Accelerated UV Degradation Behavior of High Tensile Nylon 6, 6 Webbings

Accelerated UV Degradation Behavior of High Tensile Nylon 6, 6 Webbings | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Accelerated UV Degradation Behavior of High Tensile Nylon 6, 6 Webbings Nilesh Rajendran, Emiel DenHartog This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6580768/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 10 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of Polymer Research → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The paper sought to investigate the UV degradation behaviour of high tensile nylon 6, 6 webbings used in military applications. Following the military specification MIL-DTL-4088, webbings of 4 colors – navy, black, tan and white, were selected. The webbings were then subjected to a modified ASTM D2565 test standard in xenon-arc Weather-Ometer with 1.5x narrowband irradiance or 0.83 W/m 2 ∙ nm at 340nm under Arizona conditions (43°C, 30% RH). SEM analysis showed no morphological changes even after 15 days of continuous exposure, contrary to literature available on degradation of nylon polymer. However, FTIR spectroscopy showed evidence of change in molecular structure of nylon webbings with increasing UV exposure duration. The finding showed that the peak at 1740cm − 1 associated with -COOH bond energy increased as exposure increased confirming hydrolysis phenomena being initiated by UV radiation. This was also confirmed by tensile test results, that showed that the strength of the webbings decreased by 20% for all color expect white webbings. The full factorial analysis showed that while exposure duration increased degradation, color of webbing also played an important role which could be the result of the dye chemistry associated with different colors. This study highlights the use of chemical characterization techniques to understand UV degradation in nylon 6, 6. Further analytical chemistry tools are necessary to quantify and correlate the chemical changes in the nylon 6, 6 webbings to breaking strength loss due to UV degradation. UV Degradation Nylon 6 6 Technical Textiles Webbings FTIR Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 1. Introduction The versatility of textile products and process allows it to be used in various end uses other than fashion, which tends to be the main known application of textiles. Technical Textiles are textile products with performance as their primary goal [ 1 ]. Technical Textiles products can range from automotive textiles such as tire cords and oil filters, to more critical end use like medical textiles- such as vascular grafts and cell scaffolds. Hence, the performance of these textile products is very critical and is prioritized over aesthetics. Many technical textile products such as geotextiles, automotive textiles and military textiles are used outdoors and should be able to withstand both environmental and physical conditions during their service life [ 1 ], [ 2 ]. Military textiles are a classification of technical textiles which are used in critical applications during military drills and wars. A broad range of textile products are used in military equipment such as tents, tactical shelters, rigid walls, tarpaulins, vehicle, and gun covers, equipment webbings, parachutes etc. [ 3 ], [ 4 ], [ 5 ], [ 6 ]. One critical application is payload logistics and personnel deployment such as airdrop equipment, harnesses, and parachutes etc., where the failure of textiles during service can lead to critical loss of resources and life. Harnesses play a crucial role in securing payloads and personnel during deployment [ 7 ]. These harnesses need to have high tensile strength, lightweight and should be able to withstand extreme temperatures and weather conditions [ 3 ], [ 5 ], [ 7 ]. These harnesses are usually flat strips of narrow woven fabric called webbings. The webbings have a rectangular cross-section which reduces the thickness while distributing load evenly [ 6 ]. Their unique shape and size can be easily fitted into buckles, making it desirable to be used in harnesses. The extensive use of these webbings in the outdoor environment, subject them to a phenomenon called weathering. Weathering or natural weathering are the changes in chemical and physical properties caused by sunlight, heat, moisture, pollutants, and a combination thereof [ 8 ], [ 9 ], [ 10 ]. Various components of the polymers also interact with the weathering factors and can induce chemical changes in the polymer backbone. Polymers undergo changes in their chemical structure resulting in chain scission, oxidation, discoloration, erosion, surface roughening, cracking, embrittlement, etc. These chemical changes lead to degradation of physical properties such as tensile strength, elongation etc., [ 8 ], [ 9 ], [ 10 ]. But on the whole weathering is complicated and the multitudes of variables involved make it very difficult to understand. In this study we focus on the ultraviolet radiation (UV) contributed to degradation in high tensile webbing. Exposure to UV is one of the major contributors to the wear and tear of technical textiles in weathering. UV radiation causes photooxidative degradation which results in the breaking of polymer chains, production of free radicals, and decrease in molecular weight. This often leads to significant reduction in mechanical properties of the technical textiles, and eventually performance failure after an unpredictable time [ 11 ], [ 12 ]. However, there is still some ambiguity in the literature available on the UV degradation of technical textiles, especially on lab based accelerated UV degradation, while generally accepted there is still a lot of debate on their reliability. Hence this study seeks to map the accelerated UV degradation behavior of high tensile nylon 6, 6 webbings through morphological, chemical and mechanical characterization techniques. 2. Experimental Section Military textiles often undergo stringent testing protocols prior to their deployment [ 3 ], [ 5 ], [ 13 ]. There has always been a drive to increase the shelf life and service life of military textiles. Failure of any military textile component can lead to catastrophic results and sometimes even loss of personnel. Therefore, to extend the useful life of military textiles it is imperative to first understand the mechanisms associated with degradation [ 14 ], [ 15 ]. This study seeks to understand the UV degradation behavior of webbings used in military bases situated in the harsh environmental conditions of Arizona. 2.1 Materials The four webbings of different colors (white, navy, black, and tan) were provided by Bally Ribbon Mills (Bally, PA, USA). The selected webbings comply with the following requirements listed in Table 1 as per the military specification MIL-DTL-4088 [ 16 ]. Table 1 MIL-DTL-4088 Specifications [ 16 ] Classification Class 1 – Critical use (shuttle less loom) Type VII Polymer Nylon 6, 6 Weave Design Double Plain Weave Fabric Finish or Treatment None - Untreated Linear Density before dyeing – Warp, Binder & Fill (den) 840 # of filaments – Warp, Binder & Fill 140 Twist (twist per inch) 2.5 Ply – Warp & Fill 2 Ply – Binder 1 Width (in) 1.71 ± 0.06 Thickness (in) 0.06–0.10 Maximum Linear Weight (oz/yd) 2.35 Minimum Breaking Strength (lbs) 6000 # of ends in warp – Face and Back 229 # of ends in warp – Binder 27 Minimum Picks per inch 26 The webbings were cut to 36 inches in length as per the requirements of ASTM D6775-13 Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Textile Webbing, Tape and Braided Material. The webbings were then subjected to accelerated UV exposure. 2.2 Accelerated UV Exposure UV exposure was performed using Ci4000 Xenon-Arc Weather-Omerter from Atlas/Ametek (Mount Prospect, IL, USA). Current ASTM D2565-23 (Standard Practice for Xenon-Arc Exposure of Plastics Intended for Outdoor Applications) method calls for cycle “3” to expose textiles with an irradiance of 0.35 W/ (m 2 nm) at 340 nm and 1.5hrs of light followed by 0.5hr of light with water spray [ 17 ]. However, in this study the webbings were exposed continuously with the irradiance control set to 1.5 sun equivalent or 0.83 W/(m 2 nm) at 340nm under Arizona (dry) conditions, 43°C and 30% relative humidity, to further accelerate UV degradation. Five sets of samples were removed at 3-day intervals up to 15 days. One set is 1 sample of each color. The webbings were mounted on the Weather-Ometer racks using heavy duty clips as seen in Fig. 1 below. The actual exposure days can be calculated using the formula given below in Eq. 1. Historical and experimental data suggest that Arizona receives 333 MJ/m 2 /year of radiation in 295–385 nm region [ 18 ], [ 19 ]. Further it is assumed that 340nm is approximately 1.1% of energy in the UV region (295-385nm). Given that exposure time in the Weather-Ometer is known, Eq. 1 can be rearranged to find the actual exposure time. Table 2 below summarizes actual exposure time from Weather-Ometer exposure hours using modified ASTM D2565-23 and ASTM D2565-23 cycle 3 parameters. Table 2 Actual UV exposure level from Weather-Ometer hours using modified ASTM D2565 and ASTM D2565-23 cycle 3 Weather-Ometer Exposure in Days Actual Exposure in Days (Modified ASTM D2565-23) Actual Exposure in Days (ASTM D2565-23, cycle 3) 3 21 9 6 43 18 9 64 27 12 86 36 15 107 45 The results show that the modified ASTM D2565-23 used in the study accelerated actual outdoor exposure levels by a factor of 2.4x in comparison to the standard ASTM D2565-23 cycle 3 and a factor of 7x in comparison to the hours in Weather-Ometer. 2.3 Morphology – Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) SEM was performed to characterize the surface morphology of exposed and unexposed webbings using TM4000 desktop SEM from Hitachi High-Tech (Tokyo, Japan). The samples were cut into 0.5 cm x 0.5 cm squares and were fixed on an aluminum stub using a conductive carbon adhesive tape. Sputter coating was not required for the samples. 2.4 Material Characterization – Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed on exposed and unexposed webbings using Tensor 27 from Burker Optics (Billerica, MA, USA) fitted with HATR Plus sample compartment from Pike Technologies (Madison, WI, USA) at Chapel Hill Analytical and Nanofabrication Laboratory - UNC-CH (Chapel Hill, NC, USA). The spectra of 8 cm − 1 resolution for each sample was recorded in absorbance mode with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) correction to average spectra from 128 scans. Background was collected before every sample and the resulting was corrected for it on OPUS software from Bruker Optics. Baseline correction on the spectra was performed using Thermo Fisher Scientific’s OMNIC software (Waltham, MA, USA) and the percent change in area under the FTIR spectra was calculated using Origin 2023b software from Origin Labs (Northampton, MA, USA). 2.5 Tensile Testing Mechanical evaluation for each sample was completed on Landmark Servohydraulic test system from MTS (Eden Prairie, MN, USA). Specialized split drum clamps conforming to ASTM D6775-13 Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Textile Webbing, Tape and Braided Material were held by the hydraulic wedges with a pressure of 2 kPa [ 20 ]. The 36-inch sample was inserted between the two halves of the upper split drum clamp and wrapped around the drums once. The webbing was then wrapped around the lower clamps once before being inserted between the two halves. The setup of the clamps with webbings is shown on Fig. 2 . The crosshead was then raised to preload ~ 6000N (~ 1350lbs) of tension (required due to the crosshead traverse limitations and high strength rating of the webbings). The test was performed under standard conditions under a constant rate of elongation (CRE) of 3 in/min. 2.6 Statistical Analysis The study’s test results were evaluated statistically using JMP 18 software package from JMP (Cary, NC, USA). A full factor test is used to determine the effect of the independent variables – color, exposure time and combined interaction, on the dependent variable – breaking strength. Further a Tukey test is used to analyze the statistical grouping of means at different exposure durations and color. The significant level or alpha (α) is set to 0.05 to give confidence of 95%, any P value lower than the α will be statistically significant. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 UV Exposed Samples The UV exposed samples show significant levels of fading, visible to the naked eye, after just 6 days of exposure in the Weather-Ometer as shown in Fig. 3. 3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) The SEM images were obtained to inspect the morphological changes associated with UV degradation. Figure 4 shows the SEM images of control sample and UV exposed samples at different exposure times at 50x magnification for navy webbings. The images show little to no surface level changes even after 15 days of continuous exposure in the Weather-Ometer. However, the most relevant literature available on UV exposure, of nylon-polyester belts, shows formation of micro cracks on the surface after just 4 hours of exposure. Furthermore, the literature also found fibrillation and cracking with increasing exposure duration at higher magnifications using SEM. The SEM images were obtained at 500x magnification to see any morphological changes in the webbings. Figure 5 below shows similar results to that of Fig. 4 – little to no significant changes. Contrary to the literature available, the UV exposed fibers remain smooth and showed no cracking or fibrillation. This could be a result of varying experimental conditions. The literature on UV degradation of nylon 6,6 used UV lamps rated at UV C range (253.7nm) while the xenon-arc produces solar radiation in UV B and UV A ranges. Since UV C radiation is absorbed by the ozone layer, hence the finding of this literature may not be useful in predicting UV degradation due to solar radiation [21]. Another study on polypropylene (PP) sacks under similar conditions (~ 38ºC and 25% RH) at lower irradiation (~ 150 W/m 2 per day) also showed significant degradation on the polymer surface [22]. However, this could be result of lower activation energy required by PP to undergo photooxidation in comparison to PA [23]. Although the findings of SEM analysis do not conform with the literature, it can be concluded that morphology is unaffected by accelerated UV exposures. 3.3 Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy Fourier transformed infrared analysis – attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy is used to identity changes in webbings at molecular level. In Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, IR radiation is passed through the sample, where some radiation is absorbed and the rest transmitted to a sensor. Since different bonds in a molecule absorb and transmit different energies, the resulting spectrum provides a molecular fingerprint. Any deviation from the baseline would represent chemical changes within the sample. The FTIR spectra obtained for navy webbings is shown on Fig. 6 with similar trends observed for other colored webbings. It has been well documented in the literature that UV exposure induces photooxidation in polyamides [24], [25], [26]. This photooxidation breaks the amide (N–C = O) bonds are broken to form imides and other free radicals. Given that nylon 6, 6 is a hygroscopic polymer, it has moisture regain up to 8% it also undergoes a process called hydrolysis [27], [28]. Hydrolysis is an irreversible reaction where the amide bonds in the amorphous region of the nylon 6, 6 undergoes chain scission leading to formation of carboxylic acid and amine end groups as shown in the insert of Fig. 6 [29], [30], [31]. Often there is a coupling interaction between oxidation and hydrolysis where one influences and propagates the other [28]. This phenomenon can be observed clearly in the FTIR spectra on Fig. 6. The formation of amine and carboxylic acid end groups would result in addition of –OH and –NH bonds to the polymer backbone, this increase is documented with increasing peak at 3295cm − 1 wavenumber, however this region is very sensitive to the relative humidity of the lab environment hence it may not be a good representation of degradation of nylon webbings. Meanwhile formation of carboxyl end group (–COOH) is very specific and would require UV initiation which will result in C = O bending as supported by increasing peaks at 1740cm − 1 with increasing exposure duration. Thus, the degradation of nylon at different exposure duration can be observed as the change in peak absorption intensity at 1740cm − 1 with respect to the control sample as shown in Fig. 7 below. It is evident that from Fig. 7 that the increasing trend of change in absorbance at 1740cm − 1 is in support of hydrolysis in nylon 6, 6 webbings. Factor analysis was then performed using JMP software package to understand the effects of color, exposure duration and their interaction on change in absorbance at 1740cm − 1 of the sample spectra and the results are highlighted in Table 3. Table 3 Factor analysis results on the effect of independent variables on sample carbonyl index (%) Source DF Sum of Squares F Ratio P Color 3 0.00007386 6.3891 0.0047** Exposure Duration 1 0.00030619 79.4553 < .0001** Color x Exposure Duration 3 0.00000405 0.3500 0.7897 ** indicates statistical significance The factor analysis results were interpreted using confidence level of 95% and alpha of 0.05, therefore any P value below 0.05 can be interpreted as statistically significant. Results from Table 3 show that exposure duration has significant impact on the change in absorbance at 1740cm − 1 on the sample spectra. The analysis shows that the color and exposure duration significantly impact the degradation of nylon 6, 6 webbings. However, the combined influence of color and exposure duration can be ignored due to its statistical insignificance. The findings here confirm the hypothesis of degradation mechanism via hydrolysis in nylon 6, 6 webbings. 3.4 Mechanical Properties Following the findings from FTIR analysis, it is theorized that change in molecular structure and breaking of polymer backbone due to hydrolysis would lead to significant degradation of mechanical properties [24], [32]. To test for that, the webbings are subjected to uniaxial tensile test following ASTM D6775 test standard [20]. Although the standard calls for 1 sample to be tested as a representation of the population, in this study 6 samples for each exposure duration were tested to improve reliability and statistical power. The tensile data for the different webbings at different exposure durations is plotted as a breaking strength vs exposure duration graph in Fig. 8. Factor analysis was performed using JMP software package to understand the effects of color, exposure duration and their interaction on breaking strength of the sample results of which are highlighted in Table 4. Table 4 Factor analysis results on the effect of independent variables on sample breaking strength (lbs) Source DF Sum of Squares F Ratio P Color 3 13894444 51.5843 < .0001** Exposure Duration 1 24291980 270.5579 < .0001** Color x Exposure Duration 3 6834497 25.3736 < .0001** ** indicates statistical significance The factor analysis results were interpreted using confidence level of 95% and alpha of 0.05, therefore any P value below 0.05 can be interpreted as statistically significant. Results from Table 4 show that the exposure duration and color both have significant impact on the breaking strength of the samples. This is partly in good agreement with FTIR findings of change in absorbance at 1740cm − 1 . It can also be observed that white webbings performed the best, as expected since white tends to reflect more solar radiation, in comparison to other colors. However, unlike the FTIR findings, the combined interaction of color and exposure duration is also shown to have statistical significance on breaking strength. A Tukey-Kramer HSD is performed on breaking strength data to compare groups within the exposure duration and color, to help identify specific groups that differ significantly from each other within the parameters – color and exposure duration. The results of Tukey test are reported in Table 5–6. Table 6 Tukey-Kramer HSD connecting letter report of webbing color Exposure Duration (Days) Connecting letter report White A Navy B Black B Tan B The Tukey-Kramer HSD test shows that within exposure, the average breaking strength between 0–3, 3–6, 6–9, 9–12, and 12–15 days are not statistically significant. While Tukey-Kramer HSD test on color by exposure confirms the trend observed in Fig. 8, it was found that there was no statistical significance between the colors – navy, black and tan when blocked by exposure duration. However, the difference between white and other colors was statistically significant, which confirms that white webbings tend to reflect solar radiation as shown by smaller change in the breaking strength. While further investigation is required on dyeing process and dye effects to understand the effects of UV degradation. Conclusions This study sought to explore the degradation behavior of high tensile nylon 6, 6 webbings that are used in various military applications ranging from tie downs and payload deployment devices to seatbelts and parachute harnesses. The webbings of 4 different colors were subjected to UV degradation in xenon-arc type weathering devices under a modified ASTM D2565 test standard. It was found that the modified method accelerated exposure durations to 3x more than the ASTM standard and 7x more in comparison to the machine hours. The SEM analysis of exposed webbings showed no changes to the morphological structure of the filaments, however there was sufficient evidence of discoloration to the naked eye indicating some level of degradation. The lack of changes in the filament morphology is contradictory to what was observed in previous studies, warranting further investigation on morphological changes of these webbings. The FTIR analysis of webbings confirms that the webbings undergo hydrolysis phenomena as supported by the increasing change in absorbance peak intensity with increasing exposure duration at 1740cm − 1 wavenumber. Although these findings are qualitative, future studies to identify the peaks associated with crystalline and amorphous regions could help quantify the changes to be correlated with tensile performance of the high tensile webbings. Furthermore, the FTIR findings are also consistent with the loss of breaking strength observed in these webbings with reference to the control/unexposed samples. The webbings saw a decrease of 20% in their breaking strength after 15 days of continuous exposure in the xenon-arc weathering machine (equal to 107 days of outdoor exposure). However white webbings only decreased in breaking strength by 6% in comparison to the control/unexposed samples. This shows that dye chemistry could be a major factor in UV degradation. The current study provides interesting observations on degradation mechanics in nylon 6, 6 and highlights the efficacy of chemical characterization techniques in analysis of UV degradation on polymer-based textile products. Hence future investigations using techniques such as FTIR, XRD and DSC can help to understand the effects of UV degradation on high tensile technical textiles. Declarations Author’s Contributions All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Nilesh Rajendran under project supervision of Emiel DenHartog. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Nilesh Rajendran and reviewed by Emiel DenHartog. All authors read and approved the final manuscript Acknowledgements This work was performed in part at the Chapel Hill Analytical and Nanofabrication Laboratory, CHANL, a member of the North Carolina Research Triangle Nanotechnology Network, RTNN, which is supported by the National Science Foundation, Grant ECCS-1542015, as part of the National Nanotechnology Coordinated Infrastructure, NNCI. Authors would like to thank TDA Research Inc., for funding the project. We acknowledge the contributions of Dr. Madilynn Smith, Rachel Wu, Birgit Andersen, Judy Elson, Dr. Carrie Donley (CHANL), Dr. Jenni Briggs (Pike), Dr. Brady Clapsaddle (TDA) and Dr. David Eisenberg (TDA) for their technical expertise and assistance. Funding Research done in part with funding from TDA Research Inc., (Golden, CO, USA). This material is based upon work supported by the Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, China Lake, CA under Contract No. N6893621C0024. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, China Lake, CA. Data Availability The data that supports the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, Nilesh Rajendran, upon reasonable request. Conflicts of interest: On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author declares no conflict of interest. References S. Maity, K. 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Gijsman, “Influence of temperature on the thermo-oxidative degradation of polyamide 6 films,” Polym Degrad Stab , vol. 95, no. 6, pp. 1054–1062, Jun. 2010, doi: 10.1016/J.POLYMDEGRADSTAB.2010.02.030. Supplementary Files floatimage1.jpeg TOC figure Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 10 Oct, 2025 Read the published version in Journal of Polymer Research → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 19 May, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 15 May, 2025 Editor invited by journal 09 May, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 06 May, 2025 First submitted to journal 06 May, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6580768","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":457326101,"identity":"6080d00b-364f-49cb-8d6f-42c49689ad5b","order_by":0,"name":"Nilesh Rajendran","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAvUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJACAwYGZjkom5l4LcakaQGpTGwgWou59OEHBR93WKdvZz/+TIKhwhqmFzew7EszMJx5Jj13Z0+OmQTDmXTCWgzOMBgY87Ydzt1wg4dNgrHtMDFa2D8Y/207nG5wg/2ZBOM/orTwGBgDDU8wuMFgJsHYQJyWAsPetnTDDWdyjC0SjqUbE+OwbQY/26zlDY4ff3jjQ421LEEtQMBmAGcmEKEcBJgfEKlwFIyCUTAKRioAACSrPDUieosoAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5221-3793","institution":"North Carolina State University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nilesh","middleName":"","lastName":"Rajendran","suffix":""},{"id":457326102,"identity":"ecf591fb-dce1-4e92-83d2-edf1aa29e9e8","order_by":1,"name":"Emiel DenHartog","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"North Carolina State University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Emiel","middleName":"","lastName":"DenHartog","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-02 20:27:03","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6580768/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6580768/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-025-04591-x","type":"published","date":"2025-10-10T15:57:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":83034245,"identity":"b4df918d-27fd-47ca-b05d-1554b2b9c29d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-19 09:37:55","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":144057,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWebbings mounted on Weather-Ometer racks (a-b)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6580768/v1/2ba67229aac145a30d66edd1.png"},{"id":83035197,"identity":"64473d79-e09e-4123-b3f7-8547f440d59a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-19 09:45:55","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":197064,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTensile test configuration from (a) lateral view and (b) anterior view\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6580768/v1/85b9c8b8151645d189b5ad54.png"},{"id":83034256,"identity":"25682a86-780e-4007-b268-ad863f33d0ed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-19 09:37:55","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":682215,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDiscoloration of webbings at different exposure days for (a) white, (b) Navy, (c) Black, and (d) Tan webbings. (Numbers within the image is the # of days in the Weather-Ometer)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6580768/v1/70929c62f152e15dfd79b920.png"},{"id":83034250,"identity":"ca36feb9-3bbe-4d56-ad8f-9bcd230b61d7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-19 09:37:55","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":444405,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSEM images of webbings, (a) navy, (b) black, (c) tan, and (d) white, at 50x magnification for different exposure durations\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6580768/v1/96be245904d6a1d371d32369.png"},{"id":83036155,"identity":"d4d8bc77-6ac3-4bee-8d11-f49c8e9e77bf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-19 09:53:55","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":296094,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSEM images of webbings, (a) navy, (b) black, (c) tan, and (d) white, at 500x magnification for different exposure durations\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6580768/v1/fe5a80ec7d4451c4b44a9100.png"},{"id":83035195,"identity":"827d2331-ab1a-416b-813f-eaa712a9a720","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-19 09:45:55","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":458939,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFTIR spectra of navy-colored webbings at different UV exposure duration with labeled peaks of importance with wavenumber and bond association. The insert shows a nylon 6, 6 undergoing hydrolysis reaction.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6580768/v1/cffc6632ec8a422891bf59f3.png"},{"id":83036154,"identity":"73f7e535-defd-4eb2-afca-a31afad5ea92","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-19 09:53:55","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":95665,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eChange in absorbance at 1740cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e at different UV exposure duration (a) for all webbings and (b) by individual color\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6580768/v1/6939016b11cb7f352b780646.png"},{"id":83034244,"identity":"a2265740-31e4-470a-80eb-e7f948cd3bbc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-19 09:37:55","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":113593,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBreaking strength of nylon webbings at different UV exposure duration (a) for all webbings and (b) by individual color\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6580768/v1/77110fd0553bb160db1fc7d9.png"},{"id":93419550,"identity":"49569146-5487-4bd4-b04e-4f3c51adbacc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-10-13 16:03:58","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3179711,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6580768/v1/2b00f722-6f8c-4f28-a30c-f99d824dfb28.pdf"},{"id":83034255,"identity":"ac8b083d-93e9-4e8c-96d8-2e9eff9c24d5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-05-19 09:37:55","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":314322,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTOC figure\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6580768/v1/02a18eaf8a8b26e3256ca16c.jpeg"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Accelerated UV Degradation Behavior of High Tensile Nylon 6, 6 Webbings","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe versatility of textile products and process allows it to be used in various end uses other than fashion, which tends to be the main known application of textiles. Technical Textiles are textile products with performance as their primary goal [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Technical Textiles products can range from automotive textiles such as tire cords and oil filters, to more critical end use like medical textiles- such as vascular grafts and cell scaffolds. Hence, the performance of these textile products is very critical and is prioritized over aesthetics. Many technical textile products such as geotextiles, automotive textiles and military textiles are used outdoors and should be able to withstand both environmental and physical conditions during their service life [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMilitary textiles are a classification of technical textiles which are used in critical applications during military drills and wars. A broad range of textile products are used in military equipment such as tents, tactical shelters, rigid walls, tarpaulins, vehicle, and gun covers, equipment webbings, parachutes etc. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. One critical application is payload logistics and personnel deployment such as airdrop equipment, harnesses, and parachutes etc., where the failure of textiles during service can lead to critical loss of resources and life. Harnesses play a crucial role in securing payloads and personnel during deployment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. These harnesses need to have high tensile strength, lightweight and should be able to withstand extreme temperatures and weather conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. These harnesses are usually flat strips of narrow woven fabric called webbings. The webbings have a rectangular cross-section which reduces the thickness while distributing load evenly [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Their unique shape and size can be easily fitted into buckles, making it desirable to be used in harnesses. The extensive use of these webbings in the outdoor environment, subject them to a phenomenon called weathering.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeathering or natural weathering are the changes in chemical and physical properties caused by sunlight, heat, moisture, pollutants, and a combination thereof [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Various components of the polymers also interact with the weathering factors and can induce chemical changes in the polymer backbone. Polymers undergo changes in their chemical structure resulting in chain scission, oxidation, discoloration, erosion, surface roughening, cracking, embrittlement, etc. These chemical changes lead to degradation of physical properties such as tensile strength, elongation etc., [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. But on the whole weathering is complicated and the multitudes of variables involved make it very difficult to understand. In this study we focus on the ultraviolet radiation (UV) contributed to degradation in high tensile webbing. Exposure to UV is one of the major contributors to the wear and tear of technical textiles in weathering. UV radiation causes photooxidative degradation which results in the breaking of polymer chains, production of free radicals, and decrease in molecular weight. This often leads to significant reduction in mechanical properties of the technical textiles, and eventually performance failure after an unpredictable time [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. However, there is still some ambiguity in the literature available on the UV degradation of technical textiles, especially on lab based accelerated UV degradation, while generally accepted there is still a lot of debate on their reliability. Hence this study seeks to map the accelerated UV degradation behavior of high tensile nylon 6, 6 webbings through morphological, chemical and mechanical characterization techniques.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Experimental Section","content":"\u003cp\u003eMilitary textiles often undergo stringent testing protocols prior to their deployment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. There has always been a drive to increase the shelf life and service life of military textiles. Failure of any military textile component can lead to catastrophic results and sometimes even loss of personnel. Therefore, to extend the useful life of military textiles it is imperative to first understand the mechanisms associated with degradation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. This study seeks to understand the UV degradation behavior of webbings used in military bases situated in the harsh environmental conditions of Arizona.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Materials\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe four webbings of different colors (white, navy, black, and tan) were provided by Bally Ribbon Mills (Bally, PA, USA). The selected webbings comply with the following requirements listed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e as per the military specification MIL-DTL-4088 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMIL-DTL-4088 Specifications [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClassification\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClass 1 \u0026ndash; Critical use (shuttle less loom)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eType\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVII\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolymer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNylon 6, 6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeave Design\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDouble Plain Weave\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFabric Finish or Treatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNone - Untreated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinear Density before dyeing \u0026ndash; Warp, Binder \u0026amp; Fill (den)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e840\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e# of filaments \u0026ndash; Warp, Binder \u0026amp; Fill\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e140\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTwist (twist per inch)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePly \u0026ndash; Warp \u0026amp; Fill\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePly \u0026ndash; Binder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidth (in)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.71\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThickness (in)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u0026ndash;0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximum Linear Weight (oz/yd)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum Breaking Strength (lbs)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e# of ends in warp \u0026ndash; Face and Back\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e229\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e# of ends in warp \u0026ndash; Binder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinimum Picks per inch\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe webbings were cut to 36 inches in length as per the requirements of ASTM D6775-13 Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Textile Webbing, Tape and Braided Material. The webbings were then subjected to accelerated UV exposure.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Accelerated UV Exposure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eUV exposure was performed using Ci4000 Xenon-Arc Weather-Omerter from Atlas/Ametek (Mount Prospect, IL, USA). Current ASTM D2565-23 (Standard Practice for Xenon-Arc Exposure of Plastics Intended for Outdoor Applications) method calls for cycle \u0026ldquo;3\u0026rdquo; to expose textiles with an irradiance of 0.35 W/ (m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e nm) at 340 nm and 1.5hrs of light followed by 0.5hr of light with water spray [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. However, in this study the webbings were exposed continuously with the irradiance control set to 1.5 sun equivalent or 0.83 W/(m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e nm) at 340nm under Arizona (dry) conditions, 43\u0026deg;C and 30% relative humidity, to further accelerate UV degradation. Five sets of samples were removed at 3-day intervals up to 15 days. One set is 1 sample of each color. The webbings were mounted on the Weather-Ometer racks using heavy duty clips as seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e below.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe actual exposure days can be calculated using the formula given below in Eq.\u0026nbsp;1.\u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistorical and experimental data suggest that Arizona receives 333 MJ/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/year of radiation in 295\u0026ndash;385 nm region [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Further it is assumed that 340nm is approximately 1.1% of energy in the UV region (295-385nm). Given that exposure time in the Weather-Ometer is known, Eq.\u0026nbsp;1 can be rearranged to find the actual exposure time. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e below summarizes actual exposure time from Weather-Ometer exposure hours using modified ASTM D2565-23 and ASTM D2565-23 cycle 3 parameters.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActual UV exposure level from Weather-Ometer hours using modified ASTM D2565 and ASTM D2565-23 cycle 3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeather-Ometer Exposure in Days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActual Exposure in Days (Modified ASTM D2565-23)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eActual Exposure in Days (ASTM D2565-23, cycle 3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results show that the modified ASTM D2565-23 used in the study accelerated actual outdoor exposure levels by a \u003cem\u003efactor of 2.4x\u003c/em\u003e in comparison to the standard ASTM D2565-23 cycle 3 and a \u003cem\u003efactor of 7x\u003c/em\u003e in comparison to the hours in Weather-Ometer.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Morphology \u0026ndash; Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eSEM was performed to characterize the surface morphology of exposed and unexposed webbings using TM4000 desktop SEM from Hitachi High-Tech (Tokyo, Japan). The samples were cut into 0.5 cm x 0.5 cm squares and were fixed on an aluminum stub using a conductive carbon adhesive tape. Sputter coating was not required for the samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Material Characterization \u0026ndash; Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was performed on exposed and unexposed webbings using Tensor 27 from Burker Optics (Billerica, MA, USA) fitted with HATR Plus sample compartment from Pike Technologies (Madison, WI, USA) at Chapel Hill Analytical and Nanofabrication Laboratory - UNC-CH (Chapel Hill, NC, USA). The spectra of 8 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e resolution for each sample was recorded in absorbance mode with attenuated total reflectance (ATR) correction to average spectra from 128 scans. Background was collected before every sample and the resulting was corrected for it on OPUS software from Bruker Optics. Baseline correction on the spectra was performed using Thermo Fisher Scientific\u0026rsquo;s OMNIC software (Waltham, MA, USA) and the percent change in area under the FTIR spectra was calculated using Origin 2023b software from Origin Labs (Northampton, MA, USA).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Tensile Testing\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanical evaluation for each sample was completed on Landmark Servohydraulic test system from MTS (Eden Prairie, MN, USA). Specialized split drum clamps conforming to ASTM D6775-13 Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Textile Webbing, Tape and Braided Material were held by the hydraulic wedges with a pressure of 2 kPa [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. The 36-inch sample was inserted between the two halves of the upper split drum clamp and wrapped around the drums once. The webbing was then wrapped around the lower clamps once before being inserted between the two halves. The setup of the clamps with webbings is shown on Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The crosshead was then raised to preload\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;6000N (~\u0026thinsp;1350lbs) of tension (required due to the crosshead traverse limitations and high strength rating of the webbings). The test was performed under standard conditions under a constant rate of elongation (CRE) of 3 in/min.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6 Statistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study\u0026rsquo;s test results were evaluated statistically using JMP 18 software package from JMP (Cary, NC, USA). A full factor test is used to determine the effect of the independent variables \u0026ndash; color, exposure time and combined interaction, on the dependent variable \u0026ndash; breaking strength. Further a Tukey test is used to analyze the statistical grouping of means at different exposure durations and color. The significant level or alpha (α) is set to 0.05 to give confidence of 95%, any P value lower than the α will be statistically significant.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1 UV Exposed Samples\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe UV exposed samples show significant levels of fading, visible to the naked eye, after just 6 days of exposure in the Weather-Ometer as shown in Fig. 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe SEM images were obtained to inspect the morphological changes associated with UV degradation. Figure 4 shows the SEM images of control sample and UV exposed samples at different exposure times at 50x magnification for navy webbings. The images show little to no surface level changes even after 15 days of continuous exposure in the Weather-Ometer. However, the most relevant literature available on UV exposure, of nylon-polyester belts, shows formation of micro cracks on the surface after just 4 hours of exposure.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, the literature also found fibrillation and cracking with increasing exposure duration at higher magnifications using SEM. The SEM images were obtained at 500x magnification to see any morphological changes in the webbings. Figure 5 below shows similar results to that of Fig. 4 – little to no significant changes.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eContrary to the literature available, the UV exposed fibers remain smooth and showed no cracking or fibrillation. This could be a result of varying experimental conditions. The literature on UV degradation of nylon 6,6 used UV lamps rated at UV C range (253.7nm) while the xenon-arc produces solar radiation in UV B and UV A ranges. Since UV C radiation is absorbed by the ozone layer, hence the finding of this literature may not be useful in predicting UV degradation due to solar radiation [21]. Another study on polypropylene (PP) sacks under similar conditions (~ 38ºC and 25% RH) at lower irradiation (~ 150 W/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e per day) also showed significant degradation on the polymer surface [22]. However, this could be result of lower activation energy required by PP to undergo photooxidation in comparison to PA [23]. Although the findings of SEM analysis do not conform with the literature, it can be concluded that morphology is unaffected by accelerated UV exposures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFourier transformed infrared analysis – attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy is used to identity changes in webbings at molecular level. In Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, IR radiation is passed through the sample, where some radiation is absorbed and the rest transmitted to a sensor. Since different bonds in a molecule absorb and transmit different energies, the resulting spectrum provides a molecular fingerprint. Any deviation from the baseline would represent chemical changes within the sample. The FTIR spectra obtained for navy webbings is shown on Fig. 6 with similar trends observed for other colored webbings.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt has been well documented in the literature that UV exposure induces photooxidation in polyamides [24], [25], [26]. This photooxidation breaks the amide (N–C = O) bonds are broken to form imides and other free radicals. Given that nylon 6, 6 is a hygroscopic polymer, it has moisture regain up to 8% it also undergoes a process called hydrolysis [27], [28]. Hydrolysis is an irreversible reaction where the amide bonds in the amorphous region of the nylon 6, 6 undergoes chain scission leading to formation of carboxylic acid and amine end groups as shown in the insert of Fig. 6 [29], [30], [31]. Often there is a coupling interaction between oxidation and hydrolysis where one influences and propagates the other [28]. This phenomenon can be observed clearly in the FTIR spectra on Fig. 6. The formation of amine and carboxylic acid end groups would result in addition of –OH and –NH bonds to the polymer backbone, this increase is documented with increasing peak at 3295cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e wavenumber, however this region is very sensitive to the relative humidity of the lab environment hence it may not be a good representation of degradation of nylon webbings. Meanwhile formation of carboxyl end group (–COOH) is very specific and would require UV initiation which will result in C = O bending as supported by increasing peaks at 1740cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e with increasing exposure duration. Thus, the degradation of nylon at different exposure duration can be observed as the change in peak absorption intensity at 1740cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e with respect to the control sample as shown in Fig. 7 below.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIt is evident that from Fig. 7 that the increasing trend of change in absorbance at 1740cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e is in support of hydrolysis in nylon 6, 6 webbings. Factor analysis was then performed using JMP software package to understand the effects of color, exposure duration and their interaction on change in absorbance at 1740cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e of the sample spectra and the results are highlighted in Table 3.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactor analysis results on the effect of independent variables on sample carbonyl index (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSum of Squares\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eColor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00007386\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3891\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.0047**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExposure Duration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00030619\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.4553\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; .0001**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eColor x Exposure Duration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.00000405\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.3500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7897\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e** indicates statistical significance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe factor analysis results were interpreted using confidence level of 95% and alpha of 0.05, therefore any P value below 0.05 can be interpreted as statistically significant. Results from Table 3 show that exposure duration has significant impact on the change in absorbance at 1740cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e on the sample spectra. The analysis shows that the color and exposure duration significantly impact the degradation of nylon 6, 6 webbings. However, the combined influence of color and exposure duration can be ignored due to its statistical insignificance. The findings here confirm the hypothesis of degradation mechanism via hydrolysis in nylon 6, 6 webbings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Mechanical Properties\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFollowing the findings from FTIR analysis, it is theorized that change in molecular structure and breaking of polymer backbone due to hydrolysis would lead to significant degradation of mechanical properties [24], [32]. To test for that, the webbings are subjected to uniaxial tensile test following ASTM D6775 test standard [20]. Although the standard calls for 1 sample to be tested as a representation of the population, in this study 6 samples for each exposure duration were tested to improve reliability and statistical power. The tensile data for the different webbings at different exposure durations is plotted as a breaking strength vs exposure duration graph in Fig. 8.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactor analysis was performed using JMP software package to understand the effects of color, exposure duration and their interaction on breaking strength of the sample results of which are highlighted in Table 4.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFactor analysis results on the effect of independent variables on sample breaking strength (lbs)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSource\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSum of Squares\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF Ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eColor\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13894444\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.5843\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; .0001**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExposure Duration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24291980\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e270.5579\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; .0001**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eColor x Exposure Duration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6834497\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.3736\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt; .0001**\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e** indicates statistical significance\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe factor analysis results were interpreted using confidence level of 95% and alpha of 0.05, therefore any P value below 0.05 can be interpreted as statistically significant. Results from Table 4 show that the exposure duration and color both have significant impact on the breaking strength of the samples. This is partly in good agreement with FTIR findings of change in absorbance at 1740cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e. It can also be observed that white webbings performed the best, as expected since white tends to reflect more solar radiation, in comparison to other colors. However, unlike the FTIR findings, the combined interaction of color and exposure duration is also shown to have statistical significance on breaking strength. A Tukey-Kramer HSD is performed on breaking strength data to compare groups within the exposure duration and color, to help identify specific groups that differ significantly from each other within the parameters – color and exposure duration. The results of Tukey test are reported in Table 5–6.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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jfV0Sluki2XB8pGnbCvKBWlgPGJcLJuXLcZNlNeRFsbxO7AM68vHTRjsRGLzLgoSyAA2REdCIlNZLjZEoskAxrN8nrmhuZ28sJLhsSzryXegTRQcOrY1UeXXNNE+hygEZDb7yDwsG9trriM/+Pk40I8DxPq6VRhst9v0pnx70cX+sN226W1dLvI4TjLSwzDj29bZzzjQ75QfncpKm7ZjybjQnEYXaWBfKGusnzQwjXJIGYyTrW0f8o59YD0xfy/Y19gey1O2mkhTnBPMm18UmJangf1tG5cP03U7HqQ/yjvbbcvzPE3M2zxPoyJl25GvsR06hpvp6jQu1se+xzbb5mlq28cw0T6SZo4H0/I6hfLAMhzn0G1dnfanDdPyeVk2N1GaY/lIY/xuq0OZN/KylzKViwsTy7WV11y37SDfTnTd9JrXoZn/UcYZT3pielt+gv3L18G2SUNgffl01tm8BrHPsQ2msUzkBccmlo0u0hgY7vV6EfJ0xzJsn/KQH7PIS+ZhPHnAcrEPkabo8rR1uy4E1sM41sm+Ml+sK8aHifI6X46uua4Yh5F6AQ0Q3lA/H/7nljSdeKfq1ltvPe2xII8neFQSj42HGY/6eGRjNT+x+KDDclOmM35nR+cWz3/j/Q9pWHER552qtvefeAF8ur7ak3R+MtgZAJs3b053HdzJ/v7v//7Jl+WkYcVLk3wcwTnBC4y8tMgLm7Tq8EEDf1dFVfXiiy+m/lR+CVQiyg9fK9HPX85VOQx2BgQVO3eyfKnT7WseaRjwpxMef/zx9Gcvrrjiimr27NmpxfPv/u7vUqDjOfLu392i3sDcuXN7/tx62BAsU374koivf/jd61dLGhy+syNJkorWMdjhrkCSJGkQ5eFN12Bn79699ZCkQcZfcPV8ljQsqPPy8MZ3diRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdnRWvPrqq9WVV16Z+tPh7bffrv78z/+8+rd/+7d6zPmJ/CGd0nRYu3Zt6s6Vw4cPV3/4h39YffSjH63HSOfGOQ92tm7dmi6CE3U6ZaI8o7L64z/+42m9sL/44ov1r+kXFeov//IvV0ePHm3Ns+huvvnmNO90BWUf+tCHqu///u9PadD0ofxyHkW5WLFiRTrvCJo5t0pwvpyj5Ok777xTD/WO+q3tPD2f6p7pYh5M7JwHO8uWLav+7M/+rLrgggvS8N69e8d1TKOyma6Lz/ko8uwnf/In0/DDDz98Mr+oiD/84Q9X27dvr66//vppKfRs8z//8z/roXdxESd99M8lKtLf+Z3fqX77t387DUc6fuVXfiUN33TTTSfz7umnn65+7dd+rXrllVeqT3/609MWcFx++eXVD/7gDxZzUR0klJcIeBcvXpzOM8rGY489loLQj3/849U///M/13MPtieeeKL+dcqmTZtSd67MnTu3+omf+Il6qD/btm2rf51CALRr1656aHi1HVuNNy2PsS688MLqfe97Xz00HtM+9rGP1UMK5Mv8+fProVOoPAiG/uAP/iAFkHffffc5DRSjFeV88YUvfCEFy+RX7md/9mfrX6f80A/9UHXVVVelCxuBJBc67uanw5IlS1LAapB/7hDo0Jrz1ltvpfOHshDlhj7DjGe+Qcc5yn4OKm6oOD9zHJe77rqrHhpeg35sz5Xz8p0d7sajRSCalaND3tzMxYHonvceaHpmmDtkngnTtV28mIe7OZZnHgpLs0JjHbENthfvVcQ4upCnJ3ByMp7t85vt/N7v/V49tapefvnllF6Wod9Li8z3fM/31L9OR9Dzm7/5m+n3n/zJn6R+pClPV1tayQ/ygGkEL6SHjjxhmHTHMuQb40C+33LLLalJevPmzWk6+9s8Hjmm5evjd6wPeVrYPr+Zj3Xl87Vh3VSItJQ0fdd3fVf963Rc2D772c+m37T2RFmI7XPsIg1xnEhn7AMd6Q15Hsf+dypPIYLZr3zlK/UYnW07d+6s/umf/ikdX86fNoz/hV/4hXroXVNRhhmfnyN5fdDWwjdRfdEsq2w7tsX6IlBgGh1YZ6Qz5PUWy/M71hfnRcinN7te6rMmthnpz+sZ0slNHGiBZTp5xrY5frTMMo7h0C2/8n3kd7NuzuXHkvSwLrrIi07bYXpzOzEf62vmZT9lKk8H49qOrU533gU7zROdAxkH8NZbb019HkVwJ86FiaDo//7v/6r/+I//SNEtF4s5c+ZU69evr374h384XYSjAILCybQ1a9ak5up77733ZKGMAkglRNM126ZjPf/7v/+bprFMs0DRDJyPYz3f/d3fnU5C1sOynFD/8z//k6azvS9+8YvVgw8+mNa/YMGCKWmR+fmf//nUZ7ucPL2kNbAM6aZPSxGtRKSbR0IgneQ3gc0DDzyQxtEyQmsE4vEQy3I8WLZ5t0GamO+nf/qn07ysj3kImPITO9JCKw0tMvfff3+a76mnnqrnaLdjx47Un8yjMy5qlCn278CBA2kc2yctlCH2n+kcJ9LGNnicCMbnjwL4zTjSzXzdylOO5n3yhXzS2RcBZ1twnKNMh6kqwxz/OEf+6q/+qvqXf/mX6vbbb0/nJvPk65qovmA71F/48pe/nNL0j//4jyfP3U9+8pMpzSDNdCzDDQDpDIzL6y3y59d//dfTsoz7m7/5m3rOd/OBfaYssz7qbeoMOoZpFesHF+1///d/P5l+sH7SxPGJcy0e4XNePf744ykv6BgX52C3/GruI8cgr5vbxLGkn9eN3bYT5zfLfPOb30yP+eP4Mi/lIvRbpvJ0LF269LRjq3bTHuxw8POueUHjjpf3L7h4/NEf/VE6+Fx8KNhcbMGFKiqsRYsWpRONYeahQOTPMzlZKNxxQaRPiwh3CHEyU1A5idl2bJ/n96HtmXM+jmUiPfzmRVkqnDgZObF/93d/N6Wf6b/xG7+Rxp/pXT3rCryYi4nSCvLgR37kR9KFnpOI9FKRkD7GcRKyboY5RuRVNxyPD3zgA/XQKTxzJ19ZP1gfLSpsI457pAXkO/lIR0XSrUIClRfHe7Ii/+L9IyoWyl0cJ8oW/vVf/zX1SSsVDfmRByjxO8rAROUpxLg333wz9XV2cUFB1AW9mKoyzHJxjhAMcd6xXDzC54YhTFRfUG+xfbbFdOajlZBxnTBfnk4wLsos+8j6mCeCvbiAI7bJxRac87wzyLh+b9qo07mA5+n/xCc+kdaVB1i96pZf+T7yu1k3N0UekZZm3dhtO4yLgI/6No4vASjlgIAn6ol+ylRbOtSbaQ92IhqlowBwMW2iIMVjhrhLYVyb/HEF83DSR6XGSchvWn5y0SLy0ksvpT6VEFE7hTkKZL93KoEXT3OkgQJLxRABXrw8O1EQcbblFV+g5YYTi3STH81gtB8c3+a7WtGi0rwjaTu+VIjdML3Tu2CTQcVERxngzpVWwCbetSHAyl+epILmxefQa3n6vu/7vtTnLl/np7NRhtsesX7rW99K/V7qC+qt5rlLuY1W18loe2ROC0WgdQRxU5WbPXt2/as35An1cuwfHa0gyFs2etFP/dqsm7tp5m8/22nm5RVXXJH6kXf9lKm2Olq9Oa8eY1E5LFy4sB4aj4NPiwwmuujl2lo28jsUNCslomhaj0Bh5iLFXf5UigAv784kkECexh/7sR+rf50ZLs40kT/yyCPVT/3UT51sMp2stnxsuyhMh0jbj//4j6c+wwQ57PMP/MAPpMefTaSdMhJ3aixD838ezJyL8qT+RStgvxfU6SjDZ6O+OBPcIHIxphWD/KD767/+69RqMZnWBpZr20daeyajbV1nI78ms52LLrqo/nXKdJSpYXPevbPTqQWFSJomYKJnLhwM96Lt0Qfv97TJI3BOWE40LnY8/45n4lOFd4ea2sb1I5p8qTim4kThBORCTxMrTaaTbd3KRStb05k8fpoKXPC4IyMd73//+9O4e+65J72/w3sEtG51esk5b91hfu7yms52eVL/ojz3c/OE6SjDE9UXlKkmgu9e68l+Ub/Q2k79yuf51Mu0TmzYsKGeoz8cg7YL/mTrxLNRv7aZzHbyR5ThfK0XS3LeBTuBN9ij8HMh4iU+LhZ03FFwlx2PBLoh0o7mRe6wKTw07+YnVvyOViXuzGMcLUq8zMyFsFlx5OuY6H2SEGngxbZ8efZloscX3bZBHvFOE9paXyaTVt5Noan2F3/xF+sxZ4YgoFM+TkUgRZDX6cLVVsEEth8vXfP+VgSKrIsvcSYKHJkerTu8H3bNNdfUU97Va3mKNLa9z6Opx/smnIu8ENqtdYcANY7f2S7DTb3UF/ydLc5T6swcwTfLnw2khRdoedeF+pR6lrp5MjdZnLfIX9rFZIKTM6lf+3Em2/nbv/3bdAMZx+Zcl6lhNS3BDgUi7kTyggKGOWl5M58Th0qIkypehMMn6pfX+BsLrCvH45YYx3qYL1+WE5JxnFhsi47fBFBRsHjMlb9fwfNzCnY8GoqLEctRQKkMIzLn3QyWi8ozv9CFeCGaOyKWpfvMZz6TWgg6YR3xlVCObbGf5BH46oMLauglraz729/+drq455V+tGQQaILl47k9FVFURuRNPh5vvPHGuD74VJJ582NE/pCeOEaRFspHnm/xOx/XRKWPtnmoYJqYjzxYtWpVOh4EifGSIEgrTfPMR3ojH9gn0p2L1h3KUbMZf6LyFKKSjJYlnV0cJ/6ODjh/OI/iGIGyHJ8Dx0V8KstwnBvxfg4i4M1vSCaqL6Ls0eJNOWM/aDnksXOId2w4hznHSXukky7SFOd//n5OM92IGyE+EWdbdKSrmYdt+JAAsS3qK/KYmwXyl3WwH88///zJl4mjLiKvSEcEBrTGRz5H3TNRfnWrm5uY3lY3otd6nGA60kuf/eQT+tBPmWpLR9ux1elGRsfUv8cZGRlJ0fpUoyDH+wvd8NUUkS8nAYj+4435GBdIJwc6/gYDQQEnIstwAcsv/uCkYP0UJgoZ7wLxQmlUaBQ0PmOmIIMLGE22+XqoBNkuETq/KYRUEPwVVl40zQszmnnJNsgL0tApnWGiPGN5XnrjOXrbnVW3tBLgNfMz8h6cwDyDZlleGqQyps8JysviIGDgk0vSQTM2f78kTy/7Fl90cDIyjTSAbVNpRIDQlpZmXubpy3GS08KST49y0QnHlpfYaY1pBinxUjFII/OxL9Fc38xr8pYvtqKCDr2UJ7A8F7lOX4acCfL1bJzPJaDccHzIH85HUN4pz1xsmuViKsow647lwTDBen7eMC7KwkT1RZ4m0r5y5cpxrQJcLAlIWJ4bvk7nfdu51laXxfoQ5TpQp/Lot60uYpl8v6NuYH1/+qd/mlqJqLtpjefrpnwdnIsREEXdw34TqLJNzp/Ik0751VYfdDsv2vIor3smOi4sz3gCFebh2LD9Zh0xmTIV6Wg7tno3z/Lw5pwHO2dLFOJmYdRwoULkbi8qw3OJu1zebZosgm6++Dob5ZcT32BHU4WL89///d+PawkFgSOP0/mE3nr43fMuAjqdW81g57x9Z0eaDO4Gadk71025tAI139XpB3eI+d9/ks5XtCTQmtL2VREtEbRe9Pv5uXS2FRPsxHPv//qv/0p9DSeavXlEdC7+pxEBSryrQBN8/L2mfnGXzBeC09EaJfUr/nQH75gQ5FN+OddoXeeRDn/HrPnobxiRH+D9U02/Ih5jNZ8D58+6NZyofPkUv9N7TFOBYOehhx5K5Y073clU8FwoeNnzbD9n9zGWphLllvJPsMM7NrwzwzttPr56V9t7lp5/51ax7+xI6sxgR9Iw8Z0dSZI0VAx2JElS0Qx2JElS0Qx2JElS0Qx2JElS0Qx2JElS0Qx2JElS0Qx2JElS0Qx2JElS0Qx2JElS0Qx2JElS0Qx2JElS0Qx2JElS0br+13NJkqRBlIc3XYOdDpMkDRjPZ0nDpFnn+RhLkiQVzWBHkiQVzWBHkiQVzWBHkiQVzWBHkiQVzWBHkiQVzWBHkiQVzWBHkiQVzWBHkiQVzWBHkiQVzWBHkiQVzWBHkiQVzWBHkiQVzWBHkiQVzWBHkiQVzWBHkiQVzWBHkiQVzWBHkiQVzWBHkiQVzWBniK1fv76aOXNmNTIykn4fO3asniKNt3r16mrfvn31kCQNFoOdIbVs2bJqz5491YEDB6qjR4+m3ytWrKinSqccOXKkeuyxx6qnn366HiNJg2VkdEz9exzu9jtM0oDbunVrtXz58mrHjh3VkiVL0rhDhw5Vl156afXMM8+kQEhlOZPzmVYdyszx48erw4cPV3PmzKmnSNL5qVnn2bIzhF544YXUj0AH8+bNq2bMmFF96UtfqsdIVXq0Savf9u3b0/CDDz6Y+pI0SGzZGUIc2/nz51evvPJKPeZdixcvrnbv3u1xL9Bkz+dNmzZV733ve1NrX5QPW3ckne9s2VEya9as+pfUjladZ5999uRjzQ0bNqS+rTuSBo3BjqRWTzzxRHXbbbfVQ1W1cOHCatGiRellZb/ckzRIDHYknYZg5v77708vstMcHB2PsUAgJEmDwnd2hhCPJbZt23ba8eWYc+e+a9eueoxK0e/5zLs6WLt2beoHgqBLLrkk/X7ttdd8HCrpvNSs82zZGULXXntt6ud/JC5+33jjjamv4UVAs2XLlmrlypX1mFMIbm6//fb0GbqtO5IGhS07Q4ova7io0Ypz4sSJaunSpelCZqtOmXo9nykTd955Z/pSj7LQ1nKzc+fO6pprrkl/qoBP0nmXR5LOJ7bsKHnqqaeqBQsWVLNnz06foV999dVpnIYbf0WbF5D5y9qUjSYebxHogNadK6644uQjL0k6X9myIw0Bz2dJw8SWHUmSNFQMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtFGRsfUv8cZGRmpf0kqQYdTXZKKQwyT13ldgx0rR6kMns+ShkmzzvMxliRJKprBjiRJKprBjiRJKprBjiRJKprBjiRJKprBjiRJKprBjiRJKprBjiRJKprBjiRJKprBjiRJKprBjiRJKprBjiRJKprBjiRJKprBjiRJKprBjiRJKprBjiRJKprBjiRJKprBjiRJKprBjiRJKprBzpDat29ftWDBgmpkZKSaOXNmtWnTpnqKdLrVq1enMlOKxYsXp7Lf1nE+LFu2rKj9lYadwc4QOnToUPX0009Xd911V7Vjx47qsssuq9atW1dt3bq1nkM65ciRI9Vjjz2Wykwpdu3aVR0+fLgeqqrR0dHUHT16tHr00UerPXv2VFdccUW1c+fOeg5Jg2xk7AQfrX+Pwx1Oh0kacAQ13LmGY8eOVbNnz642btxYrV27th6rkpzJ+UyrDmXm+PHjKUCYM2dOPWXw0bp54MCB0/KGG4JLL720mjt3bvX666/XYyUNimadZ8vOEMoDHZw4cSL1Fy1alPpSIBCmlWP79u1p+MEHH0z9UsyaNav+Nd68efNSP2/9kTS4DHaGGBcy7tiXLl1aPfPMMycreCk88cQT1T333FMtXLgwBcM8zuKxVuliH2fMmJH6kgabwc4QW7FiRbV8+fLUjP+lL31pKC5i6h3B8LPPPnuyJXDDhg2pX1rrThOPsLgBAO/vSBp8BjtDLF7SXLVqVbV79+6TFbwEWnVuu+22eqga17pDIFSS+BKLjnd1uAHgHbbmI19Jg8lgZ8jxsil3rwQ8VPDc1UoEM/fff39q+csDAYJiEAiVhBcZozt48GA6H/hCkReYSwvspGFksKPk+uuvT/0LLrgg9TXcCGZuv/32cUEAHZ9m8x4LgVCpQQDvruU3AA899FA9RdKgMthR8vbbb6fPbEv6rFiTQxCzZcuWauXKlfWYU/h6iSCIz9BLaN3pFrD5crJUDoOdIcR7CPztlHhkxV+K/fSnP109//zzaVjDi4v/nXfe2fVC/8EPfjD1ad0Z5L8yzAv5tNw0MZ6/KH7fffelfGgL+iQNFv+o4BBav359qshBa87VV19dfeYzn7FVp2C9ns/8G4V4LwfNZQgCeJclN4h/jLK5n02eF9Jga9Z5BjvSEPB8ljRMmnWej7EkSVLRDHYkSVLRDHYkSVLRDHYkSVLRDHYkSVLRDHYkSVLRDHYkSVLRDHYkSVLRDHYkSVLRDHYkSVLRDHYkSVLRDHYkSVLRDHYkSVLRDHYkSVLRDHYkSVLRDHYkSVLRDHYkSVLRRkbH1L/HGRkZqX9JKkGHU12SikMMk9d5XYMdK0epDJ7PkoZJs87zMZYkSSqawY4kSSqawY4kSSqawY4kSSqawY4kSSqawY4kSSqawY4kSSqawY4kSSqawY4kSSqawY4kSSqawY4kSSqawY4kSSqawY4kSSqawY4kSSqawY4kSSqawY4kSSqawY4kSSqawY4kSSqawY4kSSqawY6qrVu3VosXL65GRkZSXypdlPe2bubMmdWyZcuqffv21XOX79ixY9WmTZuqBQsWnMwHflM3xDRpkBnsDDEqMSq0DRs2VDfeeGN1+PDhateuXfVUqVyUc8p7GB0dTd3Ro0erRx99tNqzZ091xRVXVDt37qznKNehQ4eqSy65pHr22Weru+6662RebNu2rXrzzTer2bNn13NKg2tkrFCP1r/HIbLvMEkFINChguMO9u67765mzZpVT1GJPJ/bEewfOHDgtLwhALj00kuruXPnVq+//no9tjzs55VXXpn2kwCwrR6gdedrX/taCgKlQdGs82zZGVIrVqyoLrvsslSBGehoWHUq+/PmzUv9vPWnROvWrauOHz+eWnQ65QU3RBdddFE9JA0mg50hxJ3a7t27q5/5mZ85+Yye9xR8Li+968iRI6k/Y8aM1C8R+0g9gCVLlqR+J2vXrq1/SYPJYGcIvfDCC6n/oQ99KDVd854Cd2/c5W3evDlNk4YVj3aWLl2afpf86Oatt95K/UWLFqW+VDKDnSHEy5fcsRLg0HRNx3s7jHvggQfquaThQetmdLyrw3s8GzduTOeIpMFnsDOEeEbP+zo5Ah7Glf6OgtSGFxmjO3jwYLVq1arU0sljXl7mL9EFF1yQ+vv37099qWQGO0No/vz5J5/VN5X8joLUC15O5vEVAQ8tPA899FA9pSzsJ19hcfMzTH9TSMPJYGcIXXfddanf/Bsi3MHabK9h0q3VZhgC/4cffjj1b7nllo55wfj169fXQ9Jg8u/sDCEqL/6CLI+s9u7dm+7weDH5jjvuqF577bWOn6BqcHk+n46vkWjZQJ43jH/uuefSYywCHlp35syZU08tD19nLl++POXFPffcU33kIx9JdQD1xFe/+tX0QcMjjzxivaCB0qzzbNkZQlRafIVFKw4vY1IoCHqo1K3QNAwI9iPQAedAdIzfsmXLycdYJQc6oB546aWXqquvvrpavXp1+ovJ5AN5xF9QNtBRCWzZkYaA57OkYdKs82zZkSRJRTPYkSRJRTPYkSRJRTPYkSRJRTPYkSRJRTPYkSRJRTPYkSRJRTPYkSRJRTPYkSRJRTPYkSRJRTPYkSRJRTPYkSRJRTPYkSRJRTPYkSRJRTPYkSRJRTPYkSRJRTPYkSRJRRsZHVP/HmdkZKT+JakEHU51SSoOMUxe53UNdqwcpTJ4PksaJs06z8dYkiSpaAY7kiSpaAY7kiSpaAY7kiSpaAY7kiSpaAY7kiSpaAY7kiSpaAY7kiSpaAY7kiSpaAY7kiSpaAY7kiSpaAY7kiSpaAY7kiSpaAY7kiSpaAY7kiSpaAY7kiSpaAY7kiSpaAY7kiSpaAY7kiSpaAY7Q+rQoUPVsmXLqpGRkdStXr26OnbsWD1V0jDh3N+0aVO1YMGCk3UCv7du3XpyWmkWL158cl+b3cyZM9P0zZs3Wy8WwmBnCB05cqS68sorUzc6OlodPHiw2rNnTzq5PbGl4cKNzyWXXFI9++yz1V133ZXqBLpt27ZVb775ZjV79ux6zrLs2rWrOnz4cD1Undxvuu3bt1dz5sypbr755pQ35JEG28jYgR2tf49DdNthkgYcrTivvPJK6sLOnTura665ptq4cWO1du3aeqxK4fmsNlzEuemZO3duuvjPmjWrnnIKrTtf+9rXqkcffbQeUxZasA4cONB6frDvy5cvr2bMmFG99tprrfmj81OzzrNlZwhxAjdP2iVLlqT+iy++mPqSyrdu3brq+PHjqUWn04Wcx90XXXRRPVSebgEM+7506dKUR0888UQ9VoPIYGcIceK2WbRoUbV79+56SFLJeJwd53vc7HQyzK29N9xwQ+pv2bIl9TWYDHaGEE3W+/fvP+39nNdffz0110oq31tvvZX63OSoswsvvDD18/d7NHgMdobQZz/72dS6c+edd6aAh45HW5zMV199dT2XJEllMNgZQjfddFN6EZkAhy8t1qxZU7366qtp2rXXXpv6ksp2wQUXpD6tvOrs7bffTv358+envgaTwc6Q4hn8d77znfS2OkHPN77xjXQy80KepPLNmzcvPdKmlXffvn31WDU9+eSTqX/dddelvgaTwY7Sp+jc3fF3NSQNj4cffjj1b7nllo5/Y4vx69evr4fK02m/wY0g9SJB4cqVK+uxGkQGO0OKLzE4kS+++OL093b4OxP8ES1Jw4OvsJ555pl0/l9++eWpToiLf7zLx2PuW2+9NY0rDfUg+97E3x/iJpC/sUOL9/PPP+/f2Blw/lHBIcRfSuaTU77CuPHGG310NQQ8n9UNj7GefvrpFNzEn6bgIs+jG1o0SrzQRz3Yhq9S+ViDdxitHwdTs84z2JGGgOezpGHSrPN8jCVJkopmsCNJkopmsCNJkopmsCNJkopmsCNJkopmsCNJkopmsCNJkopmsCNJkopmsCNJkopmsCNJkopmsCNJkopmsCNJkopmsCNJkopmsCNJkopmsCNJkopmsCNJkoo2Mjqm/j3OyMhI/UtSCTqc6pJUHGKYvM7rGuxYOUpl8HyWNEyadZ6PsSRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdiRJUtEMdobEsWPHqs2bN1cXX3xxPeZ0MX1kZKSaOXNmtWnTprScJJVm8eLFqa5r66j/mE6dOOh1IPV42z42u9IZ7AwBTtaXX3652rt3b3X48OF67Hic1A888ED1qU99qtq4cWM62detW1etWbOmnkOSyrFr165x9eHo6OjJbvv27dWcOXOqm2++ubrkkkuqQ4cO1XMNnrVr11ZHjx6tZsyYkYbz/aRj2tKlS6t9+/al6aUaGdvZ0fr3OER6HSZpQBHhE8C0Hdf169dX9957bz30boB0+eWXp8qAjhNfg8vzWWq3YMGC6sCBA63nx9atW6vly5enQOG1116rZs2aVU8ZPLRU7d69u3U/I9BZuHBh6pegWefZsqMkD3TASU0rD955553Ul6TSdAtgli1bllo9jh8/Xj3xxBP12PIQ5JQU6LQx2FFXc+fOrebNm1cPSdJwueGGG1J/y5YtqV8aWvWHgcGOOnrxxRerhx9+uB6SpOFz4YUXpn6n9x0HTbyQHN19991XTymbwY5a8QyX93SWLFlSj5EkDTreY4kuXk4eBgY7Og0vJ3/961+vHn300XqMJA2nt99+O/Xnz5+f+iXhfaVrr722HiqbwY7GIdB57rnn0ueKkjTsnnzyydS/7rrrUr80vIQ9DAx2dFIEOjfddFM9RpLKRr3XCZ+eb9u2LX2osXLlynpsmUr/I7IGO0PkjTfeSP22Px515MiRasWKFdWJEydSoY+ON/VXr15dzyVJ5aDe42/sNPFHBKn3+Bs7PL56/vnnB/pv7LCf+/fvT7+bAQ3D1PVcHwZ5HyfiHxUcEhzP3KJFi9JfEAUnAic0f0uizY4dO3xRecB5PkvjxR/Za8MfEbz66qvT+yyD/piHQIY/JjuRl156qeg/KmiwIw0Bz2dJw6RZ5/kYS5IkFc1gR5IkFc1gR5IkFc1gR5IkFc1gR5IkFc1gR5IkFc1gR5IkFc1gR5IkFc1gR5IkFc1gR5IkFc1gR5IkFc1gR5IkFc1gR5IkFc1gR5IkFc1gR5IkFc1gR5IkFc1gR5IkFW1kdEz9e5yRkZH6l6QSdDjVJak4xDB5ndc12LFylMrg+SxpmDTrPB9jSZKkohnsSJKkohnsSJKkohnsSJKkohnsSJKkohnsSJKkohnsSJKkohnsSJKkohnsSJKkohnsSJKkohnsSJKkohnsSJKkohnsSJKkohnsSJKkohnsSJKkohnsSJKkohnsSJKkohnsSJKkohnsSJKkohnsDIljx45Vmzdvri6++OJ6TLt9+/ZVIyMj4zrGSZIGz6ZNm06r09u60o2Mjql/j8POd5ikAUOg8/LLL1dPPvlktW3btq7HdfHixdVVV11VD1XVe97znuqmm26qhzSoPJ+l4cU14JJLLqmOHz9+Wj3AtDVr1lS/9Vu/VS1cuLAeO/iadZ7BzhAhwl+3bl3H47p169bqxIkTBjcF8nyWhhs3srt3726tB6L1vuRgx8dYOmnDhg3VHXfcUS1btiwFPpKk8hHklBTotDHYUXLkyJHqU5/6VHXZZZelR13Lly9PdwI0cUqSyrR+/fr6V9kMdpTMmTOnWrt2bbVr167q6NGj1ec+97nU5MmzXElSGXi8k3f33XdfPaVsBjs6zaxZs6p77703BTy08tDqI0kafLzHEh03tkuXLq2nlM1gRx3deuutqf/WW2+lviSpHNzYXnvttfVQ2Qx21BEnAi644ILUlySVhQ9ShoHBjjo6dOhQtWjRomrevHn1GElSifjTJCV/kGKwM0TeeOON1G/7i8hE93x9RYAD5vn85z9fPfXUU2lYkjSYeO9y//796XczoGGYQIfrQ7Tml8g/KjgkOJ45Wmz48irwd3VWr16d/sLm3Llz02foK1euLLrwDxPPZ2k4xR+TnchLL73kX1CWNNg8nyUNk2ad52MsSZJUNIMdSZJUNIMdSZJUNIMdSZJUNIMdSZJUNIMdSZJUNIMdSZJUNIMdSZJUNIMdSZJUNIMdSZJUNIMdSZJUNIMdSZJUNIMdSZJUNIMdSZJUNIMdSZJUNIMdSZJUtJHRMfXvcUZGRupfkiRJgyUPbzoGO5IkSSXwMZYkSSpYVf1/aHywJ6w+mTQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTukey-Kramer HSD connecting letter report of webbing color\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExposure Duration (Days)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConnecting letter report\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWhite\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNavy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBlack\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Tukey-Kramer HSD test shows that within exposure, the average breaking strength between 0–3, 3–6, 6–9, 9–12, and 12–15 days are not statistically significant. While Tukey-Kramer HSD test on color by exposure confirms the trend observed in Fig. 8, it was found that there was no statistical significance between the colors – navy, black and tan when blocked by exposure duration. However, the difference between white and other colors was statistically significant, which confirms that white webbings tend to reflect solar radiation as shown by smaller change in the breaking strength. While further investigation is required on dyeing process and dye effects to understand the effects of UV degradation.\u003c/p\u003e\n \n \n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study sought to explore the degradation behavior of high tensile nylon 6, 6 webbings that are used in various military applications ranging from tie downs and payload deployment devices to seatbelts and parachute harnesses. The webbings of 4 different colors were subjected to UV degradation in xenon-arc type weathering devices under a modified ASTM D2565 test standard. It was found that the modified method accelerated exposure durations to 3x more than the ASTM standard and 7x more in comparison to the machine hours. The SEM analysis of exposed webbings showed no changes to the morphological structure of the filaments, however there was sufficient evidence of discoloration to the naked eye indicating some level of degradation. The lack of changes in the filament morphology is contradictory to what was observed in previous studies, warranting further investigation on morphological changes of these webbings. The FTIR analysis of webbings confirms that the webbings undergo hydrolysis phenomena as supported by the increasing change in absorbance peak intensity with increasing exposure duration at 1740cm\u003csup\u003e− 1\u003c/sup\u003e wavenumber. Although these findings are qualitative, future studies to identify the peaks associated with crystalline and amorphous regions could help quantify the changes to be correlated with tensile performance of the high tensile webbings. Furthermore, the FTIR findings are also consistent with the loss of breaking strength observed in these webbings with reference to the control/unexposed samples. The webbings saw a decrease of 20% in their breaking strength after 15 days of continuous exposure in the xenon-arc weathering machine (equal to 107 days of outdoor exposure). However white webbings only decreased in breaking strength by 6% in comparison to the control/unexposed samples. This shows that dye chemistry could be a major factor in UV degradation. The current study provides interesting observations on degradation mechanics in nylon 6, 6 and highlights the efficacy of chemical characterization techniques in analysis of UV degradation on polymer-based textile products. Hence future investigations using techniques such as FTIR, XRD and DSC can help to understand the effects of UV degradation on high tensile technical textiles.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAuthor\u0026rsquo;s Contributions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Nilesh Rajendran under project supervision of Emiel DenHartog. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Nilesh Rajendran and reviewed by Emiel DenHartog. All authors read and approved the final manuscript\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was performed in part at the Chapel Hill Analytical and Nanofabrication Laboratory, CHANL, a member of the North Carolina Research Triangle Nanotechnology Network, RTNN, which is supported by the National Science Foundation, Grant ECCS-1542015, as part of the National Nanotechnology Coordinated Infrastructure, NNCI.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors would like to thank TDA Research Inc., for funding the project. We acknowledge the contributions of Dr. Madilynn Smith, Rachel Wu, Birgit Andersen, Judy Elson, Dr. Carrie Donley (CHANL), Dr. Jenni Briggs (Pike), Dr. Brady Clapsaddle (TDA) and Dr. David Eisenberg (TDA) for their technical expertise and assistance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFunding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResearch done in part with funding from TDA Research Inc., (Golden, CO, USA). This material is based upon work supported by the Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, China Lake, CA under Contract No. N6893621C0024. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division, China Lake, CA.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data that supports the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, Nilesh Rajendran, upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of interest:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOn behalf of all authors, the corresponding author declares no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS. Maity, K. Singha, and P. 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Gijsman, \u0026ldquo;Influence of temperature on the thermo-oxidative degradation of polyamide 6 films,\u0026rdquo; \u003cem\u003ePolym Degrad Stab\u003c/em\u003e, vol. 95, no. 6, pp. 1054\u0026ndash;1062, Jun. 2010, doi: 10.1016/J.POLYMDEGRADSTAB.2010.02.030.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-polymer-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jpol","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Polymer Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/10965)","snPcode":"10965","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jpol/","title":"Journal of Polymer Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"UV, Degradation, Nylon 6, 6, Technical Textiles, Webbings, FTIR","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6580768/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6580768/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe paper sought to investigate the UV degradation behaviour of high tensile nylon 6, 6 webbings used in military applications. Following the military specification MIL-DTL-4088, webbings of 4 colors \u0026ndash; navy, black, tan and white, were selected. The webbings were then subjected to a modified ASTM D2565 test standard in xenon-arc Weather-Ometer with 1.5x narrowband irradiance or 0.83 W/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e ∙ nm at 340nm under Arizona conditions (43\u0026deg;C, 30% RH). SEM analysis showed no morphological changes even after 15 days of continuous exposure, contrary to literature available on degradation of nylon polymer. However, FTIR spectroscopy showed evidence of change in molecular structure of nylon webbings with increasing UV exposure duration. The finding showed that the peak at 1740cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e associated with -COOH bond energy increased as exposure increased confirming hydrolysis phenomena being initiated by UV radiation. This was also confirmed by tensile test results, that showed that the strength of the webbings decreased by 20% for all color expect white webbings. The full factorial analysis showed that while exposure duration increased degradation, color of webbing also played an important role which could be the result of the dye chemistry associated with different colors. This study highlights the use of chemical characterization techniques to understand UV degradation in nylon 6, 6. Further analytical chemistry tools are necessary to quantify and correlate the chemical changes in the nylon 6, 6 webbings to breaking strength loss due to UV degradation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Accelerated UV Degradation Behavior of High Tensile Nylon 6, 6 Webbings","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-05-19 09:37:50","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6580768/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-05-19T06:38:16+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-05-16T00:57:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Journal of Polymer Research","date":"2025-05-09T15:16:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-05-07T02:51:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Journal of Polymer Research","date":"2025-05-06T14:19:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"journal-of-polymer-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"jpol","sideBox":"Learn more about [Journal of Polymer Research](https://www.springer.com/journal/10965)","snPcode":"10965","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/jpol/","title":"Journal of Polymer Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"c82c2aab-e21c-4564-8d9d-f8a9faa563b7","owner":[],"postedDate":"May 19th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-10-13T15:59:11+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6580768","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-025-04591-x","journal":{"identity":"journal-of-polymer-research","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Journal of Polymer Research"},"publishedOn":"2025-10-10 15:57:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"October 10th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-05-19 09:37:50","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10965-025-04591-x","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-025-04591-x","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6580768","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6580768","identity":"rs-6580768","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}