Sub-picomolar Dopamine Sensing in Aqueous Electrolyte with Surface-Engineered MXene-Gated Organic Transistors

Sub-picomolar Dopamine Sensing in Aqueous Electrolyte with Surface-Engineered MXene-Gated Organic Transistors | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Sub-picomolar Dopamine Sensing in Aqueous Electrolyte with Surface-Engineered MXene-Gated Organic Transistors Matteo Genitoni, Ioan-Alexandru Baragau, Matteo Sensi, Dana Georgeta Popescu, and 8 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8894655/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Electrolyte-gated organic transistors (EGOTs) can be operated as sensors with high selectivity and an outstandingly low limit of detection. Their response to interfacial interactions occurs either by capacitive coupling between gate and channel or by faradaic reactions. In this work, we endow specific sensing response to EGOTs based on the PEDOT:PSS channel by functionalization of the gate electrode with Ti 3 C 2 T X MXenes. MXene were synthesized in different conditions to tailor surface chemistry, while retaining a similar skeleton structure. The integration of MXene-based functionalization layers is shown to preserve the high transconductance in EGOT devices, while simultaneously tuning the switch-on voltage toward 0 V. This modulation enables a safe operational window in aqueous electrolytes, preventing unwanted electrochemical side reactions. We then demonstrated that EGOT with the surface-tailored MXene layers are sensitive to concentrations of the neurotransmitter dopamine down to sub-picomolar levels of detection. These unprecedented LODs indicate that modification of EGOTs gate with tailored or functionalized MXenes is a viable and versatile strategy to enhance sensitivity to relevant biomarkers. Physical sciences/Chemistry Physical sciences/Materials science Physical sciences/Nanoscience and technology Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Introduction Biosensors transduce biological, chemical, and physical signals into measurable outputs, enabling real-time patient monitoring and biomarker-based diagnostics. This signal conversion capability makes them indispensable for personalised medicine and early disease detection 1 . Among relevant biomarkers, dopamine (DA) is a critical neurotransmitter regulating reward pathways, memory, learning, attention, and motor control in the mammalian central nervous system 2 . Extracellular DA concentrations in brain tissue range from nanomolar to sub-micromolar levels, and deviations from this narrow physiological window correlate with major pathological conditions, including depression, schizophrenia, psychosis, and Parkinson’s disease (PD) 3 . For instance, halving the DA concentration in the caudate-putamen region correlates with the main pathogenic hallmark of PD 4 . Early interventions require analytical tools capable of detecting picomolar DA fluctuations before this critical tipping point. Current DA sensors predominantly rely on the electrochemical oxidation of DA to dopamine-o-quinone (DQ) at the electrode interface 5 . To date, state-of-the-art electrochemical detection strategies have focused on (bio)sensing platforms utilising Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry (FSCV) and Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) 6 . While the selectivity against common physiological interferents - such as ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA) - has been significantly enhanced through surface modifications with conductive polymers 7 and inorganic nanocomposites 8 , critical challenges persist. Specifically, electrochemical techniques often suffer from a progressive decline in electrode performance due to the degradation of the functionalized interface and significant biofouling during prolonged operation 9 . Furthermore, most existing platforms fail to achieve the picomolar-level sensitivity required for early-stage PD diagnostics and the monitoring of basal neurotransmitter fluctuations. To overcome these limitations, organic electronics offer a promising route toward portable, cost-effective, and highly sensitive (bio)sensing platforms. Successful quantification of DA in the presence of its metabolites has been demonstrated using devices based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) 10 . Unlike electrochemical sensors, the specificity of these devices arises from distinct kinetic timescales governed by non-covalent interactions between catecholamines and the active PEDOT:PSS surface, rather than direct oxidation of the analyte 11 . The robustness of this approach has been validated by transitioning from two- and three-terminal neuromorphic architectures designed for in-vitro sub-nanomolar detection 12 to high-performance applications for in-vivo DA monitoring 13 . Among organic electronic devices, electrolyte-gated organic transistors (EGOTs) offer distinct advantages for biosensing: label-free detection, sub-1V operational window, and aqueous compatibility 14 . In EGOT devices, the gate bias is capacitively coupled to the organic semiconductor through the electrolyte, so that minute interfacial polarisation phenomena are amplified and transduced into large variations in the transistor’s electrical response, enabling ultra-low detection limits 15 . Achieving high sensitivity and selectivity requires strategic/proper functionalization of the gate or channel with recognition moieties, including antibodies 16 , 17 , oligonucleotide 18 , 19 , aptamers 20 , enzymes 21 and conductive materials (rGO, PEDOT:PSS, CNTs) 22 . EGOTs-based DA sensors can be classified according to the recognition mechanism occurring at the interface between the functional material and the target analyte. The first DA EGOT sensor, reported by Feng Yan’s group 23 , transduced the electrochemical oxidation of DA at the silicon gate electrode using a PEDOT:PSS channel, achieving tens-of-nanomolar detection. Over the years, different functionalization strategies have been explored to enhance the selectivity of DA recognition, including covalent bonds 24 , all-polymer PEDOT:PSS architectures 10 , Nafion/rGO-carbonised silk composites 25 , micropillars electrode arrays 26 , and aptamer-functionalized gates 27 . In the aforementioned cases, as well as with organic neuromorphic devices, sub-nanomolar level of DA detection was achieved. Herein, we investigate the sensing performance of EGOTs toward DA by employing gate electrodes functionalized with MXenes, an emerging class of 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides 28 . These materials are obtained through the selective etching of the 'A' element (Al, Ga, or Si) from the so-called MAX phase precursors (M n+1 AX n ). The extraction of the ‘A’ atoms, chemically bound to M atoms, generates unsaturated M sites which are partially saturated by different inorganic species in the reaction environment (like F − , OH − , O 2− , O 2 2− ). This substitution introduces terminal functional groups, noted with T x , to yield MXene, whose chemical formula is M n+1 X n T x . Currently, Ti 3 C 2 T x remains the most studied MXene due to its high electrochemically active surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, environmental stability, chemical and physical robustness, tunable surface chemistry and biocompatibility 29 , 30 . Its surface functionality plays a crucial role in tailoring its electronic properties, thereby enabling its optimisation for a wide range of specific applications 31 . Notably, the MXenes surface terminations act as effective anchor sites for the covalent binding of antibodies 32 . In the context of sensing, MXenes were explored for developing electrochemical detection of dopamine (DA) 33 with a sub-nanomolar DA limit of detection (LOD). The rationale behind the development of MXene-EGOT sensors for DA is based on the formation of Ti-N covalent bonds by nucleophilic reaction between N in DA and Ti in MXene, as recently demonstrated 34 – 36 . However, the sub-nanomolar LOD of DA, which would be relevant to discriminate between physio- and pathological states, has not been attained yet via MXene-functionalized EGOTs. Only a few studies involving the development of EGOT DA-sensors are available: Xu and coworkers achieved micromolar DA detection using ultrathin Ti 3 C 2 FET devices 37 , while Zhou et al. reached 50 nM LOD through MXene/Pt nanoparticles-functionalized gate in graphene transistors, thus positioning far above the desired sub-picomolar LOD 38 . Based on these premises, we present here a novel strategy to enhance EGOT’s sensitivity towards DA sensing by leveraging surface-engineered Ti 3 C 2 T X MXenes. To this end, three MXene samples with different surface chemistry were synthesised by thermal annealing of a common precursor phase in argon, hydrogen or ammonia gas fluxes. Even since its discovery, various methods for post-HF etching MXene surface chemistry modification have been developed 39 , 40 . In this study, we are exploring a straightforward and effective heat treatment process to modify the surface chemistry of MXene by using diluted hydrogen as a main oxygen-related functional groups reducing agent and pure ammonia gas as a dual-action agent: reducing agent and nitrogen doping source. The MXene surface thermal annealing in pure hydrogen gas has been proven 41 , and some studies showed the capacity of hydrogen to remove fluorine over the MXene surface 42 . Thermal annealing of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene in pure ammonia gas flow has not been widely studied 43 , most research focusing on annealing in other gases 44 (synthetic air, argon., nitrogen, etc), and some studies explored the N-doping through thermal decomposition of solid ammonium salts 45 ; most of the related studies involving Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene and NH 3 (g) are focusing on ammonia sensing 46 . The effective modification of the MXenes was comprehensively investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), High-Resolution X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (HR-XPS), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies. The surface-engineered MXenes were deposited on gold electrodes and characterised with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Finally, surface-tailored MXene-coated electrodes were integrated into EGOT devices to obtain DA sensors showing unprecedented sub-picomolar sensitivity. Results Synthesis and characterisation of surface-tailored multilayered MXenes Wet chemical etching of a commercial Ti 3 AlC 2 MAX phase with HF yielded the precursor phase HF-MX, which was subsequently annealed under different gas atmospheres (argon, 5% hydrogen in argon, and pure ammonia) to obtain three MXene samples, hereafter denoted as Ar-MX, H 2 -MX, and N-MX. The formation of multilayered Ti 3 C 2 T X MXene was confirmed by multiple characterisation techniques, revealing substantial chemical and structural modifications of the parent MAX phase induced by the etching process. SEM-EDS analysis (Fig. 1A-C, Figure S1 and Table S1 ) shows the evolution from the dense MAX phase to the multilayered MXene structure, accompanied by a marked depletion of Al and an increase in C, O and F contents, whereas images of Ar-MX, H 2 -MX and N-MX samples show the typical layered morphology of MXene crystal domains, which remain largely preserved after annealing samples. No signs of thermal degradation or decomposition were observed following heat treatment at 400°C under Ar, H 2 or NH 3 , indicating good structural stability under the selected conditions. EDS mapping further confirms a homogeneous distribution of Ti and C consistent with the Ti 3 C 2 T x composition, as well as a reduced oxygen content in H 2 -MX and N-MX compared to HF-MX. Effective etching of the MAX phase was additionally corroborated by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, XPS and FTIR analysis ( Figure S2-S5 and Tables S2-S6 ). The XRD patterns of Ar-MX, H 2 -MX and N-MX (Fig. 1D) show a strong reduction in the 002 peak intensity compared to the MAX phase, together with a slight shift toward lower angles for H 2 -MX and N-MX ( Table S2 ), indicating a small increase in the interlayer spacing from 19.29 Å to 19.55 Å and 19.59 Å, respectively. The 002 peak broadening observed in all samples suggests reduced crystallite size and increased structural disorder induced by HF etching and subsequent annealing. Notably, H 2 -MX and N-MX samples, treated under reductive conditions, exhibit an additional peak at ~ 13.9°, corresponding to an interlayer distance of ~ 6.36 Å. This value is smaller than that expected for Ti 3 C 2 (~ 9.8 Å), likely associated with the formation of Ti 3 C 2 T x quantum dots resulting from the cleaning of oxidized or corroded surface/structure 47 . Overall, despite these differences, Ar-MX, H 2 -MX, and N-MX display comparable microstructural features, indicating that the annealing doesn’t significantly alter the core structure of the Ti 3 C 2 layers. The Raman spectra (Fig. 1E) show a decrease in the relative intensity of the band at ~ 154.38 cm –1 characteristic of Ti–O (C–Ti–O/TiO 2 ), compared to the other modes in the characteristic “flake” and “T x ” regions ( Figure S3 and Table S3 ) 48 . In the HF-MX samples, this peak at ~ 154.2 cm –1 is the most intense, indicating a consistent oxidation degree of the Ti 3 C 2 layers 49 . In contrast, the Ar-MX sample exhibits a splitting of the E g mode in two peaks at ~ 143.8 cm –1 , attributed to C–Ti–OH, and at ~ 1519 cm –1 , associated with C–Ti–O (TiO 2 ), reflecting thermally induced modifications of surface terminations. A complete suppression of the C–Ti–O (TiO 2 ) contribution is observed in the H 2 -MX sample, which displays a single E g peak at ~ 143.3 cm –1 , characteristic of a less oxidized MXene surface. Besides, the N-MX spectrum contains both E g components (~ 143.49 cm –1 and ~ 151.57 cm –1 ), suggesting that NH 3 is less effective than H 2 in reducing surface oxides on Ti 3 C 2 T x . Finally, the number of defects in the carbon network of Ti 3 C 2 layers in the Ar-MX sample slightly decreases; the I D /I G ratio is 1.17 ± 0.06, whereas in HF-MX it is 1.20 ± 0.04. The H 2 -MX sample has the lowest I D /I G ratio (1.11 ± 0.14), confirming that the reductive environment has decreased the number of defects in the carbon lattice, too, while the N-MX sample has not achieved any major change with an I D /I G ratio of 1.19 ± 0.03 (similar to the HF-MX sample). The FTIR spectra of the MX samples (Fig. 1F and Figure S4 ) exhibit, in their fingerprint region, the characteristic IR absorption bands of MXene backbone: ∿466–467 cm –1 (Ti–C bending); ∿490–492 cm –1 (C–C vibrations); ~562–654 cm –1 (various Ti–O and C–Ti–O vibrations), ~ 772–786 cm –1 (Ti–F vibrations), ~ 859–878 cm –1 (Al–O bending vibrations), ~ 942–964 cm –1 (Ti–OH bending), ~ 1048–1063 cm –1 (C–O stretching), ~ 1088–1109 cm –1 (C–F stretching), ~ 1161–1165 cm –1 (C–O stretching), and ~ 1234–1236 cm –1 (C–O–C stretching; Ti–O–C bridging) 50,51 . Among the investigated thermal treatments, annealing in anhydrous ammonia proved to be the most effective, as evidenced by the substantial attenuation of the Al–O bending vibration band at ~ 859–878 cm –1 . The functional groups region (Fig. 1f and Figure S4) is dominated by the broad bending (~ 1631–1635 cm –1 ) and stretching (~ 3100–3700 cm –1 ) vibrational modes of adsorbed water molecules 52 . These molecules are predominantly strongly hydrogen-bonded to the MX surface, particularly in HF-MX, and to a progressively lesser extent in Ar-MX, H 2 -MX, and N-MX. A complete assignment of the IR absorption bands is provided in Table S4 . Overall, SEM, XRD, Raman, and FTIR analyses revealed pronounced changes during the transformation from the MAX phase to HF-MX, followed by successful surface modification upon annealing to yield Ar-MX, H 2 -MX, and N-MX samples. Notably, this work introduces a surface-engineering strategy for MXenes based on a 5% H 2 /Ar gas mixture, which is safer than pure H 2 and enables effective reduction of oxygen-containing surface terminations while minimizing secondary oxidation during annealing and allowing the rapid removal of highly volatile species from the reaction zone. In addition, this study was carried out on multilayered Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene particles annealed at 400°C for 3 h under NH 3 flow, differing from previous reports in terms of processing conditions 53 , MXene morphology and surface-stabilization approach 43 . Although no significant differences in the core structure of the MXene were detected between the three annealed samples, XPS revealed pronounced differences in surface chemistry among the Ar-MX, H 2 -MX and N-MX samples (Fig. 2, Figure S5 , Table 1, and Table S5 and S6 ). The Ar-MX sample shows an overall increase in carbon content with a slight decrease in oxygen and fluorine, changes that can be attributed solely to the thermal effects (Table S5). In this sample, most oxygen-related terminations (C-Ti-O, C-Ti-(OH) x , and C = O) are significantly reduced, while Ti-O (TiO 2 ) and C-OH species exhibit a slight increase (Table S4). When compared to H 2 -MX and N-MX, Ar-MX presents the lowest titanium concentration on the surface, while H 2 -MX and N-MX display lower carbon and slightly higher oxygen content (even when compared to HF-MX). Table 1 : XPS and EDS elemental composition of Ar-MX, H 2 -MX, and N-MX samples. Notably, H 2 -MX exhibits the strongest reduction, with C-Ti-O, C-Ti-(OH) x , and C = O concentrations reduced by approximately 50% relative to the pristine HF-MX (see O 1s in Table S6 ), complete removal of Ti(III)-F species (which are converted into C-Ti-O bonds, see Ti 2p in Table S6 ), and enrichment in C-OH functionalities. Both H 2 -MX and N-MX show a substantial decrease in C-Ti(OH/F) x species and a corresponding increase in Ti-C-Ti bonds, indicating partial restoration of the Ti 3 C 2 lattice and improved electronic characteristics. Consistent elemental trends are also observed by EDS (Table 1 and Table S1 and S3), albeit with different relative proportions due to the distinct probing depth of XPS and EDS. Finally, the N-MX sample has been successfully doped with nitrogen (4.47 at%), with nitrogen predominantly incorporated as Ti-N species, along with minor contributions from -C ≡ N and/or pyrrolic-N, and graphitic-N functionalities. Taken together, these results indicate that thermal annealing under different gas atmospheres mainly affects surface terminations without substantially altering the intrinsic -C-Ti-C- framework of the MXene. Functionalization of the gate electrode with the surface-tailored MXenes To develop an ultra-sensitive DA sensor, the Au gate electrode of the EGOT devices was functionalized with Ar-MX, H 2 -MX and N-MX. Electrochemical methods were employed to both assess the functionalization procedure and to evaluate the effect of the different surface modifications on the MXene structures. Taking advantage of the hydrophilic nature and highly negative zeta potential of MXenes 54 , stable DMSO dispersions of Ar-MX, H 2 -MX and N-MX were prepared and drop-cast on the gate electrodes. Extensive surface coverage was achieved through the deposition of randomly oriented MXene multilayer grains, as evidenced by SEM images of the functionalized gate electrode (Fig. 3A, B). The surface modifications induced by the thermal annealing of MXenes are further reflected in the electrochemical behavior of the Au/MXene electrodes, investigated with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), using [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3−/4− as a redox probe. As shown in Fig. 3C, the oxidation peak progressively shifts towards more negative potentials following the sequence N-MX > H 2 -MX > Ar-MX ≈ Au. The H 2 -MX and Ar-MX functionalized electrodes display a broader current envelope in the CV plots compared to bare gold. In contrast, the N-MX electrode exhibits a reduced peak current, even lower than that of unmodified gate electrodes, suggesting that the ammonia-assisted heat treatment adversely affects the faradaic electrochemical performance, likely due to a decrease in film electrical conductivity 55 . This hypothesis is supported by the EIS data (Fig. 3D). The Nyquist plots were fitted using the modified equivalent circuit proposed by Anjum et al. , for MXene-functionalized electrodes 56 (Fig. 3D, inset), while a standard Randles circuit was employed for bare gold electrode. The resulting best-fit parameters, summarised in Table S7 , further confirm the effectiveness of the surface modification process. The charge transfer resistance (R ct ) increases significantly from ∿55 Ω (bare Au) to ∿254 Ω (Ar-MX), ∿254 Ω (H 2 -MX), and ∿602 Ω (N-MX). This trend is consistent with the highly negative surface charge of MXenes 57 , which induces electrostatic repulsion toward anionic [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3−/4− probe. Regarding the interfacial properties, the double-layer capacitance (C 1 ) is highest for H 2 -MX (4.30 ± 0.67 µF), decreases for Ar-MX (1.02 ± 0.09 µF), and reaches the lowest value for N-MX (0.53 ± 0.03 µF). The elevated C 1 observed for H 2 -MX is consistent with its HR-XPS analysis (Table S6), which reveals the highest relative abundance of polar C-OH functional groups (45.78%), resulting in a more hydrophilic and thus electrostatically active surface. Characterisation of EGOT devices with MXene-functionalized gate The MXene-coated gate electrodes were integrated in an EGOT-based architecture, acting as sensitive probes for DA detection. Figure 4A shows the schematic representation of top-gated EGOT configuration, in which the gate electrode was positioned directly above the source and the drain interdigitated electrodes (IDEs), connected by a thin-film of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) channel. The device is assembled by bridging the gate electrode and the IDEs with the buffer solution, as reported in Fig. 4B. The typical transfer characteristics of the devices featuring surface-tailored MXenes are shown in Fig. 4C. Unlike functionalization with antibodies grafted onto organic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), which typically causes a one-order-of-magnitude current reduction due to the Au surface passivation, the MXene functionalization layer induces only a minimal decrease in the I DS current, with respect to not-functionalized (bare) gold electrode (Fig. 4C). The three surface-tailored MXenes do not show any significant difference in the on state of the device, whereas in the off state ( viz. , at V GS = + 0.7 V), the H 2 -MX device exhibits a significantly higher off-current (poor switching) compared to the Ar-MX and N-MX devices, which both switch off the device effectively. We extracted the transconductance ( g m ) as the first derivative of the transfer curve (Fig. 4D), which describes the ability of the device to amplify a small voltage variation ( e.g. , interaction of the target molecule with the functionalized gate) in a large current difference. Interestingly, the maximum of the transconductance was very close for gate electrodes functionalised with N-MX and Ar-MX, while it was lower for the H 2 -MX functionalized electrodes. Notably, all the MXenes functionalized electrodes shifted the voltage of the maximum of transconductance closer to 0 V compared to bare gold gate electrodes, which is a key point for physiological applications. Sensing of Dopamine with the MXene-functionalized EGOT device The sensing capability of the MXene-functionalized EGOTs toward DA was evaluated by recording transfer characteristics under increasing DA concentrations to establish a dose-response profile. For all three MXene variants, a monotonic decrease in I DS was observed in the saturation regime (Fig. 5A-C ) as a function of analyte concentration. These results suggest that DA molecules - positively charged at the physiological pH of 7.4 ( pKa DA = 8.9 ) - interact with the MXene layer, effectively shifting the gate potential toward more positive values. This behavior is consistent with previous reports on the electrostatic gating effect of primary amines 22,24 . Mechanistically, this interaction promotes cation injection into (or hinders anion extraction from) the PEDOT:PSS channel, leading to a depletion of hole carriers and a subsequent reduction in I DS . Analysis of the gate currents ( I GS , Figure S6 ) revealed no faradaic peaks for the MXene-modified electrodes at sub-micromolar DA concentrations, confirming that the sensing mechanism in this regime is governed by non-faradaic interactions. Conversely, at concentrations exceeding 1 µM, the positive gate potential triggers the electrooxidation of DA to dopamine-quinone (DQ). This transition is evidenced by a voltammetric peak centered at V GS ≈ 0.3 V, which was particularly pronounced for Ar-MX. In this micromolar range, DA oxidation promotes a substantial change in channel conductance via the electrochemical reduction of PEDOT + to PEDOT 0 within the transistor channel 58 . EGOTs operate as multiparametric devices, allowing the sensing event to be monitored through various figures of merit, including the switch-on voltage ( V T ) and the transconductance ( g m ). As shown in Fig. 5D-F, all three surface-tailored MXenes exhibit a decrease in transconductance peak with increasing DA concentration. To further elucidate the device response, transfer curves were fitted using the unified analytical model recently proposed by Zanotti et al. 59 . The experimental I DS vs V GS data were modelled using Eq. 18 from the cited work; the resulting best-fit curves (dashed lines, Fig. 5A-C) and their numerical derivatives (Fig. 5G-I) show excellent agreement with experimental data in the capacitive regime. Finally, the normalised difference between the experimental and modelled transconductance ( Δg m /g m_QC ) highlights the impact of the faradaic contribution. The peak at V GS ≈ 0.3 V, prominent at 10 µM DA in Fig. 5J-L, serves as a clear indicator of the transition from electrostatic gating to redox-active sensing, as previously pointed out 58 . To quantitatively assess the sensor performance, the relative signal response was plotted against the DA concentration. For all the investigated MXenes, the I DS at V GS = -0.5 V decreased upon exposure to increasing DA concentrations. Defining the response as the relative current variation ( SI DS , see Materials and Methods for further details), a monotonic increase in signal magnitude was observed across the entire concentration range (Fig. 6A). The dose-response curves exhibit a distinct sigmoidal trend characterised by three phases: i) a rapid signal increase at low concentration (10 pM for H 2 -MX and N-MX, 1 pM for Ar-MX), ii) a plateau or a region of slower increase (up to 100 nM) and iii) a second, sharp signal rise at concentrations exceeding 100 nM. This biphasic behavior strongly suggests the coexistence of two distinct interaction mechanisms at the MXene-electrolyte interface, visually demarcated by the colored background regions in Fig. 6. To model this behavior, the experimental data ( SI DS@−0.5V vs [DA]) were fitted using an ad hoc , two-term, empirical model: \(\:{S}_{{I}_{DS\:}}={S}_{max\:}\frac{{K}_{a\:}\left[DA\right]}{1+{K}_{a\:}\left[DA\right]}+{\left(\frac{\left[DA\right]}{{C}_{0\:}}\right)}^{n\:}\:\:\:\) (Eq. 1) The first term acts as a Langmuir-like isotherm, describing the high-affinity, specific binding of dopamine to the functionalized MXene surface, likely driven by the formation of Ti-N covalent bonds, π- π interactions, hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces as recently pointed out 34,35 . This process dominates in the low concentration regime (blue background), saturating at a maximum signal S max , and is defined by the apparent association constant K a . The second term accounts for the dominant interaction above 100 nM (orange background). Here, C 0 represents an upper limit of detection 11 , and n is the characteristic growth exponent. We hypothesise that this secondary signal rise stems from non-specific adsorption related to the electrooxidation of DA to DQ and subsequent partial polydopamine electrodeposition. This two-mechanism hypothesis is strongly corroborated by our control experiment. The non-functionalized, bare gold electrode (yellow dots) showed a negligible response at low concentrations, confirming that the high-affinity binding is specific to MXenes functionalization. However, the signal extracted from bare gold electrodes exhibit a signal increase at 10 µM, supporting the idea that the high-concentration mechanism is related to DA electrooxidation. As previously mentioned, by fitting the experimental transfer curves with our EGOTs unified analytical model 59 , we leveraged the multiparametric character of the EGOT response. In particular, we extracted the following parameters, that can be correlated with the variation of analyte concentration: V T (switch-on voltage), σ (energy disorder of the density of states (DOS) of the organic semiconductor), g m,l (linear transconductance) and the parameter α ( α = 2e 2 dn max /C DL σ , which describes the ratio of the areal charge densities). The relative variation of the linear transconductance ( Sg m,l ) displays a monotonic trend for all three surface-tailored MXenes (Fig. 6B). Since g m,l variations in EGOTs are ascribed to the change in interfacial capacitance 22 , this trend can be confidently attributed to the electrostatic interaction between the MXene layer and DA. The specific binding mechanism exhibits a steep response in the low concentration range (from 10 − 13 to 10 − 7 M), consistent with high affinity interaction described by the Langmuir term (blue background). At concentrations above 100 nM (orange background), the electrochemical interaction between MXene and DA begins to emerge and Sg m,l exhibits a less sensitive response. To quantitatively describe the specific interaction between the analyte and MXenes, we fitted the monotonic behavior of Sg m,l dose-calibration curve with Eq. 1. H 2 -MX exhibits the highest affinity constant (K a = 2.3 ± 0.6 × 10 12 ), followed by the K a obtained for N-MX (K a = 6.6 ± 2.1 × 10 11 ) and Ar-MX (K a = 1.3 ± 1.2 × 10 11 ). These differences suggest that surface terminations play a pivotal role in the interface kinetics. The strong specific interactions observed for H 2 -MX are consistent with its high concentration of reactive surface terminations, such as C-OH bonds and surface Ti atoms, as revealed by HR-XPS analysis (Table 6SI). The presence of two distinct interaction mechanisms is confirmed in the correlation plot Sg m,l vs SI DS@−0.5V , reported in Fig. 6C. For DA concentrations lower than 100 nM, the device operates in a sensing regime dominated by the specific interaction between the MXene layer and DA molecules, leading to a more pronounced variation of Sg m,l than SI DS@−0.5V . This behavior is quantitatively confirmed by the slope of the linear fit from Sg m,l vs SI DS@−0.5V correlation plot, which remains consistently greater than 1 for all surface-engineered MXene gates (H 2 -MX = 2.5 ± 0.3, N-MX = 1.9 ± 0.1, Ar-MX = 1.5 ± 0.3). The higher values observed for Sg m,l with the respect to SI DS@−0.5V , confirm that the specific interaction between MXenes and DA at low concentration can be successfully described by the Sg m,l trend. For DA concentrations exceeding 100 nM, a second sensing mechanism appears and SI DS@−0.5V results higher than Sg m,l , as confirmed by the slope of the linear fit which is lower than 1 for all the functionalized MXenes. Under this operational regime, the interaction between DA and MXene-EGOT sensor is reflected in a variation of the switch-on shift ΔV T = V T [DA] - V T,0 for the three surface-tailored MXenes (Fig. 6D). ΔV T slightly increases towards positive values for increasing [DA] concentrations, achieving its maximum positive value at 1 nM for Ar-MX and 10 nM for H 2 -MX and N-MX. The trend of the ΔV T then clearly reverses, dropping to negative values (− 27 mV for H 2 -MX, − 19 mV for N-MX and − 42 mV for Ar-MX) at the 10 µM DA concentration. Since the switch-on voltage V T represents the gate voltage at which the semiconductor is in the flatband (or charge neutrality condition), it influences the initial doping level of the EGOTs by modulating the effective gate voltage ν = e(V GS -V T )/σ 22,59 and therefore depends on the work function variations of the gate electrode and/or of the semiconductive channel. As discussed earlier, for low [DA], the interaction between DA and MXene leads to a variation of the interfacial capacitance and therefore of the Sg m,l . This results in a modest V T shift towards positive values, as reported elsewhere for specific DA binding 24 . For [DA] > 100 nM a marked ΔV T shift at negative values is observed for all the chemically-functionalized MXenes. This behavior could be ascribed to the electrooxidation of DA to DQ that takes place at the gate electrode ( Figure S6 ) and results in a negative drift of ΔV T , as previously demonstrated in the literature 60 . Discussion In this work, we synthesised Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene and engineered its surface with an innovative process to obtain three distinct variants: Ar-MX, H 2 -MX and N-MX. These materials were comprehensively characterised by a suite of techniques, including HR-XPS, SEM-EDX, XRD, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. The extensive characterisation revealed that, although the treatments induced only minor changes to the original core structure, they produced significant alterations in surface chemistry and functional group distribution. The surface-tailored MXenes were subsequently deposited on the gate electrode of PEDOT:PSS EGOTs, leading to improved electrical performance, most notably a near-zero switch-on voltage that facilitates low-power operation in electrophysiological applications. The EGOT devices were then employed as sensors for DA detection over a wide concentration range, spanning from sub-picomolar to micromolar levels. Within this sensing framework, two distinct sensing mechanisms were identified, depending on the DA concentration. At concentrations below 100 nM, the sensing response is characterised by a change in the gating effective capacitance of the electric double layer that is transduced into changes in the linear transconductance of the device. In contrast, at micromolar DA concentrations, a faradaic mechanism prevails. This behavior, confirmed by the presence of a faradaic current in the I GS profiles, results in a measurable shift of the switch-on voltage. Surface modification with Ar-MX, H 2 -MX, and N-MX markedly influenced device performance in both regimes. In particular, H 2 -MX demonstrated superior performance for capacitive DA sensing at sub-micromolar concentrations, whereas Ar-MX provided optimised faradaic sensing in the micromolar range, paving the way to the possibility to achieve DA sensing in different concentration windows for specific applications by just tailoring the MXenes surface chemistry. Methods Reagents 1X Phosphate buffered (PB) solution, monobasic and dibasic phosphate, Dopamine hydrochloride, H 2 SO 4 , K 3 Fe(CN) 6 , dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and 0.2% (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GOPS) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Germany), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), PH1000 is produced by Ossila (UK). MAX phase Ti 3 AlC 2 (200 mesh) was purchased from Carbon Ukraine Ltd., HF 40% solution and isopropanol from Fisher Chemical. Ar 5.0, 5% H 2 in Argon 5.0, and anhydrous NH 3 5.0 cylinders were purchased from Linde. Synthesis of HF-MX (Ti 3 C 2 T x ) A commercial MAX phase Ti 3 AlC 2 (6 g) was slowly added under magnetic stirring (Teflon-coated magnetic stirrer) over a 27.7% HF solution (obtained by carefully adding 150 mL of 40% HF into 75 mL of deionised water), resulting in H 2 formation and release due to the reaction between HF and Al atoms inside MAX phase structure. After finishing the MAX phase, the reaction mixture was kept under constant stirring at room temperature for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered on filter paper under vacuum and washed multiple times with DI water until a pH of 6–7 was reached. The HF-MXene Ti 3 C 2 T x solid was washed on the filter with 100mL of isopropanol, collected and vacuum dried at 100°C for 6 hours. The resulting HF-MX dried solid was stored in a glass vial under vacuum for further experiments and characterisation. Synthesis and characterisation of Ar-MX, H 2 -MX and N-MX samples Ar-MX, H 2 -MX and N-MX samples synthesis: 1 g of HF-MX was loaded into a quartz boat and transferred into a horizontal MIT OTF-1200X tubular furnace (with 8 inches heating zone and equipped with OD:25mm, ID:23mm and 1m length quartz tube); the system was sealed and a gas flow of 100mL/min of Ar 5.0, 5% H 2 in Argon 5.0 or NH 3 anhydrous gas 5.0 has started to flow inside the quartz tube. The heating was turned on with a heating rate of 5°C/min until it reached 400°C, and after 3 hours the sample was cooled down with a cooling rate of 5°C/min, keeping an argon flow (H 2 or NH 3 flow off and switched to Ar 5.0 flow) on until MXene samples reached 20–25°C (room temperature). The MXene samples were stored in a glass vial under vacuum for further testing and characterisation. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements were conducted with an Anton Paar XRDynamic 500 powder diffractometer equipped with a Primux 3000 X-ray source (CuK α1 , λ = 1.5406 Å) operated at a 40 kV voltage and a 50 mA current. The patterns were recorded with a scan step of 0.02° and dwell times of ~ 1.2 s/step. The Raman spectra of all the MXene samples were recorded using a Horiba LabRAM HR Evolution Raman Spectrometer equipped with a 633 nm laser. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images of all MXene samples were recorded using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) Zeiss Gemini 500 equipped with an Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) detector from Bruker. The EDX measurements were used to reveal the chemical composition of the MXene samples. The MAX phase (Ti 3 AlC 2 ) sample's SEM and EDS images were recorded using an EVO 50 XVP microscope from Zeiss, equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray system (EDX) from Quanta Bruker 200. The X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of Ar-MX, H 2 -MX, and N-MX samples were measured with a SPECS spectrometer equipped with a monochromatized Al Kα (1486.61 eV) anode radiation source operated at 250W 12.5 kV x 20 mA. The spectra were recorded at pressures lower than 2x10 − 9 mbar with 50 eV pass energy for surveys and 30 eV pass energy for high-resolution measurements. The XPS spectra of MAX phase (Ti 3 AlC 2 ) and HF-MX (Ti 3 C 2 T x ) were recorded using a Kratos AXIS Ultra DLD system equipped with a hemispherical analyser with a reference intensity of over 50,000 counts per second (cps) and spectral resolution of 0.6 eV, using Al K α1 (1486.74 eV) radiation produced by a monochromatized X-Ray source with a spot size of 0.7 mm. The operating power was 192 W (12 kV × 12 mA), and the spectra were recorded with 160 eV pass energy for surveys and 40 eV pass energy for high-resolution measurements, with Hybrid lens mode and slot aperture. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy measurements were performed using a Jasco 6800-FV-BB spectrometer. Spectra were collected in transmission mode under vacuum in the 4000–400 cm – 1 wavenumber range, with a spectral resolution of 4 cm – 1 . Each spectrum represents the average of 128 accumulated scans. Vacuum conditions were applied to minimise atmospheric absorption from CO 2 and H 2 O, thereby enhancing spectral accuracy and reproducibility. The samples were prepared by dispersing and diluting the material of interest in potassium bromide (KBr, Pike Technologies) at a ratio of approximately 1:400. Fabrication of the EGOT device ED-IDE1-Au interdigitated (IDE) source and drain electrodes were supplied by Micrux (Spain). The IDEs are made of gold on glass, showing 90 pairs of interdigitated gold electrodes, with a gap width of 10 µm, giving a ratio width/length (W/L) of 49000. The IDEs were cleaned by a three steps procedure to eliminate organic contaminations: i) ultrasonication in 2% Hellmanex detergent in distilled water, followed by rinsing with water and dry with N 2 flow; ii) ultrasonication in distilled water, followed by rinsing with water and dry with N 2 flow and iii) ultrasonication ethanol, followed by rinsing with ethanol and dry with N 2 flow. We prepared the PEDOT:PSS solution by adding 5% m/m DMSO and 0.2% GOPS. The solution was diluted in distilled water 1000 times and a drop of 10 µL was cast on the IDE. To evaporate the solvent and cure the semiconductor, we put the device in the oven at 120°C for 30 minutes. Functionalization and characterisation of the gate electrode Gold (Au) disc electrodes were cleaned with ultrasonication in ethanol for 10 minutes, dried with N 2 flow, polished with 0.05-micron alumina powder, rinsed abundantly with water and dried with N 2 flow. A 5 mg/mL MXene dispersion in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was prepared and sonicated 10 minutes for six times. A further sonication step was performed by bubbling N 2 in the MXene dispersion for 15 minutes. The Au electrodes were functionalized by drop-casting 4 µL of the 5 mg/mL MXene solution in DMSO on the gold surface. The Au-MXene electrodes were then cured by a two-step process at 50°C for 30 minutes and 70°C for further 30 minutes. The deposition and curing process was repeated two times. Electrochemical characterisation Electrochemical measurements were performed in a standard three-electrode electrochemical cell, filled with 5 mM K 3 Fe(CN) 6 , 1M KCl. The Au electrode was cleaned with alumina on a polish cloth and by CVs in H 2 SO 4 . The clean or covered with MXenes electrode was connected as a working electrode, in presence of a Pt counter electrode and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Cyclic voltammetry was recorded by applying a 100 mV/s scan rate, between − 0.2 and 0.5 V, while electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was performed by applying a potential of -0.27 V, a frequency from 0.1 to 10 5 Hz. Electrical measurements The EGOTs were measured by means of a Keysight B2912A Source/Measure Unit. Transfer curves were measured by sweeping the V GS between − 0.5 to 0.7 V, applying a fixed V DS = -0.2 V until achieving stability, meaning complete superimposition between five successive transfer curves. Dopamine sensing experiments Initially, the device was stabilised in a blank 50 mM PB solution (pH 7.4). Subsequently, the sensor was exposed to a wide dynamic range of DA concentrations, from 100 fM to 10 µM. For each DA concentration, we measured the device current with the DA solution as electrolyte, until stabilization of the transfer curves. Then we rinsed the device and replaced the electrolyte with successive concentrations. The device response in terms of current is calculated as the normalized current modulation relative to the blank sample ( i.e. , buffer solution without DA): \(\:{S}_{IDS\:}=-\left({I}_{DS,\left[DA\right]}-{I}_{DS,0}\right)/{I}_{DS,0\:}\) where I DS,[DA] is the current at a specific V GS and I DS,0 is the baseline current measured at the same V GS in the blank sample. Data availability The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Declarations Acknowledgments IAB, DGP, GS, PD, OEK, and SAN would like to acknowledge funding through the Core Programme of the National Institute of Materials Physics (NIMP), granted by the Romanian Authority for Research (RAR) through the Project PC3-PN23080303. All the photoemission experiments were performed by using the National Interest Setup “System of complex XPS/ESCA installations and research using synchrotron radiation”, funded by the RAR. MB would like to acknowledge the “FAR2025PD” funding (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) for supporting the present work. IAB would like to thank Dr. Cristian Mihail Teodorescu for his insightful discussions, suggestions, and support during this study. Special thanks are also due for his continuous financial support during these years at NIMP, which made the development of valuable MXene research within the research group possible. Author contributions M.B. and M.S. developed the project idea. M.G. performed all the experiments related to electrical and electrochemical characterisation of the MXene electrodes and MXene-based EGOT sensors. M.G. and A.L. prepared Figures 3-6 and related Supporting information figures and wrote the related text. M.S. and P.G wrote and edited the main manuscript, participated in the experimental design and in the early stage of materials characterisation with electrical methods. M.B. and F.B. supervised the drafting of the UNIMORE part of the manuscript, as well as provided part of the funding to support this research. IAB, SAN, and PP synthesised all the MX samples (including the HF etching of the MAX phase). OEK and SAN performed SEM and EDS measurements. DGP and IAB performed XPS measurements, providing reports and data interpretation. IAB performed XRD measurements and interpreted the data. SAN and IAB performed Raman analysis and interpreted the data. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8894655","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":598705722,"identity":"9a2a7b09-1908-416d-9acd-ced294dbd736","order_by":0,"name":"Matteo Genitoni","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Italian Institute of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Matteo","middleName":"","lastName":"Genitoni","suffix":""},{"id":598705731,"identity":"29ccfc18-3990-4ba1-9310-55c33edc2590","order_by":1,"name":"Ioan-Alexandru Baragau","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute of Materials Physics","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ioan-Alexandru","middleName":"","lastName":"Baragau","suffix":""},{"id":598705736,"identity":"508218ec-da9b-4305-8daa-a21c707cc152","order_by":2,"name":"Matteo Sensi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Matteo","middleName":"","lastName":"Sensi","suffix":""},{"id":598705739,"identity":"7cfa7d35-c2c3-4bb1-a311-0767b1c5c0fb","order_by":3,"name":"Dana Georgeta Popescu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute of Materials Physics","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dana","middleName":"Georgeta","lastName":"Popescu","suffix":""},{"id":598705740,"identity":"78c5a944-c930-4c51-9a5f-71116ad1721a","order_by":4,"name":"George E. Stan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute of Materials Physics","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"George","middleName":"E.","lastName":"Stan","suffix":""},{"id":598705748,"identity":"d72cbe5c-f626-43b4-86d6-421593abb89f","order_by":5,"name":"Petru Palade","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute of Materials Physics","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Petru","middleName":"","lastName":"Palade","suffix":""},{"id":598705754,"identity":"4c7c809c-df60-4daf-a5b0-ec28e7693942","order_by":6,"name":"Outman El Khouja","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute of Materials Physics","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Outman","middleName":"El","lastName":"Khouja","suffix":""},{"id":598705763,"identity":"94fdbec1-bee7-41fb-9907-d30ec850ce96","order_by":7,"name":"Sabina Alexandra Nicolae","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Institute of Materials Physics","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sabina","middleName":"Alexandra","lastName":"Nicolae","suffix":""},{"id":598705771,"identity":"e6716b90-b971-4f95-82cf-5d0b4a4d13d5","order_by":8,"name":"Alice Lunghi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alice","middleName":"","lastName":"Lunghi","suffix":""},{"id":598705774,"identity":"40ba4846-bf82-4b4b-b5a4-b4110548d27d","order_by":9,"name":"Pierpaolo Greco","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Ferrara","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pierpaolo","middleName":"","lastName":"Greco","suffix":""},{"id":598705776,"identity":"d115c57a-b98a-41eb-95ea-284d07a2f996","order_by":10,"name":"Michele Bianchi","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACZgY2BoYCBgYDZiCHsUFCDkSCZdjwajFAaDFGaMGpB6aFAayFIbEBWQIb0G1nfvbgg4ENgzk7kPFzh0X6htvNrRs+7rFh4JNvwKrF7DCbueEMgzQGy2Ygo/eMRO6GOwfbbs54lobTYWaHedikeQwOMwCRmTRjG1DLjcS22zwHDuPX8sfgP1AL+zeQlnQDiJb/+LUwGBwAauEB25IA1XIAjxY2M8keg2Qey2aeMsneNgnDmUAtN2ccSOZhY0vAruX84WcSPyrs5Mz5j2+T+NlWJ893I/3ZjQ8H7OTkmw9gtwYKeIgQGQWjYBSMglFANAAAGGBVjs7ZpF0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Michele","middleName":"","lastName":"Bianchi","suffix":""},{"id":598705778,"identity":"4ae03557-6281-43bc-b544-8496f18c5b1e","order_by":11,"name":"Fabio Biscarini","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Modena and Reggio Emilia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fabio","middleName":"","lastName":"Biscarini","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-02-16 16:11:24","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8894655/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8894655/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":103775465,"identity":"34490d04-2eb3-4d07-abb4-c1bccf84e1a0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-02 18:35:45","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":5240011,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMorphological and structural characterisation of surface-tailored MXenes.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e SEM images of Ar-MX (A), H\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e-MX (B) and N-MX (C) samples. (D) XRD patterns (with 002 peak region zoomed in the inset). (E) Raman spectra (with D and G bands region zoomed in the inset). (F) FTIR spectra (with the fingerprint region zoomed in the inset) for Ar-MX (blue), H\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e-MX (red) and N-MX (green) samples.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8894655/v1/fe2b95d70356671fc0e6f2db.png"},{"id":103775471,"identity":"6399a446-f4b9-4138-84d7-7eed9482443a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-02 18:35:45","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":954569,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eXPS surface chemistry characterisation of surface-engineered MXenes. (\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eA) C 1s spectra, (B) Ti 2p spectra for Ar-MX (left), H\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e-MX (middle) and N-MX (right) samples.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8894655/v1/136aa12a492699671d003923.png"},{"id":103775469,"identity":"2fd1bf25-6513-438d-ae05-0ad0e3138f04","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-02 18:35:45","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1482879,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunctionalization of gold electrodes with surface-engineered MXenes.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e (A) Low and (B) high magnification SEM images of Au gate electrodes covered with surface-engineered MXenes. (C) CVs of the Au and Au/MXenes electrodes, recorded in the K\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e[Fe(CN)\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e] redox probe, scan rate 100 mV/s. (D) EIS Nyquist plots of the Au and Au/MXenes electrodes, recorded in the K\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e3\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e[Fe(CN)\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e] redox probe, E = 260 mV vs Ag/AgCl.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8894655/v1/ac8fcd6667118e391d8dc9d6.png"},{"id":103775468,"identity":"f3b396be-c5a6-4bd8-ae55-1270f0598c61","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-02 18:35:45","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":799409,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eArchitecture and electrical characterisation of the MXene-functionalized EGOT device.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e (A) Scheme of the EGOT device; (B) Layout of the MXene-EGOT DA sensor; (C) Representative transfer curves recorded with gold (yellow), H\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e-MX (red), N-MX (green), Ar-MX (blue) electrode; (D) corresponding transconductance (viz., first derivative of I\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eDS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e vs V\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eGS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e). V\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eDS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e = -0.2 V, 50 mM PB electrolyte.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8894655/v1/7b5385261c4936c9495088e9.png"},{"id":103775467,"identity":"afc35312-dd3e-4e49-9619-9be247d766bb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-02 18:35:45","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":709304,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eElectrical characterisation in the presence of Dopamine. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003eRepresentative EGOT transfer curves for Ar-MX electrode (blue curves, A), H\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e-MX electrode (red curves, B), N-MX electrode (green curves, C). Black dashed lines are the best fit curves obtained using eq 18 in (Zanotti et al., 2024). (D-F) The experimental transconductance (g\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e) profile for the three surface-tailored MXene samples. (G-I) The transconductance profile obtained as the first derivative of the transfer characteristics best fit curves, modelled with eq. 18 reported in Zanotti et al. (J-L) Differences between the experimental and the modelled transconductance profiles, normalised for the modelled g\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e profiles. Grey profiles represent 50 mM PB in the absence of DA. The increasing color intensity of the curves corresponds to increasing DA concentrations (from 100 fM to 10 µM).\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8894655/v1/d5ae041d9f54cb751b0ecc1b.png"},{"id":103775466,"identity":"8a4b2e24-5489-4799-9798-a0fe04ae3d28","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-02 18:35:45","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1996403,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDopamine sensing.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e (A-B) Semilog plot of the current signal SI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eDS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e calculated at V\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eGS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e = -0.5 V and of the linear transconductance signal Sg\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em,l\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e vs [DA]. (C) Correlation plot of the normalized I\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eDS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e change (SI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\[email protected]\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e), against the normalized g\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em,l\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e (Sg\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em,l\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e) for each DA concentration. The two distinct sensing regimes are identified with the linear fit reported as guide-for-the eye. (D) Semilog plot of the ΔV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e vs [Dopamine]. In all the plots, we use blue dots for the Ar-MX electrode, red dots for the H\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e-MX electrode and green dots for the N-MX electrode. The error bars are the standard error of the mean. The dashed lines are the result of the fitting with equation 1. The blue and orange areas define the two different sensing regimes.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8894655/v1/0743aecaaa2c0df85e306f81.png"},{"id":104407623,"identity":"ee931fc6-917e-4ec5-80d8-98062d26999f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-11 12:39:16","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":12574845,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8894655/v1/82dca7f6-185e-4ce8-b7ce-7a035fba872c.pdf"},{"id":104400077,"identity":"d036060b-d192-4a62-9c27-b576cbaa0533","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-11 12:08:45","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":7106251,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SIGenitonietal.supportingsubmitted.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8894655/v1/a24be8f3ffc85c30a11dccd0.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Sub-picomolar Dopamine Sensing in Aqueous Electrolyte with Surface-Engineered MXene-Gated Organic Transistors","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBiosensors transduce biological, chemical, and physical signals into measurable outputs, enabling real-time patient monitoring and biomarker-based diagnostics. This signal conversion capability makes them indispensable for personalised medicine and early disease detection\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Among relevant biomarkers, dopamine (DA) is a critical neurotransmitter regulating reward pathways, memory, learning, attention, and motor control in the mammalian central nervous system\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Extracellular DA concentrations in brain tissue range from nanomolar to sub-micromolar levels, and deviations from this narrow physiological window correlate with major pathological conditions, including depression, schizophrenia, psychosis, and Parkinson\u0026rsquo;s disease (PD)\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. For instance, halving the DA concentration in the caudate-putamen region correlates with the main pathogenic hallmark of PD\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e. Early interventions require analytical tools capable of detecting picomolar DA fluctuations before this critical tipping point. Current DA sensors predominantly rely on the electrochemical oxidation of DA to dopamine-o-quinone (DQ) at the electrode interface\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. To date, state-of-the-art electrochemical detection strategies have focused on (bio)sensing platforms utilising Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry (FSCV) and Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV)\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. While the selectivity against common physiological interferents - such as ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA) - has been significantly enhanced through surface modifications with conductive polymers\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and inorganic nanocomposites\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, critical challenges persist. Specifically, electrochemical techniques often suffer from a progressive decline in electrode performance due to the degradation of the functionalized interface and significant biofouling during prolonged operation\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Furthermore, most existing platforms fail to achieve the picomolar-level sensitivity required for early-stage PD diagnostics and the monitoring of basal neurotransmitter fluctuations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo overcome these limitations, organic electronics offer a promising route toward portable, cost-effective, and highly sensitive (bio)sensing platforms. Successful quantification of DA in the presence of its metabolites has been demonstrated using devices based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Unlike electrochemical sensors, the specificity of these devices arises from distinct kinetic timescales governed by non-covalent interactions between catecholamines and the active PEDOT:PSS surface, rather than direct oxidation of the analyte\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The robustness of this approach has been validated by transitioning from two- and three-terminal neuromorphic architectures designed for \u003cem\u003ein-vitro\u003c/em\u003e sub-nanomolar detection\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e to high-performance applications for \u003cem\u003ein-vivo\u003c/em\u003e DA monitoring\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Among organic electronic devices, electrolyte-gated organic transistors (EGOTs) offer distinct advantages for biosensing: label-free detection, sub-1V operational window, and aqueous compatibility\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In EGOT devices, the gate bias is capacitively coupled to the organic semiconductor through the electrolyte, so that minute interfacial polarisation phenomena are amplified and transduced into large variations in the transistor\u0026rsquo;s electrical response, enabling ultra-low detection limits\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Achieving high sensitivity and selectivity requires strategic/proper functionalization of the gate or channel with recognition moieties, including antibodies\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, oligonucleotide\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, aptamers\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, enzymes\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e and conductive materials (rGO, PEDOT:PSS, CNTs)\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEGOTs-based DA sensors can be classified according to the recognition mechanism occurring at the interface between the functional material and the target analyte. The first DA EGOT sensor, reported by Feng Yan\u0026rsquo;s group\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, transduced the electrochemical oxidation of DA at the silicon gate electrode using a PEDOT:PSS channel, achieving tens-of-nanomolar detection. Over the years, different functionalization strategies have been explored to enhance the selectivity of DA recognition, including covalent bonds\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, all-polymer PEDOT:PSS architectures\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, Nafion/rGO-carbonised silk composites\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, micropillars electrode arrays\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, and aptamer-functionalized gates\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In the aforementioned cases, as well as with organic neuromorphic devices, sub-nanomolar level of DA detection was achieved.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHerein, we investigate the sensing performance of EGOTs toward DA by employing gate electrodes functionalized with MXenes, an emerging class of 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. These materials are obtained through the selective etching of the 'A' element (Al, Ga, or Si) from the so-called MAX phase precursors (M\u003csub\u003en+1\u003c/sub\u003eAX\u003csub\u003en\u003c/sub\u003e). The extraction of the \u0026lsquo;A\u0026rsquo; atoms, chemically bound to M atoms, generates unsaturated M sites which are partially saturated by different inorganic species in the reaction environment (like F\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e, OH\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e, O\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e, O\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e). This substitution introduces terminal functional groups, noted with T\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e, to yield MXene, whose chemical formula is M\u003csub\u003en+1\u003c/sub\u003eX\u003csub\u003en\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e. Currently, Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e remains the most studied MXene due to its high electrochemically active surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, environmental stability, chemical and physical robustness, tunable surface chemistry and biocompatibility\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Its surface functionality plays a crucial role in tailoring its electronic properties, thereby enabling its optimisation for a wide range of specific applications\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Notably, the MXenes surface terminations act as effective anchor sites for the covalent binding of antibodies\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In the context of sensing, MXenes were explored for developing electrochemical detection of dopamine (DA)\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e with a sub-nanomolar DA limit of detection (LOD). The rationale behind the development of MXene-EGOT sensors for DA is based on the formation of Ti-N covalent bonds by nucleophilic reaction between N in DA and Ti in MXene, as recently demonstrated\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR35\" citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. However, the sub-nanomolar LOD of DA, which would be relevant to discriminate between physio- and pathological states, has not been attained yet via MXene-functionalized EGOTs. Only a few studies involving the development of EGOT DA-sensors are available: Xu and coworkers achieved micromolar DA detection using ultrathin Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e FET devices\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, while Zhou \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e reached 50 nM LOD through MXene/Pt nanoparticles-functionalized gate in graphene transistors, thus positioning far above the desired sub-picomolar LOD\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on these premises, we present here a novel strategy to enhance EGOT\u0026rsquo;s sensitivity towards DA sensing by leveraging surface-engineered Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003eX\u003c/sub\u003e MXenes. To this end, three MXene samples with different surface chemistry were synthesised by thermal annealing of a common precursor phase in argon, hydrogen or ammonia gas fluxes. Even since its discovery, various methods for post-HF etching MXene surface chemistry modification have been developed\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. In this study, we are exploring a straightforward and effective heat treatment process to modify the surface chemistry of MXene by using diluted hydrogen as a main oxygen-related functional groups reducing agent and pure ammonia gas as a dual-action agent: reducing agent and nitrogen doping source. The MXene surface thermal annealing in pure hydrogen gas has been proven\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, and some studies showed the capacity of hydrogen to remove fluorine over the MXene surface\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Thermal annealing of Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e MXene in pure ammonia gas flow has not been widely studied\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, most research focusing on annealing in other gases\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e (synthetic air, argon., nitrogen, etc), and some studies explored the N-doping through thermal decomposition of solid ammonium salts\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e; most of the related studies involving Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e MXene and NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e(g) are focusing on ammonia sensing\u003csup\u003e\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The effective modification of the MXenes was comprehensively investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), High-Resolution X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (HR-XPS), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies. The surface-engineered MXenes were deposited on gold electrodes and characterised with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Finally, surface-tailored MXene-coated electrodes were integrated into EGOT devices to obtain DA sensors showing unprecedented sub-picomolar sensitivity.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eSynthesis and characterisation of surface-tailored multilayered MXenes\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWet chemical etching of a commercial Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eAlC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e MAX phase with HF yielded the precursor phase HF-MX, which was subsequently annealed under different gas atmospheres (argon, 5% hydrogen in argon, and pure ammonia) to obtain three MXene samples, hereafter denoted as Ar-MX, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX, and N-MX. The formation of multilayered Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003eX\u003c/sub\u003e MXene was confirmed by multiple characterisation techniques, revealing substantial chemical and structural modifications of the parent MAX phase induced by the etching process. SEM-EDS analysis (Fig. 1A-C, \u003cstrong\u003eFigure S1\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eTable S1\u003c/strong\u003e) shows the evolution from the dense MAX phase to the multilayered MXene structure, accompanied by a marked depletion of Al and an increase in C, O and F contents, whereas images of Ar-MX, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX and N-MX samples show the typical layered morphology of MXene crystal domains, which remain largely preserved after annealing samples. No signs of thermal degradation or decomposition were observed following heat treatment at 400°C under Ar, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e or NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, indicating good structural stability under the selected conditions. EDS mapping further confirms a homogeneous distribution of Ti and C consistent with the Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e composition, as well as a reduced oxygen content in H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX and N-MX compared to HF-MX. Effective etching of the MAX phase was additionally corroborated by XRD, Raman spectroscopy, XPS and FTIR analysis (\u003cstrong\u003eFigure S2-S5 and Tables S2-S6\u003c/strong\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe XRD patterns of Ar-MX, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX and N-MX (Fig. 1D) show a strong reduction in the 002 peak intensity compared to the MAX phase, together with a slight shift toward lower angles for H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX and N-MX (\u003cstrong\u003eTable S2\u003c/strong\u003e), indicating a small increase in the interlayer spacing from 19.29 Å to 19.55 Å and 19.59 Å, respectively. The 002 peak broadening observed in all samples suggests reduced crystallite size and increased structural disorder induced by HF etching and subsequent annealing. Notably, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX and N-MX samples, treated under reductive conditions, exhibit an additional peak at ~ 13.9°, corresponding to an interlayer distance of ~ 6.36 Å. This value is smaller than that expected for Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (~ 9.8 Å), likely associated with the formation of Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e quantum dots resulting from the cleaning of oxidized or corroded surface/structure\u003csup\u003e47\u003c/sup\u003e. Overall, despite these differences, Ar-MX, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX, and N-MX display comparable microstructural features, indicating that the annealing doesn’t significantly alter the core structure of the Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e layers.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe Raman spectra (Fig. 1E) show a decrease in the relative intensity of the band at ~ 154.38 cm\u003csup\u003e–1\u003c/sup\u003e characteristic of Ti–O (C–Ti–O/TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), compared to the other modes in the characteristic “flake” and “T\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e” regions (\u003cstrong\u003eFigure S3\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eTable S3\u003c/strong\u003e)\u003csup\u003e48\u003c/sup\u003e. In the HF-MX samples, this peak at ~ 154.2 cm\u003csup\u003e–1\u003c/sup\u003e is the most intense, indicating a consistent oxidation degree of the Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e layers\u003csup\u003e49\u003c/sup\u003e. In contrast, the Ar-MX sample exhibits a splitting of the E\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e mode in two peaks at ~ 143.8 cm\u003csup\u003e–1\u003c/sup\u003e, attributed to C–Ti–OH, and at ~ 1519 cm\u003csup\u003e–1\u003c/sup\u003e, associated with C–Ti–O (TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), reflecting thermally induced modifications of surface terminations. A complete suppression of the C–Ti–O (TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) contribution is observed in the H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX sample, which displays a single E\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e peak at ~ 143.3 cm\u003csup\u003e–1\u003c/sup\u003e, characteristic of a less oxidized MXene surface. Besides, the N-MX spectrum contains both E\u003csub\u003eg\u003c/sub\u003e components (~ 143.49 cm\u003csup\u003e–1\u003c/sup\u003e and ~ 151.57 cm\u003csup\u003e–1\u003c/sup\u003e), suggesting that NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e is less effective than H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in reducing surface oxides on Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e. Finally, the number of defects in the carbon network of Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e layers in the Ar-MX sample slightly decreases; the I\u003csub\u003eD\u003c/sub\u003e/I\u003csub\u003eG\u003c/sub\u003e ratio is 1.17 ± 0.06, whereas in HF-MX it is 1.20 ± 0.04. The H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX sample has the lowest I\u003csub\u003eD\u003c/sub\u003e/I\u003csub\u003eG\u003c/sub\u003e ratio (1.11 ± 0.14), confirming that the reductive environment has decreased the number of defects in the carbon lattice, too, while the N-MX sample has not achieved any major change with an I\u003csub\u003eD\u003c/sub\u003e/I\u003csub\u003eG\u003c/sub\u003e ratio of 1.19 ± 0.03 (similar to the HF-MX sample).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe FTIR spectra of the MX samples (Fig. 1F and \u003cstrong\u003eFigure S4\u003c/strong\u003e) exhibit, in their fingerprint region, the characteristic IR absorption bands of MXene backbone: ∿466–467 cm\u003csup\u003e–1\u003c/sup\u003e (Ti–C bending); ∿490–492 cm\u003csup\u003e–1\u003c/sup\u003e (C–C vibrations); ~562–654 cm\u003csup\u003e–1\u003c/sup\u003e (various Ti–O and C–Ti–O vibrations), ~ 772–786 cm\u003csup\u003e–1\u003c/sup\u003e (Ti–F vibrations), ~ 859–878 cm\u003csup\u003e–1\u003c/sup\u003e (Al–O bending vibrations), ~ 942–964 cm\u003csup\u003e–1\u003c/sup\u003e (Ti–OH bending), ~ 1048–1063 cm\u003csup\u003e–1\u003c/sup\u003e (C–O stretching), ~ 1088–1109 cm\u003csup\u003e–1\u003c/sup\u003e (C–F stretching), ~ 1161–1165 cm\u003csup\u003e–1\u003c/sup\u003e (C–O stretching), and ~ 1234–1236 cm\u003csup\u003e–1\u003c/sup\u003e (C–O–C stretching; Ti–O–C bridging)\u003csup\u003e50,51\u003c/sup\u003e. Among the investigated thermal treatments, annealing in anhydrous ammonia proved to be the most effective, as evidenced by the substantial attenuation of the Al–O bending vibration band at ~ 859–878 cm\u003csup\u003e–1\u003c/sup\u003e. The functional groups region (Fig. 1f and Figure S4) is dominated by the broad bending (~ 1631–1635 cm\u003csup\u003e–1\u003c/sup\u003e) and stretching (~ 3100–3700 cm\u003csup\u003e–1\u003c/sup\u003e) vibrational modes of adsorbed water molecules\u003csup\u003e52\u003c/sup\u003e. These molecules are predominantly strongly hydrogen-bonded to the MX surface, particularly in HF-MX, and to a progressively lesser extent in Ar-MX, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX, and N-MX. A complete assignment of the IR absorption bands is provided in \u003cstrong\u003eTable S4\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOverall, SEM, XRD, Raman, and FTIR analyses revealed pronounced changes during the transformation from the MAX phase to HF-MX, followed by successful surface modification upon annealing to yield Ar-MX, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX, and N-MX samples. Notably, this work introduces a surface-engineering strategy for MXenes based on a 5% H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e/Ar gas mixture, which is safer than pure H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and enables effective reduction of oxygen-containing surface terminations while minimizing secondary oxidation during annealing and allowing the rapid removal of highly volatile species from the reaction zone. In addition, this study was carried out on multilayered Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e MXene particles annealed at 400°C for 3 h under NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e flow, differing from previous reports in terms of processing conditions\u003csup\u003e53\u003c/sup\u003e, MXene morphology and surface-stabilization approach\u003csup\u003e43\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlthough no significant differences in the core structure of the MXene were detected between the three annealed samples, XPS revealed pronounced differences in surface chemistry among the Ar-MX, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX and N-MX samples (Fig. 2, \u003cstrong\u003eFigure S5\u003c/strong\u003e, Table 1, and \u003cstrong\u003eTable S5 and S6\u003c/strong\u003e). The Ar-MX sample shows an overall increase in carbon content with a slight decrease in oxygen and fluorine, changes that can be attributed solely to the thermal effects (Table S5). In this sample, most oxygen-related terminations (C-Ti-O, C-Ti-(OH)\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e, and C = O) are significantly reduced, while Ti-O (TiO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) and C-OH species exhibit a slight increase (Table S4). When compared to H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX and N-MX, Ar-MX presents the lowest titanium concentration on the surface, while H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX and N-MX display lower carbon and slightly higher oxygen content (even when compared to HF-MX).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e: XPS and EDS elemental composition of Ar-MX, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX, and N-MX samples.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNotably, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX exhibits the strongest reduction, with C-Ti-O, C-Ti-(OH)\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e, and C = O concentrations reduced by approximately 50% relative to the pristine HF-MX (see O 1s in \u003cstrong\u003eTable S6\u003c/strong\u003e), complete removal of Ti(III)-F species (which are converted into C-Ti-O bonds, see Ti 2p in \u003cstrong\u003eTable S6\u003c/strong\u003e), and enrichment in C-OH functionalities. Both H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX and N-MX show a substantial decrease in C-Ti(OH/F)\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e species and a corresponding increase in Ti-C-Ti bonds, indicating partial restoration of the Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e lattice and improved electronic characteristics. Consistent elemental trends are also observed by EDS (Table 1 and Table S1 and S3), albeit with different relative proportions due to the distinct probing depth of XPS and EDS. Finally, the N-MX sample has been successfully doped with nitrogen (4.47 at%), with nitrogen predominantly incorporated as Ti-N species, along with minor contributions from -C ≡ N and/or pyrrolic-N, and graphitic-N functionalities. Taken together, these results indicate that thermal annealing under different gas atmospheres mainly affects surface terminations without substantially altering the intrinsic -C-Ti-C- framework of the MXene.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eFunctionalization of the gate electrode with the surface-tailored MXenes\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo develop an ultra-sensitive DA sensor, the Au gate electrode of the EGOT devices was functionalized with Ar-MX, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX and N-MX. Electrochemical methods were employed to both assess the functionalization procedure and to evaluate the effect of the different surface modifications on the MXene structures. Taking advantage of the hydrophilic nature and highly negative zeta potential of MXenes\u003csup\u003e54\u003c/sup\u003e, stable DMSO dispersions of Ar-MX, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX and N-MX were prepared and drop-cast on the gate electrodes. Extensive surface coverage was achieved through the deposition of randomly oriented MXene multilayer grains, as evidenced by SEM images of the functionalized gate electrode (Fig. 3A, B).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe surface modifications induced by the thermal annealing of MXenes are further reflected in the electrochemical behavior of the Au/MXene electrodes, investigated with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), using [Fe(CN)\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003csup\u003e3−/4−\u003c/sup\u003e as a redox probe. As shown in Fig. 3C, the oxidation peak progressively shifts towards more negative potentials following the sequence N-MX \u0026gt; H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX \u0026gt; Ar-MX ≈ Au. The H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX and Ar-MX functionalized electrodes display a broader current envelope in the CV plots compared to bare gold. In contrast, the N-MX electrode exhibits a reduced peak current, even lower than that of unmodified gate electrodes, suggesting that the ammonia-assisted heat treatment adversely affects the faradaic electrochemical performance, likely due to a decrease in film electrical conductivity\u003csup\u003e55\u003c/sup\u003e. This hypothesis is supported by the EIS data (Fig. 3D). The Nyquist plots were fitted using the modified equivalent circuit proposed by Anjum \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, for MXene-functionalized electrodes\u003csup\u003e56\u003c/sup\u003e (Fig. 3D, inset), while a standard Randles circuit was employed for bare gold electrode. The resulting best-fit parameters, summarised in \u003cstrong\u003eTable S7\u003c/strong\u003e, further confirm the effectiveness of the surface modification process. The charge transfer resistance (R\u003csub\u003ect\u003c/sub\u003e) increases significantly from ∿55 Ω (bare Au) to ∿254 Ω (Ar-MX), ∿254 Ω (H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX), and ∿602 Ω (N-MX). This trend is consistent with the highly negative surface charge of MXenes\u003csup\u003e57\u003c/sup\u003e, which induces electrostatic repulsion toward anionic [Fe(CN)\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e]\u003csup\u003e3−/4−\u003c/sup\u003e probe. Regarding the interfacial properties, the double-layer capacitance (C\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e) is highest for H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX (4.30 ± 0.67 µF), decreases for Ar-MX (1.02 ± 0.09 µF), and reaches the lowest value for N-MX (0.53 ± 0.03 µF). The elevated C\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e observed for H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX is consistent with its HR-XPS analysis (Table S6), which reveals the highest relative abundance of polar C-OH functional groups (45.78%), resulting in a more hydrophilic and thus electrostatically active surface.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCharacterisation of EGOT devices with MXene-functionalized gate\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe MXene-coated gate electrodes were integrated in an EGOT-based architecture, acting as sensitive probes for DA detection. Figure 4A shows the schematic representation of top-gated EGOT configuration, in which the gate electrode was positioned directly above the source and the drain interdigitated electrodes (IDEs), connected by a thin-film of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) channel. The device is assembled by bridging the gate electrode and the IDEs with the buffer solution, as reported in Fig. 4B. The typical transfer characteristics of the devices featuring surface-tailored MXenes are shown in Fig. 4C. Unlike functionalization with antibodies grafted onto organic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), which typically causes a one-order-of-magnitude current reduction due to the Au surface passivation, the MXene functionalization layer induces only a minimal decrease in the \u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eDS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e current, with respect to not-functionalized (bare) gold electrode (Fig. 4C). The three surface-tailored MXenes do not show any significant difference in the on state of the device, whereas in the off state (\u003cem\u003eviz.\u003c/em\u003e, at \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eGS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e = + 0.7 V), the H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX device exhibits a significantly higher off-current (poor switching) compared to the Ar-MX and N-MX devices, which both switch off the device effectively. We extracted the transconductance (\u003cem\u003eg\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) as the first derivative of the transfer curve (Fig. 4D), which describes the ability of the device to amplify a small voltage variation (\u003cem\u003ee.g.\u003c/em\u003e, interaction of the target molecule with the functionalized gate) in a large current difference. Interestingly, the maximum of the transconductance was very close for gate electrodes functionalised with N-MX and Ar-MX, while it was lower for the H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX functionalized electrodes. Notably, all the MXenes functionalized electrodes shifted the voltage of the maximum of transconductance closer to 0 V compared to bare gold gate electrodes, which is a key point for physiological applications.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSensing of Dopamine with the MXene-functionalized EGOT device\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sensing capability of the MXene-functionalized EGOTs toward DA was evaluated by recording transfer characteristics under increasing DA concentrations to establish a dose-response profile. For all three MXene variants, a monotonic decrease in \u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eDS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e was observed in the saturation regime (Fig. 5A-C\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e as a function of analyte concentration. These results suggest that DA molecules - positively charged at the physiological pH of 7.4 (\u003cem\u003epKa\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eDA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cem\u003e= 8.9\u003c/em\u003e) - interact with the MXene layer, effectively shifting the gate potential toward more positive values. This behavior is consistent with previous reports on the electrostatic gating effect of primary amines\u003csup\u003e22,24\u003c/sup\u003e. Mechanistically, this interaction promotes cation injection into (or hinders anion extraction from) the PEDOT:PSS channel, leading to a depletion of hole carriers and a subsequent reduction in \u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eDS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of the gate currents (\u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eGS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eFigure S6\u003c/strong\u003e) revealed no faradaic peaks for the MXene-modified electrodes at sub-micromolar DA concentrations, confirming that the sensing mechanism in this regime is governed by non-faradaic interactions. Conversely, at concentrations exceeding 1 µM, the positive gate potential triggers the electrooxidation of DA to dopamine-quinone (DQ). This transition is evidenced by a voltammetric peak centered at \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eGS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e ≈ 0.3 V, which was particularly pronounced for Ar-MX. In this micromolar range, DA oxidation promotes a substantial change in channel conductance via the electrochemical reduction of PEDOT\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e to PEDOT\u003csup\u003e0\u003c/sup\u003e within the transistor channel\u003csup\u003e58\u003c/sup\u003e. EGOTs operate as multiparametric devices, allowing the sensing event to be monitored through various figures of merit, including the switch-on voltage (\u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) and the transconductance (\u003cem\u003eg\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e). As shown in Fig. 5D-F, all three surface-tailored MXenes exhibit a decrease in transconductance peak with increasing DA concentration. To further elucidate the device response, transfer curves were fitted using the unified analytical model recently proposed by Zanotti \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e59\u003c/sup\u003e. The experimental \u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eDS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e vs \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eGS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e data were modelled using Eq. 18 from the cited work; the resulting best-fit curves (dashed lines, Fig. 5A-C) and their numerical derivatives (Fig. 5G-I) show excellent agreement with experimental data in the capacitive regime. Finally, the normalised difference between the experimental and modelled transconductance (\u003cem\u003eΔg\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e/g\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em_QC\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) highlights the impact of the faradaic contribution. The peak at \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eGS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e ≈ 0.3 V, prominent at 10 µM DA in Fig. 5J-L, serves as a clear indicator of the transition from electrostatic gating to redox-active sensing, as previously pointed out\u003csup\u003e58\u003c/sup\u003e. To quantitatively assess the sensor performance, the relative signal response was plotted against the DA concentration.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor all the investigated MXenes, the \u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eDS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e at \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eGS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e = -0.5 V decreased upon exposure to increasing DA concentrations. Defining the response as the relative current variation (\u003cem\u003eSI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eDS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, see Materials and Methods for further details), a monotonic increase in signal magnitude was observed across the entire concentration range (Fig. 6A). The dose-response curves exhibit a distinct sigmoidal trend characterised by three phases: i) a rapid signal increase at low concentration (10 pM for H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX and N-MX, 1 pM for Ar-MX), ii) a plateau or a region of slower increase (up to 100 nM) and iii) a second, sharp signal rise at concentrations exceeding 100 nM. This biphasic behavior strongly suggests the coexistence of two distinct interaction mechanisms at the MXene-electrolyte interface, visually demarcated by the colored background regions in Fig. 6.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo model this behavior, the experimental data (\u003cem\u003eSI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eDS@−0.5V\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e vs [DA]) were fitted using an \u003cem\u003ead hoc\u003c/em\u003e, two-term, empirical model:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\\(\\:{S}_{{I}_{DS\\:}}={S}_{max\\:}\\frac{{K}_{a\\:}\\left[DA\\right]}{1+{K}_{a\\:}\\left[DA\\right]}+{\\left(\\frac{\\left[DA\\right]}{{C}_{0\\:}}\\right)}^{n\\:}\\:\\:\\:\\)\u0026nbsp;(Eq.\u0026nbsp;1)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe first term acts as a Langmuir-like isotherm, describing the high-affinity, specific binding of dopamine to the functionalized MXene surface, likely driven by the formation of Ti-N covalent bonds, π- π interactions, hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces as recently pointed out \u003csup\u003e34,35\u003c/sup\u003e. This process dominates in the low concentration regime (blue background), saturating at a maximum signal \u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003emax\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, and is defined by the apparent association constant K\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e. The second term accounts for the dominant interaction above 100 nM (orange background). Here, \u003cem\u003eC\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e represents an upper limit of detection\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e, and \u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e is the characteristic growth exponent. We hypothesise that this secondary signal rise stems from non-specific adsorption related to the electrooxidation of DA to DQ and subsequent partial polydopamine electrodeposition. This two-mechanism hypothesis is strongly corroborated by our control experiment. The non-functionalized, bare gold electrode (yellow dots) showed a negligible response at low concentrations, confirming that the high-affinity binding is specific to MXenes functionalization. However, the signal extracted from bare gold electrodes exhibit a signal increase at 10 µM, supporting the idea that the high-concentration mechanism is related to DA electrooxidation. As previously mentioned, by fitting the experimental transfer curves with our EGOTs unified analytical model\u003csup\u003e59\u003c/sup\u003e, we leveraged the multiparametric character of the EGOT response. In particular, we extracted the following parameters, that can be correlated with the variation of analyte concentration: \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (switch-on voltage), \u003cem\u003eσ\u003c/em\u003e (energy disorder of the density of states (DOS) of the organic semiconductor), \u003cem\u003eg\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em,l\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e (linear transconductance) and the parameter \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e (\u003cem\u003eα = 2e\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cem\u003edn\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003emax\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e/C\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eDL\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003eσ\u003c/em\u003e, which describes the ratio of the areal charge densities).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe relative variation of the linear transconductance (\u003cem\u003eSg\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em,l\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) displays a monotonic trend for all three surface-tailored MXenes (Fig. 6B). Since \u003cem\u003eg\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em,l\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e variations in EGOTs are ascribed to the change in interfacial capacitance\u003csup\u003e22\u003c/sup\u003e, this trend can be confidently attributed to the electrostatic interaction between the MXene layer and DA. The specific binding mechanism exhibits a steep response in the low concentration range (from 10\u003csup\u003e− 13\u003c/sup\u003e to 10\u003csup\u003e− 7\u003c/sup\u003e M), consistent with high affinity interaction described by the Langmuir term (blue background). At concentrations above 100 nM (orange background), the electrochemical interaction between MXene and DA begins to emerge and \u003cem\u003eSg\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em,l\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e exhibits a less sensitive response. To quantitatively describe the specific interaction between the analyte and MXenes, we fitted the monotonic behavior of \u003cem\u003eSg\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em,l\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e dose-calibration curve with Eq. 1. H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX exhibits the highest affinity constant (K\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e = 2.3 ± 0.6 × 10\u003csup\u003e12\u003c/sup\u003e), followed by the K\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e obtained for N-MX (K\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e = 6.6 ± 2.1 × 10\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e) and Ar-MX (K\u003csub\u003ea\u003c/sub\u003e = 1.3 ± 1.2 × 10\u003csup\u003e11\u003c/sup\u003e). These differences suggest that surface terminations play a pivotal role in the interface kinetics. The strong specific interactions observed for H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX are consistent with its high concentration of reactive surface terminations, such as C-OH bonds and surface Ti atoms, as revealed by HR-XPS analysis (Table 6SI). The presence of two distinct interaction mechanisms is confirmed in the correlation plot \u003cem\u003eSg\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em,l\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e vs \u003cem\u003eSI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eDS@−0.5V\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, reported in Fig. 6C. For DA concentrations lower than 100 nM, the device operates in a sensing regime dominated by the specific interaction between the MXene layer and DA molecules, leading to a more pronounced variation of \u003cem\u003eSg\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em,l\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e than \u003cem\u003eSI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eDS@−0.5V\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e. This behavior is quantitatively confirmed by the slope of the linear fit from \u003cem\u003eSg\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em,l\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e vs \u003cem\u003eSI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eDS@−0.5V\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e correlation plot, which remains consistently greater than 1 for all surface-engineered MXene gates (H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX = 2.5 ± 0.3, N-MX = 1.9 ± 0.1, Ar-MX = 1.5 ± 0.3). The higher values observed for \u003cem\u003eSg\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em,l\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e with the respect to \u003cem\u003eSI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eDS@−0.5V\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, confirm that the specific interaction between MXenes and DA at low concentration can be successfully described by the \u003cem\u003eSg\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em,l\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e trend. For DA concentrations exceeding 100 nM, a second sensing mechanism appears and \u003cem\u003eSI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eDS@−0.5V\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e results higher than \u003cem\u003eSg\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em,l\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, as confirmed by the slope of the linear fit which is lower than 1 for all the functionalized MXenes. Under this operational regime, the interaction between DA and MXene-EGOT sensor is reflected in a variation of the switch-on shift \u003cem\u003eΔV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e = \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e[DA]\u003c/em\u003e - \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eT,0\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e for the three surface-tailored MXenes (Fig. 6D). \u003cem\u003eΔV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e slightly increases towards positive values for increasing [DA] concentrations, achieving its maximum positive value at 1 nM for Ar-MX and 10 nM for H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX and N-MX. The trend of the \u003cem\u003eΔV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e then clearly reverses, dropping to negative values (− 27 mV for H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX, − 19 mV for N-MX and − 42 mV for Ar-MX) at the 10 µM DA concentration. Since the switch-on voltage \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e represents the gate voltage at which the semiconductor is in the flatband (or charge neutrality condition), it influences the initial doping level of the EGOTs by modulating the effective gate voltage \u003cem\u003eν = e(V\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eGS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e-V\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e)/σ\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e22,59\u003c/sup\u003e and therefore depends on the work function variations of the gate electrode and/or of the semiconductive channel. As discussed earlier, for low [DA], the interaction between DA and MXene leads to a variation of the interfacial capacitance and therefore of the \u003cem\u003eSg\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003em,l\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e. This results in a modest \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e shift towards positive values, as reported elsewhere for specific DA binding\u003csup\u003e24\u003c/sup\u003e. For [DA] \u0026gt; 100 nM a marked \u003cem\u003eΔV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e shift at negative values is observed for all the chemically-functionalized MXenes. This behavior could be ascribed to the electrooxidation of DA to DQ that takes place at the gate electrode (\u003cstrong\u003eFigure S6\u003c/strong\u003e) and results in a negative drift of \u003cem\u003eΔV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e, as previously demonstrated in the literature\u003csup\u003e60\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this work, we synthesised Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e MXene and engineered its surface with an innovative process to obtain three distinct variants: Ar-MX, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX and N-MX. These materials were comprehensively characterised by a suite of techniques, including HR-XPS, SEM-EDX, XRD, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. The extensive characterisation revealed that, although the treatments induced only minor changes to the original core structure, they produced significant alterations in surface chemistry and functional group distribution. The surface-tailored MXenes were subsequently deposited on the gate electrode of PEDOT:PSS EGOTs, leading to improved electrical performance, most notably a near-zero switch-on voltage that facilitates low-power operation in electrophysiological applications. The EGOT devices were then employed as sensors for DA detection over a wide concentration range, spanning from sub-picomolar to micromolar levels. Within this sensing framework, two distinct sensing mechanisms were identified, depending on the DA concentration. At concentrations below 100 nM, the sensing response is characterised by a change in the gating effective capacitance of the electric double layer that is transduced into changes in the linear transconductance of the device. In contrast, at micromolar DA concentrations, a faradaic mechanism prevails. This behavior, confirmed by the presence of a faradaic current in the \u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eGS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e profiles, results in a measurable shift of the switch-on voltage. Surface modification with Ar-MX, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX, and N-MX markedly influenced device performance in both regimes. In particular, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX demonstrated superior performance for capacitive DA sensing at sub-micromolar concentrations, whereas Ar-MX provided optimised faradaic sensing in the micromolar range, paving the way to the possibility to achieve DA sensing in different concentration windows for specific applications by just tailoring the MXenes surface chemistry.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003eReagents\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e1X Phosphate buffered (PB) solution, monobasic and dibasic phosphate, Dopamine hydrochloride, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e, K\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eFe(CN)\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and 0.2% (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GOPS) were purchased from Sigma–Aldrich (Germany), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), PH1000 is produced by Ossila (UK). MAX phase Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eAlC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (200 mesh) was purchased from Carbon Ukraine Ltd., HF 40% solution and isopropanol from Fisher Chemical. Ar 5.0, 5% H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in Argon 5.0, and anhydrous NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e 5.0 cylinders were purchased from Linde.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSynthesis of HF-MX (Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eA commercial MAX phase Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eAlC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (6 g) was slowly added under magnetic stirring (Teflon-coated magnetic stirrer) over a 27.7% HF solution (obtained by carefully adding 150 mL of 40% HF into 75 mL of deionised water), resulting in H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e formation and release due to the reaction between HF and Al atoms inside MAX phase structure. After finishing the MAX phase, the reaction mixture was kept under constant stirring at room temperature for 24 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered on filter paper under vacuum and washed multiple times with DI water until a pH of 6–7 was reached. The HF-MXene Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e solid was washed on the filter with 100mL of isopropanol, collected and vacuum dried at 100°C for 6 hours. The resulting HF-MX dried solid was stored in a glass vial under vacuum for further experiments and characterisation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eSynthesis and characterisation of Ar-MX, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX and N-MX samples\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAr-MX, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX and N-MX samples synthesis: 1 g of HF-MX was loaded into a quartz boat and transferred into a horizontal MIT OTF-1200X tubular furnace (with 8 inches heating zone and equipped with OD:25mm, ID:23mm and 1m length quartz tube); the system was sealed and a gas flow of 100mL/min of Ar 5.0, 5% H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in Argon 5.0 or NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e anhydrous gas 5.0 has started to flow inside the quartz tube. The heating was turned on with a heating rate of 5°C/min until it reached 400°C, and after 3 hours the sample was cooled down with a cooling rate of 5°C/min, keeping an argon flow (H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e or NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e flow off and switched to Ar 5.0 flow) on until MXene samples reached 20–25°C (room temperature). The MXene samples were stored in a glass vial under vacuum for further testing and characterisation. The X-ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements were conducted with an Anton Paar XRDynamic 500 powder diffractometer equipped with a Primux 3000 X-ray source (CuK\u003csub\u003eα1\u003c/sub\u003e, λ = 1.5406 Å) operated at a 40 kV voltage and a 50 mA current. The patterns were recorded with a scan step of 0.02° and dwell times of ~ 1.2 s/step. The Raman spectra of all the MXene samples were recorded using a Horiba LabRAM HR Evolution Raman Spectrometer equipped with a 633 nm laser. The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images of all MXene samples were recorded using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) Zeiss Gemini 500 equipped with an Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) detector from Bruker. The EDX measurements were used to reveal the chemical composition of the MXene samples. The MAX phase (Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eAlC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) sample's SEM and EDS images were recorded using an EVO 50 XVP microscope from Zeiss, equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray system (EDX) from Quanta Bruker 200. The X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of Ar-MX, H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e-MX, and N-MX samples were measured with a SPECS spectrometer equipped with a monochromatized Al Kα (1486.61 eV) anode radiation source operated at 250W 12.5 kV x 20 mA. The spectra were recorded at pressures lower than 2x10\u003csup\u003e− 9\u003c/sup\u003e mbar with 50 eV pass energy for surveys and 30 eV pass energy for high-resolution measurements. The XPS spectra of MAX phase (Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eAlC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e) and HF-MX (Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003e) were recorded using a Kratos AXIS Ultra DLD system equipped with a hemispherical analyser with a reference intensity of over 50,000 counts per second (cps) and spectral resolution of 0.6 eV, using Al K\u003csub\u003eα1\u003c/sub\u003e (1486.74 eV) radiation produced by a monochromatized X-Ray source with a spot size of 0.7 mm. The operating power was 192 W (12 kV × 12 mA), and the spectra were recorded with 160 eV pass energy for surveys and 40 eV pass energy for high-resolution measurements, with Hybrid lens mode and slot aperture. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy measurements were performed using a Jasco 6800-FV-BB spectrometer. Spectra were collected in transmission mode under vacuum in the 4000–400 cm\u003csup\u003e–\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e wavenumber range, with a spectral resolution of 4 cm\u003csup\u003e–\u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Each spectrum represents the average of 128 accumulated scans. Vacuum conditions were applied to minimise atmospheric absorption from CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e and H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO, thereby enhancing spectral accuracy and reproducibility. The samples were prepared by dispersing and diluting the material of interest in potassium bromide (KBr, Pike Technologies) at a ratio of approximately 1:400.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFabrication of the EGOT device\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eED-IDE1-Au interdigitated (IDE) source and drain electrodes were supplied by Micrux (Spain). The IDEs are made of gold on glass, showing 90 pairs of interdigitated gold electrodes, with a gap width of 10 µm, giving a ratio width/length (W/L) of 49000. The IDEs were cleaned by a three steps procedure to eliminate organic contaminations: i) ultrasonication in 2% Hellmanex detergent in distilled water, followed by rinsing with water and dry with N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e flow; ii) ultrasonication in distilled water, followed by rinsing with water and dry with N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e flow and iii) ultrasonication ethanol, followed by rinsing with ethanol and dry with N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e flow. We prepared the PEDOT:PSS solution by adding 5% m/m DMSO and 0.2% GOPS. The solution was diluted in distilled water 1000 times and a drop of 10 µL was cast on the IDE. To evaporate the solvent and cure the semiconductor, we put the device in the oven at 120°C for 30 minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunctionalization and characterisation of the gate electrode\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGold (Au) disc electrodes were cleaned with ultrasonication in ethanol for 10 minutes, dried with N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e flow, polished with 0.05-micron alumina powder, rinsed abundantly with water and dried with N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e flow. A 5 mg/mL MXene dispersion in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) was prepared and sonicated 10 minutes for six times. A further sonication step was performed by bubbling N\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e in the MXene dispersion for 15 minutes. The Au electrodes were functionalized by drop-casting 4 µL of the 5 mg/mL MXene solution in DMSO on the gold surface. The Au-MXene electrodes were then cured by a two-step process at 50°C for 30 minutes and 70°C for further 30 minutes. The deposition and curing process was repeated two times.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eElectrochemical characterisation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eElectrochemical measurements were performed in a standard three-electrode electrochemical cell, filled with 5 mM K\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eFe(CN)\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e, 1M KCl. The Au electrode was cleaned with alumina on a polish cloth and by CVs in H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eSO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e. The clean or covered with MXenes electrode was connected as a working electrode, in presence of a Pt counter electrode and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Cyclic voltammetry was recorded by applying a 100 mV/s scan rate, between − 0.2 and 0.5 V, while electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was performed by applying a potential of -0.27 V, a frequency from 0.1 to 10\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e Hz.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eElectrical measurements\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe EGOTs were measured by means of a Keysight B2912A Source/Measure Unit. Transfer curves were measured by sweeping the V\u003csub\u003eGS\u003c/sub\u003e between − 0.5 to 0.7 V, applying a fixed V\u003csub\u003eDS\u003c/sub\u003e = -0.2 V until achieving stability, meaning complete superimposition between five successive transfer curves.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eDopamine sensing experiments\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eInitially, the device was stabilised in a blank 50 mM PB solution (pH 7.4). Subsequently, the sensor was exposed to a wide dynamic range of DA concentrations, from 100 fM to 10 µM. For each DA concentration, we measured the device current with the DA solution as electrolyte, until stabilization of the transfer curves. Then we rinsed the device and replaced the electrolyte with successive concentrations. The device response in terms of current is calculated as the normalized current modulation relative to the blank sample (\u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e, buffer solution without DA): \u003cspan class=\"InlineEquation\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"mathinline\"\u003e\\(\\:{S}_{IDS\\:}=-\\left({I}_{DS,\\left[DA\\right]}-{I}_{DS,0}\\right)/{I}_{DS,0\\:}\\)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003ewhere \u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eDS,[DA]\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the current at a specific \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eGS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e and I\u003csub\u003eDS,0\u003c/sub\u003e is the baseline current measured at the same \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eGS\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e in the blank sample.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIAB, DGP, GS, PD, OEK, and SAN would like to acknowledge funding through the Core Programme of the National Institute of Materials Physics (NIMP), granted by the Romanian Authority for Research (RAR) through the Project PC3-PN23080303. All the photoemission experiments were performed by using the National Interest Setup \u0026ldquo;System of complex XPS/ESCA installations and research using synchrotron radiation\u0026rdquo;, funded by the RAR. MB would like to acknowledge the \u0026ldquo;FAR2025PD\u0026rdquo; funding (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) for supporting the present work. IAB would like to thank Dr. Cristian Mihail Teodorescu for his insightful discussions, suggestions, and support during this study. Special thanks are also due for his continuous financial support during these years at NIMP, which made the development of valuable MXene research within the research group possible.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eM.B. and M.S. developed the project idea. M.G. performed all the experiments related to electrical and electrochemical characterisation of the MXene electrodes and MXene-based EGOT sensors. M.G. and A.L. prepared Figures 3-6 and related Supporting information figures and wrote the related text. M.S. and P.G wrote and edited the main manuscript, participated in the experimental design and in the early stage of materials characterisation with electrical methods. M.B. and F.B. supervised the drafting of the UNIMORE part of the manuscript, as well as provided part of the funding to support this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIAB, SAN, and PP synthesised all the MX samples (including the HF etching of the MAX phase). OEK and SAN performed SEM and EDS measurements. DGP and IAB performed XPS measurements, providing reports and data interpretation. IAB performed XRD measurements and interpreted the data. SAN and IAB performed Raman analysis and interpreted the data. GS performed the FTIR measurements, processed and analysed the data and provided comments and data interpretation. IAB wrote and edited the NIMP part of the manuscript; GS and SAN assisted with writing, providing guidance and corrections. All the UNIMORE and NIMP authors commented and revised the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no conflict of interest.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSingh, I., Kumar, S. \u0026amp; Koh, J. Innovations in wearable biosensors: A pathway to 24/7 personalized healthcare. \u003cem\u003eMeas. J. Int. Meas. Confed.\u003c/em\u003e 254, 117938 (2025).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAtta, N. F., Galal, A., Abu-Attia, F. M. \u0026amp; Azab, S. M. Carbon Paste Gold Nanoparticles Sensor for the Selective Determination of Dopamine in Buffered Solutions. \u003cem\u003eJ. Electrochem. 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Acta\u003c/em\u003e 187, 1\u0026ndash;11 (2020).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"npj-2d-materials-and-applications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"npj2dmaterials","sideBox":"Learn more about [npj 2D Materials and Applications](http://www.nature.com/npj2dmaterials/)","snPcode":"41699","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41699/3","title":"npj 2D Materials and Applications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"NPJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8894655/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8894655/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eElectrolyte-gated organic transistors (EGOTs) can be operated as sensors with high selectivity and an outstandingly low limit of detection. Their response to interfacial interactions occurs either by capacitive coupling between gate and channel or by faradaic reactions. In this work, we endow specific sensing response to EGOTs based on the PEDOT:PSS channel by functionalization of the gate electrode with Ti\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003eC\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eT\u003csub\u003eX\u003c/sub\u003e MXenes. MXene were synthesized in different conditions to tailor surface chemistry, while retaining a similar skeleton structure. The integration of MXene-based functionalization layers is shown to preserve the high transconductance in EGOT devices, while simultaneously tuning the switch-on voltage toward 0 V. This modulation enables a safe operational window in aqueous electrolytes, preventing unwanted electrochemical side reactions. We then demonstrated that EGOT with the surface-tailored MXene layers are sensitive to concentrations of the neurotransmitter dopamine down to sub-picomolar levels of detection. These unprecedented LODs indicate that modification of EGOTs gate with tailored or functionalized MXenes is a viable and versatile strategy to enhance sensitivity to relevant biomarkers.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Sub-picomolar Dopamine Sensing in Aqueous Electrolyte with Surface-Engineered MXene-Gated Organic Transistors","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-03-02 18:35:35","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8894655/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-03-13T12:47:13+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-13T09:16:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-09T09:06:45+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-03-07T09:43:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"156910486372497374996592965865620208715","date":"2026-03-01T05:07:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"27707982195619495629905561364740369494","date":"2026-02-27T22:38:52+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"179663483100715487804962372898170536597","date":"2026-02-26T07:05:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"276677101669297519315758706382847483672","date":"2026-02-26T02:27:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-02-25T21:10:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-02-25T18:46:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-02-21T06:07:30+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"npj 2D Materials and Applications","date":"2026-02-16T16:06:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"npj-2d-materials-and-applications","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"npj2dmaterials","sideBox":"Learn more about [npj 2D Materials and Applications](http://www.nature.com/npj2dmaterials/)","snPcode":"41699","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/41699/3","title":"npj 2D Materials and Applications","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"NPJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"93552f69-4b38-42fc-8741-f120374b4cd5","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 2nd, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":63712639,"name":"Physical sciences/Chemistry"},{"id":63712641,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"},{"id":63712642,"name":"Physical sciences/Nanoscience and technology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-22T12:39:07+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-03-02 18:35:35","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8894655","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8894655","identity":"rs-8894655","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}