Aerobic Bacteria Isolates and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns in Suspected Wound Infection Patients at Dil-Chora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia

Aerobic Bacteria Isolates and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns in Suspected Wound Infection Patients at Dil-Chora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Aerobic Bacteria Isolates and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns in Suspected Wound Infection Patients at Dil-Chora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia Adil Ibrahim, Gudina Egata, Wondimagegn W. Eba, Zelalem Teklemariam, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4272045/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: Bacterial wound infections are a common and serious health problem that can disrupt wound healing, resulting in morbidity and death in patients, particularly due to drug-resistant pathogens. Limited research exists on this topic in eastern Ethiopia. Objective : This study aims to assess aerobic bacteria isolate, their drug susceptibility patterns and associated factors among suspected patients admitted for wound infection at Dil-Chora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, eastern Ethiopia. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 188 patients with wounds from March to June 2020. Data were collected using a pretested, structured questionnaire. Wound swabs and pus discharges from 188 patients were collected using convenient sampling techniques. Gram staining, biochemical testing, and culture were used to isolate and identify etiologic agents. Antibacterial susceptibility test was performed on Muller Hinton agar using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results : In this study, 89.4% of wound infections yielded bacteria, predominantly Gram-negative (54%) and Gram-positive (46%). S. aureus (32.9%) and Proteus species (28.6%) were predominant. Gender [AOR=7.5; 95% CI (5.6–13.2)], type of specimen [AOR=16.8; 95% CI (12.7–18.3)], and type of ward [AOR=12.3; 95% CI (8.3–16.5)] were significantly associated with bacterial wound infection. All isolated Gram-positive bacteria resisted Beta-lactams but responded to amikacin and vancomycin. Gram-negative bacteria showed high resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, ceftriaxone, and doxycycline, but they were susceptible to amikacin. Overall, multi-drug resistance was high at 85%. Conclusions : Our study detected a high prevalence of bacterial wound infections with notable drug resistance. Gender (female), types of specimen (pus discharge), and types of ward (orthopedic ward) had a significant effect on the outcome variable (P< 0.05). Amikacin, gentamicin, and vancomycin emerged as preferred antibiotics at Dil-Chora hospital. Clinical diagnosis of wound infection should consider microbiological culture and susceptibility patterns for effective treatment. Bacterial isolates Drug susceptibility pattern Wound infection Introduction Wound infection continues to be challenging for people with a wound, their families and health professionals (1). Bacterial wound infections are a common and significant health concern that can affect the healing process of wounds, leading to morbidity and mortality in patients. This comes at significant economic cost and negatively influences quality of life outcomes for the person with a wound and their family (1, 2). An estimated 2 million instances of wound infections occur globally each year (3, 4). Variety of finding reported that wound infections in Africa ranged from 2.5% to 30.9% (5, 6, 7). Furthermore, several studies from other globe have found varying rates of wound infection prevalence such as 78.9%, 44.8%, and 64.8% in India (8), Nepal (9), and Nigeria (10%), respectively. In Ethiopia, bacteria isolates from wound infections varies from 70.2% to 96.3% (11, 12). The common bacterial pathogens associated with wound infection include S. aureus , Klebsiella species, E. coli, Proteus species, Pseudomonas species, and Coagulase Negative Staphylococci , particularly the infection caused by drug resistant pathogens are a global crisis (11–13). In recent years, drug-resistant bacterial infections have become increasingly serious, as top ten threats to global health (14, 15). Widespread bacterial resistance to presently available medicines has made wound infection management more difficult (11–13, 16–17, 18–19). Antimicrobial-resistant bacterial wound infections significantly raise medical care costs and increase patient morbidity and death (20). In this regard, this study has not been explored previously in the study area. Therefore, it was aimed to assess aerobic bacteria isolates, drug susceptibility pattern and associated factors among clinically suspected patients admitted for wound infection at Dil-Chora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia. Materials and Methods Study area, design and period Dire Dawa administration council is located in the Eastern part of Ethiopia which is 550 Km away from Addis Ababa. Hospital based cross sectional study design was conducted on patients with wound infection who were admitted at Dil-Chora Referral Hospital, from March 15, 2020 to June 14 2020. Sample size determination and sampling technique The required sample size was determined by using a single population proportion formula by considering a 95% confidence interval, an expected margin of error (d) of 0.05, a 10% non-response rate, and the 87.4% prevalence of bacteria isolates from wound infection in a study conducted at Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia (12). The calculated and final sample size of 188. Patients with infected wounds were chosen until the sample size was reached using a practical sampling approach. Method of data collection The data collection method was a face-to-face interview using pre-tested structured questionnaires that were taken from other research that had been done elsewhere (11, 12, 22). Sociodemographic and clinical information, such as history of wound infection, type of laboratory test, and personal habit, are included in the questionnaire. The aim of this study was explained to the patients and all the volunteers signed a written informed consent form. Patients were requested to respond through a structured questionnaire to collect data. Sampling procedure A questionnaire was used to obtain data from the patient after obtaining an informed consent from the patient/guardians. Open wound swabs were aseptically obtained after the wound immediate surface exudates and contaminants were cleansed off with moistened sterile gauze and sterile normal saline solution. After the dressing was removed, the wounds were cleaned with sterile normal saline. The material was collected by spinning it under enough pressure onto a sterile cotton swab. To lower the possibility of contamination, double wound swabs were obtained from each site at one point in time. After being collected, the samples were moved using Amies transport medium to the laboratory. Culture, isolation and identification of bacteria The wound swab was inoculated on blood agar (OXOID, England) and MacConkey agar (OXOID, England) by sterile inoculation loop using the streak plate method (23). The inoculated plates was incubated aerobically at 37oC for 24-48 hours. Preliminary identification of bacterial isolates was made based on colony morphology and gram stain. Using many distinct biochemical assays, bacterial isolates were identified (23). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing The antimicrobial susceptibility test of the isolated bacteria was done according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines (CLSI) (24) using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar (OXOID, Basingstoke, United Kingdom). In brief, four to five bacterial colonies of same morphological type was selected and suspended into 5ml of sterile normal saline (0.85% NaCl) (for direct inoculation method) and the turbidity was adjusted to match that of 0.5 McFarland standards to obtain approximately a colony count of 10 7 or 10 8 colony forming units (CFU) per ml. A sterile swab was dipped into the suspension and the excess of inoculums were removed by pressing it against the sides of the tube. Then, applied to the center of Muller Hinton agar plat and evenly spread onto the medium to obtain confluent growth. The plates were allowed to dry for 3-5 minutes before putting the antimicrobial disks. Antibiotic discs were placed equidistantly at least 24 millimeters away from each other and 15 millimeters from the edge, to avoid the overlapping zone of inhibition, and gently pressed onto the medium with sterile forceps to ensure complete contact with the agar surface and was incubated for 24 hours at 35 - 37oC (23). Antimicrobials like ampicillin (10 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), gentamicin (10 μg), cotrimoxazole (25 μg), chloramphenicol (30 μg), doxycycline (30 μg), amikacin (10 μg), and ceftriaxone (30 μg). Penicillin G (10 IU), erythromycin (15 μg), and vancomycin (30 μg) were used, which was selected based on the antimicrobial used to treat wound infections in the hospital. The plate was incubated at 37 oC for 16–18 hours. Diameters of the zone of inhibition around the discs were measured to the nearest millimeter using automated calipers and classified as sensitive, intermediate, and resistant according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines (24). Data quality control Detailed quality assurance procedures were used to maintain the quality of the data. Training was given to the data collector. The collected data were checked for completeness at the end of each day of data collection. For culturing and biochemical tests, standard operating procedures and the manufacturer’s instruction manual were strictly followed. The American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) S. aureus (ATCC-25923), E. coli (ATCC-25922), and P. aeruginosa (ATCC-27853) were used as quality control parameters throughout the study for testing the culture, biochemicals, and drug susceptibility. All the standard strains were obtained from the Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI). Data analysis Data were first entered and cleaned using Epi Data Version 3.02. They were then exported to the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS Version 16) for further analysis. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, and cross-tabulation were used to present the findings. The prevalence of bacteria isolated from wounds was calculated by dividing the frequency of positive samples by the total number of samples examined. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with bacterial wound infection. Variables with p<0.3 at a 95% confidence interval in bivariate analysis were considered for multivariate analysis. Variables with p<0.05 at 95% CI in the multivariate analysis were considered significantly associated factors with bacteria wound infection. Ethical consideration Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Health Research Ethics Review Committee of Haramaya University, College of Health and Medical Sciences. The objective of the study was explained to the head of the hospital and patients. Signed consent was obtained from the head of the hospital, study participants, and those under the age of 18 years. Information obtained during this study was kept confidential. Those study participants with bacterial isolates were treated by following physicians' drug susceptibility findings accordingly. RESULTS Socio-demographic characteristics A total of 188 patients with clinical evidence of wound infection who were admitted to Dil-Chora Referral Hospital at the time study period were enrolled. Among enrolled patients, the majority 58.5% of them were between 21–40 age categories. The mean age of study participants was 35±16 years with ranged from 3 to 95 years. Majority (59.6%) of the study participants were female. Moreover, more than half (52.7%) of participants were from urban area and majority (68.6%) were married ( Table 1). Magnitude of Bacteria isolates From a total of 89.4% (168/188) [95% CI: 84.1%–93.0%] of the collected wound sample, 213 had bacterial isolates. Among the isolates, more than half (54%, 115/213) were Gram-negative bacterial isolates. Were more prevalent than Gram-positive, as Proteus species (28.6%) were the most Prevalent. In addition, from the isolated gram-positive bacteria, S. aureus (32.9%) was the predominant bacteria isolate followed by CoNS (13.1%) (Table 2). Factors associated with Bacterial wound infection : In the bivariate analysis, the prevalence of bacterial isolates was higher in age groups 20–40, female, previous history of wound infection, pus discharge type of specimens, and types of wards (Orthopedic, Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Surgical type of ward). However, in multivariate analysis, females were found to be 7.5 times more prone to develop bacterial wound infection than males (AOR: 7.5; 95% CI: 5.6–13.2). In addition, study participants with pus discharge samples were 16.8 times more vulnerable to develop bacterial wound infection than other wound swabs samples (AOR: 16.8; 95% CI: 12.7–18.3). Those study participants who were admitted to the orthopedic ward were 12.3 times more likely to develop a bacterial wound infection than those admitted to another ward (AOR: 12.3; 95% CI: 8.3–16.5) (Table 3) Antibiotics susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolates Gram-positive bacteria: Amikacin (100%), vancomycin (100%), chloramphenicol (87.5%), and gentamycin (80%) were found to be most active antimicrobials in sensitivity test against S. aureus and CoNS isolates from wound infection. However, S. aureus were found resistant to ampicillin (100%), penicillin (100%), erythromycin (91.4%), and doxycycline (74.3%) (Table 4). Gram-negative bacteria: Amikacin (100%) and Gentamycin (75.4%), showed most activity against Proteus species. but they were highly resistant to ampicillin (100%), chloramphenicol (88.5%), and cotrimoxazole (78.7%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates had a 100% resistance rate to cotrimoxazole, doxycycline, and ampicillin. Klebsiella spp. had a 92.3% resistance rate to ampicillin. Citrobacter isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin (100%) and doxycycline (87.5%), whereas they were 100% sensitive to gentamycin and amikacin. Providencia showed 83.3% resistance to ampicillin and cotrimoxazole, but they were 100% sensitive to amikacin. In addition, E. coli showed 100% sensitivity to amikacin and 77.8% to ceftriaxone (Table 5). Multidrug-resistance pattern: Of the total 231 bacterial isolates, 181 (85%) were identified as multidrug resistance (MDR) (resistance to more than or equal to two different classes of antimicrobial agents). Of them, 83.7% of Gram-positive were MDR. Among the isolated gram-positive bacteria, S. aureus (100%) followed by Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus spp. (CONS) (42.9%) showed the highest percentage of MDR. While 86.1% of Gram-negative bacteria were MDR. A higher rate of MDR was seen among P. aeruginosa (100%) and Proteus spp. (88.5%) (Table 6). DISCUSSION In this study, the overall prevalence was 89.4%. This is comparable with studies conducted in Jimma, Nigeria, Pakistan, and India, respectively (12, 25, 26, 27), but it was lower than studies conducted in Jimma, Nigeria, and India (13, 28, 29). However, it was higher than the reports from Gondar, Mekelle, Cameroon, and Nepal (11, 30-32). The possible reasons for such a difference could be the study period, study design, sample size, types of wound samples collected, and organisms isolated. According to our study on microbial species isolated from infected wounds, higher proportion of gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria were detected, S. aureus (32.9%) and CoNS (13%) followed by Proteus spp. (28.6%) appeared to be the most frequent isolates. A similar finding were reported from other parts of Ethiopia, Gondar and India (11, 33). However, it was higher than the studies conducted in Jimma, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and Iran (13, 28, 34, 35). A higher proportion of Gram-positive bacteria in the early stages of wound infections may be due to their ability to colonize the wound initially from the skin. In this study, being female was found to be 7.5 times more likely to develop a bacterial wound infection than male, which is supported by study, conducted previously (11). However, this study disagrees with studies conducted previously in Debre Markos (22), Mekelle (30), Jimma (39), Cameroon (31), Nigeria (41), Pakistan (42) and Nepal (9). This variation could be the majority of study participants were females. Patients who had pus discharge specimens were found to be 17 times more prone to develop wound infection. A similar study reported in Gonder, Ethiopia (11). The possible reason for high bacterial isolation from pus discharge might be the presence of pus in the wound indicates bacterial infection. Patients who were admitted to the orthopedics ward were 12 times more vulnerable to develop a bacterial wound infection than patients who were admitted to pediatrics. This study is consistent with the study conducted in Mekelle, Ethiopia (30), but it is inconsistent with the study done in Jimma, Ethiopia (39) and Brazil (43). The possible reason for the high prevalence of bacterial isolation in patients admitted to orthopedic wards might be that operative soft-tissue damage is a major risk factor for developing infections and longer hospitalization leads to acquiring an infection. Regarding antimicrobial susceptibility test for gram-positive bacteria, S. aureus isolates showed high resistance to Beta-lactam antibiotics. This was consistent with studies conducted in Jimma, Ethiopia, Nepal, and Bangladesh (13, 32, 34, 9). This might be due to the production of beta-lactamases and the expression of penicillin-binding protein 2a. Among the Gram-negative bacteria, Proteus spp. are highly resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, and ciprofloxacin. A similar finding were reported from Jimma, Ethiopia, and India (13, 16). In addition, P. aeruginosa was highly resistant to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, doxycycline, ceftriaxone, and gentamycin. This is in agreement with studies conducted before (12, 35, 38, 39, 40). The above findings indicate most of the bacteria were resistant to commonly prescribed antimicrobials. This finding could be explained by practice of empirical prescription, the nosocomial infections contribute to the emergence of resistant strains of organisms due to antibiotic selection pressure and circulation of resistance gene among the strains. Furthermore, in this study, the overall MDR rate was 85%, with a greater MDR among Gram-positive isolates (83.7%), as a serious global public health threat that has increased both mortality and morbidity. This finding was supported by previous study done in Jimma, Ethiopia (12). Conclusion and Recommendation High magnitude of bacteria isolates and their drug resistance were detected. Gender, types of discharge (pus discharge), and types of ward (orthopedic ward) were significantly associated with outcome variable (P< 0.05). Amikacin, gentamicin, and vancomycin (for gram-positive bacteria only) were the most effective antibiotics against isolated organisms. The diagnosis of wound infection should be based on a combination of clinical judgment and microbiological culture with susceptibility pattern. Declarations Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge Haramaya University for financial support, Dil-Chora Hospital for helping with the data collection, and study participants for providing information. Authors' contributions AI designed the study, participated in data collection, analysis, interpretation, and write-up, drafted and critically revised of the manuscript. WWE, ZT, TSA, and GE, participated in review proposal, data analysis, interpretation, and write-up, critically revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials The authors declare that the data supporting the conclusions are fully described within the manuscript Competing interests We declare that we have no conflict of interest. References Rubin, R.H., 2006. Surgical wound infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. BMC. Infect. Dis. 6: 171-172. Berrios, S.I. Surgical site infection toolkit: Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 2008;29: S51-S61 Anusha, S., Vijaya, L.D., Pallavi, K., Manna, P.K. and Mohanta, G.P. Epidemiological study of surgical wound infection in a surgical unit of teriaty care teaching Hospital. Indian J Phar Pract, 2010;4: 8-12 Praveen, K.D. and Neelima. 2013. Bacteriological profile of surgical site infection. 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Prevalence and factors associated with wound colonization by Staphylococcus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus in hospitalized patients in inland northeastern Brazil. BMC Infectious Diseases, 14:328 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/14/328 Tables Table 1 . Socio-demographic characteristics of patients admitted for wound infection at Dil-Chora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia, 2020 Variables Category Frequency Percentage Age 1-20 24 (12.8%) 21-40 110 (58.5%) >40 54 (28.7%) Gender Female 112 (59.6%) Male 76 (40.4%) Residence Urban 99 (52.7%) Rural 89 (47.3%) Educational status Can’t read and write 70 (37.2%) Write and read only 20 (10.6%) Primary (Grade 1-8) 51 (27.1%) Secondary (Grade 9-12) 28 (14.9%) College and above 19 (10.1%) Marital status Single 31 (16.5%) Married 129 (68.6%) Widowed 25 (13.3%) Divorce 3 (1.6%) Monthly income 2000 19 (10.1%) Family size 1-4 80 (42.6%) >8 108 (57.4%) Table 2. Bacteria isolates among patients admitted for wound infection at Dil-Chora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia, 2020 Bacteria Isolates from wound Frequency Percentage (%) Staphylococcus aureus 70 32.9 Proteus species 61 28.6 Coagulase negative Staphylococcus species 28 13.1 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 18 8.5 Klebsiella species 13 6.1 Escherichia coli 9 4.2 Citrobacter species 8 3.8 Providencia species 6 2.8 Total 213 100 Table 3. Bivariate and Multivariate analysis of socio-demographic, Clinical and other factors related with of bacteria isolated among patients admitted for wound infection at Dil-Chora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia, 2020. Variables Culture Bivariate analysis Multivariate analysis Positive (%) Negative (%) COR (95% CI) AOR (95% CI) Age 1-20 19 (79.17%) 5 (20.83%) 4 (2.46-14.9) 0.14 (0.004-5.78) 21-40 103 (93.64%) 7(6.36%) 1.5 (0.178-5.632) 0.94 (0.28-31.6) >60 46 (85.19%) 8 (14.81%) 1 1 Gender Female 107 (95.54%) 5 (4.46%) 5.3 (1.823-15.2) 7.5 (5.6-13.2) * Male 61 (80.26%) 15 (19.74%) 1 1 Previous history of wound infection Yes 7 (53.85%) 6 (46.15%) 8.78 (3.53-12) 5.3 (3.53-12) No 161 (92%) 14 (8%) 1 1 Type of specimens Pus discharge 120 (97.56%) 3 (2.44%) 14.2 (3.97-16.03) 16.8 (12.7-18.3) *** Wound swab 48 (73.85%) 17 (26.15%) 1 1 Type of ward Gyn & Obs 73 (93.59%) 5 (6.41%) 0.02 (0.02-0.19) 2.4 (0.16-3.6) Orthopedic 51 (91.08%) 5 (8.92%) 0.05 (0.01-0.35) 12.3 (8.3-16.5) ** Surgical 26 (86.67%) 4 (13.33%) 0.15 (0.027-0.87) 3.49 (0.4-3.5) Medical 14 (73.68%) 5 (26.32%) 0.5 (0.09-2.62) 3.78 (0.46-3.8) Pediatrics 4 (80%) 1 (20%) 1 1 *Statically significance (p<0.05), ** Statically significance (p=0.004), *** Statically significance (p=0.001), 1=Reference group, COR= Crude odd ratio, AOR=Adjusted odd ratio, 95% CI=95% Confidence interval. Table 4. Drug susceptibility pattern of gram-positive bacteria isolates among patients admitted for wound infection at Dil-Chora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia, 2020 Isolates Results Antimicrobial agents /No. of bacterial isolates (%) C CRO CN AN TS CIP E AM P VA D S. aureus S 60(85.7) 35(50) 56(80) 70(100) 45(64.3) 35(50) - - - 70(100) 18(25.7) (n=70) I 3(4.3) 15(21.4) - - - 5(7.1) 6(8.6) - - - - R 7(10) 20(28.6) 14(20) - 25(35.7) 30(42.9) 64(91.4) 70(100) 70(100) - 52(74.3) CONS S 18(64.3) 23(82.1) 24(85.7) 15(53.6) 12(42.9) 15(53.6) 9(32.1) 6(21.4) 5(17.9) 28(100) 13(46.4) (n=28) I 3(10.8) 2(7.1) - 6(21.4) 3(10.7) 4(14.3) 5(17.9) 2(7.1) 3(10.7) - 6(21.4) R 7(25) 3(10.8) 4(14.3) 7(25) 13(46.4) 9(32.1) 14(50) 20(71.4) 20(71.4) - 9(32.1) KEY: S = Sensitive I = Intermediate R = Resistant; −: zero; CN: Gentamicin; C: Chloramphenicol; TS: Cotrimoxazole; CRO: Ceftriaxone; CIP: Ciprofloxacin; AM: Ampicillin; P: Penicillin; D: Doxycycline; AN: Amikacin; E: Erythromycin; VA: Vancomycin. Table 5. Drug susceptibility pattern of gram-negative bacteria isolates among patients admitted for wound infection at Dil-Chora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia, 2020 Isolates Results Antimicrobial agents /No. of bacterial isolates (%) C CRO CN AN TS AM D CIP Proteus spp S 7(11.5) 19(31.1) 46(75.4) 61(100) 10(16.4) - 34(55.7) 11(18) (n=61) I - 5(8.2) 5(8.2) - 3(4.9) - 7(11.5) 6(10) R 54(88.5) 37(60.7) 10(16.4) - 48(78.7) 61(100) 20(32.8) 44(72) P. aeuruginosa S 10(55.6) 6(33.3) 4(22.2) 14(77.8) - - - 8(44.4) (n=18) I 2(11.1) - 2(11.1) - - - - 3(16.7) R 6(33.3) 12(66.7) 12(66.7) 4(22.2) 18(100) 18(100) 18(100) 7(38.9) Klebseilla spp S 4(30.8) 5(38.5) 11(84.6) 10(76.9) 7(53.8) - 6(46.2) 8(61.5) (n=13) I - 1(7.7) - 3(23.1) - 1(7.7) 2(15.4) 1(7.7) R 9(69.2) 7(53.8) 2(15.4) - 6(46.2) 12(92.3) 5(38.4) 4(30.8) E. coli S 4(44.5) 7(77.8) 5(55.6) 9(100) 5(55.6) 5(55.6) 3(33.3) 4(44.5) (n=9) I 3(33.3) - 1(11.1) - 3(33.3) 2(22.2) - 2(22.2) R 2(22.2) 2(22.2) 3(33.3) - 1(11.1) 2(22.2) 6(66.7) 3(33.3) Citrobacter spp S 3(37.5) 2(25) 8(100) 8(100) 4(50) - 1(12.5) 4(50) (n=8) I 2(25) 2(25) - - 1(12.5) - - - R 3(37.5) 4(50) - - 3(37.5) 8(100) 7(87.5) 4(50) Providencia spp S 4(66.7) 3(50) 4(66.7) 6(100) - 1(16.7) 3(50) 4(66.6) (n=6) I - - 2(33.3) - 1(16.7) - 1(16.7) 1(16.7) R 2(33.3) 3(50) - 5(83.3) 5(83.3) 2(33.3) 1(16.7) KEY: S = Sensitive I = Intermediate R = Resistant; CN Gentamicin; C: Chloramphenicol; TS: Cotrimoxazole; CRO: ceftriaxone; CIP: Ciprofloxacin; AM: Ampicillin; D: Doxycycline; AN: Amikacin. Table 6. Multidrug resistance of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria isolates among patients admitted for wound infection at Dil-Chora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia, 2020 Bacteria isolates Antimicrobial classes resisted to No (%) Total MDR R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 (%) S. aureus (n=70) 0 0 6(8.6) 18(25.7) 30(42.9) 9(12.9) 5(7) 2(2.9) 70(100) CONS (n=28) 4(14.3) 12(42.9) 6(21.4) 2(7.1) 1(3.6) 2(7.1) 0 1(3.6) 12(42.9) Total (n=98) 4(4.1) 12(12.2) 12(12.2) 20(20.4) 31(31.6) 11(11.2) 5(5.1) 3(3.1) 82(83.7) Proteus spp. (n=61) 0 7(11.5) 13(21.3) 17(27.9) 10(16.4) 6(9.8) 7(11.5) 1(1.6) 54(88.5) P. aeruginosa (n=18) 0 0 0 6(33.3) 5(27.8) 4(22.2) 2(11.1) 1(5.6) 18(100) Klebseilla spp. (n=13) 0 3(23) 4(30.8) 2(15.4) 3(23) 1(7.7) 0 0 10(76.9) E. coli (n=9) 2(22.2) 2(22.2) 1(11.1) 3(33.4) 1(11.1) 0 0 0 5(55.6) Citrobacter spp. (n=8) 0 1(12.5) 2(25) 3(37.5) 2(25) 0 0 0 7(87.5) Providencia spp. (n=6) 0 1(16.7) 2(33.3) 2(33.3) 0 1(16.7) 0 0 5(83.3) Total (n=115) 2(1.7) 14(12.2) 22(19.2) 33(28.7) 21(18.3) 12(10.4) 9(7.8) 2(1.7) 99(86.1) Key: R0= Sensitive to all antimicrobials tested; R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 -Resistant to one, two, three, four, five, six, seven antimicrobials, respectively. 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Eba","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYJACiQQgwceQwHDgA5DBxk6sFjaGBMaHM0AMZmK0MEC0MBvzgFiEtBgc7z1442HOYTk29uRj0ja/tsnzMTMwfviYg0fLmXPJFonbDhuz8TxLk87tu23YxszALDlzG24tZjdyzCQSt91ObJPIMZPO7bnNCNTCxsxLnJb8b9KWPbftSdGSw2zM8APIIKTF/swZY6Bf/oP8Yviwt+F2chszYzNev0i29xje/LktTY6fPfnBgR9/btvOb28++OEjHi2ogLENTDYQqx4E/pCieBSMglEwCkYKAAAN6FGNkOAmwgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Oda Bultum University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wondimagegn","middleName":"W.","lastName":"Eba","suffix":""},{"id":291608065,"identity":"b3ff9dc2-0fd5-4d5f-b314-f7ed7b5ed272","order_by":3,"name":"Zelalem Teklemariam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Haramaya University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zelalem","middleName":"","lastName":"Teklemariam","suffix":""},{"id":291608066,"identity":"83b38a36-2963-40fd-a8b5-d8dd3eefb28e","order_by":4,"name":"Tadesse S. Awaju","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Haramaya University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tadesse","middleName":"S.","lastName":"Awaju","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-04-15 22:44:15","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4272045/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4272045/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":55897348,"identity":"9697ca41-564f-419a-b877-23f28a679380","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-05-06 04:29:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1035072,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4272045/v1/1d69e8f4-25e5-48c5-930d-10a880bf7acc.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Aerobic Bacteria Isolates and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns in Suspected Wound Infection Patients at Dil-Chora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eWound infection continues to be challenging for people with a wound, their families and health professionals (1). Bacterial wound infections are a common and significant health concern that can affect the healing process of wounds, leading to morbidity and mortality in patients. This comes at significant economic cost and negatively influences quality of life outcomes for the person with a wound and their family (1, 2). An estimated 2 million instances of wound infections occur globally each year (3, 4).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVariety of finding reported that wound infections in Africa ranged from 2.5% to 30.9% (5, 6, 7). Furthermore, several studies from other globe have found varying rates of wound infection prevalence such as 78.9%, 44.8%, and 64.8% in India (8), Nepal (9), and Nigeria (10%), respectively.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Ethiopia, bacteria isolates from wound infections varies from 70.2% to 96.3% (11, 12). The common bacterial pathogens associated with wound infection include \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella\u003c/em\u003e species, \u003cem\u003eE. coli, Proteus\u003c/em\u003e species, \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas\u003c/em\u003e species, and Coagulase Negative \u003cem\u003eStaphylococci\u003c/em\u003e, particularly the infection caused by drug resistant pathogens are a global crisis (11\u0026ndash;13). In recent years, drug-resistant bacterial infections have become increasingly serious, as top ten threats to global health (14, 15). Widespread bacterial resistance to presently available medicines has made wound infection management more difficult (11\u0026ndash;13, 16\u0026ndash;17, 18\u0026ndash;19). Antimicrobial-resistant bacterial wound infections significantly raise medical care costs and increase patient morbidity and death (20).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this regard, this study has not been explored previously in the study area. Therefore, it was aimed to assess aerobic bacteria isolates, drug susceptibility pattern and associated factors among clinically suspected patients admitted for wound infection at Dil-Chora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy area, design and period\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDire Dawa administration council is located in the Eastern part of Ethiopia which is 550 Km away from Addis Ababa. Hospital based cross sectional study design was conducted on patients with wound infection who were admitted at Dil-Chora Referral Hospital, from March 15, 2020 to June 14 2020.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSample size determination and sampling technique\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe required sample size was determined by using a single population proportion formula by considering a 95% confidence interval, an expected margin of error (d) of 0.05, a 10% non-response rate, and the 87.4% prevalence of bacteria isolates from wound infection in a study conducted at Jimma University Specialized Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia (12). The calculated and final sample size of 188. Patients with infected wounds were chosen until the sample size was reached using a practical sampling approach.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethod of data collection\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data collection method was a face-to-face interview using pre-tested structured questionnaires that were taken from other research that had been done elsewhere (11, 12, 22). Sociodemographic and clinical information, such as history of wound infection, type of laboratory test, and personal habit, are included in the questionnaire. The aim of this study was explained to the patients and all the volunteers signed a written informed consent form. Patients were requested to respond through a structured questionnaire to collect data.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSampling procedure\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA questionnaire was used to obtain data from the patient after obtaining an informed consent from the patient/guardians. Open wound swabs were aseptically obtained after the wound immediate surface exudates and contaminants were cleansed off with moistened sterile gauze and sterile normal saline solution. After the dressing was removed, the wounds were cleaned with sterile normal saline. The material was collected by spinning it under enough pressure onto a sterile cotton swab. To lower the possibility of contamination, double wound swabs were obtained from each site at one point in time. After being collected, the samples were moved using Amies transport medium to the laboratory.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCulture,\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eisolation and identification of bacteria\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe wound swab was inoculated on blood agar (OXOID, England) and MacConkey agar (OXOID, England) by sterile inoculation loop using the streak plate method (23). The inoculated plates was incubated aerobically at 37oC for 24-48 hours. Preliminary identification of bacterial isolates was made based on colony morphology and gram stain. Using many distinct biochemical assays, bacterial isolates were identified (23).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntimicrobial susceptibility testing\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe antimicrobial susceptibility test of the isolated bacteria was done according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines (CLSI) (24) using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar (OXOID, Basingstoke, United Kingdom). In brief, four to five bacterial colonies of same morphological type was selected and suspended into 5ml of sterile normal saline (0.85% NaCl) (for direct inoculation method) and the turbidity was adjusted to match that of 0.5 McFarland standards to obtain approximately a colony count of 10\u003csup\u003e7\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eor 10\u003csup\u003e8\u003c/sup\u003e colony forming units (CFU) per ml. A sterile swab was dipped into the suspension and the excess of inoculums were removed by pressing it against the sides of the tube. Then, applied to the center of Muller Hinton agar plat and evenly spread onto the medium to obtain confluent growth. The plates were allowed to dry for 3-5 minutes before putting the antimicrobial disks. Antibiotic discs were placed equidistantly at least 24 millimeters away from each other and 15 millimeters from the edge, to avoid the overlapping zone of inhibition, and gently pressed onto the medium with sterile forceps to ensure complete contact with the agar surface and was incubated for 24 hours at 35 - 37oC (23). \u0026nbsp;Antimicrobials like ampicillin (10 μg), ciprofloxacin (5 μg), gentamicin (10 μg), cotrimoxazole (25 μg), chloramphenicol (30 μg), doxycycline (30 μg), amikacin (10 μg), and ceftriaxone (30 μg). Penicillin G (10 IU), erythromycin (15 μg), and vancomycin (30 μg) were used, which was selected based on the antimicrobial used to treat wound infections in the hospital. The plate was incubated at 37 oC for 16–18 hours. Diameters of the zone of inhibition around the discs were measured to the nearest millimeter using automated calipers and classified as sensitive, intermediate, and resistant according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines (24).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData quality control\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDetailed quality assurance procedures were used to maintain the quality of the data. Training was given to the data collector. The collected data were checked for completeness at the end of each day of data collection. For culturing and biochemical tests, standard operating procedures and the manufacturer’s instruction manual were strictly followed. The American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC-25923), \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC-25922), and \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e (ATCC-27853) were used as quality control parameters throughout the study for testing the culture, biochemicals, and drug susceptibility. All the standard strains were obtained from the Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData were first entered and cleaned using Epi Data Version 3.02. They were then exported to the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS Version 16) for further analysis. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, and cross-tabulation were used to present the findings. The prevalence of bacteria isolated from wounds was calculated by dividing the frequency of positive samples by the total number of samples examined. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with bacterial wound infection. Variables with p\u0026lt;0.3 at a 95% confidence interval in bivariate analysis were considered for multivariate analysis. Variables with p\u0026lt;0.05 at 95% CI in the multivariate analysis were considered significantly associated factors with bacteria wound infection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical consideration\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Health Research Ethics Review Committee of Haramaya University, College of Health and Medical Sciences. The objective of the study was explained to the head of the hospital and patients. Signed consent was obtained from the head of the hospital, study participants, and those under the age of 18 years. Information obtained during this study was kept confidential. Those study participants with bacterial isolates were treated by following physicians' drug susceptibility findings accordingly.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 188 patients with clinical evidence of wound infection who were admitted to Dil-Chora Referral Hospital at the time study period were enrolled. Among enrolled patients, the majority 58.5% of them were between 21–40 age categories. The mean age of study participants was 35±16 years with ranged from 3 to 95 years. Majority (59.6%) of the study participants were female. Moreover, more than half (52.7%) of participants were from urban area and majority (68.6%) were married (\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1).\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMagnitude of Bacteria isolates\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrom a total of 89.4% (168/188) [95% CI: 84.1%–93.0%] of the collected wound sample, 213 had bacterial isolates. Among the isolates, more than half (54%, 115/213) were Gram-negative bacterial isolates. Were more prevalent than Gram-positive, as \u003cem\u003eProteus\u003c/em\u003e species (28.6%) were the most Prevalent. In addition, from the isolated gram-positive bacteria, \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e (32.9%) was the predominant bacteria isolate followed by CoNS (13.1%) \u0026nbsp;(Table 2).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFactors associated with Bacterial wound infection\u003c/strong\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the bivariate analysis, the prevalence of bacterial isolates was higher in age groups 20–40, female, previous history of wound infection, pus discharge type of specimens, and types of wards (Orthopedic, Gynecology, Obstetrics, and Surgical type of ward). However, in multivariate analysis, females were found to be 7.5 times more prone to develop bacterial wound infection than males (AOR: 7.5; 95% CI: 5.6–13.2). In addition, study participants with pus discharge samples were 16.8 times more vulnerable to develop bacterial wound infection than other wound swabs samples (AOR: 16.8; 95% CI: 12.7–18.3). Those study participants who were admitted to the orthopedic ward were 12.3 times more likely to develop a bacterial wound infection than those admitted to another ward (AOR: 12.3; 95% CI: 8.3–16.5)\u0026nbsp;(Table 3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntibiotics susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolates\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGram-positive bacteria:\u003c/strong\u003e Amikacin (100%), vancomycin (100%), chloramphenicol (87.5%), and gentamycin (80%) were found to be most active antimicrobials in sensitivity test against \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e and CoNS isolates from wound infection. However, \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e were found resistant to ampicillin (100%), penicillin (100%), erythromycin (91.4%), and doxycycline (74.3%) (Table 4).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGram-negative bacteria:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAmikacin (100%) and Gentamycin (75.4%), showed most activity against \u003cem\u003eProteus\u003c/em\u003e species. but they were highly resistant to ampicillin (100%), chloramphenicol (88.5%), and cotrimoxazole (78.7%). \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e isolates had a 100% resistance rate to cotrimoxazole, doxycycline, and ampicillin. \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella\u003c/em\u003e spp. had a 92.3% resistance rate to ampicillin. \u003cem\u003eCitrobacter\u003c/em\u003e isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin (100%) and doxycycline (87.5%), whereas they were 100% sensitive to gentamycin and amikacin. \u003cem\u003eProvidencia\u003c/em\u003e showed 83.3% resistance to ampicillin and cotrimoxazole, but they were 100% sensitive to amikacin. In addition, \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e showed 100% sensitivity to amikacin and 77.8% to ceftriaxone (Table 5).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMultidrug-resistance pattern:\u003c/strong\u003e Of the total 231 bacterial isolates, 181 (85%) were identified as multidrug resistance (MDR) (resistance to more than or equal to two different classes of antimicrobial agents). Of them, 83.7% of Gram-positive were MDR. Among the isolated gram-positive bacteria, S. aureus (100%) followed by Coagulase Negative \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus\u003c/em\u003e spp. (CONS) (42.9%) showed the highest percentage of MDR. While 86.1% of Gram-negative bacteria were MDR. A higher rate of MDR was seen among \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa (100%)\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eProteus\u003c/em\u003e spp. (88.5%) (Table 6).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study,\u0026nbsp;the overall prevalence\u0026nbsp;was 89.4%. This is comparable with studies conducted in Jimma, Nigeria, Pakistan, and India, respectively (12, 25, 26, 27), but it was lower than studies conducted in Jimma, Nigeria, and India (13, 28, 29). However, it was higher than the reports from Gondar, Mekelle, Cameroon, and Nepal (11, 30-32). The possible reasons for such a difference could be the study period, study design, sample size, types of wound samples collected, and organisms isolated.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to our study on microbial species isolated from infected wounds, higher proportion of gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria were detected, \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e (32.9%) and CoNS (13%) followed by \u003cem\u003eProteus\u003c/em\u003e spp. (28.6%) appeared to be the most frequent isolates. A similar finding were reported from other parts of Ethiopia, Gondar and India (11, 33). However, it was higher than the studies conducted in Jimma, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and Iran (13, 28, 34, 35). A higher proportion of Gram-positive bacteria in the early stages of wound infections may be due to their ability to colonize the wound initially from the skin.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, being female was found to be 7.5 times more likely to develop a bacterial wound infection than male, which is supported by study, conducted previously (11). However, this study disagrees with studies conducted previously in Debre Markos (22), Mekelle (30), Jimma (39), Cameroon (31), Nigeria (41), Pakistan (42) and Nepal (9). This variation could be the majority of study participants were females.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatients who had pus discharge specimens were found to be 17 times more prone to develop wound infection. A similar study reported in Gonder, Ethiopia (11). The possible reason for high bacterial isolation from pus discharge might be the presence of pus in the wound indicates bacterial infection.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePatients who were admitted to the orthopedics ward were 12 times more vulnerable to develop a bacterial wound infection than patients who were admitted to pediatrics. This study is consistent with the study conducted in Mekelle, Ethiopia (30), but it is inconsistent with the study done in Jimma, Ethiopia (39) and Brazil (43). The possible reason for the high prevalence of bacterial isolation in patients admitted to orthopedic wards might be that operative soft-tissue damage is a major risk factor for developing infections and longer hospitalization leads to acquiring an infection.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegarding antimicrobial susceptibility test for gram-positive bacteria, \u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e isolates showed high resistance to Beta-lactam antibiotics. This was consistent with studies conducted in Jimma, Ethiopia, Nepal, and Bangladesh (13, 32, 34, 9). This might be due to the production of beta-lactamases and the expression of penicillin-binding protein 2a.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAmong the Gram-negative bacteria, \u003cem\u003eProteus\u003c/em\u003e spp. are highly resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, and ciprofloxacin. A similar finding were reported from Jimma, Ethiopia, and India (13, 16). In addition, \u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e was highly resistant to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, doxycycline, ceftriaxone, and gentamycin. This is in agreement with studies conducted before (12, 35, 38, 39, 40). The above findings indicate most of the bacteria were resistant to commonly prescribed antimicrobials. This finding could be explained by practice of empirical prescription, the nosocomial infections contribute to the emergence of resistant strains of organisms due to antibiotic selection pressure and circulation of resistance gene among the strains.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore,\u0026nbsp;in this study, the overall MDR rate was 85%, with a greater MDR among Gram-positive isolates (83.7%), as a serious global public health threat that has increased both mortality and morbidity. This finding was supported by previous study done in Jimma, Ethiopia (12).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion and Recommendation","content":"\u003cp\u003eHigh magnitude of bacteria isolates and their drug resistance were detected. Gender, types of discharge (pus discharge), and types of ward (orthopedic ward) were significantly associated with outcome variable (P\u0026lt; 0.05). Amikacin, gentamicin, and vancomycin (for gram-positive bacteria only) were the most effective antibiotics against isolated organisms. The diagnosis of wound infection should be based on a combination of clinical judgment and microbiological culture with susceptibility pattern.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to acknowledge Haramaya University for financial support, Dil-Chora Hospital for helping with the data collection, and study participants for providing information.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors\u0026apos; contributions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAI designed the study, participated in data collection, analysis, interpretation, and write-up, drafted and critically revised of the manuscript. \u0026nbsp;WWE, ZT, TSA, and GE, participated in review proposal, data analysis, interpretation, and write-up, critically revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that the data supporting the conclusions are fully described within the manuscript\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe declare that we have no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRubin, R.H., 2006. Surgical wound infection: epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. BMC. Infect. 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ISSN 2277-0879; 3(2); 13-18.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eVikas, J., Ramnani, V.K. and Navinchandra, K. 2015. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among Aerobic bacteriological isolates in infected wounds of patients at tertiary care Hospital in Central India. Int J Microbiol App Sci, 4(5); 711-719.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKemebradikumo, P., Beleudanyo, G.F. and Oluwatoyosi, O. 2013. Current Microbial Isolates from Wound Swabs, Their Culture and Sensitivity Pattern at the Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Okolobiri, Nigeria. \u003cem\u003eTropical Medicine and Health, 41(2); 49-53. doi:10.2149/tmh.2012-14\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eSafia, B., Ghulam, A., Channa, T., Ruba, S. and Waquaruddin, Ahmed. 2011. Frequency and risk factors of surgical site infections in general surgery ward of a tertiary care hospital of Karachi, Pakistan. \u003cem\u003eInt J Infect Control, v7: i3.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGilmara, C.A., Marquiony, M.S., Nara, G.M., Thiago, A.C., Maria, C.M. and Kenio, C. L. 2014. Prevalence and factors associated with wound colonization by Staphylococcus spp. and Staphylococcus aureus in hospitalized patients in inland northeastern Brazil. \u003cem\u003eBMC Infectious Diseases, 14:328 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/14/328\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSocio-demographic characteristics of patients admitted for wound infection at Dil-Chora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia, 2020\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"623\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.96794871794872%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.69871794871795%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCategory\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.46794871794872%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.865384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.96794871794872%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.69871794871795%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.46794871794872%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.865384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(12.8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.40274599542334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21-40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.94279176201373%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.65446224256293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(58.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.40274599542334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.94279176201373%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.65446224256293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(28.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.96794871794872%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.69871794871795%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.46794871794872%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e112\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.865384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(59.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.40274599542334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.94279176201373%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.65446224256293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(40.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.96794871794872%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResidence\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.69871794871795%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUrban\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.46794871794872%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.865384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(52.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.40274599542334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRural\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.94279176201373%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.65446224256293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(47.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.96794871794872%\" rowspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEducational status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.69871794871795%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCan\u0026rsquo;t read and write\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.46794871794872%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.865384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(37.2%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.40274599542334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWrite and read only\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.94279176201373%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.65446224256293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(10.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.40274599542334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary (Grade 1-8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.94279176201373%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.65446224256293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(27.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.40274599542334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary (Grade 9-12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.94279176201373%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.65446224256293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(14.9%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.40274599542334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCollege and above\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.94279176201373%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.65446224256293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(10.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.96794871794872%\" rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMarital status\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.69871794871795%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.46794871794872%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.865384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(16.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.40274599542334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.94279176201373%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e129\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.65446224256293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(68.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.40274599542334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.94279176201373%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.65446224256293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(13.3%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.40274599542334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDivorce\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.94279176201373%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.65446224256293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(1.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.96794871794872%\" rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMonthly income\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.69871794871795%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;1000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.46794871794872%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.865384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(66.5%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.40274599542334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1000-2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.94279176201373%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.65446224256293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(23.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.40274599542334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;2000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.94279176201373%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.65446224256293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(10.1%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.96794871794872%\" rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily size\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.69871794871795%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.46794871794872%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.865384615384615%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(42.6%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"52.40274599542334%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"24.94279176201373%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e108\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.65446224256293%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(57.4%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBacteria isolates among patients admitted for wound infection at Dil-Chora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia, 2020\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBacteria Isolates from wound\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFrequency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e70\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e32.9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003especies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e61\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e28.6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCoagulase negative\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Staphylococcus\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003especies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e28\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e18\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8.5\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKlebsiella\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003especies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e13\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6.1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Escherichia coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e9\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4.2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCitrobacter\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003especies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProvidencia\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003especies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e6\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.8\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e213\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eBivariate and Multivariate analysis of socio-demographic, Clinical and other factors related with of bacteria isolated among patients admitted for wound infection at Dil-Chora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia, 2020.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVariables \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCulture\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBivariate analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMultivariate analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePositive (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNegative (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCOR (95% CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAOR (95% CI)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAge\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1-20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19 (79.17%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (20.83%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (2.46-14.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14 (0.004-5.78)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21-40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e103 (93.64%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(6.36%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5 (0.178-5.632)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94 (0.28-31.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026gt;60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46 (85.19%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 (14.81%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107 (95.54%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (4.46%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3 (1.823-15.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7.5 (5.6-13.2) *\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61 (80.26%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15 (19.74%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrevious history of wound infection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7 (53.85%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6 (46.15%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.78 (3.53-12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.3 (3.53-12)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e161 (92%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (8%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType of specimens\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePus discharge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e120 (97.56%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 (2.44%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.2 (3.97-16.03)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e16.8 (12.7-18.3) ***\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWound swab\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48 (73.85%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17 (26.15%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eType of ward\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGyn \u0026amp; Obs\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73 (93.59%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (6.41%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.02 (0.02-0.19)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4 (0.16-3.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrthopedic\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51 (91.08%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (8.92%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05 (0.01-0.35)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12.3 (8.3-16.5) **\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSurgical\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26 (86.67%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (13.33%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15 (0.027-0.87)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.49 (0.4-3.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMedical\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14 (73.68%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 (26.32%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5 (0.09-2.62)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.78 (0.46-3.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePediatrics\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4 (80%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1 (20%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e*Statically significance (p\u0026lt;0.05), ** Statically significance (p=0.004), *** Statically significance (p=0.001), 1=Reference group, COR= Crude odd ratio, AOR=Adjusted odd ratio, 95% CI=95% Confidence interval.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDrug susceptibility pattern of gram-positive bacteria isolates among patients admitted for wound infection at Dil-Chora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia, 2020\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"137%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.080808080808081%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIsolates\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.0606060606060606%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"85.85858585858585%\" colspan=\"11\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntimicrobial agents /No. of bacterial isolates (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.602150537634408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCRO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCIP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.43010752688172%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.602150537634408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60(85.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35(50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56(80)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70(100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45(64.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35(50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.43010752688172%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70(100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(25.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.602150537634408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=70)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(4.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(21.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(7.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(8.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.43010752688172%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.602150537634408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(28.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14(20)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25(35.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30(42.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e64(91.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70(100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70(100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.43010752688172%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52(74.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.602150537634408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCONS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(64.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23(82.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24(85.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(53.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(42.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15(53.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(32.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(21.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(17.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.43010752688172%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28(100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(46.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.602150537634408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(10.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(7.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(21.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(10.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(17.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(7.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(10.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.43010752688172%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(21.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.602150537634408%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(10.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.451612903225806%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(46.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(32.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14(50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(71.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"5.376344086021505%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(71.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.43010752688172%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.526881720430108%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(32.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKEY:\u003c/strong\u003e S = Sensitive I = Intermediate R = Resistant; \u0026minus;: zero; CN: Gentamicin; C: Chloramphenicol; TS: Cotrimoxazole; CRO: Ceftriaxone; CIP: Ciprofloxacin; AM: Ampicillin; P: Penicillin; D: Doxycycline; AN: Amikacin; E: Erythromycin; VA: Vancomycin.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDrug susceptibility pattern of gram-negative bacteria isolates among patients admitted for wound infection at Dil-Chora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia, 2020\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.161616161616163%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIsolates\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.080808080808081%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"75.75757575757575%\" colspan=\"8\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntimicrobial agents /No. of bacterial isolates (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eC\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCRO\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAN\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAM\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCIP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteus\u003c/em\u003e spp\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(11.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19(31.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46(75.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61(100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(16.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34(55.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=61)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(8.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(8.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(4.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(11.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(10)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54(88.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37(60.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(16.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48(78.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61(100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(32.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44(72)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. aeuruginosa\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(55.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(22.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14(77.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(44.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(11.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(11.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(22.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(38.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKlebseilla\u003c/em\u003e spp\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(30.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(38.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(84.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(76.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(53.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(46.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(61.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(23.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(15.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(69.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(53.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(15.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(46.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(92.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(38.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(30.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(44.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(77.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(55.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(55.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(55.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(44.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(11.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(22.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(22.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(22.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(22.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(11.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(22.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCitrobacter\u003c/em\u003e spp\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(37.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(12.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(12.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(37.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(37.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8(100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(87.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProvidencia\u003c/em\u003e spp\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(66.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(100)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(66.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(n=6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.842105263157894%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(50)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(83.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(83.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"9.473684210526315%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.421052631578947%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKEY: S = Sensitive I = Intermediate R = Resistant; CN Gentamicin; C: Chloramphenicol; TS: Cotrimoxazole; CRO: ceftriaxone; CIP: Ciprofloxacin; AM: Ampicillin; D: Doxycycline; AN: Amikacin.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eMultidrug resistance of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria isolates among patients admitted for wound infection at Dil-Chora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia, 2020\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"130%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.292929292929294%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBacteria isolates\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"56.56565656565657%\" colspan=\"9\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAntimicrobial classes resisted to No (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.141414141414142%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal MDR\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.591836734693878%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.122448979591836%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eR7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp; (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.591836734693878%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eS. aureus\u003c/em\u003e (n=70)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.122448979591836%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(8.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18(25.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30(42.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(12.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(2.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e70(100)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.591836734693878%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCONS (n=28)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.122448979591836%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(14.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(42.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(21.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(7.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(3.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(7.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(3.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12(42.9)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.591836734693878%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal (n=98)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.122448979591836%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(4.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(12.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(12.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20(20.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31(31.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11(11.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(5.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(3.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e82(83.7)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.591836734693878%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.122448979591836%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.591836734693878%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProteus\u003c/em\u003e spp. (n=61)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.122448979591836%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(11.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13(21.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17(27.9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10(16.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(9.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7(11.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(1.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e54(88.5)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.591836734693878%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e(n=18)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.122448979591836%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5(27.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(22.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(11.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(5.6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e18(100)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.591836734693878%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eKlebseilla\u003c/em\u003e spp. (n=13)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.122448979591836%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4(30.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(15.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(23)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(7.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10(76.9)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.591836734693878%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e (n=9)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.122448979591836%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(22.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(22.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(11.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(33.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(11.1)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5(55.6)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.591836734693878%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCitrobacter\u003c/em\u003e spp. (n=8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.122448979591836%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(12.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3(37.5)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(25)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e7(87.5)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.591836734693878%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProvidencia\u003c/em\u003e spp. (n=6)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.122448979591836%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(33.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1(16.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e5(83.3)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.591836734693878%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal (n=115)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"6.122448979591836%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14(12.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22(19.2)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33(28.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21(18.3)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12(10.4)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9(7.8)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"7.142857142857143%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2(1.7)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e99(86.1)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKey:\u003c/strong\u003e R0= Sensitive to all antimicrobials tested; R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 -Resistant to one, two, three, four, five, six, seven antimicrobials, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Bacterial isolates, Drug susceptibility pattern, Wound infection","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4272045/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4272045/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e Bacterial wound infections are a common and serious health problem that can disrupt wound healing, resulting in morbidity and death in patients, particularly due to drug-resistant pathogens. Limited research exists on this topic in eastern Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eObjective\u003c/strong\u003e: This study aims to assess aerobic bacteria isolate, their drug susceptibility patterns and associated factors among suspected patients admitted for wound infection at Dil-Chora Referral Hospital,\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eDire Dawa, eastern Ethiopia.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003e A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 188 patients with wounds from March to June 2020. Data were collected using a pretested, structured questionnaire. Wound swabs and pus discharges from 188 patients were collected using convenient sampling techniques. \u0026nbsp;Gram staining, biochemical testing, and culture were used to isolate and identify etiologic agents. Antibacterial susceptibility test was performed on Muller Hinton agar using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults\u003c/strong\u003e: In this study, 89.4% of wound infections yielded bacteria, predominantly Gram-negative (54%) and Gram-positive (46%). S. aureus (32.9%) and Proteus species (28.6%) were predominant. Gender [AOR=7.5; 95% CI (5.6–13.2)], type of specimen [AOR=16.8; 95% CI (12.7–18.3)], and type of ward [AOR=12.3; 95% CI (8.3–16.5)] were significantly associated with bacterial wound infection. All isolated Gram-positive bacteria resisted Beta-lactams but responded to amikacin and vancomycin. Gram-negative bacteria showed high resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, ceftriaxone, and doxycycline, but they were susceptible to amikacin. Overall, multi-drug resistance was high at 85%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions\u003c/strong\u003e: Our study detected a high prevalence of bacterial wound infections with notable drug resistance. Gender (female), types of specimen (pus discharge), and types of ward (orthopedic ward) had a significant effect on the outcome variable (P\u0026lt; 0.05). Amikacin, gentamicin, and vancomycin emerged as preferred antibiotics at Dil-Chora hospital. Clinical diagnosis of wound infection should consider microbiological culture and susceptibility patterns for effective treatment.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Aerobic Bacteria Isolates and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns in Suspected Wound Infection Patients at Dil-Chora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, Eastern Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-04-17 05:52:09","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4272045/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"34c1f74c-1c41-4016-a105-4e3efaa87f2c","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 17th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-05-06T04:12:00+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-04-17 05:52:09","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4272045","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4272045","identity":"rs-4272045","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}