Effect of the use of a heated tobacco product on indoor air quality in environmentally-controlled chamber

Effect of the use of a heated tobacco product on indoor air quality in environmentally-controlled chamber | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effect of the use of a heated tobacco product on indoor air quality in environmentally-controlled chamber Katsunari Fujisawa, Yoshihiro Enomoto, Ryosuke Imai, Haruka Nagata, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6525088/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Understanding factors influencing indoor air quality (IAQ) can help create a more pleasant environment for bystanders. Previous studies have utilized environmentally-controlled chambers to examine the effects of cigarette smoking on IAQ. Recently, heated tobacco products (HTPs), that heat rather than combust tobacco during use, have become available. In this study, the indoor air concentrations of the following 56 constituents, as markers of IAQ, were measured during HTP use in an environmentally-controlled chamber; tobacco-specific nitrosamines, carbonyls, volatile organic compounds, hydrogen cyanide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, phenolics, ammonia, nitrogen oxides, pyridine, quinoline, styrene, polycyclic aromatic amines, mercury, metals, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, environmental tobacco smoke markers, propylene glycol, glycerol, suspended particle matters, and total volatile organic compounds. IAQ measurements were taken under two environmental conditions, simulating restaurant and residential spaces. Compared to the control condition (no product use), the air concentration of 6 (of 56) constituents were increased with HTP use in the restaurant condition and 9 (of 56) were increased in the residential condition. With the exception of glycerol, a humectant used in HTPs, these indoor air concentrations were much lower than those when smoking cigarette under both environmental conditions. Although higher than in cigarette smoking condition, the concentration of glycerol was still below the exposure limit set by the USA Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA). These finding indicate that, for the constituents measured, HTP use has less impact on IAQ compared to cigarette smoking. Indoor air quality (IAQ) Heated tobacco product (HTP) Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) Environmentally-controlled chamber Indoor air concentration Figures Figure 1 1 INTRODUCTION Indoor air quality (IAQ) refers to the composition of the air in buildings where we live, work or spend our free time. Understanding the factors influencing IAQ, and how to control them, can help create a more comfortable environment for occupants. In indoor environments where tobacco smoking is permitted, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) can influence IAQ. ETS consists of the smoke that is exhaled by smokers as well as that which drifts from the burning end of cigarettes between puffs and is diffused and diluted in the air (side-stream smoke). The effects of ETS on IAQ have been investigated extensively (Adesina et al., 2021; Bolte et al., 2008 ; Calvello et al., 2024 ; Du et al., 2023 ; Hussein et al., 2021 ; Johnsson et al., 2006 ; Vainiotalo et al., 2008 ). In recent years, next-generation tobacco products, such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and heated tobacco products (HTPs), have gained popularity among smokers. E-cigarettes heat a liquid that usually contains nicotine, but no tobacco, creating an aerosol that can be inhaled. In contrast, HTPs contain tobacco which is heated but not combusted during use to create a tobacco-enriched aerosol that can be inhaled. Previous studies have examined the effects on IAQ of both e-cigarettes (Caraway et al., 2021 ; Colby et al., 2023 ; Khalaf et al., 2019 ; Liu et al., 2017 ; Mostafa et al., 2021 ; O’connell et al., 2015 ; Sousan et al., 2022 ; Zhao et al., 2017 ) and HTPs (Cancelada et al., 2019 ; Forster et al., 2018 ; Hirano et al., 2020 ; Ichitsubo and Kotaki, 2018 ; Kaunelienė et al., 2018 ; Meišutovič-Akhtarieva et al., 2019 ; Mitova et al., 2021 , 2019 ; Protano et al., 2020 ; Ruprecht et al., 2017 ; Susz et al., 2020 ). These studies typically assess the impact of product use on the indoor air concentrations of particulate matters, ETS markers and tobacco constituents of health concern in an environmentally-controlled chamber. Studies related to the development/validation of measurement methods of IAQ (Gómez Lueso et al., 2018 ; Mottier et al., 2016 ), for exhaled air as a matrix target (Masekameni et al., 2006 ) and for computational estimation of the constituents (Al-sarraf et al., 2015 ; Rostami et al., 2016 ) have been also reported. In our previous study (Enomoto et al., 2022 ), we evaluated the IAQ during use of three type of HTPs; In-direct heating Tobacco System Platform 1 Generation 0 version a (IT1.0a), In-direct heating Tobacco System Platform 2 Generation 0 version a (IT2.0a), and Direct heating Tobacco System Platform 2 Generation 2 version a (DT2.2a). In IT1.0a and IT2.0a, a liquid is heated to generate an aerosol which then passes through tobacco before being inhaled. In DT2.2a, in contrast, tobacco is heated directly to generate an aerosol containing nicotine and flavors. IAQ was evaluated by measuring 33 out of 42 constituents recommended by Health Canada for reductions in content owing to their health risk (Health Canada, 2000 ), ETS markers, and IAQ markers (48 constituents). Measurements were conducted in an environmentally-controlled chamber simulating restaurant and residential spaces to assess substantially increased concentrations of constituents compared with that when people were present with no smoking. It was found that the indoor air concentrations of some constituents when using these HTPs were increased under both simulated conditions. However, the concentrations still were lower than those when smoking cigarettes. Recently, new HTPs (Direct Heating Tobacco System Platform 3 Generation 1 version a (DT3.1a) and Direct Heating Tobacco System Platform 3 Generation 1 version b (DT3.1b)) have been introduced onto the market by Japan Tobacco (JT) group (JT Inc. and JT International S.A.). DT3.1a and DT3.1b are composed of two parts, a tobacco stick and a battery with heater same as DT2.2a (Enomoto et al., 2022 ). When using these products, the tobacco stick is inserted into the device and the stick is heated directly by the heater to generate an aerosol. The maximum temperature which heats a tobacco stick is approximately 320°C for both DT3.1a and DT3.1b. This is higher than the maximum temperature of DT2.2a used in our previous study (approximately 200°C), which could influence aerosol composition/complexity. The aim of this study was therefore to measure the indoor air concentrations of constituents and to evaluate IAQ when using DT3.1a and DT3.1b. The tobacco smoke constituents recommended by Health Canada for reductions in content owing to their health risk (Health Canada, 2000 ), ETS markers, IAQ markers and HTP-specific constituents (propylene glycol and glycerol) were selected for measurement (in total 56 constituents). Regarding the constituents recommended by Health Canada, hydrogen cyanide, phenolics (hydroquinone, resorcinol, catechol, phenol, m -cresol, p -cresol and o -cresol) and quinoline were added from those measured in previous study (Enomoto et al., 2022 ). This means that all constituents in the Canadian list, except eugenol and tar, were measured. This study was conducted in an environmentally-controlled chamber simulating restaurant and residential conditions. Three scenarios (“Non-smoking” when only people were present; “DT3.1a” or “DT3.1b” when using HTPs; and “Cigarette” when smoking cigarettes) were examined for each environmental condition. The indoor air concentrations of constituents in each scenario were compared to evaluate the impact on IAQ according to whether there were constituents whose concentrations were actually increased compared to when only people were present. 2 METHODS 2.1 Test products Two HTPs, Direct Heating Tobacco System Platform 3 Generation 1 version a (DT3.1a) and Direct Heating Tobacco System Platform 3 Generation 1 version b (DT3.1b), were used in this study. DT3.1a was obtained from Japan Tobacco Inc. (JT), and DT3.1b was obtained from JT International S.A.. DT3.1a and DT3.1b are composed of two parts (a tobacco stick and a battery with heater). Both products generate aerosol by heating a tobacco stick in a heating chamber up to a maximum of approximately 320°C. The flavor type of tobacco sticks used in this study was regular (non-menthol). A commercial cigarette sold by JT group was used as a reference, which had the following specifications: Tar, 6 mg; nicotine, 0.5–0.6 mg; regular taste (no menthol added); filter type, charcoal filter. 2.2 Environmentally-controlled chamber and experimental simulations for this study The environmentally-controlled chamber used in this study is located at the JT R&D research institute in Kanagawa, Japan. It can simulate various indoor environments by controlling ventilation rates, temperature and humidity. It can also be set up with chairs and desks to accommodate participants. The layout of the environmentally-controlled chamber is shown in Fig. 1 . The chamber has a floor area of 15.8 m 2 and volume of 39.4 m 3 (width, 3.5 m; depth, 4.5 m; height, 2.5 m) with a stainless-steel inner wall, electric lights, two electric fans, a window, and doors. The ventilation type was a balanced ventilation system. Outside air was filtered through a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter and an activated charcoal filter and was introduced into the chamber as supply air through an air supply opening, and exhaust through to an air exhaust opening. The chamber was equipped with a variable ventilation system permitting air supply volume per hour of 20 m 3 h − 1 to 787 m 3 h − 1 , this corresponds to from approximately 0.5 to 20 air change rate per hour (ACH). The actual ACHs were calculated by CO 2 decay measurements according to ISO16000-8 (International Organization for Standardization standard, 2007 ) (Supplementary Fig S1 ). Two electric fans were suspended from the chamber ceiling and were running throughout testing to disperse the aerosol or cigarette smoke in the chamber. Both temperature and relative humidity were controlled outside the chamber, 23 ± 5°C and from 30 to 70%, respectively. Two sampling points (S), placed approximately 1.8 m above floor, were used to measure indoor air concentrations. All sampling assemblies and lines connected with polyethylene tubes to sampling pumps housed in the next room (Fig. 1 (a)). When starting a test, indoor air was continuously sampled at S supply and S exhaust , as shown in Fig. 1 (b) and (c). Regarding the sampling points, the online trace for suspended particulate matter (SPM) and the average of indoor air concentrations for SPM and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured at four points (Supplementary Fig. S2), S A (the same position of S exhaust ), S B , S C and S D , to confirm the spatial and temporal aerosol uniformity under the conditions simulating “Restaurant” and “Residential” environments. Based on the online traces for SPM (Supplementary Fig. S3 and S4) and the average of indoor air concentrations for SPM and VOCs (Supplementary Fig. S5), the aerosol uniformity under both conditions in this study was confirmed. To confirm the average concentration in the chamber, constituents were sampled at S exhaust , and to check background contamination, constituents were sampled at S supply . The concentrations (C) at S exhaust and S supply corresponded to the indoor air (C IA ) and the background (C BG ) concentrations, respectively. The concentration of indoor air constituents in the chamber was measured when the HTPs, DT3.1a and DT3.1b, were used under conditions simulating “Restaurant” and “Residential” environments, respectively. The ACH of each set of conditions (“Restaurant”, 204 m 3 h − 1 , 5.18 ACH; “Residential”, 34.0 m 3 h − 1 , 0.86 ACH) was based on European ventilation performance standard BS EN 15251 (European committee for standardization., 2007). These environmental simulations are summarized in Table 1 . The additional ventilation volume (L s − 1 , m 2 ) when smoking was not adopted in this study. Table 1 Experimental simulations for this study Condition “Restaurant” “Residential” Standard EN15251-2007 Category III non-low-polluted building EN15251-2007 Category III Floor area (m 2 person − 1 ) 1.5 - Number of persons by reference (person 15.8 m − 2 ) 10.5 2.0 c Rate of smoker or user (%) 100 a 100 a Actual smoker or user (person 15.8 m − 2 ) 5 b 2 e Number of cigarettes by reference (Sticks person − 1 h − 1 ) 1.2 1.2 Calculated tobacco consumption (Sticks h − 1 ) 12.6 2.4 Actual tobacco consumption (Sticks h − 1 ) 13 e 3 e Ventilation volume by reference (L s − 1 , m 2 ) 3.6 0.6 d Additional ventilation volume (L s − 1 , m 2 ) 0 0 Actual ventilation volume (m 3 h − 1 ) 204 34 Air change rate per hour (ACH) (hour − 1 ) 5.18 0.86 a Standard smoking rate is 20%. However, it is assumed to be lower than that of the actual environment, and therefore 100% was adopted in this study to avoid any potential underestimation. b Actual smoker or user numbers are different from smoker or user numbers by reference. As the influence of chemical constituents derived from the human body is removed as much as possible and product usage per person is set to avoid being too high. c The number of persons is set based on the minimum living area level in the Basic Plan for Living Life (formula, 10 m 2 × [number of households] + 10 m 2 ) (Ministry of Land Infrastructure Transport and Tourism in Japan, n.d.). d Ventilation air volume set based on the “amount of outside air introduced into the living room or bedroom”. Only the amount of air given per area is used. Ventilation air volume per person is not given because severe conditions are assumed. e The number was rounded up to the next integer. 2.3 IAQ measurement in the chamber The test plan for each scenario, and the time schedule for each day, are shown in Supplementary Table S1 . Three different scenarios were examined for each environmental condition, as follows: “Non-smoking”, “DT3.1a” or “DT3.1b”, and “Cigarette”. “Non-smoking” indicates that participants were present, but the HTPs or conventional cigarettes were not used in the chamber, “DT3.1a” or “DT3.1b” indicate that participants used the relevant HTPs in the chamber, and “Cigarette” indicates that participants smoked conventional cigarettes in the chamber. Each scenario in each simulated environment was replicated four times. The test period was 8 days and each scenario, except for “Cigarette”, was set alternately each day. “Cigarette” was performed at the end of each test day because it was expected to produce a much higher concentration of indoor air constituents than the other tests. The number of IAQ tests per day was three, with appropriate breaks. In the breaks, air inside the chamber was ventilated at 600 m 3 h − 1 for more than 30 min with the door closed. The ventilation rate inside the chamber was set to “Restaurant” or “Residential” condition when the CO 2 concentration of the exhaust air inside the chamber was the same as that of the outside air, that is 10 minutes before the start of the test. IAQ measurements were continued for 1 h. When the test was finished, all participants left the chamber, and the chamber was ventilated for the next experiment. After the last test was completed each day, the chamber was cleaned up, wiping all walls with ethanol/water solution and cleaning floors. Finally, the air inside the chamber was ventilated at 600 m 3 h − 1 overnight with the door closed. In-house volunteers comprising of healthy adults, from whom informed consent was obtained, participated in this study. There were no restrictions on food and drink outside the testing hours and during breaks, but food and drink during the test was limited to water only. The participants were restricted from using tobacco products other than test products on all testing days. The respective number of participants entered the chamber under “Restaurant” (5 participants) and “Residential” (2 participants) conditions. For the “Restaurant” condition, the participant started to use the HTP or smoke cigarette at the beginning of the IAQ test. The participants then took turns with no order specified using or smoking every four minutes for a total of thirteen sticks The participants used or smoked two or three sticks during the test. For the “Residential” condition, the participant started to use or smoke at beginning of the test and then took turns with no order specified using or smoking every twenty minutes. The participants used or smoked one or two sticks during the test, and total three sticks were used or smoked. The number of puffs per stick of DT3.1a and DT3.1b was defined as eleven puffs. This means that the instructions were to be used for five minutes, puffing every thirty seconds (0 s: puff 1, 30 s: puff 2, … 5 min: puff 11). The number of puffs per cigarette and the timing of the puffs were arbitrary. 2.4 Chemical analysis for IAQ measurements The analytical methods of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs; nitrosonornicotine (NNN), nitrosoanatabine (NAT), nitrosoanabasine (NAB) and 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)), carbonyls (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, propionaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and n-butyraldehyde), volatile organic compounds (VOCs; 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, acrylonitrile, benzene and toluene), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH; benz[a]pyrene), ammonia (NH 3 ), nitrogen oxides (NO X ; nitrogen oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) and combined nitrogen oxides (NO + NO 2 )), pyridine, styrene, polycyclic aromatic amines (PAAs; 1-aminonaphthalene, 2-aminonaphthalene, 3-aminobiphenyl, and 4-aminobiphenyl), mercury (Hg), metals (lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), beryllium (Be) and arsenic (As)), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), ETS vapor phase markers (ETS-V; nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine), ETS particulate phase markers (ETS-P; respirable suspended particles (RSP), ultraviolet particulate matter (UVPM), fluorescent particulate matter (FPM) and solanesol), propylene glycol (PG), glycerol (G), online measurement of suspended particulate matter (SPM) (measured using piezobalance) and total VOC (TVOC) have been previously published (Enomoto et al., 2022 ). The methods of hydrogen cyanide (HCN), phenolics (hydroquinone, resorcinol, catechol, phenol, m-cresol, p-cresol and o-cresol) and quinoline are given below. 2.4.1 Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) HCN was determined according to Health Canada Official Methods for the Testing of Tobacco Products (sidestream smoke) T-205 (Health Canada, 1999 ). This was measured as follows. Air samples were passed through a 44 mm glass fiber filter (Koerber KC, Hamburg, Germany) and an impinger placed in series containing 90 mL of 0.1M sodium hydroxide aqueous solution (NaOH aq.) at an air sampling flow rate of 1 L min − 1 . The pad was extracted with 0.1M NaOH aq. (30 mL) for 30 min and the extracts were filtered through filter paper. The extracts and the impinger solution were analyzed by auto-analyzer (STAT2000, BL TEC Inc., Osaka, Japan). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of HCN were three times and ten times the standard deviation of the smallest concentration of standards, respectively. The method was validated by our recovery test and breakthrough test in advance of IAQ measurement (Supplementary Table S11 and S12). 2.4.2 Phenolics Phenolics (Hydroquinone, Resorcinol, Catechol, Phenol, m-Cresol, p-Cresol and o-Cresol) were determined according to Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) PV2094 (Occupational Safety and Health Administration, n.d.) and Nacional Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 2546 (Nacional Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, n.d.). These were measured as follows. Air samples were passed through an XAD-7 (phosphoric acid) sorbent tube (SKC Ltd.) at a sampling flow rate of 1 L min − 1 . Phenolics were extracted from the XAD-7 with methanol and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; 1290 Infinity, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with fluorescence detection for quantification. The LOD and LOQ of phenols were three times and ten times the standard deviation of the smallest concentration of standards, respectively. The method was validated by our recovery test and breakthrough test in advance of IAQ measurement (Supplementary Table S13 and S14). 2.4.3 Quinoline Quinoline was determined according to ISO 16000-6:2011 (International Organization for Standardization standard, 2011 ) and ISO 16017-1:2000 (International Organization for Standardization standard, 2000 ). This was measured as follows. Air samples were fed into an Air Toxics ATD tube (Markes Inter-national Ltd., Llantrisant, UK) at an air sampling flow rate of 50 mL min − 1 . Quinoline with other constituents of VOC were measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS; Instrumentation: 7890B, 5977B, and VF-1, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) coupled to a thermal desorption system (TD100-xr, Markes International Ltd., Llantrisant, UK). The LOD and LOQ were three times and ten times the standard deviation of the smallest concentration of standards, respectively. The method was the same method used for VOCs, pyridine and styrene and was used to measure these constituents, including quinoline, simultaneously. The method was validated by breakthrough test in advance of IAQ measurement (Supplementary Table S15). 2.5 Data treatment in this study The measurement of the indoor air concentration (C IA and C BG ) in each scenario under each simulated environment was replicated four times. These four data sets were treated in the same manner as previously published (Enomoto et al., 2022 ). (i) If three or more of the concentrations were higher than the LOQ value, the arithmetic mean and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were given; (ii) if two or more of the concentrations were below the LOQ value, the median value with no standard error was calculated. The median value was the average of the two middle values out of four data sets, and the concentrations which is below LOD value and below LOQ value were calculated using the following equations, <LOD = LOD value/2 and < LOQ = (LOD value + LOQ value)/2, respectively; (iii) if the calculated median value was below the LOD or LOQ value, not detection (ND) or not quantitation (NQ) were used, respectively. To compare the C IA in “each product” and C IA in “Non-smoking” under the simulated environmental conditions, the main objective of this study, was also treated in the same manner as previously published (Enomoto et al., 2022 ). (I) If both C IA s were treated in the (i) manner, see above description, they were statistically tested using an f-test for equality of variance and a t-test for significant difference (p < 0.05 and two-sided test); (II) if one or both were treated in the (ii) and (iii) manner, see above description, they were evaluated as an increase of indoor air concentration in the case of a numerical rise (e.g., ND → NQ or ND/NQ → median or arithmetic mean). Whether the indoor air concentrations for C IA in “each product” increased compared to C IA in “Non-smoking” was evaluated based on the following three status. (Status1) “Actual indoor air concentration increased” when using the HTP: when the C IA of the constituent increased; (Status2) “Not actual indoor air concentration increase” when using the HTP: when the C IA of the constituent increased, but C IA in “each product” was same or a lower than C BG in “each product”; (Status3) “Not substantial increase” when using the HTP: when the C IA of the constituent did not increase. 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Quantification results under “Restaurant” condition The results for the “Restaurant” condition are shown in Table 2 , Supplementary Table S2, S5 and S6. The indoor air concentrations (C IA ) of sixteen constituents (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, propionaldehyde, MEK, n-butyraldehyde, isoprene, NH 3 , NO, NO 2 , NO + NO 2 , CO, CO 2 , nicotine, glycerol and TVOC) were quantified, and given as the arithmetic mean and its 95% CI in both scenarios, “Non-smoking” and “DT3.1a”. These data of each constituent were statistically tested using an f-test for equality of variance and a t-test for significant difference (p < 0.05 and two-sided test). The C IA of propionaldehyde and n-butyraldehyde in “DT3.1a” was evaluated as actual increased compared to that in “Non-smoking”, p = 0.00301 and 0.000118, respectively (Supplementary Table S5). The C IA of four constituents (3-ethenylprydine, RSP, FPM and solanesol) were too low to allow statistical analysis. However, the C IA of these four constituents in “DT3.1a” were evaluated as actual increased to that in “Non-smoking” on our data treatment in this study. Regarding the C IA of 3-ethenylprydine and RSP, all these concentrations for each four days were below the LOQ values. And, the days on which had the same calculated value were two or more days (of 4 days) in “DT3.1a” and “Non-smoking” (Supplementary Table S6). All other constituents resulted in no actual increase in indoor air concentration. As a result, substantial concentration increases due to DT3.1a use were observed for six constituents (propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, 3-ethenylprydine, RSP, FPM and solanesol) (Table 2 and Supplementary Table S5). Table 2 Summary of indoor air concentration (C IA ) Simulated condition Restaurant Residencial Constituent unit Non-smoking DT3.1a Non-smoking DT3.1b Mean indoor air concentration C IA ± 95%CI (Median) TSNAs NNN (ng m − 3 ) ND ND ND ND NAT (ng m − 3 ) ND ND ND ND NAB (ng m − 3 ) ND ND ND ND NNK (ng m − 3 ) ND ND ND ND Carbonyls Formaldehyde (µg m − 3 ) 4.36 ± 0.31 5.04 ± 0.39 8.01 ± 0.44 8.56 ± 1.05 Acetaldehyde (µg m − 3 ) 5.58 ± 1.84 8.69 ± 1.13 5.27 ± 0.86 8.79 ± 0.99 ** Acetone (µg m − 3 ) 19.1 ± 3.4 22.7 ± 3.0 31.0 ± 1.7 33.4 ± 3.5 Acrolein (µg m − 3 ) NQ NQ NQ 0.0429 ± 0.0098 ** Propionaldehyde (µg m − 3 ) 0.293 ± 0.021 0.434 ± 0.021 ** 0.491 ± 0.034 0.659 ± 0.079 Crotonaldehyde (µg m − 3 ) NQ NQ NQ 0.0426 ± 0.0079 ** MEK (µg m − 3 ) 1.31 ± 0.21 1.68 ± 0.08 2.96 ± 0.31 3.11 ± 0.30 n -Butyraldehyde (µg m − 3 ) 0.299 ± 0.018 0.550 ± 0.022 ** 0.554 ± 0.036 1.04 ± 0.07 ** VOCs 1,3-Butadiene (µg m − 3 ) NQ NQ NQ 3.75 ± 0.62 ** Isoprene (µg m − 3 ) 3.93 ± 0.61 4.41 ± 0.72 5.77 ± 0.41 7.40 ± 1.24 Acrylonitrile (µg m − 3 ) ND ND ND ND Benzene (µg m − 3 ) ND ND NQ NQ Toluene (µg m − 3 ) NQ NQ 1.37 1.86 ± 0.33 ** HCN Hydrogen Cyanide (µg m − 3 ) NQ ND ND ND PAH Benz[a]pyrene (ng m − 3 ) ND ND ND ND Phenolics Hydroquinone (µg m − 3 ) ND ND ND ND Resorcinol (µg m − 3 ) ND ND ND ND Catechol (µg m − 3 ) ND ND ND ND Phenol (µg m − 3 ) NQ NQ NQ NQ p -Cresol (µg m − 3 ) ND ND ND ND m -Cresol (µg m − 3 ) ND ND ND ND o -Cresol (µg m − 3 ) ND ND ND ND Ammonia NH 3 (ppb) 47 ± 5 43 ± 5 66 ± 5 65 ± 6 NO X NO (ppb) 6 ± 1 6 ± 2 ND 1 * NO 2 (ppb) 4 ± 1 4 ± 1 6 ± 1 6 ± 1 NO + NO 2 (ppb) 11 ± 2 10 ± 3 7 ± 1 7 ± 2 PQS Pyridine (µg m − 3 ) NQ NQ 1.07 ± 0.16 NQ Quinoline (µg m − 3 ) ND ND ND ND Styrene (µg m − 3 ) ND ND NQ NQ PAAs 1-Aminonaphthalene (ng m − 3 ) NQ NQ NQ NQ 2-Aminonaphthalene (ng m − 3 ) ND ND ND ND 3-Aminobiphenyl (ng m − 3 ) NQ NQ NQ ND 4-Aminobiphenyl (ng m − 3 ) ND ND ND ND Mercury Hg (ng m − 3 ) NQ NQ NQ NQ Metals Lead (Pb) (ng m − 3 ) ND ND NQ NQ Cadmium (Cd) (ng m − 3 ) ND ND ND ND Chromium (Cr) (ng m − 3 ) ND ND ND ND Nickel (Ni) (ng m − 3 ) NQ NQ NQ NQ Beryllium (Be) (ng m − 3 ) ND ND ND ND Arsenic (As) (ng m − 3 ) ND ND ND ND CO/CO 2 CO (ppm) 0.29 ± 0.04 0.32 ± 0.02 0.28 ± 0.03 0.29 ± 0.05 CO 2 (ppm) 830 ± 50 870 ± 60 950 ± 60 1000 ± 50 ETS-V Nicotine (µg m − 3 ) 0.310 ± 0.073 3.15 ± 0.93 0.349 ± 0.104 0.904 ± 0.131 ** 3-ethenylprydine (µg m − 3 ) ND NQ ** ND ND ETS-P RSP (mg m − 3 ) ND NQ ** ND ND UVPM (µg m − 3 ) NQ NQ NQ NQ FPM (µg m − 3 ) NQ 0.121 ± 0.006 ** 0.0522 ± 0.0053 0.0598 ± 0.0090 Solanesol (µg m − 3 ) ND NQ ** ND ND PG/G Propylene glycol (µg m − 3 ) NQ NQ NQ 6.50 ± 0.28 ** Glycerol (µg m − 3 ) 17.3 ± 2.6 22.6 ± 5.0 NQ 9.01 ** SPM Particle matter (mg m − 3 ) ND ND ND ND TVOC TVOC (µg m − 3 ) 30.4 ± 18.5 40.7 ± 21.8 42.1 ± 11.3 62.2 ± 10.6 Abbreviations: ND (not detection), below limit of detection; NQ (not quantitation), below limit of quantitation. ** : Status1 , “Actual indoor air concentration increase”, shown in “Data treatment in this study”. * : Status2 , “Not actual indoor air concentration increase”, shown in “Data treatment in this study”. 3.2 Quantification results under “Residential” condition The results for the “Residential” condition are shown in Table 2 , Supplementary Table S3, S7 and S8. The indoor air concentrations (C IA ) of fifteen constituents (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, propionaldehyde, MEK, n-butyraldehyde, isoprene, NH 3 , NO 2 , NO + NO 2 , CO, CO 2 , nicotine, FPM and TVOC) were quantified, and given as the arithmetic mean and its 95% CI in both scenarios, “Non-smoking” and “DT3.1b”. These data of each constituent were statistically tested using an f-test for equality of variance and a t-test for significant difference (p < 0.05 and two-sided test). The C IA of acetaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde and nicotine in “DT3.1b” was evaluated as actual increased compared to that in “Non-smoking”, p = 0.0361, 0.000822 and 0.0159, respectively (Supplementary Table S7). The C IA of seven constituents (acrolein, crotonaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, toluene, NO, propylene glycol and glycerol) were too low to allow statistical analysis. The C IA of acrolein, crotonaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, toluene, propylene glycol and glycerol in “DT3.1b” were evaluated as actual increased to that in “Non-smoking” on our data treatment in this study. The C IA of NO (1.22) was considered to be derived from the air supply, because the C BG of NO (5.05 ± 0.48) was higher than it (Supplementary Table S3), therefore NO was evaluated as not actual increased. In the C IA of 1,3-butadiene and toluene, all these concentrations for each four days were around the LOQ values and showed very large differences between days. On day3 and day4, the concentrations in “Non-smoking” were higher than those in “DT3.1b” (Supplementary Table S8). All other constituents resulted in no actual increase in indoor air concentration. As a result, substantial concentration increases due to DT3.1b use were observed for nine constituents (acetaldehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, toluene, nicotine, propylene glycol and glycerol) (Table 2 and Supplementary Table S7). 3.3 Quantification results under “Residential” condition IAQ evaluation in this study focused on the following constituents. (i) 40 constituents based on the constituents recommended by the Health Canada according to health risk by prioritizing reducing their contents, except for eugenol and tar (Health Canada, 2000 ); (ii) ETS markers; (iii) a part of HTP-specific constituents; and (iv) indoor air quality markers. Compared to our previous report (Enomoto et al., 2022 ), we added the newly measurements of hydrogen cyanide, phenolics and quinoline in this study. In these constituents, the details of the analysis methods were given in the “Materials and methods” section and the confirmation data of method application to IAQ analysis were shown in Supplementary Tables S11 – S15. Additionally, the indoor air concentrations (C IA ) of these constituents in all scenarios under “Restaurant” and “Residential” conditions were shown in Supplementary Table S16. The methods used to measure hydrogen cyanide, hydroquinone, phenol, p-, m- and o-cresol were shown to be capable of detecting the C IA differences between when using the HTPs and when smoking cigarette under both simulated environmentally conditions. For resorcinol, catechol and quinoline, no differences between when using the HTPs and when smoking cigarette under both conditions could be clearly detected. 3.4 Design of the chamber and experimental simulations in this study Assessment of the impact of HTP use on IAQ is complicated by the low amount of tobacco aerosol typically generated by such products and the correspondingly low concentrations of aerosol constituents. To minimize additional pollution sources, the air supplied to the chamber was passing through a HEPA filter and an activated charcoal filter. The chamber is airtight and designed to prevent compounds generated by the tobacco products from leaking outside the chamber. Both temperature and relative humidity were controlled, and the actual these values in this study were shown in Supplementary Table S4. These values under “Restaurant” condition throughout this study were from 19.6 to 20.0°C and from 35.6 to 36.4%, respectively. These under “Residential” condition were from 20.5 to 21.7°C and from 51.8 to 56.9%, respectively. The settings of the experimental simulations in this study were based on European ventilation performance standard BS EN 15251 (European committee for standardization., 2007). The number of persons under “Residential” condition was set based on the minimum living area level in the Basic Plan for Living Life defined by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in Japan (Ministry of Land Infrastructure Transport and Tourism in Japan, n.d.). The formula is defined as 10 m 2 × [number of households] + 10 m 2 in the households of two or more persons. The smoking rate is stated 20% in BS EN 15251 (European committee for standardization., 2007). However, it is assumed to be lower than that of the actual environment, and therefore 100% was adopted in this study to avoid any potential underestimation. The number of participants was set to minimize the effects of chemical components generated by the human body and to avoid excessive increases in the number of smoked cigarettes by participants. In this study, thirteen sticks were used or smoked every 4 minutes during the “Restaurant” condition test, and three sticks every 20 minutes during the “Residential” condition test. The other experimental conditions, tobacco consumption and ventilation volume, were set based on BS EN 15251 (European committee for standardization., 2007). The indoor air concentrations were measured at 1 hour after the start of the test in three scenarios (“Non-smoking”, “heated tobacco products” and “Cigarette”), and the evaluation was conducted by comparing the concentrations. Our test period of 1 hour was adopted due to the possibility of physical stress on the participants in this study. Other reports (Caraway et al., 2021 ; Colby et al., 2023 ; Forster et al., 2018 ; Hirano et al., 2020 ; Liu et al., 2017 ; Mitova et al., 2021 , 2019 ; Mottier et al., 2016 ; Ruprecht et al., 2017 ) often use IAQ test period of longer. In addition, for the biological exposure effects of chemical constituents, time weighted average concentrations (e.g., 8-hours per day) are calculated as the threshold limit values or permissible exposure limits. In our future IAQ assessments, it will be interesting to investigate the effect of test period on indoor air concentrations. 3.5 Effect on IAQ In this study, six constituents (propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, 3-ethenylprydine, RSP, FPM and solanesol) under “Restaurant” condition and nine constituents (acetaldehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, toluene, nicotine, propylene glycol and glycerol) under “Residential” condition were increased when using the HTP compared to no product use. The results for the indoor air concentrations (C IA ) of these constituents in all scenarios, including “Cigarette”, were shown in Supplementary Table S9 and S10. Under “Restaurant” condition, the C IA when using the HTP of propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, 3-ethenylprydine, RSP, FPM and solanesol were 0.434 ± 0.021 µg m − 3 , 0.550 ± 0.022 µg m − 3 , NQ (< 0.0311 µg m − 3 ), NQ (< 0.160 mg m − 3 ), 0.121 ± 0.006 µg m − 3 and NQ (1.05 µg m − 3 ), respectively. On the other hand, those when smoking the cigarette of these constituents were 6.28 ± 0.27 µg m − 3 , 3.90 ± 0.16 µg m − 3 , 12.1 ± 0.3 µg m − 3 , 0.498 ± 0.019 mg m − 3 , 16.7 ± 1.1 µg m − 3 and 13.3 ± 0. 4 µg m − 3 , respectively. As a result, the C IA when using the HTP of all six constituents were much lower than those when smoking the cigarette. Under “Residential” condition, the C IA when using the HTP of acetaldehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, toluene, nicotine, propylene glycol and glycerol were 8.79 ± 0.99 µg m − 3 , 0.0429 ± 0.0098 µg m − 3 , 0.0426 ± 0.0079 µg m − 3 , 1.04 ± 0.07 µg m − 3 , 3.75 ± 0.62 µg m − 3 , 1.86 ± 0.33 µg m − 3 , 0.904 ± 0.131 µg m − 3 , 6.50 ± 0.28 µg m − 3 and 9.01 (median) µg m − 3 , respectively. On the other hand, those when smoking the cigarette of these constituents were 80.8 ± 4.8 µg m − 3 , 3.18 ± 0.50 µg m − 3 , 1.38 ± 0.010 µg m − 3 , 3.73 ± 0.37 µg m − 3 , 39.3 ± 8.8 µg m − 3 , 15.9 ± 1.3 µg m − 3 , 27.9 ± 3.3 µg m − 3 , 50.3 ± 3.6 µg m − 3 and NQ (< 8.31 µg m − 3 ), respectively. As a result, the C IA of the constituents which were evaluated as actually increased compared to when only people were present, except for glycerol, were much lower than those when smoking the cigarette. In glycerol, a part of HTP-specific constituent, the C IA when using the HTP was slightly higher than that when smoking cigarette. However, this concentration (9.01 µg m − 3 , 1-hour) was well below the permissible exposure limit of glycerol mist (respirable; 5 µg m − 3 , 8-hour time weighted average) set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), n.d.). 4 CONCLUSIONS The effect of using HTP on IAQ was evaluated using an environmentally-controlled chamber. The indoor air concentrations of total 56 constituents (40 out of 42 constituents recommended by Health Canada for reductions in content owing to their health risk (except for eugenol and tar), ETS markers, HTP-specific constituents and indoor air quality markers) were measured in this study. The simulated environmental conditions were “Restaurant” and “Residential”. The constituents evaluated as actual indoor air concentration increase when using the HTP were six (propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, 3-ethenylprydine, RSP, FPM and solanesol) and nine (acetaldehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, toluene, nicotine, propylene glycol and glycerol) constituents under “Restaurant” and “Residential” condition, respectively. However, except for glycerol, these indoor air concentrations were much lower than those when smoking cigarette. In glycerol, this concentration was below the permissible exposure limit defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). These finding indicate that, for the constituents measured, the use of HTPs under simulated restaurant and residential condition have less impact on IAQ compared to conventional cigarette smoking. Declarations A CKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors gratefully acknowledge the Scientific Product Assessment Center (R&D group, Japan Tobacco Inc.) for excellent technical assistance of chemical analysis. DISCLAIMER The authors are employees of Japan Tobacco Inc., and they have no competing interests with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTIONS Katsunari Fujisawa and Yoshihiro Enomoto analyzed and interpreted the data regarding the indoor air quality and were major contributors in writing the manuscript. Ryosuke Imai, Haruka Nagata, Tadashi Hirotani and Ryotaro Sakashita conducted the measurements of indoor air concentration in this study. Katsura Ishikawa performed the design, schedule and evaluation of this study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. ETHICS APPROVAL Not applicable. CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE The participants in this study were in-house volunteers from whom informed consent was obtained. CONSENT TO PUBLICATION Not applicable. DATA AVAILABILITY All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files. CONFLICT OF INTEREST/COMPETING INTERESTS The authors are employees of Japan Tobacco Inc., and they have no competing interests with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. References Adesina, O.A.O.A.O.A., Nwogu, A.S.A.S., Sonibare, J.A.J.A. (2021). Indoor levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from environment tobacco smoke of public bars. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 208, 111604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111604 Al-sarraf, A.A., Yassin, M.F., Bouhamra, W. (2015). Experimental and computational study of particulate matter of secondhand smoke in indoor environment. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 12, 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-013-0414-x Bolte, G., Heitmann, D., Kiranoglu, M., Schierl, R., Diemer, J., Koerner, W., Fromme, H. (2008). 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Characteristics of secondhand electronic cigarette aerosols from active human use. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 51, 1368–1376. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2017.1355548 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files AAQRsupplementarymaterial.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 08 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 08 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 24 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 15 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Jul, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 12 Jun, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 07 May, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 07 May, 2025 First submitted to journal 25 Apr, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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04:23:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6525088/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6525088/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":84690901,"identity":"edf508c0-3d89-4c78-ada8-38651dce9011","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-16 09:40:27","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":215223,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a).\u003c/strong\u003e Layout of environmentally-controlled chamber (View from the ceiling)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(b).\u003c/strong\u003e Layout of environmentally-controlled chamber (View from the [Side 1] in Fig 1 (a))\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(c).\u003c/strong\u003e Layout of environmentally-controlled chamber (View from the [Side 2] in Fig 1 (a))\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6525088/v1/0b865b72fdc7fb4903186c50.png"},{"id":84691326,"identity":"50999c01-b190-494c-86df-a16d5fecb215","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-16 09:48:27","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1502354,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6525088/v1/f6ff410a-1278-4e66-b76f-8cd6a86fd473.pdf"},{"id":84689864,"identity":"f1fe362b-c18b-425c-9bb0-4c6ea4d5be39","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-16 09:32:28","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1021521,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"AAQRsupplementarymaterial.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6525088/v1/593e745f2859485bc86afadc.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Effect of the use of a heated tobacco product on indoor air quality in environmentally-controlled chamber","fulltext":[{"header":"1 INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIndoor air quality (IAQ) refers to the composition of the air in buildings where we live, work or spend our free time. Understanding the factors influencing IAQ, and how to control them, can help create a more comfortable environment for occupants. In indoor environments where tobacco smoking is permitted, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) can influence IAQ. ETS consists of the smoke that is exhaled by smokers as well as that which drifts from the burning end of cigarettes between puffs and is diffused and diluted in the air (side-stream smoke). The effects of ETS on IAQ have been investigated extensively (Adesina et al., 2021; Bolte et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Calvello et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Du et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Hussein et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Johnsson et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Vainiotalo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn recent years, next-generation tobacco products, such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and heated tobacco products (HTPs), have gained popularity among smokers. E-cigarettes heat a liquid that usually contains nicotine, but no tobacco, creating an aerosol that can be inhaled. In contrast, HTPs contain tobacco which is heated but not combusted during use to create a tobacco-enriched aerosol that can be inhaled.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious studies have examined the effects on IAQ of both e-cigarettes (Caraway et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Colby et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Khalaf et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Liu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Mostafa et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; O\u0026rsquo;connell et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Sousan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Zhao et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) and HTPs (Cancelada et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Forster et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Hirano et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Ichitsubo and Kotaki, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Kaunelienė et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Meišutovič-Akhtarieva et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Mitova et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Protano et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Ruprecht et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Susz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). These studies typically assess the impact of product use on the indoor air concentrations of particulate matters, ETS markers and tobacco constituents of health concern in an environmentally-controlled chamber. Studies related to the development/validation of measurement methods of IAQ (G\u0026oacute;mez Lueso et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Mottier et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), for exhaled air as a matrix target (Masekameni et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) and for computational estimation of the constituents (Al-sarraf et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Rostami et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) have been also reported.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our previous study (Enomoto et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), we evaluated the IAQ during use of three type of HTPs; In-direct heating Tobacco System Platform 1 Generation 0 version a (IT1.0a), In-direct heating Tobacco System Platform 2 Generation 0 version a (IT2.0a), and Direct heating Tobacco System Platform 2 Generation 2 version a (DT2.2a). In IT1.0a and IT2.0a, a liquid is heated to generate an aerosol which then passes through tobacco before being inhaled. In DT2.2a, in contrast, tobacco is heated directly to generate an aerosol containing nicotine and flavors. IAQ was evaluated by measuring 33 out of 42 constituents recommended by Health Canada for reductions in content owing to their health risk (Health Canada, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e), ETS markers, and IAQ markers (48 constituents). Measurements were conducted in an environmentally-controlled chamber simulating restaurant and residential spaces to assess substantially increased concentrations of constituents compared with that when people were present with no smoking. It was found that the indoor air concentrations of some constituents when using these HTPs were increased under both simulated conditions. However, the concentrations still were lower than those when smoking cigarettes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecently, new HTPs (Direct Heating Tobacco System Platform 3 Generation 1 version a (DT3.1a) and Direct Heating Tobacco System Platform 3 Generation 1 version b (DT3.1b)) have been introduced onto the market by Japan Tobacco (JT) group (JT Inc. and JT International S.A.). DT3.1a and DT3.1b are composed of two parts, a tobacco stick and a battery with heater same as DT2.2a (Enomoto et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). When using these products, the tobacco stick is inserted into the device and the stick is heated directly by the heater to generate an aerosol. The maximum temperature which heats a tobacco stick is approximately 320\u0026deg;C for both DT3.1a and DT3.1b. This is higher than the maximum temperature of DT2.2a used in our previous study (approximately 200\u0026deg;C), which could influence aerosol composition/complexity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe aim of this study was therefore to measure the indoor air concentrations of constituents and to evaluate IAQ when using DT3.1a and DT3.1b. The tobacco smoke constituents recommended by Health Canada for reductions in content owing to their health risk (Health Canada, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e), ETS markers, IAQ markers and HTP-specific constituents (propylene glycol and glycerol) were selected for measurement (in total 56 constituents). Regarding the constituents recommended by Health Canada, hydrogen cyanide, phenolics (hydroquinone, resorcinol, catechol, phenol, \u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e-cresol, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-cresol and \u003cem\u003eo\u003c/em\u003e-cresol) and quinoline were added from those measured in previous study (Enomoto et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). This means that all constituents in the Canadian list, except eugenol and tar, were measured. This study was conducted in an environmentally-controlled chamber simulating restaurant and residential conditions. Three scenarios (\u0026ldquo;Non-smoking\u0026rdquo; when only people were present; \u0026ldquo;DT3.1a\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;DT3.1b\u0026rdquo; when using HTPs; and \u0026ldquo;Cigarette\u0026rdquo; when smoking cigarettes) were examined for each environmental condition. The indoor air concentrations of constituents in each scenario were compared to evaluate the impact on IAQ according to whether there were constituents whose concentrations were actually increased compared to when only people were present.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 METHODS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Test products\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTwo HTPs, Direct Heating Tobacco System Platform 3 Generation 1 version a (DT3.1a) and Direct Heating Tobacco System Platform 3 Generation 1 version b (DT3.1b), were used in this study. DT3.1a was obtained from Japan Tobacco Inc. (JT), and DT3.1b was obtained from JT International S.A.. DT3.1a and DT3.1b are composed of two parts (a tobacco stick and a battery with heater). Both products generate aerosol by heating a tobacco stick in a heating chamber up to a maximum of approximately 320\u0026deg;C. The flavor type of tobacco sticks used in this study was regular (non-menthol). A commercial cigarette sold by JT group was used as a reference, which had the following specifications: Tar, 6 mg; nicotine, 0.5\u0026ndash;0.6 mg; regular taste (no menthol added); filter type, charcoal filter.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Environmentally-controlled chamber and experimental simulations for this study\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe environmentally-controlled chamber used in this study is located at the JT R\u0026amp;D research institute in Kanagawa, Japan. It can simulate various indoor environments by controlling ventilation rates, temperature and humidity. It can also be set up with chairs and desks to accommodate participants. The layout of the environmentally-controlled chamber is shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The chamber has a floor area of 15.8 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e and volume of 39.4 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e (width, 3.5 m; depth, 4.5 m; height, 2.5 m) with a stainless-steel inner wall, electric lights, two electric fans, a window, and doors. The ventilation type was a balanced ventilation system. Outside air was filtered through a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter and an activated charcoal filter and was introduced into the chamber as supply air through an air supply opening, and exhaust through to an air exhaust opening. The chamber was equipped with a variable ventilation system permitting air supply volume per hour of 20 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e h\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e to 787 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e h\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, this corresponds to from approximately 0.5 to 20 air change rate per hour (ACH). The actual ACHs were calculated by CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e decay measurements according to ISO16000-8 (International Organization for Standardization standard, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) (Supplementary Fig \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e). Two electric fans were suspended from the chamber ceiling and were running throughout testing to disperse the aerosol or cigarette smoke in the chamber. Both temperature and relative humidity were controlled outside the chamber, 23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u0026deg;C and from 30 to 70%, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTwo sampling points (S), placed approximately 1.8 m above floor, were used to measure indoor air concentrations. All sampling assemblies and lines connected with polyethylene tubes to sampling pumps housed in the next room (Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e (a)). When starting a test, indoor air was continuously sampled at S\u003csub\u003esupply\u003c/sub\u003e and S\u003csub\u003eexhaust\u003c/sub\u003e, as shown in Fig. \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e (b) and (c). Regarding the sampling points, the online trace for suspended particulate matter (SPM) and the average of indoor air concentrations for SPM and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured at four points (Supplementary Fig. S2), S\u003csub\u003eA\u003c/sub\u003e (the same position of S\u003csub\u003eexhaust\u003c/sub\u003e), S\u003csub\u003eB\u003c/sub\u003e, S\u003csub\u003eC\u003c/sub\u003e and S\u003csub\u003eD\u003c/sub\u003e, to confirm the spatial and temporal aerosol uniformity under the conditions simulating \u0026ldquo;Restaurant\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Residential\u0026rdquo; environments. Based on the online traces for SPM (Supplementary Fig. S3 and S4) and the average of indoor air concentrations for SPM and VOCs (Supplementary Fig. S5), the aerosol uniformity under both conditions in this study was confirmed. To confirm the average concentration in the chamber, constituents were sampled at S\u003csub\u003eexhaust\u003c/sub\u003e, and to check background contamination, constituents were sampled at S\u003csub\u003esupply\u003c/sub\u003e. The concentrations (C) at S\u003csub\u003eexhaust\u003c/sub\u003e and S\u003csub\u003esupply\u003c/sub\u003e corresponded to the indoor air (C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e) and the background (C\u003csub\u003eBG\u003c/sub\u003e) concentrations, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe concentration of indoor air constituents in the chamber was measured when the HTPs, DT3.1a and DT3.1b, were used under conditions simulating \u0026ldquo;Restaurant\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Residential\u0026rdquo; environments, respectively. The ACH of each set of conditions (\u0026ldquo;Restaurant\u0026rdquo;, 204 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e h\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 5.18 ACH; \u0026ldquo;Residential\u0026rdquo;, 34.0 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e h\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 0.86 ACH) was based on European ventilation performance standard BS EN 15251 (European committee for standardization., 2007). These environmental simulations are summarized in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The additional ventilation volume (L s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) when smoking was not adopted in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExperimental simulations for this study\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCondition\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Restaurant\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;Residential\u0026rdquo;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStandard\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEN15251-2007 Category III\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003enon-low-polluted building\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEN15251-2007 Category III\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFloor area\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e person\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of persons by reference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(person 15.8 m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0 \u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRate of smoker or user\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100 \u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100 \u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eActual smoker or user\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(person 15.8 m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5 \u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 \u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ee\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNumber of cigarettes by reference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Sticks person\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e h\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCalculated tobacco consumption\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Sticks h\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eActual tobacco consumption\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Sticks h\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13 \u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ee\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3 \u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ee\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVentilation volume by reference\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(L s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6 \u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAdditional ventilation volume\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(L s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eActual ventilation volume\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e h\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e204\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAir change rate per hour (ACH)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(hour\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Standard smoking rate is 20%. However, it is assumed to be lower than that of the actual environment, and therefore 100% was adopted in this study to avoid any potential underestimation.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003eb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Actual smoker or user numbers are different from smoker or user numbers by reference. As the influence of chemical constituents derived from the human body is removed as much as possible and product usage per person is set to avoid being too high.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The number of persons is set based on the minimum living area level in the Basic Plan for Living Life (formula, 10 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026times; [number of households]\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) (Ministry of Land Infrastructure Transport and Tourism in Japan, n.d.).\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ed\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Ventilation air volume set based on the \u0026ldquo;amount of outside air introduced into the living room or bedroom\u0026rdquo;. Only the amount of air given per area is used. Ventilation air volume per person is not given because severe conditions are assumed.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003ee\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e The number was rounded up to the next integer.\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.3 IAQ measurement in the chamber\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe test plan for each scenario, and the time schedule for each day, are shown in Supplementary Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e. Three different scenarios were examined for each environmental condition, as follows: \u0026ldquo;Non-smoking\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;DT3.1a\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;DT3.1b\u0026rdquo;, and \u0026ldquo;Cigarette\u0026rdquo;. \u0026ldquo;Non-smoking\u0026rdquo; indicates that participants were present, but the HTPs or conventional cigarettes were not used in the chamber, \u0026ldquo;DT3.1a\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;DT3.1b\u0026rdquo; indicate that participants used the relevant HTPs in the chamber, and \u0026ldquo;Cigarette\u0026rdquo; indicates that participants smoked conventional cigarettes in the chamber. Each scenario in each simulated environment was replicated four times. The test period was 8 days and each scenario, except for \u0026ldquo;Cigarette\u0026rdquo;, was set alternately each day. \u0026ldquo;Cigarette\u0026rdquo; was performed at the end of each test day because it was expected to produce a much higher concentration of indoor air constituents than the other tests.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe number of IAQ tests per day was three, with appropriate breaks. In the breaks, air inside the chamber was ventilated at 600 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e h\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for more than 30 min with the door closed. The ventilation rate inside the chamber was set to \u0026ldquo;Restaurant\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;Residential\u0026rdquo; condition when the CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e concentration of the exhaust air inside the chamber was the same as that of the outside air, that is 10 minutes before the start of the test. IAQ measurements were continued for 1 h. When the test was finished, all participants left the chamber, and the chamber was ventilated for the next experiment. After the last test was completed each day, the chamber was cleaned up, wiping all walls with ethanol/water solution and cleaning floors. Finally, the air inside the chamber was ventilated at 600 m\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e h\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e overnight with the door closed.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIn-house volunteers comprising of healthy adults, from whom informed consent was obtained, participated in this study. There were no restrictions on food and drink outside the testing hours and during breaks, but food and drink during the test was limited to water only. The participants were restricted from using tobacco products other than test products on all testing days. The respective number of participants entered the chamber under \u0026ldquo;Restaurant\u0026rdquo; (5 participants) and \u0026ldquo;Residential\u0026rdquo; (2 participants) conditions. For the \u0026ldquo;Restaurant\u0026rdquo; condition, the participant started to use the HTP or smoke cigarette at the beginning of the IAQ test. The participants then took turns with no order specified using or smoking every four minutes for a total of thirteen sticks The participants used or smoked two or three sticks during the test. For the \u0026ldquo;Residential\u0026rdquo; condition, the participant started to use or smoke at beginning of the test and then took turns with no order specified using or smoking every twenty minutes. The participants used or smoked one or two sticks during the test, and total three sticks were used or smoked.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe number of puffs per stick of DT3.1a and DT3.1b was defined as eleven puffs. This means that the instructions were to be used for five minutes, puffing every thirty seconds (0 s: puff 1, 30 s: puff 2, \u0026hellip; 5 min: puff 11). The number of puffs per cigarette and the timing of the puffs were arbitrary.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Chemical analysis for IAQ measurements\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe analytical methods of tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs; nitrosonornicotine (NNN), nitrosoanatabine (NAT), nitrosoanabasine (NAB) and 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)), carbonyls (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, propionaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and n-butyraldehyde), volatile organic compounds (VOCs; 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, acrylonitrile, benzene and toluene), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH; benz[a]pyrene), ammonia (NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e), nitrogen oxides (NO\u003csub\u003eX\u003c/sub\u003e; nitrogen oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO\u003csub\u003e2)\u003c/sub\u003e and combined nitrogen oxides (NO\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e)), pyridine, styrene, polycyclic aromatic amines (PAAs; 1-aminonaphthalene, 2-aminonaphthalene, 3-aminobiphenyl, and 4-aminobiphenyl), mercury (Hg), metals (lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), beryllium (Be) and arsenic (As)), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e), ETS vapor phase markers (ETS-V; nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine), ETS particulate phase markers (ETS-P; respirable suspended particles (RSP), ultraviolet particulate matter (UVPM), fluorescent particulate matter (FPM) and solanesol), propylene glycol (PG), glycerol (G), online measurement of suspended particulate matter (SPM) (measured using piezobalance) and total VOC (TVOC) have been previously published (Enomoto et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The methods of hydrogen cyanide (HCN), phenolics (hydroquinone, resorcinol, catechol, phenol, m-cresol, p-cresol and o-cresol) and quinoline are given below.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.4.1 Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHCN was determined according to Health Canada Official Methods for the Testing of Tobacco Products (sidestream smoke) T-205 (Health Canada, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e). This was measured as follows. Air samples were passed through a 44 mm glass fiber filter (Koerber KC, Hamburg, Germany) and an impinger placed in series containing 90 mL of 0.1M sodium hydroxide aqueous solution (NaOH aq.) at an air sampling flow rate of 1 L min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The pad was extracted with 0.1M NaOH aq. (30 mL) for 30 min and the extracts were filtered through filter paper. The extracts and the impinger solution were analyzed by auto-analyzer (STAT2000, BL TEC Inc., Osaka, Japan). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of HCN were three times and ten times the standard deviation of the smallest concentration of standards, respectively. The method was validated by our recovery test and breakthrough test in advance of IAQ measurement (Supplementary Table S11 and S12).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.4.2 Phenolics\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhenolics (Hydroquinone, Resorcinol, Catechol, Phenol, m-Cresol, p-Cresol and o-Cresol) were determined according to Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) PV2094 (Occupational Safety and Health Administration, n.d.) and Nacional Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 2546 (Nacional Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, n.d.). These were measured as follows. Air samples were passed through an XAD-7 (phosphoric acid) sorbent tube (SKC Ltd.) at a sampling flow rate of 1 L min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. Phenolics were extracted from the XAD-7 with methanol and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; 1290 Infinity, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) with fluorescence detection for quantification. The LOD and LOQ of phenols were three times and ten times the standard deviation of the smallest concentration of standards, respectively. The method was validated by our recovery test and breakthrough test in advance of IAQ measurement (Supplementary Table S13 and S14).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.4.3 Quinoline\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuinoline was determined according to ISO 16000-6:2011 (International Organization for Standardization standard, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) and ISO 16017-1:2000 (International Organization for Standardization standard, \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e). This was measured as follows. Air samples were fed into an Air Toxics ATD tube (Markes Inter-national Ltd., Llantrisant, UK) at an air sampling flow rate of 50 mL min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. Quinoline with other constituents of VOC were measured by gas chromatography\u0026ndash;mass spectrometry (GC\u0026ndash;MS; Instrumentation: 7890B, 5977B, and VF-1, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA) coupled to a thermal desorption system (TD100-xr, Markes International Ltd., Llantrisant, UK). The LOD and LOQ were three times and ten times the standard deviation of the smallest concentration of standards, respectively. The method was the same method used for VOCs, pyridine and styrene and was used to measure these constituents, including quinoline, simultaneously. The method was validated by breakthrough test in advance of IAQ measurement (Supplementary Table S15).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Data treatment in this study\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe measurement of the indoor air concentration (C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e and C\u003csub\u003eBG\u003c/sub\u003e) in each scenario under each simulated environment was replicated four times. These four data sets were treated in the same manner as previously published (Enomoto et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). (i) If three or more of the concentrations were higher than the LOQ value, the arithmetic mean and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were given; (ii) if two or more of the concentrations were below the LOQ value, the median value with no standard error was calculated. The median value was the average of the two middle values out of four data sets, and the concentrations which is below LOD value and below LOQ value were calculated using the following equations, \u0026lt;LOD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;LOD value/2 and \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;LOQ = (LOD value\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;LOQ value)/2, respectively; (iii) if the calculated median value was below the LOD or LOQ value, not detection (ND) or not quantitation (NQ) were used, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo compare the C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e in \u0026ldquo;each product\u0026rdquo; and C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e in \u0026ldquo;Non-smoking\u0026rdquo; under the simulated environmental conditions, the main objective of this study, was also treated in the same manner as previously published (Enomoto et al., \u003cspan class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). (I) If both C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003es were treated in the (i) manner, see above description, they were statistically tested using an f-test for equality of variance and a t-test for significant difference (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 and two-sided test); (II) if one or both were treated in the (ii) and (iii) manner, see above description, they were evaluated as an increase of indoor air concentration in the case of a numerical rise (e.g., ND \u0026rarr; NQ or ND/NQ \u0026rarr; median or arithmetic mean). Whether the indoor air concentrations for C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e in \u0026ldquo;each product\u0026rdquo; increased compared to C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e in \u0026ldquo;Non-smoking\u0026rdquo; was evaluated based on the following three status. (Status1) \u0026ldquo;Actual indoor air concentration increased\u0026rdquo; when using the HTP: when the C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e of the constituent increased; (Status2) \u0026ldquo;Not actual indoor air concentration increase\u0026rdquo; when using the HTP: when the C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e of the constituent increased, but C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e in \u0026ldquo;each product\u0026rdquo; was same or a lower than C\u003csub\u003eBG\u003c/sub\u003e in \u0026ldquo;each product\u0026rdquo;; (Status3) \u0026ldquo;Not substantial increase\u0026rdquo; when using the HTP: when the C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e of the constituent did not increase.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Quantification results under \u0026ldquo;Restaurant\u0026rdquo; condition\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results for the \u0026ldquo;Restaurant\u0026rdquo; condition are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, Supplementary Table S2, S5 and S6. The indoor air concentrations (C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e) of sixteen constituents (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, propionaldehyde, MEK, n-butyraldehyde, isoprene, NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, NO, NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, NO\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, CO, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, nicotine, glycerol and TVOC) were quantified, and given as the arithmetic mean and its 95% CI in both scenarios, \u0026ldquo;Non-smoking\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;DT3.1a\u0026rdquo;. These data of each constituent were statistically tested using an f-test for equality of variance and a t-test for significant difference (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 and two-sided test). The C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e of propionaldehyde and n-butyraldehyde in \u0026ldquo;DT3.1a\u0026rdquo; was evaluated as actual increased compared to that in \u0026ldquo;Non-smoking\u0026rdquo;, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.00301 and 0.000118, respectively (Supplementary Table S5). The C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e of four constituents (3-ethenylprydine, RSP, FPM and solanesol) were too low to allow statistical analysis. However, the C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e of these four constituents in \u0026ldquo;DT3.1a\u0026rdquo; were evaluated as actual increased to that in \u0026ldquo;Non-smoking\u0026rdquo; on our data treatment in this study. Regarding the C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e of 3-ethenylprydine and RSP, all these concentrations for each four days were below the LOQ values. And, the days on which had the same calculated value were two or more days (of 4 days) in \u0026ldquo;DT3.1a\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Non-smoking\u0026rdquo; (Supplementary Table S6). All other constituents resulted in no actual increase in indoor air concentration. As a result, substantial concentration increases due to DT3.1a use were observed for six constituents (propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, 3-ethenylprydine, RSP, FPM and solanesol) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and Supplementary Table S5).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSummary of indoor air concentration (C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimulated condition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRestaurant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidencial\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConstituent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eunit\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-smoking\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDT3.1a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNon-smoking\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDT3.1b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean indoor air concentration C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026plusmn; 95%CI (Median)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTSNAs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNNN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ng m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNAT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ng m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNAB\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ng m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNNK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ng m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbonyls\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFormaldehyde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.01\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.56\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetaldehyde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.58\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.69\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.27\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e8.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.99\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcetone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcrolein\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0429\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0098\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePropionaldehyde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.293\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.434\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.021\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.491\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.034\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.659\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.079\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrotonaldehyde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.0426\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0079\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMEK\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.31\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.68\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.96\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003en\u003c/em\u003e-Butyraldehyde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.299\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.550\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.022\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.554\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.036\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVOCs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1,3-Butadiene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIsoprene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.41\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.77\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcrylonitrile\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBenzene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eToluene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHCN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydrogen Cyanide\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePAH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBenz[a]pyrene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ng m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhenolics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydroquinone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResorcinol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCatechol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhenol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e-Cresol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e-Cresol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eo\u003c/em\u003e-Cresol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmmonia\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ppb)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNO\u003csub\u003eX\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ppb)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ppb)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNO\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ppb)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePQS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePyridine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuinoline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStyrene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePAAs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1-Aminonaphthalene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ng m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2-Aminonaphthalene\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ng m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3-Aminobiphenyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ng m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4-Aminobiphenyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ng m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMercury\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ng m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMetals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLead (Pb)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ng m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCadmium (Cd)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ng m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChromium (Cr)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ng m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNickel (Ni)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ng m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeryllium (Be)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ng m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArsenic (As)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ng m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCO/CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCO\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ppm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(ppm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e830\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e870\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e950\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1000\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eETS-V\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNicotine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.310\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.073\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.349\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.104\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.904\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.131\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3-ethenylprydine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNQ\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eETS-P\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRSP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNQ\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUVPM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFPM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.121\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0522\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0598\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0090\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSolanesol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eNQ\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePG/G\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePropylene glycol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGlycerol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNQ\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9.01\u003c/b\u003e \u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSPM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticle matter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mg m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTVOC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTVOC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eAbbreviations: ND (not detection), below limit of detection; NQ (not quantitation), below limit of quantitation.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e**\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e: \u003cb\u003eStatus1\u003c/b\u003e, \u0026ldquo;Actual indoor air concentration increase\u0026rdquo;, shown in \u0026ldquo;Data treatment in this study\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e*\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e: \u003cb\u003eStatus2\u003c/b\u003e, \u0026ldquo;Not actual indoor air concentration increase\u0026rdquo;, shown in \u0026ldquo;Data treatment in this study\u0026rdquo;.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Quantification results under \u0026ldquo;Residential\u0026rdquo; condition\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results for the \u0026ldquo;Residential\u0026rdquo; condition are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, Supplementary Table S3, S7 and S8. The indoor air concentrations (C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e) of fifteen constituents (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, propionaldehyde, MEK, n-butyraldehyde, isoprene, NH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e, NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, NO\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, CO, CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, nicotine, FPM and TVOC) were quantified, and given as the arithmetic mean and its 95% CI in both scenarios, \u0026ldquo;Non-smoking\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;DT3.1b\u0026rdquo;. These data of each constituent were statistically tested using an f-test for equality of variance and a t-test for significant difference (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 and two-sided test). The C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e of acetaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde and nicotine in \u0026ldquo;DT3.1b\u0026rdquo; was evaluated as actual increased compared to that in \u0026ldquo;Non-smoking\u0026rdquo;, p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.0361, 0.000822 and 0.0159, respectively (Supplementary Table S7). The C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e of seven constituents (acrolein, crotonaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, toluene, NO, propylene glycol and glycerol) were too low to allow statistical analysis. The C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e of acrolein, crotonaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, toluene, propylene glycol and glycerol in \u0026ldquo;DT3.1b\u0026rdquo; were evaluated as actual increased to that in \u0026ldquo;Non-smoking\u0026rdquo; on our data treatment in this study. The C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e of NO (1.22) was considered to be derived from the air supply, because the C\u003csub\u003eBG\u003c/sub\u003e of NO (5.05\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.48) was higher than it (Supplementary Table S3), therefore NO was evaluated as not actual increased. In the C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e of 1,3-butadiene and toluene, all these concentrations for each four days were around the LOQ values and showed very large differences between days. On day3 and day4, the concentrations in \u0026ldquo;Non-smoking\u0026rdquo; were higher than those in \u0026ldquo;DT3.1b\u0026rdquo; (Supplementary Table S8). All other constituents resulted in no actual increase in indoor air concentration. As a result, substantial concentration increases due to DT3.1b use were observed for nine constituents (acetaldehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, toluene, nicotine, propylene glycol and glycerol) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e and Supplementary Table S7).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Quantification results under \u0026ldquo;Residential\u0026rdquo; condition\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIAQ evaluation in this study focused on the following constituents. (i) 40 constituents based on\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ethe constituents recommended by the Health Canada according to health risk by prioritizing\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ereducing their contents, except for eugenol and tar (Health Canada, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e); (ii) ETS markers; (iii) a part of HTP-specific constituents; and (iv) indoor air quality markers. Compared to our previous report (Enomoto et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), we added the newly measurements of hydrogen cyanide, phenolics and quinoline in this study. In these constituents, the details of the analysis methods were given in the \u0026ldquo;Materials and methods\u0026rdquo; section and the confirmation data of method application to IAQ analysis were shown in Supplementary Tables S11 \u0026ndash; S15. Additionally, the indoor air concentrations (C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e) of these constituents in all scenarios under \u0026ldquo;Restaurant\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Residential\u0026rdquo; conditions were shown in Supplementary Table S16. The methods used to measure hydrogen cyanide, hydroquinone, phenol, p-, m- and o-cresol were shown to be capable of detecting the C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e differences between when using the HTPs and when smoking cigarette under both simulated environmentally conditions. For resorcinol, catechol and quinoline, no differences between when using the HTPs and when smoking cigarette under both conditions could be clearly detected.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Design of the chamber and experimental simulations in this study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAssessment of the impact of HTP use on IAQ is complicated by the low amount of tobacco aerosol typically generated by such products and the correspondingly low concentrations of aerosol constituents. To minimize additional pollution sources, the air supplied to the chamber was passing through a HEPA filter and an activated charcoal filter. The chamber is airtight and designed to prevent compounds generated by the tobacco products from leaking outside the chamber. Both temperature and relative humidity were controlled, and the actual these values in this study were shown in Supplementary Table S4. These values under \u0026ldquo;Restaurant\u0026rdquo; condition throughout this study were from 19.6 to 20.0\u0026deg;C and from 35.6 to 36.4%, respectively. These under \u0026ldquo;Residential\u0026rdquo; condition were from 20.5 to 21.7\u0026deg;C and from 51.8 to 56.9%, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e The settings of the experimental simulations in this study were based on European ventilation performance standard BS EN 15251 (European committee for standardization., 2007). The number of persons under \u0026ldquo;Residential\u0026rdquo; condition was set based on the minimum living area level in the Basic Plan for Living Life defined by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in Japan (Ministry of Land Infrastructure Transport and Tourism in Japan, n.d.). The formula is defined as 10 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026times; [number of households]\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;10 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e in the households of two or more persons. The smoking rate is stated 20% in BS EN 15251 (European committee for standardization., 2007). However, it is assumed to be lower than that of the actual environment, and therefore 100% was adopted in this study to avoid any potential underestimation. The number of participants was set to minimize the effects of chemical components generated by the human body and to avoid excessive increases in the number of smoked cigarettes by participants. In this study, thirteen sticks were used or smoked every 4 minutes during the \u0026ldquo;Restaurant\u0026rdquo; condition test, and three sticks every 20 minutes during the \u0026ldquo;Residential\u0026rdquo; condition test. The other experimental conditions, tobacco consumption and ventilation volume, were set based on BS EN 15251 (European committee for standardization., 2007).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe indoor air concentrations were measured at 1 hour after the start of the test in three scenarios (\u0026ldquo;Non-smoking\u0026rdquo;, \u0026ldquo;heated tobacco products\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Cigarette\u0026rdquo;), and the evaluation was conducted by comparing the concentrations. Our test period of 1 hour was adopted due to the possibility of physical stress on the participants in this study. Other reports (Caraway et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Colby et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Forster et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Hirano et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Liu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Mitova et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Mottier et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Ruprecht et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) often use IAQ test period of longer. In addition, for the biological exposure effects of chemical constituents, time weighted average concentrations (e.g., 8-hours per day) are calculated as the threshold limit values or permissible exposure limits. In our future IAQ assessments, it will be interesting to investigate the effect of test period on indoor air concentrations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5 Effect on IAQ\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, six constituents (propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, 3-ethenylprydine, RSP, FPM and solanesol) under \u0026ldquo;Restaurant\u0026rdquo; condition and nine constituents (acetaldehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, toluene, nicotine, propylene glycol and glycerol) under \u0026ldquo;Residential\u0026rdquo; condition were increased when using the HTP compared to no product use. The results for the indoor air concentrations (C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e) of these constituents in all scenarios, including \u0026ldquo;Cigarette\u0026rdquo;, were shown in Supplementary Table S9 and S10. Under \u0026ldquo;Restaurant\u0026rdquo; condition, the C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e when using the HTP of propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, 3-ethenylprydine, RSP, FPM and solanesol were 0.434\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.021 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, 0.550\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.022 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, NQ (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.0311 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e), NQ (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.160 mg m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e), 0.121\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.006 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e and NQ (1.05 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e), respectively. On the other hand, those when smoking the cigarette of these constituents were 6.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, 3.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.16 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, 12.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, 0.498\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.019 mg m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, 16.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e and 13.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0. 4 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. As a result, the C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e when using the HTP of all six constituents were much lower than those when smoking the cigarette. Under \u0026ldquo;Residential\u0026rdquo; condition, the C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e when using the HTP of acetaldehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, toluene, nicotine, propylene glycol and glycerol were 8.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.99 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, 0.0429\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0098 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, 0.0426\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0079 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, 1.04\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.07 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, 3.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.62 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, 1.86\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.33 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, 0.904\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.131 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, 6.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.28 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e and 9.01 (median) \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. On the other hand, those when smoking the cigarette of these constituents were 80.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.8 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, 3.18\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.50 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, 1.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.010 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, 3.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.37 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, 39.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.8 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, 15.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, 27.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, 50.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.6 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e and NQ (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;8.31 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e), respectively. As a result, the C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e of the constituents which were evaluated as actually increased compared to when only people were present, except for glycerol, were much lower than those when smoking the cigarette. In glycerol, a part of HTP-specific constituent, the C\u003csub\u003eIA\u003c/sub\u003e when using the HTP was slightly higher than that when smoking cigarette. However, this concentration (9.01 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, 1-hour) was well below the permissible exposure limit of glycerol mist (respirable; 5 \u0026micro;g m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e, 8-hour time weighted average) set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), n.d.).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4 CONCLUSIONS","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe effect of using HTP on IAQ was evaluated using an environmentally-controlled chamber. The indoor air concentrations of total 56 constituents (40 out of 42 constituents recommended by Health Canada for reductions in content owing to their health risk (except for eugenol and tar), ETS markers, HTP-specific constituents and indoor air quality markers) were measured in this study. The simulated environmental conditions were \u0026ldquo;Restaurant\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Residential\u0026rdquo;. The constituents evaluated as actual indoor air concentration increase when using the HTP were six (propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, 3-ethenylprydine, RSP, FPM and solanesol) and nine (acetaldehyde, acrolein, crotonaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, toluene, nicotine, propylene glycol and glycerol) constituents under \u0026ldquo;Restaurant\u0026rdquo; and \u0026ldquo;Residential\u0026rdquo; condition, respectively. However, except for glycerol, these indoor air concentrations were much lower than those when smoking cigarette. In glycerol, this concentration was below the permissible exposure limit defined by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). These finding indicate that, for the constituents measured, the use of HTPs under simulated restaurant and residential condition have less impact on IAQ compared to conventional cigarette smoking.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCKNOWLEDGMENTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors gratefully acknowledge the Scientific Product Assessment Center (R\u0026amp;D group, Japan Tobacco Inc.) for excellent technical assistance of chemical analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDISCLAIMER\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors are employees of Japan Tobacco Inc., and they have no competing interests with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAUTHOR\u0026rsquo;S CONTRIBUTIONS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKatsunari Fujisawa and Yoshihiro Enomoto analyzed and interpreted the data regarding the indoor air quality and were major contributors in writing the manuscript. Ryosuke Imai, Haruka Nagata, Tadashi Hirotani and Ryotaro Sakashita conducted the measurements of indoor air concentration in this study. Katsura Ishikawa performed the design, schedule and evaluation of this study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eETHICS APPROVAL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONSENT TO PARTICIPATE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe participants in this study were in-house volunteers from whom informed consent was obtained.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONSENT TO PUBLICATION\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDATA AVAILABILITY\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCONFLICT OF INTEREST/COMPETING INTERESTS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors are employees of Japan Tobacco Inc., and they have no competing interests with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAdesina, O.A.O.A.O.A., Nwogu, A.S.A.S., Sonibare, J.A.J.A. 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Res. 108, 280\u0026ndash;288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2008.07.020\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZhao, T., Nguyen, C., Lin, C.H., Middlekauff, H.R., Peters, K., Moheimani, R., Guo, Q., Zhu, Y. (2017). Characteristics of secondhand electronic cigarette aerosols from active human use. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 51, 1368\u0026ndash;1376. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2017.1355548\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":false,"email":"","identity":"aerosol-and-air-quality-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Aerosol and Air Quality Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":false,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"VoR Journals","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Indoor air quality (IAQ), Heated tobacco product (HTP), Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), Environmentally-controlled chamber, Indoor air concentration","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6525088/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6525088/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eUnderstanding factors influencing indoor air quality (IAQ) can help create a more pleasant environment for bystanders. Previous studies have utilized environmentally-controlled chambers to examine the effects of cigarette smoking on IAQ. Recently, heated tobacco products (HTPs), that heat rather than combust tobacco during use, have become available. In this study, the indoor air concentrations of the following 56 constituents, as markers of IAQ, were measured during HTP use in an environmentally-controlled chamber; tobacco-specific nitrosamines, carbonyls, volatile organic compounds, hydrogen cyanide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, phenolics, ammonia, nitrogen oxides, pyridine, quinoline, styrene, polycyclic aromatic amines, mercury, metals, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, environmental tobacco smoke markers, propylene glycol, glycerol, suspended particle matters, and total volatile organic compounds. IAQ measurements were taken under two environmental conditions, simulating restaurant and residential spaces. Compared to the control condition (no product use), the air concentration of 6 (of 56) constituents were increased with HTP use in the restaurant condition and 9 (of 56) were increased in the residential condition. With the exception of glycerol, a humectant used in HTPs, these indoor air concentrations were much lower than those when smoking cigarette under both environmental conditions. Although higher than in cigarette smoking condition, the concentration of glycerol was still below the exposure limit set by the USA Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA). These finding indicate that, for the constituents measured, HTP use has less impact on IAQ compared to cigarette smoking.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of the use of a heated tobacco product on indoor air quality in environmentally-controlled chamber","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-16 09:32:21","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6525088/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-08-08T09:58:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-08-08T09:49:13+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-24T12:16:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"172522456607083588749047346869929533711","date":"2025-07-15T15:20:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"315934400539891213234829745775147280741","date":"2025-07-14T06:34:07+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-06-12T12:06:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-05-08T00:52:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-05-08T00:49:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Aerosol and Air Quality Research","date":"2025-04-25T04:12:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":false,"email":"","identity":"aerosol-and-air-quality-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Aerosol and Air Quality Research","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":false,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"VoR Journals","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"84b997ff-9bda-4912-9a60-88e3c94b281e","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 16th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-16T15:26:00+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-16 09:32:21","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6525088","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6525088","identity":"rs-6525088","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}