAs), namely Ofu, Kabba-Bunu, Ajaokuta, Lokoja and Bassa., surrounding the Niger-Benue confluence at Lokoja, in north central Nigeria (Fig. 1 ). The areas were chosen because of their nearness to rivers Niger and Benue. Vegetables are mostly planted along these areas and provides vegetable for the populace throughout the year. These vegetables are readily available around these areas and consume it a lot. 2.3. Sampling and Sample Preparation Vegetable samples were purchased directly from farmers at the fringes of a major market in each LGA as follows at their latitudes and longitudes respectively: Itobe market (Ofu LGA)7˚41̍ N and 6˚71̍ E, Kabba market (Kabba – Bunu LGA), 7˚82̍ N and 6˚07̍ E, Ganaja market (Ajaokuta LGA) 7˚80̍ N and 6˚73̍ E, Karara/ Kakanda market (Lokoja LGA)8˚18̍ N and 6˚59̍ E and Shintaku Market (Bassa LGA) 7˚77̍ N and 7˚02̍ E. Map of Nigeria showing Kogi State in North Central Region The vegetable samples include spinach, ( Spinacia oleracea ), jute leaves, ( Corchorus olitorius L .), pumpkin, ( Telfairia occidentalis ) , okro. (Abemoschus esculentus) , tomatoes, ( Lycopersicum esculentum ), garden egg, ( Solanum macrocarpum) and cucumber, ( Cucumis sativus ). Vegetable samples were washed and put in baskets to drip and air dry. Leafy vegetables (spinach, pumpkin and jute leaves) were later put in an oven at 105 ℃ until adhering water has completely evaporated. The samples were cut into small pieces with knife and 5 g of triplicate samples of each vegetable were put together and thoroughly mixed to produce a composite sample. 2.4 Extraction and Clean-up 2 g portions of the composite samples were weighed and blended in a pre – cleaned 250 mL conical flask. About 50 mL of mixture (1:1) of n-Hexane and Dichloromethane was added. Solvent extraction was carried out by ultrasonication. The mixture was shaken and allowed to stand for 30 min and then filtered [ 22 ], the extraction was repeated and filtered. The extracts were combined and cleaned up in a packed glass column as follows. The column was packed with activated silica gel covered with 1 g anhydrous sodium sulphate and conditioned by eluting with dichloromethane/hexane (50/50) mixture. The extracts were demoisturized over the anhydrous granulated sodium sulphate. The extract was later eluted by using a mixture of dichloromethane/hexane/acetonitrile (50/49/1.0). The fractions were concentrated to 1 mL and ready for GC MS analysis. 2.5. Quality assurance and control Precision and accuracy of the procedure was investigated by carrying out recovery analysis. Limit of detection, LOD was determined by continuous dilution and analysis of standard solution until the least concentration was obtained at the signal to noise ratio of 3. Limit of quantification, LOQ was determined by continuous dilution and analysis of standard until the least concentration was obtained at signal to noise ratio of 10. The quality assurance protocol was obtained by determining OCP concentrations in spiked and un-spiked samples. 20 ppm environmental OCP standard solutions were prepared in 50 mL volumetric flasks. Three portions (2 g) of blended vegetables were accurately weighed. One was unspiked while the others were spiked with 1 mL of the OCP standards. The spiked and unspiked samples were then taken through the extraction process by sonication. The extracts were cleaned up and analysed for OCP using GC-MS. The % recoveries were calculated as follows: % 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 = 𝑋−𝑌 / 𝑍 × 100 Equation 1 Where X = concentration of spiked sample; and Y = concentration of unspiked sample Z = concentration of the spike added 2.6. Determination of OCPs Organochlorine analysis was carried out with an Agilent technology 7890, series A, gas chromatography unit (Avondale, USA) interfaced with a mass selective detector (5975 series MSD, Agilent, Avondale, USA). The carrier gas used was Helium at 99.9% purity. Separation of OCP was performed using a model technologies HP5MS of column type: DB-17 fused silica capillary column; column dimension: 30 m × 0.32 mm × 0.25 µm film thickness at a temperature range of 60 to 280 o C. The injector port was run in splitless mode, injection temperature is 200 ℃. The initial oven temperature was 60 o C for 0.5 min, and rose finally to 140 o C at a rate of 20 o C/min to 280 o C. At 280 o C ramping was changed from 11 o C/min and maintained at this temperature for 23 min. Stock solutions were used to establish the retention time of each analyte. Detection of OCPs was carried out using scan mode, which was designed for preselected ion peaks; non-selected peaks were not identified and quantified. 2.7. Statistical Analysis Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether the concentrations of the OCPs varied significantly within and between the groups (the OCPs and the different vegetables samples), with values less than 0.05 (P < 0.05) considered to be statistically significant. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences, SPSS version 16.0 for Windows. 2.8. Health risk assessment for Organochlorine Pesticide residue The health risk assessment of OCPs were considered from two perspectives Potential non- carcinogenic health risk and Carcinogenic health risk These were computed using three basic standard indices: The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Cancer Benchmark Concentration (CBC) and the Health Risk Index (HRI). Estimated Daily Intakes (EDIs) of a pesticide residue and food consumption assumption were used to determine long term health risks to consumers. The EDI was obtained by multiplying the mean residual pesticide concentration (mg /kg) in the food of interest and the food consumption rate (kg /d) and dividing by body weight [ 23 , 24 ]. Consumption rate for vegetable is 46.4 g/person/day [ 25 , 26 ]. EDI = (F x Cr)/mean body weight Eq. 2 Health risk index (HRI) was calculated using Eq. 3. HRI = EDI/ADI Eq. 3 This was done based on the levels of the OCP residues found in the food samples. Estimated daily intakes (EDI) were determined and compared with the established acceptable daily intake (ADI) [ 27 , 28 ]. Estimated daily intake was found by multiplying the residual pesticide concentration (mg/kg) by the food consumption rate (kg/ day) and dividing by body weight. Where F = food consumption data, and Cr is the concentration of the residue in the food sample. For carcinogenic effects, the Hazard Ratio (HR) were calculated using the equation below [ 24 , 29 ] . Estimated Daily Intake/ Cancer Benchmark Concentration Eq. 4 where. Risk is the maximum acceptable risk level (1 × 10 − 6 ). The Cancer Benchmark Concentration (CBC) for carcinogenic effect is derived by setting the risk to one in one million due to lifetime exposure. The Oral Slope Factors (OSFs), 1 mg/kg-day for the pesticides were obtained from USEPA [ 30 ]. CBC = Risk × Body Weight/ Consumption rate × Oral Slope Factor Eq. 5 The average body weight of Nigerian adults equals 60 kg while the Average body weight of Nigerian child equals 15 kg 3. Results and Discussions The LOD obtained ranged from 0.00004ppm to 0.0016ppm while LOQ varied from 0.00012ppm to 0.0048ppm. The average percentage recovery obtained was 76% .This showed that the method applied was very efficient and precise since the recommended recoveries by United States Environmental Protection Agency, US EPA ranges from 50–120%. The mean concentrations of the OCP residues in the vegetables studied are presented in Table 1 . All the analyzed vegetable samples were contaminated by one or more pesticide residues which demonstrates a widespread nature of these persistent compounds. The concentrations of the OCPs varied significantly (P < 0.05) among different samples of the vegetables. A significant difference (P < 0.05) also occurred between the mean concentrations and the reference dose using one sample t-test as well as within a particular sample. Mean concentrations with different alphabet along each row are significantly different at P < 0.05 using the Duncan New Multiple Range Test. The mean concentrations of Σ14 OCPs in these vegetables ranged from 0.025 ± 0.013 (in cucumber) to 0.766 ± 0.300 mg/kg (in jute leaves) (Table 1 ). Dieldrin also in jute leaves have the highest mean concentration level of 0.2045 ± 0.0593 mg/kg. (Fig. 2 ) Endosulfan, alpha lindane and delta lindane were not detectable in tomato sample. Tables 2 and 3 presented the estimated daily intakes (mg/kg bw/day) of generally exposed adults and children to organochlorine residues in vegetables respectively. Tables 4 and 5 present the health risk assessment based on Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of pesticide residues in vegetables from markets surrounding the study area, Rivers Niger/Benue for adults and children respectively. The calculated risk indices were less than 1 in most cases for adults and children, except in the cases of heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide and dieldrin detected in jute leaf for adults and children, and dieldrin in pumpkin leaf and okro for children. Table 1 Mean concentrations (mg/kg FW) of organochlorine residues in different vegetables Spinach Jute leaf Pumpkin leaf Okro Tomatoes Garden egg Cucumber Average RfD Heptachlor 0.0033 ± 0.0011 b* 0.1377 ± 0.0542 a* 0.0234 ± 0.0097 b* 0.0164 ± 0.0072 b* 0.0005 ± 0.0003 b(* 0.0159 ± 0.0063 b* 0.0045 ± 0.0014 b* 0.0288 ± 0.0106 0.4 Aldrin 0.0005 ± 0.0001 b* 0.0006 ± 0.0001 b* 0.0003 ± 0.0001 b* 0.0005 ± 0.0004 b* 0.0138 ± 0.0086 a* 0.0002 ± 0.0001 b* 0.0002 ± 0.0001 b* 0.0023 ± 0.0014 10 Heptachlor epoxide 0.0006 ± 0.0003 b* 0.2045 ± 0.0593 a* 0.0237 ± 0.0108 b* 0.0004 ± 0.0001 b* 0.0046 ± 0.0030 b* 0.0026 ± 0.0013 b* 0.0005 ± 0.0002 b* 0.0339 ± 0.0143 10 Dieldrin 0.0101 ± 0.0036 b* 0.2696 ± 0.0788 a* 0.0341 ± 0.0152 b* 0.0720 ± 0.0425 b* 0.0002 ± 0.0001 b* 0.0034 ± 0.0010 b* 0.0015 ± 0.0003 b* 0.0559 ± 0.0195 10 Endrin 0.0038 ± 0.0009 b* 0.0461 ± 0.0218 a* 0.0309 ± 0.0170 ab* 0.0238 ± 0.0193 ab* 0.0026 ± 0.0020 b* 0.0084 ± 0.0026 ab* 0.0095 ± 0.0055 ab* 0.0179 ± 0.0051 10 p,p'-DDE 0.0001 ± 0.00004 a* 0.0002 ± 0.0002 a* 0.0007 ± 0.0004 a* 0.0004 ± 0.0003 a* 0.0002 ± 0.0001 a* 0.0003 ± 0.0002 a* 0.0003 ± 0.0001 a* 0.0003 ± 0.0001 50 Endosulfan sulfate 0.0001 ± 0.0001 a* 0.0011 ± 0.0003 a* 0.0005 ± 0.00037 a* 0.0007 ± 0.0004 a* 0.0002 ± 0.0001 a* 0.0003 ± 0.0002 a* 0.0003 ± 0.0001 a* 0.0005 ± 0.0001 6 Methoxychlor 0.0008 ± 0.0002 a* 0.0019 ± 0.0005 a* 0.0008 ± 0.0003 a* 0.0018 ± 0.0000 a* 0.0001 ± 0.0001 a* 0.0005 ± 0.0002 a* 0.0018 ± 0.0007 a* 0.0011 ± 0.0002 5 Lindane 0.0001 ± 0.00004 a 0.0001 ± 0.0001 a 0.0008 ± 0.0005 a 0.0005 ± 0.0003 a 0.0006 ± 0.0004 a 0.0004 ± 0.0002 a 0.0003 ± 0.0001 a 0.0004 ± 0.0001 NA .alpha.-Lindane 0.0027 ± 0.0011 a 0.0305 ± 0.0212 a 0.0080 ± 0.0061 a 0.0050 ± 0.0026 a ND 0.0019 ± 0.0019 a 0.0009 ± 0.0009 a 0.0070 ± 0.0034 NA .delta.-Lindane 0.0011 ± 0.0004 a 0.0589 ± 0.0528 a 0.0038 ± 0.0033 a 0.0028 ± 0.0020 a ND 0.0007 ± 0.0006 a 0.0013 ± 0.0013 a 0.0098 ± 0.0077 NA Endosulfan 0.0024 ± 0.0011 a* 0.0104 ± 0.0077 a* 0.0014 ± 0.0011 a* 0.0017 ± 0.0010 a* ND 0.0008 ± 0.0005 a* 0.0004 ± 0.0004 a* 0.0024 ± 0.0012 0.003 Endosulfan 1 0.0001 ± 0.0001 a* 0.0009 ± 0.0006 a* 0.0020 ± 0.0017 a* 0.0065 ± 0.0055 a* 0.0034 ± 0.0023 a* 0.0028 ± 0.0017 a* 0.0021 ± 0.0014 a* 0.0026 ± 0.0009 0.003 endosulfan 11 0.0005 ± 0.0005 a* 0.0036 ± 0.0023 a* 0.0013 ± 0.0008 a* 0.0012 ± 0.0008 a* 0.0009 ± 0.0009 a* 0.0022 ± 0.0015 a* 0.0009 ± 0.0004 a* 0.0015 ± 0.0004 0.003 Ʃ OCPs 0.0261 ± 0.0095 0.7660 ± 0.3000 0.1316 ± 0.0674 0.1338 ± 0.0834 0.0271 ± 0.0179 0.0404 ± 0.0182 0.0246 ± 0.0129 ND- Not detected; NA- Not accessed; RfD-Reference dose; means with different alphabet along each row are significantly different at P < 0.05 using Duncan New Multiple Range Test; *- Significant difference between the concentration and the reference dose using one sample t-test Table 2 Estimated daily intakes (mg/kg bw/day) of generally exposed adults to organochlorine residues in vegetables Adults Spinach Jute leaf Pumpkin leaf Okro Tomatoes Garden egg Cucumber Heptachlor 2.55E-06 1.06E-05 1.80E-05 1.26E-05 3.86E-07 1.22E-05 3.48E-06 Aldrin 3.86E-07 4.64E-07 2.32E-07 3.86E-07 1.06E-05 1.54E-07 1.54E-07 Heptachlor epoxide 4.64E-07 1.58E-04 1.83E-05 3.09E-07 3.55E-06 2.01E-06 3.86E-07 Dieldrin 7.81E-06 2.08E-04 2.63E-05 5.56E-05 1.54E-07 2.62E-06 1.16E-06 Endrin 2.93E-06 3.56E-05 2.38E-05 1.84E-05 2.01E-06 6.49E-06 7.34E-06 p,p'-DDE 7.73E-08 1.54E-07 5.41E-07 3.09E-07 1.54E-07 2.32E-07 2.32E-07 Endosulfan sulfate 7.73E-08 8.50E-07 3.86E-07 5.41E-07 1.54E-07 2.32E-07 2.32E-07 Methoxychlor 6.18E-07 1.46E-06 6.18E-07 1.39E-06 7.73E-08 3.86E-07 1.39E-06 Lindane 7.73E-08 7.73E-08 6.18E-07 3.86E-07 4.64E-07 3.09E-07 2.32E-07 .alpha.-Lindane 2.06E-06 2.359E-05 6.18E-06 3.86E-06 0.00E + 00 1.46E-06 6.96E-07 .delta.-Lindane 8.50E-07 4.55E-05 2.93E-06 2.16E-06 0.00E + 00 5.41E-07 1.00E-06 Endosulfan 1.85E-06 8.04E-06 1.08E-06 1.31E-06 0.00E-00 6.18E-07 3.09E-07 Endosulfan 1 7.73E-08 6.96E-07 1.54E-06 5.02E-06 2.62E-06 2.16E-06 1.62E-06 Endosulfan 11 3.86E-07 2.78E-06 1.00E-06 9.28E-07 6.96E-07 1.70E-06 6.96E-07 Table 3 Estimated daily intakes (mg/kg bw/day) of generally exposed children to organochlorine residues in vegetables Children Spinach Jute leaf Pumpkin leaf Okro Tomatoes Garden egg Cucumber Heptachlor 1.02E-05 4.25E-04 7.23E-05 5.07E-05 1.54E-06 4.91E-05 1.39E-05 Aldrin 1.54E-06 1.85E-06 9.28E-07 1.54E-06 4.26E-05 6.18E-07 6.18E-07 Heptachlor epoxide 1.85E-06 6.32E-04 7.33E-05 1.23E-06 1.42E-05 8.04E-06 1.54E-06 Dieldrin 3.12E-05 8.33E-04 1.05E-04 2.22E-04 6.18E-07 1.05E-05 4.64E-06 Endrin 1.17E-05 1.42E-04 9.55E-05 7.36E-05 8.04E-06 2.59E-05 2.93E-05 p,p'-DDE 3.09E-07 6.18E-07 2.16E-06 1.23E-06 6.18E-07 9.28E-07 9.28E-07 Endosulfan sulfate 3.09E-07 3.40E-06 1.54E-06 2.16E-06 6.18E-07 9.28E-07 9.28E-07 Methoxychlor 2.47E-06 5.87E-06 2.47E-06 5.56E-06 3.09E-07 1.54E-06 5.56E-06 Lindane 3.09E-07 3.09E-07 2.47E-06 1.54E-06 1.85E-06 1.23E-06 9.28E-07 .alpha.-Lindane 8.35E-06 9.43E-05 2.47E-05 1.54E-05 0.00E + 00 5.87E-06 2.78E-06 .delta.-Lindane 3.40E-06 1.82E-04 1.17E-05 8.66E-06 0.00E + 00 2.16E-06 4.02E-06 Endosulfan 7.42E-06 3.21E-05 4.33E-06 5.25E-06 0.00E-00 2.47E-06 1.23E-06 Endosulfan 1 3.09E-07 2.78E-06 6.18E-06 2.01E-05 1.05E-05 8.66E-06 6.49E-06 Endosulfan 11 1.54E-06 1.11E-05 4.02E-06 3.71E-06 2.78E-06 6.80E-06 2.78E-06 The potential non-carcinogenic health risk estimations of OCPs (in mg/Kg) detected for heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide and dieldrin in jute leaf were respectively 1.060, 1.580 and 2.080 in adults (Table 2 ) while in children, the values were 4.250, 6.320, 8.330 respectively (Table 3 ), very much greater than 1. Also, dieldrin was detected in pumpkin at 1.050 and 2.220 in okro in children. The result showed the highest concentration of dieldrin in jute leaves among other analyzed vegetable samples. (Figs. 2 , 3 , 4 ) The following OCPs: endosulfan, alpha-lindane, and delta-lindane were not detected in tomato sample.(Tables 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ) Vegetables with an index of greater than 1 indicates that consumption is unsafe for human health [ 31 – 33 ]. So, there is therefore a need for close monitoring of these particular residues in vegetables cultivated in the vicinity of the Niger/Benue confluence, especially. Endosulfan sulfate, endosulfan, endosulfan 1 and endosulfan 11 in the vegetables had HRI values < 1 for the non-carcinogenic health risk. The estimates of the health risks obtained in adults and children category from the analysed vegetable samples are the same with the analysis of health risk estimates of OCPs in amaranths and fluted pumpkin obtained from markets and farms in south western Nigeria with HRI values for endosulfan in the vegetables [ 32 , 34 ]. Adefemi et al. [ 34 ], reported that heptachlor, aldrin and heptachlor epoxide detected in Senecio biafrae (worowo), a type of vegetable from Ekiti state, Nigeria posed non-carcinogenic health risk to children. Whereas in this study only heptachlor and its epoxide posed non-carcinogenic health risk to children. Donkor et al . [ 35 ], detected that heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide present in tomatoes from Ghana pose health risk to children and Bempah et al . [ 36 ], also in a related study reported endrin in vegetables from another study area in Ghana posed risk to children. Their results are not the same with the results obtained in this present work as the values of heptachlor, its epoxide and endrin are lower than 1. The results for the carcinogenic health risks involved in consumption of vegetables from markets in North-central, Nigeria in adults and children were respectively summarized in Tables 6 and 7 . For adult category, heptachlor epoxide value detected in jute leaf was 1.112 and showed HR > 1.(Table 6 ) Table 4 Health Risk Assessment based on Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of Pesticide Residues vegetables from Markets surrounding the Confluence at Lokoja, Nigeria in Adults Adults ADI (mg/kg) Spinach Jute leaf Pumpkin leaf Okro Tomatoes Garden egg Cucumber Heptachlor 0.0001 0.02500 1.06000 0.18000 0.12600 0.00386 0.12200 0.03480 Aldrin 0.0001 0.00400 0.00460 0.00232 0.00386 0.10600 0.00154 0.00154 Heptachlor epoxide 0.0001 0.00500 1.58000 0.18300 0.00309 0.03550 0.02010 0.00386 Dieldrin 0.0001 0.07800 2.08000 0.26300 0.55600 0.00154 0.02620 0.01160 Endrin 0.0002 0.01500 0.17800 0.11900 0.09200 0.01005 0.03245 0.03670 p,p'-DDE 0.01 0.00000 0.00001 0.00005 0.00003 0.00001 0.00002 0.00002 Endosulfan sulfate 0.006 0.00001 0.00001 0.00006 0.00009 0.00002 0.00003 0.00003 Methoxychlor 0.01 0.00006 0.00014 0.00006 0.00013 0.00000 0.00003 0.00014 Lindane 0.003 0.00002 0.00002 0.00020 0.00010 0.00010 0.00010 0.00007 .alpha.-Lindane 0.003 0.00060 0.00700 0.00200 0.00120 ND 0.00040 0.00020 .delta.-Lindane 0.003 0.00020 0.01510 0.00090 0.00070 ND 0.00010 0.00030 Endosulfan 0.006 0.00030 0.00130 0.00010 0.00020 ND 0.00010 0.00005 Endosulfan 1 0.006 0.00001 0.00010 0.00020 0.00080 0.00040 0.00030 0.00020 Endosulfan 11 0.006 0.00006 0.00040 0.00010 0.00010 0.00010 0.00020 0.00010 ADI is acceptable Daily Intake set by WHO [ 37 ]. Table 5 Health Risk Assessment based on Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of Pesticide Residues vegetables from Markets surrounding the Confluence at Lokoja, Nigeria in Children. Children ADI (mg/kg) Spinach Jute leaf Pumpkin leaf Okro Tomatoes Garden egg Cucumber Heptachlor 0.0001 0.10200 4.25000 0.72300 0.50700 0.01540 0.49100 0.139 Aldrin 0.0001 0.01540 0.01850 0.00928 0.01540 0.42600 0.00618 0.00618 Heptachlor epoxide 0.0001 0.01850 6.32000 0.73300 0.01230 0.14200 0.08040 0.0154 Dieldrin 0.0001 0.31200 8.33000 1.05000 2.22000 0.00618 0.10500 0.0464 Endrin 0.0002 0.05850 0.71000 0.47750 0.36800 0.04020 0.12950 0.1465 p,p'-DDE 0.01 0.00003 0.00006 0.00021 0.00012 0.00006 0.00009 0.00009 Endosulfan sulfate 0.006 0.00005 0.00050 0.00020 0.00036 0.00006 0.00009 0.00009 Methoxychlor 0.01 0.00024 0.00058 0.00024 0.00056 0.00003 0.000154 0.000556 Lindane 0.003 0.00010 0.00010 0.00080 0.00051 0.00061 0.00041 0.00009 .alpha.-Lindane 0.003 0.00270 0.03140 0.00820 0.05100 Nd 0.0019 0.0009 .delta.-Lindane 0.003 0.00110 0.06060 0.00390 0.00280 Nd 0.00072 0.00134 Endosulfan 0.006 0.00120 0.00530 0.00092 0.00087 Nd 0.000411 0.000205 Endosulfan 1 0.006 0.00005 0.00040 0.00103 0.00335 0.00175 0.00144 0.00108 Endosulfan 11 0.006 0.00025 0.00185 0.00067 0.00061 0.00046 0.00113 0.00046 ADI is acceptable Daily Intake set by WHO [ 37 ] While in Table 7 , children category, OCPs values greater than 1 were detected in the analyzed samples are as follows: dieldrin value in spinach was 1.387, the values of dieldrin, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide detected in jute leaf were respectively 37.020, 5.313 and 15.591, in pumpkin leaf there were detections of heptachlor epoxide at 1.850 and dieldrin at 4.666. While in okro detection of dieldrin was at 9.866 and tomatoes showed aldrin at 2.009.(Table 7 ) The hazard ratio (HR) > 1 means it could pose carcinogenic risk to its consumers and that the estimated daily intake of the pesticide through the vegetable intake exceeds the average daily intake [ 32 ]. The consumption of these vegetables contaminated with pesticide could pose potential carcinogenic effect for children and adult consumers. The HR > 1 indicate that the OCPs residues in the vegetable posed chronic human health risk most especially cancer [ 23 ]. This result is in agreement with the studies conducted by Akoto et al . [ 32 ], on baby foods. It was revealed that heptachlor and dieldrin detected in baby foods in Ghana had HR values > 1, thus, could pose carcinogenic risk to children. In contrast, Bolor et al . [ 38 ], reported that carcinogenic risk values for vegetables from all selected farms in Ghana were < 1. Aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide were listed as dangerous chemicals by Stockholm convention in 2001 while endosulfan was added in 2011, meaning all the chemicals are dangerous to human health and our environment which should not be used in crop production. The result of the present study agreed with the study of Osuala et al [ 39 ] which reported the concentration of heptachlor epoxide to be 43.03 mg/kg during dry season while concentration of m,p’-DDD was 0.004 mg/kg during wet season in vegetable farmland in Lagos state Nigeria. This showed a significant (p 1 for non-cancer risk and cancer risk > 10 − 6, thus a need for stringent monitoring programs for pesticides. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and USEPA also classified dieldrin, aldrin, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide as group 2B possibly carcinogenic to humans [ 40 , 41 ]. Thus, there is probability of individuals (both children and adult) developing cancer over a lifetime as a result of exposure to the OCPs residues in both vegetables. Table 6 Potential carcinogenic health risk estimation of OCP residues in Vegetables from markets in North-central, Nigeria in Adults CBC Spinach Jute Pumpkin Okro Tomatoes Garden egg Cucumber Heptachlor 2.87 x 10 − 4 0.008 0.369 0.063 0.043 0.001 0.042 0.012 Aldrin 7.61 x 10 − 4 0.0005 0.0006 0.0003 0.0005 0.0139 0.0002 0.0002 Heptachlor epoxide 1.42 x 10 − 4 0.003 1.112 0.1288 0.002 0.025 0.014 0.003 Dieldrin 8.08 x 10 − 4 0.0096 0.257 0.032 0.068 0.0002 0.003 0.001 Table 7 Potential carcinogenic health risk estimation of OCP residues in vegetables from markets in North central Nigeria in Children CBC Spinach Jute Pumpkin Okro Tomatoes Garden egg Cucumber Heptachlor 8.00 x 10 − 5 0.1275 5.3125 0.9037 0.6337 0.0193 0.6137 0.1738 Aldrin 2.12 x 10 − 5 0.0726 0.0872 0.0437 0.0726 2.0094 0.0291 0.0002 Heptachlor epoxide 3.96 x 10 − 5 0.0467 15.959 1.8510 0.0310 0.3585 0.2030 0.0388 Dieldrin 2.25 x 10 − 5 1.3866 37.020 4.6660 9.8660 0.0274 0.4666 0.2062 Implication of using Organochlorine Pesticides There are numerous implications associated with the use of OCPs. These implications can be classified into human health, environmental and economic implications. Human health implications: Human exposure to OCPs can lead to cause diseases like cancer (such as breast, postrate and lung cancer), neurological damage (tremors, seizures and cognitive impairment) immunological disorders, reproductive problems. Environmental implications: Long accumulation and persistency of OCPs in the soil and water can contaminate ecosystems affecting plants and aquatic lives. Economic implication: Accumulation of OCPs in the ecosystems can require costly clean-up and remediation efforts, also their presence in the soil can reduce soil fertility thereby causing low yield of crops. Limitations of the study Five composite samples from five major markets were considered in this investigation to assess the level and health risk of organochlorine pesticide residues accompanying consumption of vegetables cultivated around river Niger-Benue confluence in Lokoja. The sampling was done based on the scope of the study (Confluence town- Lokoja) although it may not be a good representative of the OCPs in the city. The limitation of this study was also on the instrument which was later rectified. We also experienced lack of finance which posed little delay. 4. Conclusion The analysis revealed that the vegetables contain organochlorine pesticide residues in varying concentrations. Doses above the reference of one were observed especially for heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide and dieldrin while for other organochlorine, hazard index for various residues revealed an HRI value below 1, suggesting that the pesticide residues, present in those samples pose no threat to human health. Consumption of these vegetables by children could pose both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic health risks. Adults are less likely to have any health risk from consuming these vegetables when compared to children. However, care should be taken since residues could accumulate and pose chronic health hazards. Laws on import and use of toxic pesticides should be enforced to reduce the risks associated with the consumption of contaminated vegetables. Farmers should be sensitized on the side effects of using agrochemicals, fertilizers and pesticides. Proper washing and cooking vegetables before consumption should also be encouraged so as to reduce the level of pesticide residues in food. Above all, environmentally friendly farming practices should be encouraged to reduce OCPs contamination in the environment and food chain. Declarations Data and Materials Availability Statement : All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files] Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge the chief Technologist of Central Research and Reference Laboratory, University of Lagos Nigeria for his assistance during the preparation, extraction and analysis of the samples. Funding This research was not funded by any person, organization or institution Ethics statement : The vegetable samples which include spinach,( Spinacia oleracea ), jute leaves, ( Corchorus olitorius L .), pumpkin, ( Telfairia occidentalis ), okro. (Abemoschus esculentus) , tomatoes, ( Lycopersicum esculentum ), garden egg, ( Solanum macrocarpum) and cucumber, ( Cucumis sativus ) were collected from five Local Government Areas (LGAs), namely Ofu, Kabba- Bunu, Ajaokuta, Lokoja and Bassa., surrounding the Niger-Benue confluence at Lokoja, in north central Nigeria. (Fig 1). These vegetable samples were purchased directly from farmers at the fringes of a major market in each LGA in January 2022. The collection and analysis of the vegetable samples used in the study complied with USEPA and WHO guidelines with no need of further affirmation. The guidelines are available respectively at www.popstoolkit.com/tools/HHRA/SFUSEPA.asp And https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/67734/WHO_PCS_02.3.pdf Author contributions Akinlotan, O.O. purchased all the samples from the selected major markets in the designated five Local Government Areas in Kogi State and prepared them for extraction and analysis. Akinlotan, O.O., Odika, I. M and Okoye, C.O.B participated in the extraction and analyzing the samples of organochlorine compounds. Akinlotan O.O. and Odika, I.M. drafted the manuscript while Okoye C.O.B vetted the manuscript. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Open Access: This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . Consent to participate Not applicable Consent to publish Not applicable Data availability The data described in this Data Note can be freely and openly accessed on [data file 2-8 depository] Please see table 1 and references [ Reference numbers ] for details of the data. Code availability Not applicable Clinical trial number : Not applicable References Ibeawuchi II, Okoli NA, Alagba RA, Ofor MO, Obiefuna JC, Emma-Okafor LC, Peter-Onoh CA, Obiefuna JC. (2015). Fruit and Vegetable Crop Production in Nigeria: The Gains, Challenges and The Way Forward. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare 5(2) https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/d6913729-49b6-325a-ba93-0caccd7940fe Dolapo BA, Luka A, Olugbenga OA, Victor ON, Christiana AU, Oladayo DO. Resource Use Efficiency and Profitability Analysis of Tomato Production (Lycopersicum Esculetum Species) in Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. Eur J Agric Food Sci. 2022;4:1–2. https://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejfood.2022.4.5.539 . 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5968584","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":436542483,"identity":"83d52415-ccd3-486c-bbe9-b0fb74e00ebb","order_by":0,"name":"Oluyinka O. Akinlotan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Kogi State College of Education (Technical) Kabba","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Oluyinka","middleName":"O.","lastName":"Akinlotan","suffix":""},{"id":436542484,"identity":"b1ecd6cd-6f24-4471-b093-b6c498d24072","order_by":1,"name":"Ifeoma M. Odika","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA6klEQVRIie2PsQrCMBCGrwR0iXaTiqCvcOIsvkok0ClKR8eCYBfRVdGHUATnFFcfoKMgOHVxK9LB003Q2FEw33D5h/tydwAWyw9SehSOAlx6NVAAEAWVelhUecKpC/UzFlCqNe2c0sBvdZJBHGeBD25ZIQtuhsUagrXXqNr7ZCi0hwrq0xTZcmZUSg2OI2efKNSII0AKrDL9rvR2C1IEKb2CiupvPFI0LYYUGM9MSn9Mt/hycUwxDtHn3vESHCrhZ6W1kvEpzWV3HqnONctl043k9szzzwqA8/ohfxTtTEzKe4xTLBaL5c+4AzT2TE962OMVAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ifeoma","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Odika","suffix":""},{"id":436542485,"identity":"21169e06-df02-4b8b-b41f-f70681705d57","order_by":2,"name":"Chukwuma O. B. Okoye","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Nigeria, Nsukka","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chukwuma","middleName":"O. B.","lastName":"Okoye","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-02-05 21:23:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5968584/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5968584/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":79693140,"identity":"9b921664-f67e-4f41-bcfb-e904435aabc6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 15:01:07","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":252045,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMap of Kogi State Showing the Sampling Locations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5968584/v1/6d1f1ff1de7a88a128f25fcd.png"},{"id":79693136,"identity":"01aa18cf-a6a9-4657-bfb3-e55ea386c4b1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 15:01:07","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":33865,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean concentration of organochlorine residues in different vegetables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5968584/v1/5ff5376607c6e527267061c1.png"},{"id":79693139,"identity":"15242964-9afe-42b0-9adf-5b71edb073b9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 15:01:07","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":31097,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEstimated daily intake of generally exposed adults to organochlorine residues in vegetables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5968584/v1/74e8b4d9f44718bb034401b0.png"},{"id":79694147,"identity":"98eaca3a-9020-49b3-b835-399fd9c7f045","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 15:09:07","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26806,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEstimated daily intakes of generally exposed children to organochlorine residues in vegetables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5968584/v1/4eb0e7b67eb280ae9ee0efbc.png"},{"id":83293261,"identity":"6830e042-670e-4737-92b1-2421bda0c195","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-22 13:23:19","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2071935,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5968584/v1/82e4fe23-a072-4b3c-86ad-98a2309d384b.pdf"},{"id":79693157,"identity":"9b039a4f-23af-48bd-94eb-e4774c848bc6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-01 15:01:09","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":9806124,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupportingInformationforPaperPublicationinDiscoverPublicHealth.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5968584/v1/8f859adaa9c2bb74000f5f11.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLevels and Health Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Residues in Vegetables from Rivers Niger-Benue Confluence in Lokoja, North Central, Nigeria\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eVegetable production in Nigeria is enormous, and figures are occasionally reported as the estimated yearly production. For instance, annual production levels of 3.8\u0026nbsp;million tonnes of onions and 6\u0026nbsp;million t onnes of tomatoes have been reported [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. A total area of one million hectares of land has been reported to be used for tomato cultivation annually, implying that the average daily consumption of vegetables in Nigerian homes should be about 18 percent [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Nigeria is ranked second largest producer of tomato in Africa and thirtieth largest in the world, producing 1.701\u0026nbsp;million tonnes of tomato annually at an average of 25\u0026ndash;30 tonnes per hectare [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Some of the vegetables grown in Nigeria include onion, okra, cucumber, garden eggs, pepper, amaranthus, carrot, melon, Corchorus olitorius (ewedu), Adansonia digtata (baobab leaves), pumpkin leaves, spinach, and so forth. The increased awareness of the health benefits of these vegetables has caused immense attention to their consumption in Nigeria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Vegetables constitute an essential part of our daily diet and have been linked to general health [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. As a result, pollutants in vegetables may endanger a large percentage of the population in Nigeria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. The majority of pollutants known as micropollutants are poisonous and persistent, affecting both human health and the ecosystem's normal operation. Micropollutants include trace metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticide residues (OCPs) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrganochlorine pesticide residues, OCPs are highly hydrophobic but very slowly degradeable and can accumulate in plants and animals with a potential to long range transport [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Originally created in 1884, these persistent chlorinated hydrocarbons were widely utilised in agriculture between the 1940s and 1960s [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. According to Dasika et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], pesticide residues are the deposits of the active ingredient, metabolites, or breakdown products of the pesticide that are found. Plants can absorb OCPs through their roots, stems and leaves and then store these in their tissues. This can increase the concentrations of these residues in the plant parts, posing a risk of contamination to consumers in the food chain including humans. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] When animals consume plants or other organisms contaminated by OCPs, these residues can accumulate in their bodies particularly in fatty tissues leading to biomagnification. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e] OCPs can enter waterways and soil through runoff or leaching contaminating aquatic life and other organisms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) conducts human health risk assessments to evaluate the potential health risks associated with exposure to OCPs. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] The EPA\u0026rsquo;s risk assessment process involves four steps: hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment and risk characterization. This process helps the agency to determine the potential health risks associated with exposure to OCPs and develop guidelines for safe exposure levels. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e] Hazard index (HI) is a numerical value used to assess the potential health risks associated with exposure to one or more hazardous substances by quantifying the level of risk posed by a particular substance or mixture of substances. HI is usually calculated by comparing the estimated exposure level to a substance with a reference dose (RfD) or a toxicity threshold. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] The hazard risk index (HRI) is a technique used to assess and communicate the level of risk posed by environmental pollutants such as chemicals, pesticides and heavy metals. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] If HRI is less than 1, the exposure level is considered safe and the risk of adverse health effects is low but when it is greater than 1, the risk is considered high. The study on the levels of Organochlorine pesticide residues in tissues of fish samples from River Benue, Vinikilang, Adamawa State, Nigeria revealed that all the organochlorine pesticides dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (o,p-DDE), 4,4\u0026rsquo;- dichlorodiphenyldichloroethan (p,p\u0026rsquo;-DDD),2,4\u0026rsquo;dichlorodiphenyldichloroethan (o,p\u0026rsquo;-DDD), 2,4\u0026rsquo;-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(o,p\u0026rsquo;-DDT),4,4\u0026rsquo;dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p\u0026rsquo;-DDT), metoxichlor, dieldrin and aldrin analyzed were detected in the samples and were lower than the maximum\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eresidue limits (MRLs) of 0.02 mg/kg and acceptable dietary intake (ADI) of 0.0001 mg /kg. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e] There had been report of the detection of these pesticide residues- lindane and p,p\u0026rsquo;-DDT in Catfish and Tilapia at the concentration levels ranging from 0.005 to 0.015 mg/kg [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] Lindane and p,p\u0026rsquo;-DDT were reported to show strong positive correlations with fat in a significant number of samples, implying a possible influence of fat on the accumulation of these pesticides. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] Reliance on pesticides is difficult to sustain because of the unanticipated long-term adverse effects on the environment and human health in particular. There have been reports of severe health consequences, including headache, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, convulsions, reproductive problems, neurotoxicity, hypertension, cardiovascular illnesses and cancer [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Humans are exposed to OCPs through skin contact, contaminated food consumption, and direct inhalation. Pesticides are used by farmers all over the world, including in Nigeria, as a preventative measure against the potential for catastrophic crop loss due to pests and diseases. As a result, pesticides have been used in Nigerian agriculture for many years to manage and eliminate crop pests as well as in the public health field to control disease vectors. However, within the past decade, the usage of pesticides in agriculture has rapidly increased. Vegetables are frequently treated with pesticides due to their vulnerability to disease and insect attacks. As a result, food safety is a global public concern. The confluence of the Niger and Benue rivers at Lokoja encourages a lot of vegetable farming, particularly in the local government areas that surround it. As the bridge connecting Nigeria's northern and southern states, Lokoja is ideally located. This study examined fourteen distinct organochlorine insecticides (p,p\u0026prime;-DDE, lindane, α-lindane, β-lindane, methoxychlor, endosulfan, endosulfan I, endosulfan II, endosulfan sulphate, aldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide and p dieldrin) in the following vegetable samples \u0026ndash; spinach, jute leaf, pumpkin leaf, okro, tomatoes, garden egg and cucumber. The levels of OCP residues in the vegetable samples were assessed and the possible health risks to humans from consuming contaminated vegetables were calculated to ensure safety of their consumption. This study is relevant because the outcome will guide in policy and decision \u0026ndash; making, help to develop effective remediation strategies and also improve human health and sustainable environment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and method","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Study Area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNigeria's north central region, which includes Kogi State and the other five states, is a distinctive agricultural belt that produces a wide range of vegetables [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e].The study area covers five Local Government Areas (LGAs), namely Ofu, Kabba-Bunu, Ajaokuta, Lokoja and Bassa., surrounding the Niger-Benue confluence at Lokoja, in north central Nigeria (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The areas were chosen because of their nearness to rivers Niger and Benue. Vegetables are mostly planted along these areas and provides vegetable for the populace throughout the year. These vegetables are readily available around these areas and consume it a lot.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2.3. Sampling and Sample Preparation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVegetable samples were purchased directly from farmers at the fringes of a major market in each LGA as follows at their latitudes and longitudes respectively: Itobe market (Ofu LGA)7˚41̍ N and 6˚71̍ E, Kabba market (Kabba \u0026ndash; Bunu LGA), 7˚82̍ N and 6˚07̍ E, Ganaja market (Ajaokuta LGA) 7˚80̍ N and 6˚73̍ E, Karara/ Kakanda market (Lokoja LGA)8˚18̍ N and 6˚59̍ E and Shintaku Market (Bassa LGA) 7˚77̍ N and 7˚02̍ E.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMap of Nigeria showing Kogi State in North Central Region\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe vegetable samples include spinach, (\u003cem\u003eSpinacia oleracea\u003c/em\u003e), jute leaves, (\u003cem\u003eCorchorus olitorius L\u003c/em\u003e.), pumpkin, \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003e\u003cem\u003eTelfairia occidentalis\u003c/em\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e, okro. \u003cem\u003e(Abemoschus esculentus)\u003c/em\u003e, tomatoes, (\u003cem\u003eLycopersicum esculentum\u003c/em\u003e), garden egg, \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003e\u003cem\u003eSolanum macrocarpum)\u003c/em\u003e and cucumber, (\u003cem\u003eCucumis sativus\u003c/em\u003e). Vegetable samples were washed and put in baskets to drip and air dry. Leafy vegetables (spinach, pumpkin and jute leaves) were later put in an oven at 105 ℃ until adhering water has completely evaporated. The samples were cut into small pieces with knife and 5 g of triplicate samples of each vegetable were put together and thoroughly mixed to produce a composite sample.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2.4 Extraction and Clean-up\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2 g portions of the composite samples were weighed and blended in a pre \u0026ndash; cleaned 250 mL conical flask. About 50 mL of mixture (1:1) of n-Hexane and Dichloromethane was added. Solvent extraction was carried out by ultrasonication. The mixture was shaken and allowed to stand for 30 min and then filtered [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], the extraction was repeated and filtered. The extracts were combined and cleaned up in a packed glass column as follows. The column was packed with activated silica gel covered with 1 g anhydrous sodium sulphate and conditioned by eluting with dichloromethane/hexane (50/50) mixture. The extracts were demoisturized over the anhydrous granulated sodium sulphate. The extract was later eluted by using a mixture of dichloromethane/hexane/acetonitrile (50/49/1.0). The fractions were concentrated to 1 mL and ready for GC MS analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2.5. Quality assurance and control\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrecision and accuracy of the procedure was investigated by carrying out recovery analysis. Limit of detection, LOD was determined by continuous dilution and analysis of standard solution until the least concentration was obtained at the signal to noise ratio of 3. Limit of quantification, LOQ was determined by continuous dilution and analysis of standard until the least concentration was obtained at signal to noise ratio of 10. The quality assurance protocol was obtained by determining OCP concentrations in spiked and un-spiked samples. 20 ppm environmental OCP standard solutions were prepared in 50 mL volumetric flasks. Three portions (2 g) of blended vegetables were accurately weighed. One was unspiked while the others were spiked with 1 mL of the OCP standards. The spiked and unspiked samples were then taken through the extraction process by sonication. The extracts were cleaned up and analysed for OCP using GC-MS. The % recoveries were calculated as follows:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e% \u0026#119877;\u0026#119890;\u0026#119888;\u0026#119900;\u0026#119907;\u0026#119890;\u0026#119903;\u0026#119910; = \u0026#119883;\u0026minus;\u0026#119884; / \u0026#119885; \u0026times; 100 Equation 1\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere X\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;concentration of spiked sample; and Y\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;concentration of unspiked sample\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eZ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;concentration of the spike added\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2.6. Determination of OCPs\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOrganochlorine analysis was carried out with an Agilent technology 7890, series A, gas chromatography unit (Avondale, USA) interfaced with a mass selective detector (5975 series MSD, Agilent, Avondale, USA). The carrier gas used was Helium at 99.9% purity. Separation of OCP was performed using a model technologies HP5MS of column type: DB-17 fused silica capillary column; column dimension: 30 m \u0026times; 0.32 mm \u0026times; 0.25 \u0026micro;m film thickness at a temperature range of 60 to 280 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. The injector port was run in splitless mode, injection temperature is 200 ℃. The initial oven temperature was 60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for 0.5 min, and rose finally to 140 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC at a rate of 20 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC/min to 280 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. At 280 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC ramping was changed from 11 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC/min and maintained at this temperature for 23 min. Stock solutions were used to establish the retention time of each analyte. Detection of OCPs was carried out using scan mode, which was designed for preselected ion peaks; non-selected peaks were not identified and quantified.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e2.7. Statistical Analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine whether the concentrations of the OCPs varied significantly within and between the groups (the OCPs and the different vegetables samples), with values less than 0.05 (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) considered to be statistically significant. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences, SPSS version 16.0 for Windows.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.8. Health risk assessment for Organochlorine Pesticide residue\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe health risk assessment of OCPs were considered from two perspectives\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cul\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotential non- carcinogenic health risk and\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarcinogenic health risk\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003c/ul\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese were computed using three basic standard indices: The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Cancer Benchmark Concentration (CBC) and the Health Risk Index (HRI). Estimated Daily Intakes (EDIs) of a pesticide residue and food consumption assumption were used to determine long term health risks to consumers. The EDI was obtained by multiplying the mean residual pesticide concentration (mg /kg) in the food of interest and the food consumption rate (kg /d) and dividing by body weight [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Consumption rate for vegetable is 46.4 g/person/day [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEDI = (F x Cr)/mean body weight Eq.\u0026nbsp;2\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth risk index (HRI) was calculated using Eq.\u0026nbsp;3.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHRI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;EDI/ADI Eq.\u0026nbsp;3\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis was done based on the levels of the OCP residues found in the food samples. Estimated daily intakes (EDI) were determined and compared with the established acceptable daily intake (ADI) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Estimated daily intake was found by multiplying the residual pesticide concentration (mg/kg) by the food consumption rate (kg/ day) and dividing by body weight.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;food consumption data, and Cr is the concentration of the residue in the food sample.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor carcinogenic effects, the Hazard Ratio (HR) were calculated using the equation below [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e] .\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEstimated Daily Intake/ Cancer Benchmark Concentration Eq.\u0026nbsp;4\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhere.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRisk is the maximum acceptable risk level (1 \u0026times; 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/sup\u003e). The Cancer Benchmark Concentration (CBC) for carcinogenic effect is derived by setting the risk to one in one million due to lifetime exposure. The Oral Slope Factors (OSFs), 1 mg/kg-day for the pesticides were obtained from USEPA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCBC\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Risk \u0026times; Body Weight/ Consumption rate \u0026times; Oral Slope Factor Eq.\u0026nbsp;5\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe average body weight of Nigerian adults equals 60 kg while the Average body weight of Nigerian child equals 15 kg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"3. Results and Discussions","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe LOD obtained ranged from 0.00004ppm to 0.0016ppm while LOQ varied from 0.00012ppm to 0.0048ppm. The average percentage recovery obtained was 76% .This showed that the method applied was very efficient and precise since the recommended recoveries by United States Environmental Protection Agency, US EPA ranges from 50\u0026ndash;120%.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe mean concentrations of the OCP residues in the vegetables studied are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. All the analyzed vegetable samples were contaminated by one or more pesticide residues which demonstrates a widespread nature of these persistent compounds. The concentrations of the OCPs varied significantly (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) among different samples of the vegetables. A significant difference (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) also occurred between the mean concentrations and the reference dose using one sample t-test as well as within a particular sample. Mean concentrations with different alphabet along each row are significantly different at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 using the Duncan New Multiple Range Test. The mean concentrations of Σ14 OCPs in these vegetables ranged from 0.025\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.013 (in cucumber) to 0.766\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.300 mg/kg (in jute leaves) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Dieldrin also in jute leaves have the highest mean concentration level of 0.2045\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0593 mg/kg. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) Endosulfan, alpha lindane and delta lindane were not detectable in tomato sample.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e presented the estimated daily intakes (mg/kg bw/day) of generally exposed adults and children to organochlorine residues in vegetables respectively. Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e present the health risk assessment based on Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of pesticide residues in vegetables from markets surrounding the study area, Rivers Niger/Benue for adults and children respectively. The calculated risk indices were less than 1 in most cases for adults and children, except in the cases of heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide and dieldrin detected in jute leaf for adults and children, and dieldrin in pumpkin leaf and okro for children.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean concentrations (mg/kg FW) of organochlorine residues in different vegetables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpinach\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJute leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePumpkin leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOkro\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTomatoes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGarden egg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCucumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAverage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRfD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeptachlor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0033\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0011\u003csup\u003eb*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1377\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0542\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0234\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0097\u003csup\u003eb*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0164\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0072\u003csup\u003eb*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0005\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0003\u003csup\u003eb(*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0159\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0063\u003csup\u003eb*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0045\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0014\u003csup\u003eb*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0288\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAldrin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0005\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003csup\u003eb*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0006\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003csup\u003eb*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003csup\u003eb*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0005\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0004\u003csup\u003eb*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0138\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0086\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0002\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003csup\u003eb*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0002\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003csup\u003eb*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0023\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeptachlor epoxide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0006\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0003\u003csup\u003eb*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2045\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0593\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0237\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0108\u003csup\u003eb*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0004\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003csup\u003eb*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0046\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0030\u003csup\u003eb*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0026\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0013\u003csup\u003eb*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0005\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0002\u003csup\u003eb*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0339\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0143\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDieldrin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0101\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0036\u003csup\u003eb*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2696\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0788\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0341\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0152\u003csup\u003eb*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0720\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0425\u003csup\u003eb*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0002\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003csup\u003eb*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0034\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0010\u003csup\u003eb*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0015\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0003\u003csup\u003eb*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0559\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0195\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndrin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0038\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0009\u003csup\u003eb*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0461\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0218\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0309\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0170\u003csup\u003eab*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0238\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0193\u003csup\u003eab*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0026\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0020\u003csup\u003eb*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0084\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0026\u003csup\u003eab*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0095\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0055\u003csup\u003eab*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0179\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep,p'-DDE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00004\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0002\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0002\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0007\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0004\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0004\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0003\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0002\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0002\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndosulfan sulfate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0011\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0003\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0005\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00037\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0007\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0004\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0002\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0002\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0005\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethoxychlor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0008\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0002\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0019\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0005\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0008\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0003\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0018\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0000\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0005\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0002\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0018\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0007\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0011\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLindane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00004\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0008\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0005\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0005\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0003\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0006\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0004\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0004\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0002\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0004\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.alpha.-Lindane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0027\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0011\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0305\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0212\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0080\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0061\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0050\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0026\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0019\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0019\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0009\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0009\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0070\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.delta.-Lindane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0011\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0004\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0589\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0528\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0038\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0033\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0028\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0020\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0007\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0006\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0013\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0013\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0098\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0077\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndosulfan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0024\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0011\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0104\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0077\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0014\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0011\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0017\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0010\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0008\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0005\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0004\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0004\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0024\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndosulfan 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0001\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0009\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0006\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0020\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0017\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0065\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0055\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0034\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0023\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0028\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0017\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0021\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0014\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0026\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eendosulfan 11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0005\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0005\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0036\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0023\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0013\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0008\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0012\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0008\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0009\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0009\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0022\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0015\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0009\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0004\u003csup\u003ea*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0015\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eƩ OCPs\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0261\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0095\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.7660\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3000\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.1316\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0674\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.1338\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0834\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0271\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0179\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0404\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0182\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0246\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0129\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eND- Not detected; NA- Not accessed; RfD-Reference dose; means with different alphabet along each row are significantly different at P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 using Duncan New Multiple Range Test; *- Significant difference between the concentration and the reference dose using one sample t-test\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimated daily intakes (mg/kg bw/day) of generally exposed adults to organochlorine residues in vegetables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdults\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpinach\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJute leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePumpkin leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOkro\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTomatoes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGarden egg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCucumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeptachlor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.55E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.80E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.86E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.48E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAldrin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.86E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.64E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.32E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.86E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeptachlor epoxide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.64E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.58E-04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.83E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.09E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.55E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.01E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.86E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDieldrin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.81E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08E-04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.63E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.56E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.62E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndrin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.93E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.56E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.38E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.01E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.49E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.34E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep,p'-DDE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.73E-08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.41E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.09E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.32E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.32E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndosulfan sulfate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.73E-08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.50E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.86E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.41E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.32E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.32E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethoxychlor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.18E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.46E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.18E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.39E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.73E-08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.86E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.39E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLindane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.73E-08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.73E-08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.18E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.86E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.64E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.09E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.32E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.alpha.-Lindane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.06E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.359E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.18E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.86E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.46E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.96E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.delta.-Lindane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.50E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.55E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.93E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.16E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.41E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndosulfan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.85E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.04E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00E-00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.18E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.09E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndosulfan 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.73E-08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.96E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.02E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.62E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.16E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.62E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndosulfan 11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.86E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.78E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.28E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.96E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.70E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.96E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEstimated daily intakes (mg/kg bw/day) of generally exposed children to organochlorine residues in vegetables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChildren\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpinach\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJute leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePumpkin leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOkro\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTomatoes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGarden egg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCucumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeptachlor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.25E-04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.23E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.07E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.91E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.39E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAldrin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.85E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.28E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.26E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.18E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.18E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeptachlor epoxide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.85E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.32E-04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.33E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.42E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.04E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDieldrin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.12E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.33E-04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05E-04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.22E-04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.18E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.64E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndrin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.42E-04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.55E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.36E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.04E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.59E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.93E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep,p'-DDE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.09E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.18E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.16E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.18E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.28E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.28E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndosulfan sulfate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.09E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.40E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.16E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.18E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.28E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.28E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethoxychlor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.47E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.87E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.47E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.56E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.09E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.56E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLindane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.09E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.09E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.47E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.85E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.28E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.alpha.-Lindane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.35E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.43E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.47E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.87E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.78E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.delta.-Lindane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.40E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.82E-04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.17E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.66E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00E\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.16E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.02E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndosulfan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.42E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.21E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.33E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.25E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00E-00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.47E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndosulfan 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.09E-07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.78E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.18E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.01E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.66E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.49E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndosulfan 11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11E-05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.02E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.71E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.78E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.80E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.78E-06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe potential non-carcinogenic health risk estimations of OCPs (in mg/Kg) detected for heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide and dieldrin in jute leaf were respectively 1.060, 1.580 and 2.080 in adults (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) while in children, the values were 4.250, 6.320, 8.330 respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), very much greater than 1. Also, dieldrin was detected in pumpkin at 1.050 and 2.220 in okro in children. The result showed the highest concentration of dieldrin in jute leaves among other analyzed vegetable samples. (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e) The following OCPs: endosulfan, alpha-lindane, and delta-lindane were not detected in tomato sample.(Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e) Vegetables with an index of greater than 1 indicates that consumption is unsafe for human health [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR32\" citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. So, there is therefore a need for close monitoring of these particular residues in vegetables cultivated in the vicinity of the Niger/Benue confluence, especially. Endosulfan sulfate, endosulfan, endosulfan 1 and endosulfan 11 in the vegetables had HRI values\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1 for the non-carcinogenic health risk. The estimates of the health risks obtained in adults and children category from the analysed vegetable samples are the same with the analysis of health risk estimates of OCPs in amaranths and fluted pumpkin obtained from markets and farms in south western Nigeria with HRI values for endosulfan in the vegetables [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. Adefemi \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e], reported that heptachlor, aldrin and heptachlor epoxide detected in \u003cem\u003eSenecio biafrae\u003c/em\u003e (worowo), a type of vegetable from Ekiti state, Nigeria posed non-carcinogenic health risk to children. Whereas in this study only heptachlor and its epoxide posed non-carcinogenic health risk to children. Donkor \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e], detected that heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide present in tomatoes from Ghana pose health risk to children and Bempah \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e], also in a related study reported endrin in vegetables from another study area in Ghana posed risk to children. Their results are not the same with the results obtained in this present work as the values of heptachlor, its epoxide and endrin are lower than 1.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results for the carcinogenic health risks involved in consumption of vegetables from markets in North-central, Nigeria in adults and children were respectively summarized in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. For adult category, heptachlor epoxide value detected in jute leaf was 1.112 and showed HR\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1.(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth Risk Assessment based on Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of Pesticide Residues vegetables from Markets surrounding the Confluence at Lokoja, Nigeria in Adults\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdults\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADI (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpinach\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJute leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePumpkin leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOkro\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTomatoes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGarden egg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCucumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeptachlor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.06000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03480\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAldrin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00400\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00460\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00232\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeptachlor epoxide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.58000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00309\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03550\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00386\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDieldrin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.02620\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01160\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndrin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11900\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03245\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03670\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep,p'-DDE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndosulfan sulfate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethoxychlor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00013\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLindane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.alpha.-Lindane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00060\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00700\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.delta.-Lindane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01510\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00090\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00030\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndosulfan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00030\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00130\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndosulfan 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00080\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00030\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndosulfan 11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eADI is acceptable Daily Intake set by WHO [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth Risk Assessment based on Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of Pesticide Residues vegetables from Markets surrounding the Confluence at Lokoja, Nigeria in Children.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChildren\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eADI (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpinach\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJute leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePumpkin leaf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOkro\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTomatoes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGarden egg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCucumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeptachlor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.25000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50700\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAldrin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01850\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00928\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01540\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42600\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00618\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00618\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeptachlor epoxide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01850\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.32000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73300\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01230\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDieldrin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.33000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.22000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00618\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10500\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0464\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndrin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05850\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.71000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47750\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36800\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12950\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1465\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ep,p'-DDE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndosulfan sulfate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00050\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00036\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMethoxychlor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00058\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00024\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000154\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000556\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLindane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00010\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00080\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00061\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00041\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.alpha.-Lindane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00270\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00820\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0019\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.delta.-Lindane\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00110\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06060\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00390\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00280\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00134\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndosulfan\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00120\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00530\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00092\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00087\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000411\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.000205\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndosulfan 1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00040\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00335\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00108\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEndosulfan 11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00185\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00067\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00061\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00046\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00113\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00046\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eADI is acceptable Daily Intake set by WHO [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, children category, OCPs values greater than 1 were detected in the analyzed samples are as follows: dieldrin value in spinach was 1.387, the values of dieldrin, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide detected in jute leaf were respectively 37.020, 5.313 and 15.591, in pumpkin leaf there were detections of heptachlor epoxide at 1.850 and dieldrin at 4.666. While in okro detection of dieldrin was at 9.866 and tomatoes showed aldrin at 2.009.(Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e) The hazard ratio (HR)\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1 means it could pose carcinogenic risk to its consumers and that the estimated daily intake of the pesticide through the vegetable intake exceeds the average daily intake [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. The consumption of these vegetables contaminated with pesticide could pose potential carcinogenic effect for children and adult consumers. The HR\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1 indicate that the OCPs residues in the vegetable posed chronic human health risk most especially cancer [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis result is in agreement with the studies conducted by Akoto \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e], on baby foods. It was revealed that heptachlor and dieldrin detected in baby foods in Ghana had HR values\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1, thus, could pose carcinogenic risk to children. In contrast, Bolor \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e], reported that carcinogenic risk values for vegetables from all selected farms in Ghana were \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1. Aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide were listed as dangerous chemicals by Stockholm convention in 2001 while endosulfan was added in 2011, meaning all the chemicals are dangerous to human health and our environment which should not be used in crop production. The result of the present study agreed with the study of Osuala \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e] which reported the concentration of heptachlor epoxide to be 43.03 mg/kg during dry season while concentration of m,p\u0026rsquo;-DDD was 0.004 mg/kg during wet season in vegetable farmland in Lagos state Nigeria. This showed a significant (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) increase in dry season when compared to wet season. The result of their study revealed that the risk assessment indicated HR\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;1 for non-cancer risk and cancer risk\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6, thus a need for stringent monitoring programs for pesticides. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and USEPA also classified dieldrin, aldrin, heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide as group 2B possibly carcinogenic to humans [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. Thus, there is probability of individuals (both children and adult) developing cancer over a lifetime as a result of exposure to the OCPs residues in both vegetables.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotential carcinogenic health risk estimation of OCP residues in Vegetables from markets in North-central, Nigeria in Adults\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCBC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpinach\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJute\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePumpkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOkro\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTomatoes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGarden egg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCucumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeptachlor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.87 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.369\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.063\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAldrin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.61 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0139\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeptachlor epoxide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.42 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1288\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDieldrin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.08 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0096\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.257\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.068\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotential carcinogenic health risk estimation of OCP residues in vegetables from markets in North central Nigeria in Children\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCBC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpinach\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJute\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePumpkin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOkro\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTomatoes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGarden egg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCucumber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeptachlor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.00 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1275\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9037\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6337\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0193\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6137\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1738\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAldrin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.12 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0726\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0872\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0437\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0726\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0094\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0291\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0002\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeptachlor epoxide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.96 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0467\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.959\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8510\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0310\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3585\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2030\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0388\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDieldrin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.25 x 10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3866\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.020\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6660\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8660\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0274\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4666\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2062\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eImplication of using Organochlorine Pesticides\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are numerous implications associated with the use of OCPs. These implications can be classified into human health, environmental and economic implications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHuman health implications: Human exposure to OCPs can lead to cause diseases like cancer (such as breast, postrate and lung cancer), neurological damage (tremors, seizures and cognitive impairment) immunological disorders, reproductive problems. Environmental implications: Long accumulation and persistency of OCPs in the soil and water can contaminate ecosystems affecting plants and aquatic lives. Economic implication: Accumulation of OCPs in the ecosystems can require costly clean-up and remediation efforts, also their presence in the soil can reduce soil fertility thereby causing low yield of crops.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLimitations of the study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFive composite samples from five major markets were considered in this investigation to assess the level and health risk of organochlorine pesticide residues accompanying consumption of vegetables cultivated around river Niger-Benue confluence in Lokoja. The sampling was done based on the scope of the study (Confluence town- Lokoja) although it may not be a good representative of the OCPs in the city. The limitation of this study was also on the instrument which was later rectified. We also experienced lack of finance which posed little delay.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe analysis revealed that the vegetables contain organochlorine pesticide residues in varying concentrations. Doses above the reference of one were observed especially for heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide and dieldrin while for other organochlorine, hazard index for various residues revealed an HRI value below 1, suggesting that the pesticide residues, present in those samples pose no threat to human health. Consumption of these vegetables by children could pose both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic health risks. Adults are less likely to have any health risk from consuming these vegetables when compared to children. However, care should be taken since residues could accumulate and pose chronic health hazards. Laws on import and use of toxic pesticides should be enforced to reduce the risks associated with the consumption of contaminated vegetables. Farmers should be sensitized on the side effects of using agrochemicals, fertilizers and pesticides. Proper washing and cooking vegetables before consumption should also be encouraged so as to reduce the level of pesticide residues in food. Above all, environmentally friendly farming practices should be encouraged to reduce OCPs contamination in the environment and food chain.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData and Materials Availability Statement\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors acknowledge the chief Technologist of Central Research and Reference Laboratory, University of Lagos Nigeria for his assistance during the preparation, extraction and analysis of the samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was not funded by any person, organization or institution\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics statement\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe vegetable samples which include spinach,(\u003cem\u003eSpinacia oleracea\u003c/em\u003e), jute leaves, (\u003cem\u003eCorchorus olitorius L\u003c/em\u003e.), pumpkin, \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTelfairia occidentalis\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e),\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eokro. \u003cem\u003e(Abemoschus esculentus)\u003c/em\u003e, tomatoes, (\u003cem\u003eLycopersicum esculentum\u003c/em\u003e), garden egg, \u003cstrong\u003e(\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003eSolanum macrocarpum)\u003c/em\u003e and cucumber, (\u003cem\u003eCucumis sativus\u003c/em\u003e) were collected from five Local Government Areas (LGAs), namely Ofu, Kabba- Bunu, Ajaokuta, Lokoja and Bassa., surrounding the Niger-Benue confluence at Lokoja, in north central Nigeria. (Fig 1).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThese vegetable samples were purchased directly from farmers at the fringes of a major market in each LGA \u0026nbsp; in January 2022. The collection and analysis of the vegetable samples used in the study complied with USEPA and WHO guidelines with no need of further affirmation. The guidelines are available respectively at www.popstoolkit.com/tools/HHRA/SFUSEPA.asp \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnd \u0026nbsp;https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/67734/WHO_PCS_02.3.pdf\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAkinlotan, O.O. purchased all the samples from the selected major markets in the designated five Local \u0026nbsp; Government Areas in Kogi State and prepared them for extraction and analysis.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAkinlotan, O.O., Odika, I. M \u0026nbsp; and Okoye, C.O.B participated in the extraction and analyzing the samples of organochlorine compounds.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAkinlotan O.O. and Odika, I.M. drafted the manuscript while Okoye C.O.B vetted the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOpen Access:\u003c/strong\u003e This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article\u0026apos;s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article\u0026apos;s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit \u003cu\u003ehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\u003c/u\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to publish \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data described in this Data Note can be freely and openly accessed on \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e[data file 2-8 depository]\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e Please see table 1 and references [\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eReference numbers\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e] for details of the data.\u003cem\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial number\u003c/strong\u003e: Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIbeawuchi II, Okoli NA, Alagba RA, Ofor MO, Obiefuna JC, Emma-Okafor LC, Peter-Onoh CA, Obiefuna JC. 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(2024) Occurrence and seasonal variation of organochlorine pesticides in selected vegetable farmlands in Lagos State, Nigeria. \u003cem\u003eEnviron Anal Health Toxicol\u003c/em\u003e 2024;39: e2024013 \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.5620/eaht.2024013\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.5620/eaht.2024013\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eInternational Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization and International Agency for Research. 2001. Agents Classified by the on Cancer Monograph 1(122), 17. 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Available at. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/substances/toxsubsta nce.asp?\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/substances/toxsubsta nce.asp?\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e toxid\u0026frac14;135.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Organochlorine Pesticides, GC-MS, Vegetables, Pollution, Heptachlor","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5968584/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5968584/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eOrganochlorine pesticide residues, OCPs are group of synthetic chemicals containing chlorine, hydrogen, carbon and are highly hydrophobic, slowly biodegradable. They are commonly used as insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and can accumulate in plants and animals with a potential to long range transport. These chlorinated hydrocarbons are persistence, toxic, hazardous and have been linked to various environmental contaminations and health challenges such as cancer, neurological damage, immunological disorder and reproductive problems. This study aimed at determining the levels of OCPs and their health risk in order to ascertain the status of consuming these vegetables from this part of Nigeria. The study investigated the levels and health risk of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) residues in vegetables (spinach, jute leaf, pumpkin leaf, okro, tomatoes, garden egg and cucumber) cultivated around rivers Niger-Benue confluence in Lokoja, North Central, Nigeria. Concentrations of OCPs were determined in vegetable samples collected from major markets in five local government areas in the vicinity of the confluence after extraction by sonication using 1:1 dichloromethane \u0026ndash; hexane mixture as solvent followed by clean\u0026ndash;up with activated silica gel. Recovery test was carried out to ensure the accuracy of the method. Gas Chromatography \u0026ndash; Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used in the determination of the OCPs. The health risk indices (HRI) (which is a technique used to assess and communicate the level of risk posed by environmental pollutants) of consuming the analysed vegetables were assessed according to the USEPA guidelines, whereby the estimated daily intake (EDI) was compared with the acceptable daily intake (ADI). The average recovery of 76% was obtained. The highest non carcinogenic health index values of 8.33, 6.32 and 4.61 were found for dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide and heptachlor in jute leaves while the highest potential carcinogenic health index value of 37.020 was found for dieldrin also in jute leaves. The HRI values of heptachlor, its epoxide and dieldrin obtained exceeded the standard limits (1 mg/kg). The values of OCPs detected in analyzed samples were very much higher than standard limit of 1 mg/kg established by USEPA and are likely to pose a threat to human health.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Levels and Health Risk Assessment of Organochlorine Residues in Vegetables from Rivers Niger-Benue Confluence in Lokoja, North Central, Nigeria","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-01 15:01:03","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5968584/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"81797851-2e79-444d-abbe-10411bb419ae","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 1st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-05-22T13:23:09+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-01 15:01:03","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5968584","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5968584","identity":"rs-5968584","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}