Conservation Agriculture in a High Fertilizer Input Rice-Based Cropping System Improves Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity but Fails to Correct Negative K Balance

Conservation Agriculture in a High Fertilizer Input Rice-Based Cropping System Improves Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity but Fails to Correct Negative K Balance | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Conservation Agriculture in a High Fertilizer Input Rice-Based Cropping System Improves Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity but Fails to Correct Negative K Balance Md. Jahedul Islam (M. J. Islam), Miaomiao Cheng (M. Cheng), Utpol Kumar (U. Kumar), and 7 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7617529/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Potassium (K) depletion of soils in the intensively-cropped Ganges River Floodplains is a key challenge for maintaining crop productivity. Increased residue retention and decreased soil disturbance (i.e., Conservation Agriculture) can reverse negative K balance but this has not been investigated for high input systems such as the potato-maize-rice sequence. A two-year experiment was conducted with an annual potato-maize-rice rotation that involves a wide range of K input along with CA practices. Treatment factors were: (a) soil tillage (conventional = CT and strip planting = SP); (b) crop residue retention (low, LR = 15 cm and HR = 40 cm by height); and (c) K application (100% K (recommended level, RD), 50% or 75% K of RD (low level, LD), and 125 or 150% K of RD (high level, HD)). Soil samples were collected after harvesting rice in December 2018 and again in December 2020 after six crops to analyze physical and chemical properties. In 2020, soil pH, total soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, extractable phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and potassium (K) all increased while soil bulk density decreased significantly due to CA practices. In 2018–19, rice equivalent yield (REY) was 7% higher in HR than LR, while SP-HD and SP-RD had 25% and 15% higher REY, respectively, than CT-RD. In 2019-20, SP-HR-HD achieved a 34% higher REY than CT-LR-RD. During the 2018-19 period, the K balances for the initial cropping cycle were negative, varying from − 60.7 to -89.8 kg ha -1 yr -1 for crop establishment methods, -61.3 to -89.9 kg ha -1 yr -1 for residue levels, and − 49.5 to -102 kg ha -1 yr -1 for K applications. In 2019-20, SP-HR-HD (24.3 kg ha -1 yr -1 ) showed a positive K balance while a highly negative balance was found in CT-LR-RD (-96 kg ha -1 yr -1 ). The K balance values were less negative for the SP and HR combination than for the CT and LR applications. In the high K input potato-maize-rice rotation, while strip planting and higher residue retention significantly reversed negative K balances, improved soil fertility and increased cropping system yield, additional K fertilizer was necessary to prevent soil K depletion. K balance residue retention rice equivalent yield strip planting Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupplementaryMaterials.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 28 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 23 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 18 Nov, 2025 Reviews received at journal 12 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 13 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 18 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 18 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 15 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7617529","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":532741909,"identity":"b55d115c-bb5a-4d71-8249-d6969fefe32b","order_by":0,"name":"Md. Jahedul Islam (M. J. 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Balance","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"nutrient-cycling-in-agroecosystems","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"fres","sideBox":"Learn more about [Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems](http://link.springer.com/journal/10705)","snPcode":"10705","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10705/3","title":"Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"K balance, residue retention, rice equivalent yield, strip planting","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7617529/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7617529/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003ePotassium (K) depletion of soils in the intensively-cropped Ganges River Floodplains is a key challenge for maintaining crop productivity. Increased residue retention and decreased soil disturbance (i.e., Conservation Agriculture) can reverse negative K balance but this has not been investigated for high input systems such as the potato-maize-rice sequence. A two-year experiment was conducted with an annual potato-maize-rice rotation that involves a wide range of K input along with CA practices. Treatment factors were: (a) soil tillage (conventional\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;CT and strip planting\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;SP); (b) crop residue retention (low, LR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15 cm and HR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;40 cm by height); and (c) K application (100% K (recommended level, RD), 50% or 75% K of RD (low level, LD), and 125 or 150% K of RD (high level, HD)). Soil samples were collected after harvesting rice in December 2018 and again in December 2020 after six crops to analyze physical and chemical properties. In 2020, soil pH, total soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, extractable phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and potassium (K) all increased while soil bulk density decreased significantly due to CA practices. In 2018\u0026ndash;19, rice equivalent yield (REY) was 7% higher in HR than LR, while SP-HD and SP-RD had 25% and 15% higher REY, respectively, than CT-RD. In 2019-20, SP-HR-HD achieved a 34% higher REY than CT-LR-RD. During the 2018-19 period, the K balances for the initial cropping cycle were negative, varying from \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;60.7 to -89.8 kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e yr\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e for crop establishment methods, -61.3 to -89.9 kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e yr\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e for residue levels, and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;49.5 to -102 kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e yr\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e for K applications. In 2019-20, SP-HR-HD (24.3 kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e yr\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) showed a positive K balance while a highly negative balance was found in CT-LR-RD (-96 kg ha\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e yr\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e). The K balance values were less negative for the SP and HR combination than for the CT and LR applications. In the high K input potato-maize-rice rotation, while strip planting and higher residue retention significantly reversed negative K balances, improved soil fertility and increased cropping system yield, additional K fertilizer was necessary to prevent soil K depletion.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Conservation Agriculture in a High Fertilizer Input Rice-Based Cropping System Improves Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity but Fails to Correct Negative K Balance","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-27 14:29:10","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7617529/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-11-23T16:15:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-18T14:52:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-13T03:14:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"187410626928635909020080292650382156049","date":"2025-10-21T08:55:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"247912730727975529508485701416065495498","date":"2025-10-16T01:25:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-13T16:45:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-18T14:06:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-18T14:04:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems","date":"2025-09-15T07:31:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"nutrient-cycling-in-agroecosystems","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"fres","sideBox":"Learn more about [Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems](http://link.springer.com/journal/10705)","snPcode":"10705","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10705/3","title":"Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"79438b17-d56d-4bfe-b4c0-a3ee822c0119","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 27th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-30T16:19:41+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7617529","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-026-10486-0","journal":{"identity":"nutrient-cycling-in-agroecosystems","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-28 16:12:41","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 28th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-27 14:29:10","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10705-026-10486-0","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-026-10486-0","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7617529","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7617529","identity":"rs-7617529","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}