Common clinical presentations and antimicrobial resistance pattern among burn patients, at Addis Ababa Burn and Emergency Trauma Hospital (AaBET), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Common clinical presentations and antimicrobial resistance pattern among burn patients, at Addis Ababa Burn and Emergency Trauma Hospital (AaBET), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Common clinical presentations and antimicrobial resistance pattern among burn patients, at Addis Ababa Burn and Emergency Trauma Hospital (AaBET), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Abeje Brhanu Menjeta, Addisu Gize, Surafel Tadesse Feleke, Ibsa Kedir Hassen, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2712438/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background : Burn is a very devastating form of trauma, which is responsible for a significant percentage of morbidities and mortalities caused by injury and accidents worldwide. Thermal injury destroys the skin barrier that normally prevents invasion of microorganisms and makes burn wounds susceptible site for colonization by microorganisms of endogenous and exogenous origin. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was held at Addis Ababa Burn, Emergency and Trauma (AaBET) Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from December 01, 2020 to November 30, 2021. Data collected using structured and pretested questionnaire through face-to-face interview. Then, by observing standard procedures wound swabs collected from all consented participants and evaluated for possible microbial isolates and their antibiotic resistance and sensitivity pattern. The extracted data analyzed using SPSS 20.1. This study was conducted following approval of the Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College Institutional Review Board. Result: From a total of 75 patients who consented for the study, males account 53.3% (n=42), and age ranged from 6 months to 76 years, with the median age being 19 years. Children less than 15 years old account 42.7% (n=32). Flame burn was the leading cause (n=30, 40%) followed by a scald burn (n=22, 29.3%) and high voltage electric burn (n=21, 28%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the commonest isolate (42 isolates; 61.7%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (18 isolates; 26.4%). A significant percentage of the positive swab results were monomicrobial (84.7%) as compared to those polymicrobial isolates (15.3%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to be highly sensitive to Meropenem, Tobramycin, Gentamycin, and Ciprofloxacillin, while it showed high resistance to ceftriaxone and ceftazidime, Cotrimoxazole, Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Conclusion: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common bacteria isolate from burn wounds of the study participants and it is sensitive to Meropenem, Tobramycin, Gentamycin and Ciprofloxacillin; but resistant to Ceftriaxone and Ceftazidime. Burn Microorganisms Antimicrobial Resistance Addis Ababa Ethiopia Figures Figure 1 Background Burn is a very devastating form of trauma which is responsible for a significant percentage of morbidities and mortalities caused by injury and accidents. AS the WHO report indicates on the year 2004 globally there were 11 million burn accidents which were severe enough to need for medical attention. Globally every year an estimated amount of 180,000 death occurs due burns, among which the vast majority occur in low- and middle-income countries [ 1 ]. Although, multiple causes can be sited as an immediate cause of mortality in severely injured burn patients, burn wound infection followed by sepsis remains an important cause by being responsible for 75% the deaths [ 2 ]. Thermal injury destroys the skin barrier that normally prevents invasion of microorganisms, and makes burn wound susceptible site for colonization by microorganisms of endogenous and exogenous origin. In addition, decreased vascularity found in burned surfaces will significantly decrease the effectiveness host immune defense and systemically administered antibiotics. These factors contribute for development of invasive burn wound infections, which are the most frequent origin of sepsis in burn patients [ 1 – 3 ]. Invasive burn wound infections are largely associated with various host factors including age of the patient, extent of injury, and depth of burn. In addition, microbial factors such as type and number of organisms, enzyme and toxin production and systemic dissemination of the colonizing organisms could also determine the severity of burn infections [ 4 , 5 ]. According to research reports gram-positive bacteria from the patient’s endogenous skin flora or the external environment are the first ones to colonize the burn wound [ 6 , 7 ]. Then in the first few days following injury burn wound will be colonized by endogenous gram-negative bacteria from the patient’s gastrointestinal flora. Burn wound colonization by yeasts and fungi tends to appear last and usually preceded by prior use broad spectrum antimicrobial agents [ 8 , 9 ]. In the face of the complex nature of microbiology of burn wound infection the commonly identified microorganisms include Staphylococcus aureus , Coagulase-negative staphylococci , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Eshersha coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Proteus species , Enterobacter spp . and Acinetobacter species . In addition, administration of topical antimicrobial agents and systemic antibiotics has shown to influence the type and nature of microbial identified in burn wound [10–12,]. Being mostly hospital acquired in origin, the causative agents in burn wound infection differ from one center to the other. In addition, in any given burn unit there is a constant change of the infective microorganisms. New microorganisms which will be brought by the wounds of newly admitted burn patient will persist and become resident flora of the unit. These latter will be replaced by another group of microorganisms after a variable period of time which will transmit to newly admitted burn patients form the hospital environment [ 13 – 16 ]. Furthermore, there is a constantly aggregating challenge on the treatment of burn wound infections due to emergence of antibiotic resistant microorganisms. As the effort to treat burn wound infection is further compromised by the limited availability of effective antimicrobial agents, availability of data that determines the commonly identified microorganisms and their antibiotic resistance pattern of a given burn unit is an essential input for improving the quality of care. It is proven in other burn centers that knowing the common microorganisms and their antibiotic resistance pattern has a significant impact on reduction of morbidity and mortality of the victims [ 17 – 19 ]. In this study we will report the common clinical presentation, antimicrobial resistance pattern and associated factors among burn patients admitted to AaBET Hospital burn unit. The reports of the study will be used as an essential input for improving the quality of care delivered for burn patients. It is proven in other burn centers that knowing the common microorganisms and their antibiotic resistance pattern has a significant impact on reduction of morbidity and mortality of the victims. Materials And Methods Study area AaBET Hospital is found in the Arada sub city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. AaBET hospital is the burn, trauma and emergency wing of St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College. AaBET hospital has four service delivering specialties in it, which are Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (Burn Unit), Neurosurgery, Orthopedics Surgery and Emergency Medicine. The burn unit at AaBET is second burn unit in Addis Ababa city with a capacity of 20 beds for adults and children. SPHMMC is the second to largest public hospital in Ethiopia, built by the Emperor Haile Selassie in 1961 with the help of the German Evangelical Church. It has 500 beds, with catchment population of more than 5 million. Study Design And Period A prospective cross-sectional study was held from December 01, 2020 to November 30, 2021 at Addis Ababa Burn, Emergency and Trauma (AaBET) Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. All patients who visited the hospital were the source population, and all patients admitted to AaBET burn unit with the diagnosis acute burn and met the inclusion criteria were the study population. Inclusion And Exclusion Criteria All acute burn patients who underwent treatment at AaBET Hospital during the stated study period were included this study. Patients with chronic burn wound, patients who already stayed in the burn unit for more than 3 weeks before the start of the study and burn patients presented to the burn center after three weeks of the initial injury were excluded from the study. Variables Common clinical presentations and antimicrobial resistance pattern among presumptive patients were dependent variables. Whereas, socio-demographic characteristics, possible co- morbidities and complications were independent variables. Sample Size And Sampling Technique To get the maximum sample size, we included all acute burn patients admitted to AaBET Hospital burns unit during the study period; based on a non-probability consecutive sampling method. Data Collection Procedure Data collectors were given training and instructions on how to collect the needed information. The study participants' socio-demographic status and related variables were collected using a structured and pretested questionnaire (following its approval by the SPHMMC - IRB office), by means of in-person interviews. For each patient with a diagnosis acute burn, wound swab was taken on the 7th day of admission by observing all the necessary aseptic precautions. Laboratory Procedures The collected and inoculated burn wound swabs were transported in sterile, leak- proof container to the microbiology laboratory. Regular culture media like MacConkey agar, Blood agar, Nutrient agar and Triptic Soya agar were used for bacterial isolation and identification. In addition, special media such as pseudomonas agar, Salmonella- Shigella agar, MacConkey agar, Mannitol salt agar and Eosin methylene blue agar were used. All specimens were inoculated on 5% blood agar, MacConkey agar and Chocolate agar plates and incubated overnight at 37 ˚C aerobically. Then standard microbiological techniques were used to identify the microbial pathogens and antimicrobial susceptibility of the sample were determined by using Mueller- Hinton agar, based on the conventional disk diffusion method on different antibiotic batteries. Data Quality Assurance The questionnaire used for the study was pre-tested and proper training was given for data collectors. The quality of data was maintained following the pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical steps through each day supervision using standard laboratory procedures (SOPs). Data Analysis And Interpretation After coding the data obtained from participants of the study, all the necessary procedures needed for data clearance and consistency check were done. Then, the sorted data exported and analyzed using SPSS Version 20.1windows software computer program for analysis. The data analysis results are presented as the means ± SDs for continuous variables and as proportions for categorical variables. Demographic and clinical data will be described. We used p = 0.5, with CI = 95% and margin of error 0.05. Ethical Considerations Ethical approval for undertaking of this study was requested and obtained from the SPHMMC institutional review board. Written informed consent was secured from each participant greater than 18 years old and acceptances were obtained from parents/ guardians, for those less than 18 years old. Confidentiality of patients’ information obtained during the study period were maintained throughout the study and during research finding disseminations. Operational Definition Acute Burn- defined as a burn injury that occurred within the past three weeks due to a sudden exposure to a thermal, electrical or chemical energy; with an injury to the skin or other organs. Burn Wound Infection- is defined as occurrence change in burn wound appearance or character and histological examination of burn biopsy specimen reveals invasion of organisms into adjacent viable tissue with quantitative cultures that yielded more than 10 5 colony forming units /gram of tissue. Results Sociodemographic characteristics A total of 91 patients were admitted to the burn unit during the study period. Out of which, 75 of them consented and enrolled in the study. Among the participants of the study males accounted for 53.3% (n = 42) of admissions with a male to female ratio of 1.14:1. (The age ranged from 6 months to 76 years, with the median age being 19 years (Interquartile range, IQR = 21.0), and children less than 15 years old accounted for 42.7% (n = 32). The occupational status of the patients was as follows: Farmer, government worker, electrician, mechanic/machine operator, daily laborer, and housemaid. Epilepsy was the most common co-morbid and/or predisposing condition identified in our patients (Table 1 ). Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of burn patients admitted to Addis Ababa Burn, Emergency, and Trauma (AaBET) hospital, Addis Ababa, from December 01, 2020 to November 30, 2021 Characteristics Description Total, n = 75 Frequency(n) Percent (%) Sex Male 42 53.3 Female 33 46.7 Age, in years ≤ 15 32 42.7 16–49 38 50.7 ≥ 50 5 6.7 Marital status Married 16 21.3 Single 28 37.3 Widowed 2 2.7 Not applicable (children, < 15 years) 29 38.7 Occupational status Farmer 8 10.7 Government worker 3 4.0 Electrician 4 5.3 Mechanic/machine operator 2 2.7 Daily laborer 4 5.3 House maid 1 1.3 Other private business 2 2.7 House wife 8 10.7 Student 18 24.0 Children (≤ 5) 25 33.3 Comorbidities Epilepsy 15 20 Psychiatric Condition 1 1.3 Malnutrition 1 1.3 Origin of referrals From health centers 41 54.7 From primary hospitals 21 28.0 From referral hospitals 13 17.3 Clinical Presentations All of the admissions to the burn unit were after patients completed resuscitation at the emergency room which is the initial 24 hours post-burn injury. The median time of injury to admission to the burn unit was 3 days (range, 1–55 days; IQR = 3). Majority (n = 48, 64%) of the patients were admitted to the burn unit within 3 days of injury. Of the 75 patients that got admitted, 54 (72%) sustained the burn injury at home while 16 (21.3%) got burnt at the workplace. Other places where patients sustained the injury includes streets, neighbors’ house, and farmland. The median estimated total body surface area (TBSA) of the burn wound was 22% (range, 5% − 56%; IQR = 7). A majority (n = 39, 52%) of the patients had a TBSA burn between 20% and 30%. Nine (11.8%) of the patients had TBSA burn greater than 30%. Regarding the causal agent, flame burn was the leading cause (n = 30, 40%) followed by a scald burn (n = 22, 29.3%) and high voltage electric burn (n = 21, 28%). However, there are differences according to age. In the underage population (≤ 15 years), the most common cause was injury due to scald burn (n = 18, 56.3%) and many of these children (n = 28, 87.5%) sustained the burn injury accidentally while playing. Given this age difference, we present the clinical characteristics of burn agents by age group. Eight (10.7%) patients were found to have an inhalational injury, all of which were diagnosed based on clinical suspicion (Table 2 ) Table 2 Clinical characteristics of patients who were admitted for an acute burn management to AaBET hospital Addis Ababa from December 01, 2020 to November 30, 2021 Variables Age ≤ 15 years, n = 32 No. (%) 16–49 years, n = 38 No. (%) ≥ 50 years, n = 5 No. (%) Total Frequency (n) Percent (%) Where did the injury occur? Home 29 (90.6%) 20 (52.6%) 5 (100%) 54 72.0 Work place - 16 (42.1%) - 16 21.3 Streets 2 (6.3%) - - 2 2.7 Neighbors’ house 1 (3.1%) 1 (2.6%) - 2 2.7 Farm land - 1 (2.6%) - 1 1.3 How did the injury occur? Accidentally while cooking 3 (9.4%) 19 (50.0%) 4 (80.0%) 26 34.7 Accidentally while playing 28 (87.5%) 2 (5.3%) - 30 40.0 Accidentally while fixing electric system - 12 (31.6%) - 12 16.0 Contact with electric line 1 (3.1%) 3 (7.9%) 1 (20.0%) 5 6.6 Fire accident at work area - 2 (5.3%) - 2 2.7 Cause of burn Flame 6 (18.8%) 21 (55.3%) 3 (60.0%) 30 40.0 Scald 18 (56.3%) 3 (7.9%) 1 (20.0%) 22 29.3 Hot surface (contact) 1 (3.1%) - - 1 1.3 Low voltage electric burn - 1 (2.6%) - 1 1.3 High voltage electric burn 7 (21.9%) 13 (34.2%) 1 (20.0%) 21 28.0 Inhalational injury Yes 1 (3.1%) 7 (18.4%) - 8 10.7 No 31 (96.9%) 31 (31.6%) 5 (100%) 67 89.3 TBSA < 10% 3 (9.4%) 2 (5.3%) - 5 6.7 10 - <20% 15 (46.9%) 5 (13.2%) 2 (40.0%) 22 29.3 20 - <30% 12 (37.5%) 24 (63.2%) 3 (60.0%) 39 52.0 ≥ 30 2 (6.3%) 7 (18.4%) - 9 12.0 Interventions All the 75 patients were treated at the burn unit after admission, the data of which was collected at the discharge of the patients. All 75 patients received wound care once a day. Normal saline was a solution used for wound cleaning. A honey-based antibiotic ointment (Moist Exposed Burn Ointment, MEBO) was applied to the wound before the final wound dressing. More than two-thirds of patients (n = 53, 70.7%) were operated on. Escharotomy was needed in 19 (25.3%) patients while fasciotomy and amputation(s) were done in 12(16%) and 13 (17.3%) patients respectively (Table 3 ). Table 3 Interventions done for patients admitted for an acute burn management to the burn unit of AaBET hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from December 01, 2020 to November 30, 2021 Interventions done Frequency, n Percent, % Operated Yes 53 70.7 No 22 29.3 Escharotomy Yes 19 25.3 No 56 74.7 Fasciotomy Yes 12 16.0 No 63 84.0 Amputation(s) Yes 13 17.3 No 62 82.7 ICU care Yes 9 12.0 No 66 88.0 Ventilated Yes 9 12.0 No 66 88.0 Limb splinting Yes 25 33.3 No 50 66.7 Physiotherapy Yes 46 61.3 No 29 38.7 Administration of systemic antibiotics Yes 16 21.3 No 59 78.7 Complications A total of 46 patients (61.3%) developed complications before and/or while being treated at our burn unit. These included wound infection, graft loss, sepsis, acute kidney injury, malnutrition, pressure ulcer, and limb compartment syndrome. Wound infection was the commonest complication, occurring in 31 (41.3%) of patients. Of these patients who developed complications, some had more than one complication occurring concurrently (Table 4 ). Table 4 list of complications developed in patients admitted to AaBET Hospital for acute burn management between December 01, 2020 and November 30, 2021 No Complications Frequency, n Percent, % 1 Wound infection 31 41.3 2 Graft loss 22 29.3 3 Sepsis 9 12.0 4 AKI 1 1.3 5 Malnutrition 1 1.3 6 Pressure ulcer 4 5.3 7 Limb compartment syndrome 12 16 Isolated Micro-organisms And Their Resistance Pattern To Antimicrobials A total of 75 swabs were taken from the burn wounds. Fifty-nine positive swab samples were identified from which 68 micro-organisms were isolated. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the commonest isolate (42 isolates; 61.7%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (18 isolates; 26.4%). Other isolates were Klebsiella pneumoniae (4 isolates; 6.1%), Aspergillus (3 isolates; 4.6%), and Kingella kingae (1 isolate; 1.5%) (Fig. 1 ). A significant percentage of the positive swab results were monomicrobial (84.7%) as compared to those polymicrobial infections (15.3%). The most commonly found polymicrobial infections were Pseudomonas aeruginosa with Staphylococcus aureus (n = 5, 8.5%) and Staphylococcus aureus with Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 3, 5.1%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to be highly sensitive to Meropenem (n = 12, 100%), Tobramycin (n = 11, 100%), Gentamycin (n = 37, 94.9%), and Ciprofloxacillin (n = 22, 84.6%) while showed high resistance to ceftriaxone (n = 5, 100%) and ceftazidime (n = 28, 87.5%), Cotrimoxazole (n = 2, 100%), Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (n = 2, 100%). Staphylococcus aureus was found to be sensitive to vancomycin (n = 16, 100%), tetracycline (n = 7, 87.5%), meropenem (n = 4, 100%), and linezolid (n = 3, 100%) while showed resistance to erythromycin (n = 10, 100%), clindamycin (n = 5, 83.3%), penicillin(n = 1, 100%), cotrimoxazole(n = 11, 78.6%), Ciprofloxacillin(n = 9, 69.3%), gentamycin(n = 9, 56.3%), ampicillin(n = 2, 100%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid(n = 2, 100%), and oxacillin(n = 2, 100%). Klebsiella pneumoniae were found to be resistance to all of the tested antibiotics (Ciprofloxacillin, cotrimoxazole, gentamycin, clindamycin, ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and oxacillin) except meropenem (n = 2, 100%), tetracycline (n = 2, 100%), and linezolid (n = 3, 100%) (Table 5 ). Table 5 antibiotic susceptibility and resistance pattern among acute burn patients admitted to the burn unit of AaBET Hospital between December 01, 2020 and November 30, 2021 Antibiotics tested Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, n = 42 Staphylococcus Aureus, n = 18 Klebsiella Pneumoniae, n = 4 Aspergillus, n = 3 Kingella Kingae, n = 1 Number of cassettes used Sensitive, (Number, %) Resistant, (Number, %) Number of cassettes used Sensitive, (Number, %) Resistant, (Number, %) Number of cassettes used Sensitive, (Number, %) Resistant, (Number, %) Number of cassettes used Sensitive, (Number, %) Resistant, (Number, %) Number of cassettes used Sensitive, (Number, %) Resistant, Number (%) Ceftazidime 32 4, 12.5% 28, 87.5% 1 0 1, 100% 1 0 1, 100% 3 0 3, 100% 1 0 1, 100% Cefepime 23 13, 56.5% 10, 43.5% - - - - - - - - - - - - Ceftriaxone 5 0 5, 100% - - - - - - 3 0 3, 100% 1 0 1, 100% Ciprofloxacillin 26 22, 84.6% 4, 15.4% 13 4, 30.7% 9, 69.3% 3 0 3, 100% 1 0 1, 100% 1 0 1, 100% Co-trimoxazole 2 0 2, 100% 14 3, 21.4% 11, 78.6% 4 0 4, 100% - - - 1 1, 100% 0 Gentamycin 39 37, 94.9% 2, 5.1% 16 7, 43.7% 9, 56.3% 3 0 3, 100% 3 3, 100% 0 1 1, 100% 0 Tobramycin 11 11, 100% 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - Meropenem 12 12, 100% 0 4 4, 100% 0 2 2, 100% 0 3 3, 100% 0 1 1, 100% 0 Imipenem 2 2, 100% 0 - - - - - - - - - - - - Tetracycline - - - 8 7, 87.5% 1, 12.5% 2 2, 100% 0 - - - - - - Piperacillin+ Tazobactam 1 1, 100% 0 - - - - - - 1 0 1, 100% 1 0 1, 100% Vancomycin - - - 16 16, 100% 0 - - - - - - - - - Erythromycin - - - 10 0 10, 100% - - - - - - - - - Clindamycin - - - 6 1, 16.7% 5, 83.3% 3 0 3, 100% - - - - - - Ampicillin - - - 2 0 2, 100% 3 0 3, 100% - - - - - - Amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid 2 0 2, 100% 2 0 2, 100% 3 0 3, 100% - - - - - - Linezolid - - - 3 3, 100% 0 3 3, 100% 0 - - - - - - Oxacillin - - - 2 0 2, 100% 2 0 2, 100% - - - - - - Amikacin - - - 1 1, 100% 0 1 1, 100% 0 - - - - - - Penicillin - - - 1 0 1, 100% 1 0 1, 100% - - - - - - Cloxacillin - - - 1 1, 100% 0 - - - - - - - - - Azithromycin - - - 1 1, 100% 0 - - - - - - - - - Discussion Throughout the world, infection followed by sepsis is responsible for 50–60% mortalities among burn patients. In case of developing countries, it is estimated that 75% burn mortalities are due to sepsis. It is reported that overcrowding, lack of essential elements for optimal burn care and delayed presentation of patients are among the common factors for increased burn related complications and mortalities in developing countries [ 20 ]. Studies undertaken in the 1950s through 1990 have contributed a lot for our current understanding on the epidemiology of burn wound infections and associated complications. That era was characterized by burn care practices of delayed excision of burn eschar and limited use of topical antibiotics. Consequently, it has been reported that the overall morbidity and mortality following burn wound infections, tissue invasion, and secondary sepsis were extremely high, with case fatality rate of 40% and above following severe burn injury [ 21 – 22 ]. According to the result of our study a total of 46 patients (61.3%) developed complications before and/or while being treated at our burn unit. These included wound infection, graft loss, sepsis, acute kidney injury, malnutrition, pressure ulcer, and limb compartment syndrome. Burn wound infection was the commonest complication identified among the study, occurring in 31 (41.3%) of patients. Of these patients who developed complications, some had more than one complication occurring concurrently. There are multiple factors which play major roles on impacting the final outcome of burn wound infections and associated complications. These factors include patient demographics, burn severity, obesity, diabetes, immunosuppression; and use of topical antibiotics, early excision and infection prevention measures taken in the burn’s unit. A number of research reports from various centers indicate that the very young and the very old members of the population have an increased risk of developing a worse clinical outcome following burn injury than patients in other age groups [ 23 – 25 ]. The presence of significant percentage of young patients in our study indicates that, our study population were most likely to develop a worse clinical outcome following burn injury. In addition, majority (n = 39, 52%) of the patients had a TBSA burn between 20% and 30%, while nine (11.8%) of the patients had TBSA burn greater than 30%. These findings indicate that there were multiple risk factors among our study population, which could lead to a number of severe burn complications. Among victims of severe burn injury there will be destruction of skin, which result in loss of its barrier function. After enduring sterile for the first 48hrs following injury, burn wounds will eventually become colonized with various microorganisms [ 26 – 28 ]. Gram-positive bacteria which reside deep in the skin adnexa are the first to heavily colonize the wound surface. Then after an average of 5 to 7 days burn wounds will further become colonized with other microbes, which includes gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and yeasts derived from the host's normal gastrointestinal and upper respiratory flora. Additionally, colonization of burn wound could result due to transfer of nosocomial microbes from the hospital environment [ 29 ]. Introduction of penicillin during the 1950s resulted in significant reduction of Streptococcus pyogenes caused burn wound infection among the severely burned patients. Consequently, Staphylococcus aureus became the principal etiological agent of burn wound infections in the decades following 1950s. In addition, the decades following the introduction of antibiotics is marked by a gradual increment in identification of less common microbes as a cause for burn wound infection which includes other gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, fungi, and viruses [ 30 – 32 ]. In our study, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to be the commonest isolate followed by Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Aspergillus , and Kingella kingae . In addition, we identified more monomicrobial positive swabs than polymicrobial. These findings of our study are comparable with reports of a number of other studies held in other centers [ 33 – 38 ]. Now a days effective treatment of burn wound infection is being severely challenged due to the emergence antimicrobial resistant pathogens causing burn wound infections [ 36 ]. The presence of nosocomial isolates which include MRSA, methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci, vancomycin-resistant enterococci , and multiply resistant gram-negative bacteria that possess several types of beta-lactamases, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, ampC beta-lactamases, and metallo-beta-lactamases, in burn centers have resulted in the occurrence of invasive and life-threatening infections among hospitalized burn patients [ 37 ]. Additionally amplified use of broad spectrum topical and systemic antibiotics for the treatment of burn infections resulted in increased identification of opportunistic pathogens, particularly Candida spp . which have showed increasing degrees of antifungal drug resistance [ 38 ]. Based on the study conducted in a burn treatment facility in Bangladesh, Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were found to be moderately resistant to ciprofloxacin (52.17%), and to Amikacin (39.83%), but with higher resistance to other antimicrobials, which include Doxycycline (78.3%), tetracycline (65.57%), and Gentamicin (53.6%). Investigators of the study have also reported that Staphylococcus aureus have showed strikingly higher resistant to Amikacin, and Gentamicin (100%); but a moderate resistance to Doxycycline (72%), Oxacillin (78.8%) and Tetracycline (87.7%) and a reduced resistance to Chloramphenicol (23.57%) and Ciprofloxacin (39.66%). Similarly, Klebsiella spp . were found to be resistant to all of the antibiotics used in the study except for Ciprofloxacin where it showed a 100% sensitivity [ 37 ]. Another prospective study was conducted in a burn treatment facility in Saudi Arabiya, which showed that Staphylococcus aureus was resistant to 15 different antibiotics but fully sensitive to oxacillin, vancomycin, and ampicillin/sulbactam. [ 38 ] The findings of our study are comparable to the above-mentioned findings in other centers, where we found Pseudomonas aeruginosa to be highly sensitive to Meropenem, Tobramycin, Gentamycin, and Ciprofloxacillin, while it showed high resistance to ceftriaxone and ceftazidime, Cotrimoxazole, Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Similarly, the sensitivity pattern of Staphylococcus aureus at our burn center was found to be similar to the other centers, where we found it to be sensitive to vancomycin, tetracycline, meropenem, and linezolid, while it showed resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, penicillin, cotrimoxazole, Ciprofloxacillin, gentamycin, ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and oxacillin. Additionally, based on the findings of our study Klebsiella pneumoniae was found to be resistance to most of the tested antibiotics (Ciprofloxacillin, cotrimoxazole, gentamycin, clindamycin, ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and oxacillin) except for meropenem, tetracycline, and linezolid. Therefore, findings of our study and its comparison against results from other centers indicates that, there is a comparable antibiotic sensitivity and resistance pattern at out burn unit. In conclusion, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa is found to be the most common bacteria isolate from the wounds of our study participants and it is found to be sensitive to Meropenem, Tobramycin, Gentamycin and Ciprofloxacillin; but resistant to Ceftriaxone and Ceftazidime. Based on the findings of our study we recommend that, standard treatments of burn wound infections and associated sepsis should target the common bacterial isolates according to their antibiotic sensitivity pattern. In addition, we recommend a large-scale study to be conducted in the unit, to identify the common microbial residual sites, contamination points and to further characterize the common bacterial isolates. Abbreviations AaBET = Addis Ababa Burn, Emergency and Trauma Hospital AIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome DM = Diabetes Mellitus E. coli = Eshersha Coli GI = Gastro- Intestine HTN = Hypertension IRB = Institutional Review Board MRSA = Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus SPHMMC = St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College Spp.= species TBSA % = Total Body Surface Area Percentage of burn WHO = World Health Organization Declarations Acknowledgements We are very much grateful to all the participants of our study for their willingness in providing the necessary information. The authors also acknowledge the staff of AaBET Hospital burn unit for their cooperation during data collection for the study. Consent for publication Further, informed consent for publication were also obtained from each study participant under the consent form by mentioned for all of them that the data will be published in international journals. So, this is to confirm that informed consent for publication was obtained from all the study participants. The collected data is kept confidentially under the primary investigator and co-investigators . Authors’ contributions AB, AG, SU, IK and MB were involved starting from conceiving the idea, developing the proposal, the study design, reviewed the article. AB and IK involved in data cleaning, analysis, report writing and write up of the manuscript; AG, SU and MB involved in data analysis and review of the drafted manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript submitted to this journal. Funding The authors did not receive funds or grant for conducting this study. Competing interest All authors read and approved the final manuscript. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Availability of Data and Materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. References Peck, M.D., 2011. Epidemiology of burns throughout the world. Part I: Distribution and risk factors. Burns , 37 (7), pp.1087-1100. Church, D., Elsayed, S., Reid, O., Winston, B. and Lindsay, R., 2006. Burn wound infections. Clinical microbiology reviews , 19 (2), pp.403-434. Manson, W.L., Pernot, P.C.J., Fidler, V., Sauer, E.W. and Klasen, H.J., 1992. Colonization of burns and the duration of hospital stay of severely burned patients. Journal of hospital Infection , 22 (1), pp.55-63. Lionelli, G.T., Pickus, E.J., Beckum, O.K., Decoursey, R.L. and Korentager, R.A., 2005. A three-decade analysis of factors affecting burn mortality in the elderly. Burns , 31 (8), pp.958-963. Memmel, H., Kowal-Vern, A. and Latenser, B.A., 2004. Infections in diabetic burn patients. Diabetes Care , 27 (1), pp.229-233. Barret, J.P. and Herndon, D.N., 2003. Effects of burn wound excision on bacterial colonization and invasion. Plastic and reconstructive surgery , 111 (2), pp.744-750. Manson, W.L., Coenen, J.M., Klasen, H.J. and Horwitz, E.H., 1992. Intestinal bacterial translocation in experimentally burned mice with wounds colonized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The Journal of trauma , 33 (5), pp.654-658. Burdge, J.J., Rea, F. and Ayers, L., 1988. Noncandidal, fungal infections of the burn wound. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation , 9 (6), pp.599-601. Revathi, G., Puri, J. and Jain, B.K., 1998. Bacteriology of burns. Burns , 24 (4), pp.347-349. Agnihotri, N., Gupta, V. and Joshi, R.M., 2004. Aerobic bacterial isolates from burn wound infections and their antibiograms—a five-year study. Burns , 30 (3), pp.241-243. Frame, J.D., Kangesu, L. and Malik, W.M., 1992. Changing flora in burn and trauma units: experience in the United Kingdom. The Journal of burn care & rehabilitation , 13 (2), pp.281-286. Appelgren, P., Björnhagen, V., Bragderyd, K., Jonsson, C.E. and Ransjö, U., 2002. A prospective study of infections in burn patients. Burns , 28 (1), pp.39-46. Edwards-Jones, V., Greenwood, J.E. and Manchester Burns Research Group, 2003. What’s new in burn microbiology? James Laing memorial prize essay 2000. Burns , 29 (1), pp.15-24. Richard, P., Floch, R.L., Chamoux, C., Pannier, M., Espaze, E. and Richt, H., 1994. Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak in a burn unit: role of antimicrobials in the emergence of multiply resistant strains. Journal of Infectious Diseases , 170 (2), pp.377-383. Desai, M.H. and Herndon, D.N., 1988. Eradication of Candida burn wound septicemia in massively burned patients. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery , 28 (2), pp.140-145. Gales, A.C., Jones, R.N., Turnidge, J., Rennie, R. and Ramphal, R., 2001. Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates: occurrence rates, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and molecular typing in the global SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997–1999. Clinical Infectious Diseases , 32 (Supplement_2), pp. S146-S155. Fitzwater, J., Purdue, G.F., Hunt, J.L. and O’Keefe, G.E., 2003. The risk factors and time course of sepsis and organ dysfunction after burn trauma. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery , 54 (5), pp.959-966. Ryan, C.M., Schoenfeld, D.A., Thorpe, W.P., Sheridan, R.L., Cassem, E.H. and Tompkins, R.G., 1998. Objective estimates of the probability of death from burn injuries. New England Journal of Medicine , 338 (6), pp.362-366. Rennie, R.P., Jones, R.N., Mutnick, A.H. and SENTRY Program Study Group, 2003. Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of pathogens isolated from skin and soft tissue infections: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (United States and Canada, 2000). Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease , 45 (4), pp.287-293. Weinstein, R.A. and Mayhall, C.G., 2003. The epidemiology of burn wound infections: then and now. Clinical infectious diseases , 37 (4), pp.543-550. Mason, A.D., McManus, A.T. and Pruitt, B.A., 1986. Association of burn mortality and bacteremia: a 25-year review. Archives of Surgery , 121 (9), pp.1027-1031. Wood, F. and Judkins, K., 2020. The burned patient. Oxford Textbook of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery , p.139. Pruitt, B.A., Wolf, S.E. and Mason, A.D., 2012. Epidemiological, demographic, and outcome characteristics of burn injury. Total burn care , 4 , pp.15-45. Sjöberg, T., Mzezewa, S., Jönsson, K. and Salemark, L., 2004. Immune response in burn patients in relation to HIV infection and sepsis. Burns , 30 (7), pp.670-674. McCampbell, B., Wasif, N., Rabbitts, A., Staiano-Coico, L., Yurt, R.W. and Schwartz, S., 2002. Diabetes and burns: retrospective cohort study. The Journal of burn care & rehabilitation , 23 (3), pp.157-166. Heideman, M. and Bengtsson, A., 1992. The immunologic response to thermal injury. World journal of surgery , 16 , pp.53-56. Nasser, S., Mabrouk, A. and Maher, A., 2003. Colonization of burn wounds in Ain Shams University burn unit. Burns , 29 (3), pp.229-233. Wysocki, A.B., 2002. Evaluating and managing open skin wounds: colonization versus infection. AACN Advanced Critical Care , 13 (3), pp.382-397. Wurtz, R., Karajovic, M., Dacumos, E., Jovanovic, B. and Hanumadass, M., 1995. Nosocomial infections in a burn intensive care unit. Burns , 21 (3), pp.181-184. NC, L., LR, K. and WH, A., 1954. Infection in burns. II. The pathogenicity of streptococci. Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics , 98 (6), pp.693-699. Lilly, H.A., Lowbury, E.J.L., Wilkins, M.D. and Cason, J.S., 1979. Staphylococcal sepsis in a burns unit. Epidemiology & Infection , 83 (3), pp.429-435. Becker, W.K., Cioffi, W.G., McManus, A.T., Kim, S.H., McManus, W.F., Mason, A.D. and Pruitt, B.A., 1991. Fungal burn wound infection: a 10-year experience. Archives of Surgery , 126 (1), pp.44-48. Altoparlak, U., Erol, S., Akcay, M.N., Celebi, F. and Kadanali, A., 2004. The time-related changes of antimicrobial resistance patterns and predominant bacterial profiles of burn wounds and body flora of burned patients. Burns , 30 (7), pp.660-664. Embil, J.M., McLeod, J.A., Al-Barrak, A.M., Thompson, G.M., Aoki, F.Y., Witwicki, E.J., Stranc, M.F., Kabani, A.M., Nicoll, D.R. and Nicolle, L.E., 2001. An outbreak of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus on a burn unit: potential role of contaminated hydrotherapy equipment. Burns , 27 (7), pp.681-688. Kuhn, D.M. and Ghannoum, M.A., 2004. Candida biofilms: antifungal resistance and emerging therapeutic options. Current opinion in investigational drugs (London, England: 2000) , 5 (2), pp.186-197. Abbas, H.A., El-Masry, E.M., Shaker, G.H. and Mohsen, I., 2013. Bacterial etiology and antimicrobial resistance of burn wound infections in a burn unit in Hehia General Hospital in Egypt. International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Research , 4 (12), pp.1251-1255. Magnet, M.D.M.H., Arongozeb, M.D., Khan, G.M. and Ahmed, Z., 2013. Isolation and identification of different bacteria from different types of burn wound infections and study their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern. International Journal of Research in Applied, Natural and Social Sciences , 1 (3), pp.125-132. Al-Aali, K.Y., 2016. Microbial profile of burn wound infections in burn patients, Taif, Saudi Arabia. Arch Clin Microbiol , 7 (2), pp.1-9. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2712438","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":185136021,"identity":"2c0a74ab-4930-4cb5-bdb7-d5c8a72448e5","order_by":0,"name":"Abeje Brhanu Menjeta","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abeje","middleName":"Brhanu","lastName":"Menjeta","suffix":""},{"id":185136022,"identity":"69baa7a2-5694-4d7d-b34e-a3d875c76dec","order_by":1,"name":"Addisu Gize","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Addisu","middleName":"","lastName":"Gize","suffix":""},{"id":185136023,"identity":"6a2414c1-ad85-4282-927a-e530f33708ad","order_by":2,"name":"Surafel Tadesse Feleke","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Surafel","middleName":"Tadesse","lastName":"Feleke","suffix":""},{"id":185136024,"identity":"0226fb4f-72ed-43d2-9524-3d770d42dee1","order_by":3,"name":"Ibsa Kedir Hassen","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ibsa","middleName":"Kedir","lastName":"Hassen","suffix":""},{"id":185136025,"identity":"eeae204c-dbc0-4224-bf87-0d2f5d39766a","order_by":4,"name":"Mahteme Bekele Muleta","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mahteme","middleName":"Bekele","lastName":"Muleta","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-03-20 05:29:22","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2712438/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2712438/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":34730646,"identity":"290d2b52-8d0f-4c84-a24d-355ded29cf01","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-03-23 19:08:46","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":52205,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eIsolated micro-organisms from patients admitted to the burn unit of AaBET Hospital for acute burn management between December 01, 2020 and November 30, 2021\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2712438/v1/f6f865668e2ef17155bae9e7.png"},{"id":38929638,"identity":"b4e7d769-634f-4598-94aa-0b491b0c51e9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-22 13:44:44","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":611014,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-2712438/v1/5d349bce-efba-47a5-ba62-dc30279fcdf7.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Common clinical presentations and antimicrobial resistance pattern among burn patients, at Addis Ababa Burn and Emergency Trauma Hospital (AaBET), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","fulltext":[{"header":"Background","content":"\u003cp\u003eBurn is a very devastating form of trauma which is responsible for a significant percentage of morbidities and mortalities caused by injury and accidents. AS the WHO report indicates on the year 2004 globally there were 11\u0026nbsp;million burn accidents which were severe enough to need for medical attention. Globally every year an estimated amount of 180,000 death occurs due burns, among which the vast majority occur in low- and middle-income countries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Although, multiple causes can be sited as an immediate cause of mortality in severely injured burn patients, burn wound infection followed by sepsis remains an important cause by being responsible for 75% the deaths [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Thermal injury destroys the skin barrier that normally prevents invasion of microorganisms, and makes burn wound susceptible site for colonization by microorganisms of endogenous and exogenous origin. In addition, decreased vascularity found in burned surfaces will significantly decrease the effectiveness host immune defense and systemically administered antibiotics. These factors contribute for development of invasive burn wound infections, which are the most frequent origin of sepsis in burn patients [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eInvasive burn wound infections are largely associated with various host factors including age of the patient, extent of injury, and depth of burn. In addition, microbial factors such as type and number of organisms, enzyme and toxin production and systemic dissemination of the colonizing organisms could also determine the severity of burn infections [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to research reports gram-positive bacteria from the patient\u0026rsquo;s endogenous skin flora or the external environment are the first ones to colonize the burn wound [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Then in the first few days following injury burn wound will be colonized by endogenous gram-negative bacteria from the patient\u0026rsquo;s gastrointestinal flora. Burn wound colonization by yeasts and fungi tends to appear last and usually preceded by prior use broad spectrum antimicrobial agents [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. In the face of the complex nature of microbiology of burn wound infection the commonly identified microorganisms include \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eCoagulase-negative staphylococci\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eEshersha coli\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eProteus species\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eEnterobacter spp\u003c/em\u003e. and \u003cem\u003eAcinetobacter species\u003c/em\u003e. In addition, administration of topical antimicrobial agents and systemic antibiotics has shown to influence the type and nature of microbial identified in burn wound [10\u0026ndash;12,].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBeing mostly hospital acquired in origin, the causative agents in burn wound infection differ from one center to the other. In addition, in any given burn unit there is a constant change of the infective microorganisms. New microorganisms which will be brought by the wounds of newly admitted burn patient will persist and become resident flora of the unit. These latter will be replaced by another group of microorganisms after a variable period of time which will transmit to newly admitted burn patients form the hospital environment [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR14 CR15\" citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, there is a constantly aggregating challenge on the treatment of burn wound infections due to emergence of antibiotic resistant microorganisms. As the effort to treat burn wound infection is further compromised by the limited availability of effective antimicrobial agents, availability of data that determines the commonly identified microorganisms and their antibiotic resistance pattern of a given burn unit is an essential input for improving the quality of care. It is proven in other burn centers that knowing the common microorganisms and their antibiotic resistance pattern has a significant impact on reduction of morbidity and mortality of the victims [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR18\" citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study we will report the common clinical presentation, antimicrobial resistance pattern and associated factors among burn patients admitted to AaBET Hospital burn unit. The reports of the study will be used as an essential input for improving the quality of care delivered for burn patients. It is proven in other burn centers that knowing the common microorganisms and their antibiotic resistance pattern has a significant impact on reduction of morbidity and mortality of the victims.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials And Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStudy area\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAaBET Hospital is found in the Arada sub city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. AaBET hospital is the burn, trauma and emergency wing of St. Paul\u0026rsquo;s Hospital Millennium Medical College. AaBET hospital has four service delivering specialties in it, which are Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (Burn Unit), Neurosurgery, Orthopedics Surgery and Emergency Medicine. The burn unit at AaBET is second burn unit in Addis Ababa city with a capacity of 20 beds for adults and children. SPHMMC is the second to largest public hospital in Ethiopia, built by the Emperor Haile Selassie in 1961 with the help of the German Evangelical Church. It has 500 beds, with catchment population of more than 5\u0026nbsp;million.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStudy Design And Period\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA prospective cross-sectional study was held from December 01, 2020 to November 30, 2021 at Addis Ababa Burn, Emergency and Trauma (AaBET) Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. All patients who visited the hospital were the source population, and all patients admitted to AaBET burn unit with the diagnosis acute burn and met the inclusion criteria were the study population.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInclusion And Exclusion Criteria\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll acute burn patients who underwent treatment at AaBET Hospital during the stated study period were included this study. Patients with chronic burn wound, patients who already stayed in the burn unit for more than 3 weeks before the start of the study and burn patients presented to the burn center after three weeks of the initial injury were excluded from the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eVariables\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCommon clinical presentations and antimicrobial resistance pattern among presumptive patients were dependent variables. Whereas, socio-demographic characteristics, possible co- morbidities and complications were independent variables.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample Size And Sampling Technique\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo get the maximum sample size, we included all acute burn patients admitted to AaBET Hospital burns unit during the study period; based on a non-probability consecutive sampling method.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Collection Procedure\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData collectors were given training and instructions on how to collect the needed information. The study participants' socio-demographic status and related variables were collected using a structured and pretested questionnaire (following its approval by the SPHMMC - IRB office), by means of in-person interviews. For each patient with a diagnosis acute burn, wound swab was taken on the 7th day of admission by observing all the necessary aseptic precautions.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLaboratory Procedures\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe collected and inoculated burn wound swabs were transported in sterile, leak- proof container to the microbiology laboratory. Regular culture media like MacConkey agar, Blood agar, Nutrient agar and Triptic Soya agar were used for bacterial isolation and identification. In addition, special media such as pseudomonas agar, Salmonella- Shigella agar, MacConkey agar, Mannitol salt agar and Eosin methylene blue agar were used. All specimens were inoculated on 5% blood agar, MacConkey agar and Chocolate agar plates and incubated overnight at 37 ˚C aerobically. Then standard microbiological techniques were used to identify the microbial pathogens and antimicrobial susceptibility of the sample were determined by using Mueller- Hinton agar, based on the conventional disk diffusion method on different antibiotic batteries.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Quality Assurance\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire used for the study was pre-tested and proper training was given for data collectors. The quality of data was maintained following the pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical steps through each day supervision using standard laboratory procedures (SOPs).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Analysis And Interpretation\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter coding the data obtained from participants of the study, all the necessary procedures needed for data clearance and consistency check were done. Then, the sorted data exported and analyzed using SPSS Version 20.1windows software computer program for analysis. The data analysis results are presented as the means\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;SDs for continuous variables and as proportions for categorical variables. Demographic and clinical data will be described. We used p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.5, with CI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;95% and margin of error 0.05.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eEthical Considerations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthical approval for undertaking of this study was requested and obtained from the SPHMMC institutional review board. Written informed consent was secured from each participant greater than 18 years old and acceptances were obtained from parents/ guardians, for those less than 18 years old. Confidentiality of patients\u0026rsquo; information obtained during the study period were maintained throughout the study and during research finding disseminations.\u003c/p\u003e \n\u003ch3\u003eOperational Definition\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eAcute Burn-\u003c/b\u003e defined as a burn injury that occurred within the past three weeks due to a sudden exposure to a thermal, electrical or chemical energy; with an injury to the skin or other organs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eBurn Wound Infection-\u003c/b\u003e is defined as occurrence change in burn wound appearance or character and histological examination of burn biopsy specimen reveals invasion of organisms into adjacent viable tissue with quantitative cultures that yielded more than 10\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e colony forming units /gram of tissue.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSociodemographic characteristics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA total of 91 patients were admitted to the burn unit during the study period. Out of which, 75 of them consented and enrolled in the study. Among the participants of the study males accounted for 53.3% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;42) of admissions with a male to female ratio of 1.14:1. (The age ranged from 6 months to 76 years, with the median age being 19 years (Interquartile range, IQR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21.0), and children less than 15 years old accounted for 42.7% (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;32). The occupational status of the patients was as follows: Farmer, government worker, electrician, mechanic/machine operator, daily laborer, and housemaid. Epilepsy was the most common co-morbid and/or predisposing condition identified in our patients (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSociodemographic characteristics of burn patients admitted to Addis Ababa Burn, Emergency, and Trauma (AaBET) hospital, Addis Ababa, from December 01, 2020 to November 30, 2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCharacteristics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescription\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency(n)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge, in years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u0026ndash;49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarital status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWidowed\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable (children, \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;15 years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOccupational status\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarmer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGovernment worker\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElectrician\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanic/machine operator\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily laborer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHouse maid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther private business\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHouse wife\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChildren (\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComorbidities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEpilepsy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychiatric Condition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalnutrition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOrigin of referrals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom health centers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom primary hospitals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom referral hospitals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eClinical Presentations\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll of the admissions to the burn unit were after patients completed resuscitation at the emergency room which is the initial 24 hours post-burn injury. The median time of injury to admission to the burn unit was 3 days (range, 1\u0026ndash;55 days; IQR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3). Majority (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;48, 64%) of the patients were admitted to the burn unit within 3 days of injury. Of the 75 patients that got admitted, 54 (72%) sustained the burn injury at home while 16 (21.3%) got burnt at the workplace. Other places where patients sustained the injury includes streets, neighbors\u0026rsquo; house, and farmland.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe median estimated total body surface area (TBSA) of the burn wound was 22% (range, 5% \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;56%; IQR\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7). A majority (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;39, 52%) of the patients had a TBSA burn between 20% and 30%. Nine (11.8%) of the patients had TBSA burn greater than 30%. Regarding the causal agent, flame burn was the leading cause (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;30, 40%) followed by a scald burn (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;22, 29.3%) and high voltage electric burn (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;21, 28%). However, there are differences according to age. In the underage population (\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;15 years), the most common cause was injury due to scald burn (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18, 56.3%) and many of these children (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;28, 87.5%) sustained the burn injury accidentally while playing. Given this age difference, we present the clinical characteristics of burn agents by age group. Eight (10.7%) patients were found to have an inhalational injury, all of which were diagnosed based on clinical suspicion (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClinical characteristics of patients who were admitted for an acute burn management to AaBET hospital Addis Ababa from December 01, 2020 to November 30, 2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"1\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;15 years, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;32\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u0026ndash;49 years, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;38\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;50 years, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo. (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency (n)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhere did the injury occur?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29 (90.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 (52.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWork place\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 (42.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStreets\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (6.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNeighbors\u0026rsquo; house\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (3.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFarm land\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHow did the injury occur?\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccidentally while cooking\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (9.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19 (50.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4 (80.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccidentally while playing\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28 (87.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (5.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccidentally while fixing electric system\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (31.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eContact with electric line\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (3.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (7.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (20.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFire accident at work area\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (5.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCause of burn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFlame\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6 (18.8%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21 (55.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (60.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScald\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18 (56.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (7.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (20.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHot surface (contact)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (3.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow voltage electric burn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (2.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh voltage electric burn\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (21.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 (34.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (20.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInhalational injury\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1 (3.1%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (18.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (96.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31 (31.6%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (100%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTBSA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;10%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (9.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (5.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 - \u0026lt;20%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 (46.9%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 (13.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (40.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20 - \u0026lt;30%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12 (37.5%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24 (63.2%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3 (60.0%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2 (6.3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 (18.4%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInterventions\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the 75 patients were treated at the burn unit after admission, the data of which was collected at the discharge of the patients. All 75 patients received wound care once a day. Normal saline was a solution used for wound cleaning. A honey-based antibiotic ointment (Moist Exposed Burn Ointment, MEBO) was applied to the wound before the final wound dressing. More than two-thirds of patients (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;53, 70.7%) were operated on. Escharotomy was needed in 19 (25.3%) patients while fasciotomy and amputation(s) were done in 12(16%) and 13 (17.3%) patients respectively (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterventions done for patients admitted for an acute burn management to the burn unit of AaBET hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from December 01, 2020 to November 30, 2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterventions done\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency, n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent, %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOperated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEscharotomy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e74.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFasciotomy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmputation(s)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eICU care\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVentilated\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimb splinting\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhysiotherapy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdministration of systemic antibiotics\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eComplications\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 46 patients (61.3%) developed complications before and/or while being treated at our burn unit. These included wound infection, graft loss, sepsis, acute kidney injury, malnutrition, pressure ulcer, and limb compartment syndrome. Wound infection was the commonest complication, occurring in 31 (41.3%) of patients. Of these patients who developed complications, some had more than one complication occurring concurrently (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elist of complications developed in patients admitted to AaBET Hospital for acute burn management between December 01, 2020 and November 30, 2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComplications\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency, n\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercent, %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWound infection\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGraft loss\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSepsis\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAKI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalnutrition\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePressure ulcer\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLimb compartment syndrome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eIsolated Micro-organisms And Their Resistance Pattern To Antimicrobials\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA total of 75 swabs were taken from the burn wounds. Fifty-nine positive swab samples were identified from which 68 micro-organisms were isolated. \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e was the commonest isolate (42 isolates; 61.7%) followed by \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e (18 isolates; 26.4%). Other isolates were \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e (4 isolates; 6.1%), \u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e (3 isolates; 4.6%), and \u003cem\u003eKingella kingae\u003c/em\u003e (1 isolate; 1.5%) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). A significant percentage of the positive swab results were monomicrobial (84.7%) as compared to those polymicrobial infections (15.3%). The most commonly found polymicrobial infections were \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e with \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5, 8.5%) and \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e with \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3, 5.1%).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e was found to be highly sensitive to Meropenem (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;12, 100%), Tobramycin (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11, 100%), Gentamycin (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;37, 94.9%), and Ciprofloxacillin (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;22, 84.6%) while showed high resistance to ceftriaxone (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5, 100%) and ceftazidime (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;28, 87.5%), Cotrimoxazole (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, 100%), Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, 100%). \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e was found to be sensitive to vancomycin (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16, 100%), tetracycline (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;7, 87.5%), meropenem (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4, 100%), and linezolid (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3, 100%) while showed resistance to erythromycin (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10, 100%), clindamycin (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;5, 83.3%), penicillin(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1, 100%), cotrimoxazole(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11, 78.6%), Ciprofloxacillin(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9, 69.3%), gentamycin(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9, 56.3%), ampicillin(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, 100%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, 100%), and oxacillin(n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, 100%). \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e were found to be resistance to all of the tested antibiotics (Ciprofloxacillin, cotrimoxazole, gentamycin, clindamycin, ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and oxacillin) except meropenem (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, 100%), tetracycline (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2, 100%), and linezolid (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3, 100%) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eantibiotic susceptibility and resistance pattern among acute burn patients admitted to the burn unit of AaBET Hospital between December 01, 2020 and November 30, 2021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"16\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c15\" colnum=\"15\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c16\" colnum=\"16\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAntibiotics tested\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePseudomonas Aeruginosa, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStaphylococcus Aureus, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKlebsiella Pneumoniae, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAspergillus, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c16\" namest=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKingella Kingae, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of cassettes used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitive, (Number, %)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResistant, (Number, %)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of cassettes used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitive, (Number, %)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResistant, (Number, %)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of cassettes used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitive, (Number, %)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResistant, (Number, %)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of cassettes used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitive, (Number, %)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResistant, (Number, %)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNumber of cassettes used\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSensitive, (Number, %)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResistant, Number (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCeftazidime\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4, 12.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28, 87.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCefepime\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13, 56.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10, 43.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCeftriaxone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCiprofloxacillin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22, 84.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4, 15.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4, 30.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9, 69.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCo-trimoxazole\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3, 21.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11, 78.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGentamycin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37, 94.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2, 5.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7, 43.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9, 56.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTobramycin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMeropenem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eImipenem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTetracycline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7, 87.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 12.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePiperacillin+\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTazobactam\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVancomycin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eErythromycin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eClindamycin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 16.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5, 83.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmpicillin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmoxicillin/\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eclavulanic acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinezolid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOxacillin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmikacin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePenicillin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCloxacillin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAzithromycin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c15\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c16\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThroughout the world, infection followed by sepsis is responsible for 50\u0026ndash;60% mortalities among burn patients. In case of developing countries, it is estimated that 75% burn mortalities are due to sepsis. It is reported that overcrowding, lack of essential elements for optimal burn care and delayed presentation of patients are among the common factors for increased burn related complications and mortalities in developing countries [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Studies undertaken in the 1950s through 1990 have contributed a lot for our current understanding on the epidemiology of burn wound infections and associated complications. That era was characterized by burn care practices of delayed excision of burn eschar and limited use of topical antibiotics. Consequently, it has been reported that the overall morbidity and mortality following burn wound infections, tissue invasion, and secondary sepsis were extremely high, with case fatality rate of 40% and above following severe burn injury [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e According to the result of our study a total of 46 patients (61.3%) developed complications before and/or while being treated at our burn unit. These included wound infection, graft loss, sepsis, acute kidney injury, malnutrition, pressure ulcer, and limb compartment syndrome. Burn wound infection was the commonest complication identified among the study, occurring in 31 (41.3%) of patients. Of these patients who developed complications, some had more than one complication occurring concurrently.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are multiple factors which play major roles on impacting the final outcome of burn wound infections and associated complications. These factors include patient demographics, burn severity, obesity, diabetes, immunosuppression; and use of topical antibiotics, early excision and infection prevention measures taken in the burn\u0026rsquo;s unit. A number of research reports from various centers indicate that the very young and the very old members of the population have an increased risk of developing a worse clinical outcome following burn injury than patients in other age groups [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR24\" citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe presence of significant percentage of young patients in our study indicates that, our study population were most likely to develop a worse clinical outcome following burn injury. In addition, majority (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;39, 52%) of the patients had a TBSA burn between 20% and 30%, while nine (11.8%) of the patients had TBSA burn greater than 30%. These findings indicate that there were multiple risk factors among our study population, which could lead to a number of severe burn complications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong victims of severe burn injury there will be destruction of skin, which result in loss of its barrier function. After enduring sterile for the first 48hrs following injury, burn wounds will eventually become colonized with various microorganisms [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR27\" citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. Gram-positive bacteria which reside deep in the skin adnexa are the first to heavily colonize the wound surface. Then after an average of 5 to 7 days burn wounds will further become colonized with other microbes, which includes gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and yeasts derived from the host's normal gastrointestinal and upper respiratory flora. Additionally, colonization of burn wound could result due to transfer of nosocomial microbes from the hospital environment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Introduction of penicillin during the 1950s resulted in significant reduction of \u003cem\u003eStreptococcus pyogenes\u003c/em\u003e caused burn wound infection among the severely burned patients. Consequently, \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e became the principal etiological agent of burn wound infections in the decades following 1950s. In addition, the decades following the introduction of antibiotics is marked by a gradual increment in identification of less common microbes as a cause for burn wound infection which includes other gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, fungi, and viruses [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR31\" citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study, \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e was found to be the commonest isolate followed by \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eAspergillus\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eKingella kingae\u003c/em\u003e. In addition, we identified more monomicrobial positive swabs than polymicrobial. These findings of our study are comparable with reports of a number of other studies held in other centers [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR34 CR35 CR36 CR37\" citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNow a days effective treatment of burn wound infection is being severely challenged due to the emergence antimicrobial resistant pathogens causing burn wound infections [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. The presence of nosocomial isolates which include MRSA, \u003cem\u003emethicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci, vancomycin-resistant enterococci\u003c/em\u003e, and multiply resistant gram-negative bacteria that possess several types of beta-lactamases, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, \u003cem\u003eampC\u003c/em\u003e beta-lactamases, and metallo-beta-lactamases, in burn centers have resulted in the occurrence of invasive and life-threatening infections among hospitalized burn patients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally amplified use of broad spectrum topical and systemic antibiotics for the treatment of burn infections resulted in increased identification of opportunistic pathogens, particularly \u003cem\u003eCandida spp\u003c/em\u003e. which have showed increasing degrees of antifungal drug resistance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the study conducted in a burn treatment facility in Bangladesh, \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e isolates were found to be moderately resistant to ciprofloxacin (52.17%), and to Amikacin (39.83%), but with higher resistance to other antimicrobials, which include Doxycycline (78.3%), tetracycline (65.57%), and Gentamicin (53.6%). Investigators of the study have also reported that \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e have showed strikingly higher resistant to Amikacin, and Gentamicin (100%); but a moderate resistance to Doxycycline (72%), Oxacillin (78.8%) and Tetracycline (87.7%) and a reduced resistance to Chloramphenicol (23.57%) and Ciprofloxacin (39.66%). Similarly, \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella spp\u003c/em\u003e. were found to be resistant to all of the antibiotics used in the study except for Ciprofloxacin where it showed a 100% sensitivity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e]. Another prospective study was conducted in a burn treatment facility in Saudi Arabiya, which showed that \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e was resistant to 15 different antibiotics but fully sensitive to oxacillin, vancomycin, and ampicillin/sulbactam. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings of our study are comparable to the above-mentioned findings in other centers, where we found \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e to be highly sensitive to Meropenem, Tobramycin, Gentamycin, and Ciprofloxacillin, while it showed high resistance to ceftriaxone and ceftazidime, Cotrimoxazole, Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Similarly, the sensitivity pattern of Staphylococcus \u003cem\u003eaureus\u003c/em\u003e at our burn center was found to be similar to the other centers, where we found it to be sensitive to vancomycin, tetracycline, meropenem, and linezolid, while it showed resistance to erythromycin, clindamycin, penicillin, cotrimoxazole, Ciprofloxacillin, gentamycin, ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and oxacillin. Additionally, based on the findings of our study \u003cem\u003eKlebsiella pneumoniae\u003c/em\u003e was found to be resistance to most of the tested antibiotics (Ciprofloxacillin, cotrimoxazole, gentamycin, clindamycin, ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and oxacillin) except for meropenem, tetracycline, and linezolid. Therefore, findings of our study and its comparison against results from other centers indicates that, there is a comparable antibiotic sensitivity and resistance pattern at out burn unit.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas Aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e is found to be the most common bacteria isolate from the wounds of our study participants and it is found to be sensitive to Meropenem, Tobramycin, Gentamycin and Ciprofloxacillin; but resistant to Ceftriaxone and Ceftazidime. Based on the findings of our study we recommend that, standard treatments of burn wound infections and associated sepsis should target the common bacterial isolates according to their antibiotic sensitivity pattern. In addition, we recommend a large-scale study to be conducted in the unit, to identify the common microbial residual sites, contamination points and to further characterize the common bacterial isolates.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAaBET = Addis Ababa Burn, Emergency and Trauma Hospital\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAIDS = Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDM = Diabetes Mellitus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eE. coli = Eshersha Coli\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGI = Gastro- Intestine\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHTN = Hypertension\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIRB = Institutional Review Board\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMRSA =\u0026nbsp;Methicillin\u0026nbsp;Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSPHMMC = St. Paul\u0026rsquo;s Hospital Millennium Medical College\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpp.= species\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTBSA % = Total Body Surface Area Percentage of burn\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWHO = World Health Organization\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe are very much grateful to all the participants of our study for their willingness in providing the necessary information. The authors also acknowledge the staff of AaBET Hospital burn unit for their cooperation during data collection for the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurther, informed consent for publication were also obtained from each study participant under the consent form by mentioned for all of them that the data will be published in international journals. So, this is to confirm that informed consent for publication was obtained from all the study participants. The collected data is kept confidentially under the primary investigator and co-investigators\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAB, AG, SU, IK and MB were involved starting from conceiving the idea, developing the proposal, the study design, reviewed the article. AB and IK involved in data cleaning, analysis, report writing and write up of the manuscript; AG, SU and MB involved in data analysis\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eand review of the\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003edrafted manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript submitted to this journal.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors did not receive funds or grant for conducting this study. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors read and approved the final manuscript. The authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of Data and Materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col start=\"1\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePeck, M.D., 2011. Epidemiology of burns throughout the world. Part I: Distribution and risk factors. \u003cem\u003eBurns\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e37\u003c/em\u003e(7), pp.1087-1100.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eChurch, D., Elsayed, S., Reid, O., Winston, B. and Lindsay, R., 2006. Burn wound infections. \u003cem\u003eClinical microbiology reviews\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e19\u003c/em\u003e(2), pp.403-434.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eManson, W.L., Pernot, P.C.J., Fidler, V., Sauer, E.W. and Klasen, H.J., 1992. Colonization of burns and the duration of hospital stay of severely burned patients. \u003cem\u003eJournal of hospital Infection\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e22\u003c/em\u003e(1), pp.55-63.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eLionelli, G.T., Pickus, E.J., Beckum, O.K., Decoursey, R.L. and Korentager, R.A., 2005. A three-decade analysis of factors affecting burn mortality in the elderly. \u003cem\u003eBurns\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e31\u003c/em\u003e(8), pp.958-963.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMemmel, H., Kowal-Vern, A. and Latenser, B.A., 2004. Infections in diabetic burn patients. \u003cem\u003eDiabetes Care\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e27\u003c/em\u003e(1), pp.229-233.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBarret, J.P. and Herndon, D.N., 2003. Effects of burn wound excision on bacterial colonization and invasion. \u003cem\u003ePlastic and reconstructive surgery\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e111\u003c/em\u003e(2), pp.744-750.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eManson, W.L., Coenen, J.M., Klasen, H.J. and Horwitz, E.H., 1992. Intestinal bacterial translocation in experimentally burned mice with wounds colonized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of trauma\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e33\u003c/em\u003e(5), pp.654-658.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eBurdge, J.J., Rea, F. and Ayers, L., 1988. Noncandidal, fungal infections of the burn wound. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of Burn Care \u0026amp; Rehabilitation\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e9\u003c/em\u003e(6), pp.599-601.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRevathi, G., Puri, J. and Jain, B.K., 1998. Bacteriology of burns. \u003cem\u003eBurns\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e24\u003c/em\u003e(4), pp.347-349.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAgnihotri, N., Gupta, V. and Joshi, R.M., 2004. Aerobic bacterial isolates from burn wound infections and their antibiograms\u0026mdash;a five-year study. \u003cem\u003eBurns\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e30\u003c/em\u003e(3), pp.241-243.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eFrame, J.D., Kangesu, L. and Malik, W.M., 1992. Changing flora in burn and trauma units: experience in the United Kingdom. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of burn care \u0026amp; rehabilitation\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c/em\u003e(2), pp.281-286.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAppelgren, P., Bj\u0026ouml;rnhagen, V., Bragderyd, K., Jonsson, C.E. and Ransj\u0026ouml;, U., 2002. A prospective study of infections in burn patients. \u003cem\u003eBurns\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e28\u003c/em\u003e(1), pp.39-46.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;Edwards-Jones, V., Greenwood, J.E. and Manchester Burns Research Group, 2003. What\u0026rsquo;s new in burn microbiology? James Laing memorial prize essay 2000. \u003cem\u003eBurns\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e29\u003c/em\u003e(1), pp.15-24.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRichard, P., Floch, R.L., Chamoux, C., Pannier, M., Espaze, E. and Richt, H., 1994. Pseudomonas aeruginosa outbreak in a burn unit: role of antimicrobials in the emergence of multiply resistant strains. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Infectious Diseases\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e170\u003c/em\u003e(2), pp.377-383.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDesai, M.H. and Herndon, D.N., 1988. Eradication of Candida burn wound septicemia in massively burned patients. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e28\u003c/em\u003e(2), pp.140-145.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eGales, A.C., Jones, R.N., Turnidge, J., Rennie, R. and Ramphal, R., 2001. Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates: occurrence rates, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and molecular typing in the global SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 1997\u0026ndash;1999. \u003cem\u003eClinical Infectious Diseases\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e32\u003c/em\u003e(Supplement_2), pp. S146-S155.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;Fitzwater, J., Purdue, G.F., Hunt, J.L. and O\u0026rsquo;Keefe, G.E., 2003. The risk factors and time course of sepsis and organ dysfunction after burn trauma. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e54\u003c/em\u003e(5), pp.959-966.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;Ryan, C.M., Schoenfeld, D.A., Thorpe, W.P., Sheridan, R.L., Cassem, E.H. and Tompkins, R.G., 1998. Objective estimates of the probability of death from burn injuries. \u003cem\u003eNew England Journal of Medicine\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e338\u003c/em\u003e(6), pp.362-366.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRennie, R.P., Jones, R.N., Mutnick, A.H. and SENTRY Program Study Group, 2003. Occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of pathogens isolated from skin and soft tissue infections: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (United States and Canada, 2000). \u003cem\u003eDiagnostic microbiology and infectious disease\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e45\u003c/em\u003e(4), pp.287-293.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;Weinstein, R.A. and Mayhall, C.G., 2003. The epidemiology of burn wound infections: then and now. \u003cem\u003eClinical infectious diseases\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e37\u003c/em\u003e(4), pp.543-550.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;Mason, A.D., McManus, A.T. and Pruitt, B.A., 1986. Association of burn mortality and bacteremia: a 25-year review. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Surgery\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e121\u003c/em\u003e(9), pp.1027-1031.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;Wood, F. and Judkins, K., 2020. The burned patient. \u003cem\u003eOxford Textbook of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery\u003c/em\u003e, p.139.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;Pruitt, B.A., Wolf, S.E. and Mason, A.D., 2012. Epidemiological, demographic, and outcome characteristics of burn injury. \u003cem\u003eTotal burn care\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e, pp.15-45.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;Sj\u0026ouml;berg, T., Mzezewa, S., J\u0026ouml;nsson, K. and Salemark, L., 2004. Immune response in burn patients in relation to HIV infection and sepsis. \u003cem\u003eBurns\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e30\u003c/em\u003e(7), pp.670-674.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;McCampbell, B., Wasif, N., Rabbitts, A., Staiano-Coico, L., Yurt, R.W. and Schwartz, S., 2002. Diabetes and burns: retrospective cohort study. \u003cem\u003eThe Journal of burn care \u0026amp; rehabilitation\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e23\u003c/em\u003e(3), pp.157-166.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;Heideman, M. and Bengtsson, A., 1992. The immunologic response to thermal injury. \u003cem\u003eWorld journal of surgery\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e16\u003c/em\u003e, pp.53-56.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;Nasser, S., Mabrouk, A. and Maher, A., 2003. Colonization of burn wounds in Ain Shams University burn unit. \u003cem\u003eBurns\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e29\u003c/em\u003e(3), pp.229-233.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;Wysocki, A.B., 2002. Evaluating and managing open skin wounds: colonization versus infection. \u003cem\u003eAACN Advanced Critical Care\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c/em\u003e(3), pp.382-397.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;Wurtz, R., Karajovic, M., Dacumos, E., Jovanovic, B. and Hanumadass, M., 1995. Nosocomial infections in a burn intensive care unit. \u003cem\u003eBurns\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e21\u003c/em\u003e(3), pp.181-184.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNC, L., LR, K. and WH, A., 1954. Infection in burns. II. The pathogenicity of streptococci. \u003cem\u003eSurgery, Gynecology \u0026amp; Obstetrics\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e98\u003c/em\u003e(6), pp.693-699.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;Lilly, H.A., Lowbury, E.J.L., Wilkins, M.D. and Cason, J.S., 1979. Staphylococcal sepsis in a burns unit. \u003cem\u003eEpidemiology \u0026amp; Infection\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e83\u003c/em\u003e(3), pp.429-435.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;Becker, W.K., Cioffi, W.G., McManus, A.T., Kim, S.H., McManus, W.F., Mason, A.D. and Pruitt, B.A., 1991. Fungal burn wound infection: a 10-year experience. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Surgery\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e126\u003c/em\u003e(1), pp.44-48.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;Altoparlak, U., Erol, S., Akcay, M.N., Celebi, F. and Kadanali, A., 2004. The time-related changes of antimicrobial resistance patterns and predominant bacterial profiles of burn wounds and body flora of burned patients. \u003cem\u003eBurns\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e30\u003c/em\u003e(7), pp.660-664.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eEmbil, J.M., McLeod, J.A., Al-Barrak, A.M., Thompson, G.M., Aoki, F.Y., Witwicki, E.J., Stranc, M.F., Kabani, A.M., Nicoll, D.R. and Nicolle, L.E., 2001. An outbreak of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus on a burn unit: potential role of contaminated hydrotherapy equipment. \u003cem\u003eBurns\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e27\u003c/em\u003e(7), pp.681-688.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;Kuhn, D.M. and Ghannoum, M.A., 2004. Candida biofilms: antifungal resistance and emerging therapeutic options. \u003cem\u003eCurrent opinion in investigational drugs (London, England: 2000)\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e5\u003c/em\u003e(2), pp.186-197.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;Abbas, H.A., El-Masry, E.M., Shaker, G.H. and Mohsen, I., 2013. Bacterial etiology and antimicrobial resistance of burn wound infections in a burn unit in Hehia General Hospital in Egypt. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Biological \u0026amp; Pharmaceutical Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e4\u003c/em\u003e(12), pp.1251-1255.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;Magnet, M.D.M.H., Arongozeb, M.D., Khan, G.M. and Ahmed, Z., 2013. Isolation and identification of different bacteria from different types of burn wound infections and study their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern. \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Research in Applied, Natural and Social Sciences\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e(3), pp.125-132.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;Al-Aali, K.Y., 2016. Microbial profile of burn wound infections in burn patients, Taif, Saudi Arabia. \u003cem\u003eArch Clin Microbiol\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e(2), pp.1-9.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Burn, Microorganisms, Antimicrobial Resistance, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2712438/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2712438/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e: Burn is a very devastating form of trauma, which is responsible for a significant percentage of morbidities and mortalities caused by injury and accidents worldwide. Thermal injury destroys the skin barrier that normally prevents invasion of microorganisms and makes burn wounds susceptible site for colonization by microorganisms of endogenous and exogenous origin.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003eA prospective cross-sectional study was held at Addis Ababa Burn, Emergency and Trauma (AaBET) Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from December 01, 2020 to November 30, 2021. Data collected using structured and pretested questionnaire through face-to-face interview. Then, by observing standard procedures wound swabs collected from all consented participants and evaluated for possible microbial isolates and their antibiotic resistance and sensitivity pattern. The extracted data analyzed using SPSS 20.1. This study was conducted following approval of the Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College Institutional Review Board.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResult:\u003c/strong\u003e From a total of 75 patients who consented for the study, males account 53.3% (n=42), and age ranged from 6 months to 76 years, with the median age being 19 years. Children less than 15 years old account 42.7% (n=32). Flame burn was the leading cause (n=30, 40%) followed by a scald burn (n=22, 29.3%) and high voltage electric burn (n=21, 28%). \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e was the commonest isolate (42 isolates; 61.7%) followed by \u003cem\u003eStaphylococcus aureus\u003c/em\u003e (18 isolates; 26.4%). A significant percentage of the positive swab results were monomicrobial (84.7%) as compared to those polymicrobial isolates (15.3%). \u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e was found to be highly sensitive to Meropenem, Tobramycin, Gentamycin, and Ciprofloxacillin, while it showed high resistance to ceftriaxone and ceftazidime, Cotrimoxazole, Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion: \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudomonas aeruginosa\u003c/em\u003e is the most common bacteria isolate from burn wounds of the study participants and it is sensitive to Meropenem, Tobramycin, Gentamycin and Ciprofloxacillin; but resistant to Ceftriaxone and Ceftazidime.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Common clinical presentations and antimicrobial resistance pattern among burn patients, at Addis Ababa Burn and Emergency Trauma Hospital (AaBET), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-03-23 19:08:41","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-2712438/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"22c08625-a566-42e1-a7a8-5736a3eaade9","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 23rd, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-06-22T13:44:37+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2023-03-23 19:08:41","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-2712438","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-2712438","identity":"rs-2712438","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"cBFmMYwuxLRRLfASyISRj","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}