Feasibility of using eucalyptus wood and castor oil adhesive to produce OSB panels

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Sugahara, Andre M. A. Dias, Edson C. Botelho, Cristiane I. Campos, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5454928/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Feb, 2025 Read the published version in European Journal of Wood and Wood Products → Version 1 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Among the products that help in the industrialization of construction with technological and sustainable characteristics, wood panels stand out, which are related to a possible lower environmental impact associated with carbon fixation and replacement of non-renewable materials. Worldwide consumption of OSB (Oriented Strand Board) panels has increased, proving the relevance and consolidation of the use of this product. Therefore, it is necessary to study viable alternatives for traditionally used raw materials so that the composites produced present final properties compatible with regulatory specifications and meet the required technological requirements so that they can be safely applied as a construction component. In this context, OSB panels were produced with eucalyptus wood and castor-based polyurethane adhesive. Eucalyptus wood is a reforestation hardwood, with fast-growing and diverse species. Considering that traditional adhesives are among the main environmental hotspots in OSB production, castor oil-based adhesive is a potential alternative, as it is not produced using formaldehyde and comes from renewable sources. In this study, the physical and mechanical properties of the panels were evaluated (density, moisture content, swelling in thickness − 24h, water absorption, modulus of elasticity and strength in bending, internal bond, and resistance to axial withdrawal of screws). The average results were compared with the use classes indicated by Standard EN 300:2006, demonstrating that the panels produced are compatible with the classification as OSB/4 according to EN 300:2006 (Heavy-duty load-bearing boards for use in humid conditions), confirming the viability of production and presenting excellent structural performance. Physical and mechanical properties. Wood products. Oriented Strand Board. Alternative materials. Eco-friendly adhesive Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 1 Introduction Wood is the most widely used construction material associated with sustainability characteristics such as low embodied energy and low carbon impact. Many efficient, durable, and useful products produced from wood include members of a large family ranging from structural and non-structural engineered wood-based composites (Cheng et al. 2021 ). The replacement of solid wood by wood composites is increasing. The factors driving these changes are related to the development of new adhesives and manufacturing technologies that provide compatible physical and mechanical properties and are often superior to those presented by solid wood. Other advantages are related to possible cost reduction and better use of wood (Ferro et al. 2016 ) since they can be produced from several species of trees and many forms of low-grade or small-diameter wood (Yang et al. 2023 ). The gradual shift in the construction sector in recent times caused by rising worries around environmental issues, favors the construction of ecological buildings, highlighting wood composites as material constructions, due to their characteristic properties and their possible lower environmental impact (Li and Ren 2024 ). According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the OSB worldwide consumption increased near 25.7% between 2016 and 2020 (FAO 2022), proving the relevance and consolidation of the use of this product. The OSB is a multi-layered panel made of strands of wood glued together with an adhesive where the orientation of the strands in the internal layer are commonly aligned at right angles to the strands in the external layers (BSI 2006). In the European Union, almost 80% of the OSB is employed in the construction sector as a structural material for flooring, wall and roof sheathing, and I-beams (Lille et al. 2022 ). The construction industry is recognized for having a strong environmental impact related to aspects like their high energy consumption and losses, and generation of solid waste and harmful gases, making the usage of composite materials manufactured with more environmentally friendly materials an interesting solution as they can mitigate the production of harmful waste and improve indoor air quality (Cintura et al. 2022 ). In this way, it is necessary to research feasible different eco-friendly alternatives for conventionally used raw materials to meet the growing demand-supply so that the new composites produced exhibit final properties compatible with the mandatory specifications, presenting the necessary technological requirements to be safely used as a structural construction component (Sugahara et al. 2022 ; Batista et al. 2015 ). Thus, studies have assessed the potential of the use of alternative raw materials to produce wood panels, like new options of lignocellulosic raw materials i.e. balsa wood ( Ochroma pyramidale (Cav. Ex Lam) Urb.) (Barbirato et al. 2019b ; Lopes Junior et al. 2021 ) Mauritia flexuosa L.f. mixed with Eucalyptus spp. wood (Faria et al. 2022 ), a mix of Avocado ( Persea americana Mill.), Mahogany ( Swietenia mahogany (L.) Jacq.) and Pine wood ( Pinus merkusii Jungh et de Vriese) (Cahyono et al. 2019 ); and alternative adhesives derived from renewable sources like Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. ex Vent. waste leaf protein (Li et al. 2022 ), tannin-based bio polyurethanes (Aristri et al. 2021 ), and castor oil-based polyurethanes (Garzón-Barrero et al. 2016 ). Despite Brazilian OSB being mainly manufactured with Pine species (Ferro et al. 2018 ), Eucalyptus timber has good potential for its use to be explored for OSB production since it has a fast growth rate, high density, and fine texture (Rosli et al. 2024) and is also a reforestation wood with a diversity of species, presenting potential to meet the necessary technological requirements (Guimarães Júnior 2008 ) once the wide variety of Eucalyptus associated to their distinct properties favor the convenience of the Eucalyptus wood for several different uses (Andrade et al. 2024 ). Recent Brazilian investments in Eucalyptus cloning resulted in superior productivity and wood quality to meet the growing market demand for wood-based panels, boosting the usage of reforested wood, and making eucalyptus the most widely wood employed by the construction and furniture sectors (Schneider et al. 2019 ). The possible scarcity of natural resources, as well as growing environmental concerns related to the reduction of harmful emissions of formaldehyde or isocyanates used in the production of conventional adhesives, have driven industrial and academic interest toward adhesives based on sustainable alternative materials that have satisfactory characteristics (Aristri et al. 2021 ). Considering that traditional adhesives are among the main environmental hotspots in OSB production (Ferro et al. 2018 ; Silva et al. 2013 ; Sugahara et al. 2024), castor oil-based adhesive emerges as a potential alternative to wood composites since it is not produced using formaldehyde and comes from renewable sources (Barbirato et al. 2019a 2020 ; Sugahara et al. 2019 ). In this context, this work studied the feasibility of using eucalyptus wood and castor oil-based polyurethane adhesive to produce OSB panels. Physical and mechanical properties were evaluated, and the results were compared with the European standards requirements and the literature. 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Materials To produce the panels, reforested wood from Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden was used, aged 7 years and with a basic density of 520 kg/m³. The wood was donated by the company Vale do Cedro® (Brazil) in the form of wooden boards (Fig. 1a), without any type of preservative treatment, originating from a forest planted in the southwest region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. The AGT 1315 adhesive (Fig. 1b) was donated by Imperveg® (Brazil) and is a bicomponent polyurethane resin vegetable-based, derived from castor oil, 100% solid (solvent-free). 2.2 Methods To produce the wood strands, initially the eucalyptus wooden boards (Fig. 1a) were sectioned into smaller pieces (25 x 120 x 150 mm) and immersed in water (Fig. 2a). The wood strands (25 x 120 x 0.6 mm) were obtained using a wood particle generator (Marconi MA 685, Brazil, Fig. 2b). After being produced, the strands were kept for a period of 7 days in a covered environment, placed on plastic sheets to naturally lose moisture (Fig. 2c). After natural drying, the strands were sieved to remove excess fines particles and were taken to dry in an oven (Marconi MA 035/3BX, Brazil) at 103 °C ± (2 °C) until they reached a moisture content of approximately 3% (Fig. 2d). The production methodology adopted was based on the parameters used with success in a previous study (Sugahara et al. 2022), where the OSB panels (420 x 420 x 12 mm) were produced with 3 layers, using 25% of the wood particles in the surface layers and 50 % in the core layer, with a nominal density of 0.78 g/cm³ using a total of 1500 g of Eucalyptus wood strands per panel. The adhesive was used in a proportion of 10% by mass of adhesive in relation to the mass of wood strands, with a 1:1 ratio between the polyol and prepolymer components. After manual homogenization of the adhesive components with each other and after with the wood strands, the wood and adhesive mixture was maintained for 3 min in a wood particle gluer mixer (Marconi MA686, Brazil). The mixture was arranged in a wood mold to produce the particle mattress using a directional guide at the top of the mold (Fig. 3a) to switch the direction of the orientation of the strands between each of the 3 layers of the panel at 90° to each other. The particle mattress (Fig. 3b) underwent pre-pressing at room temperature with a load of 5 tons for 5 minutes in a mechanical hydraulic press (Ribeiro RP0002, Brazil). Final pressing was then carried out in an automatic thermomechanical hydraulic press with a heating system (Hidral-Mac PHH 80T, Brazil) at 4.4 MPa with a temperature of 120 °C, in a total cycle of 630s (300s of pressing, 30s of pressure relief to relieve steam and 300s of pressing). The pressing temperature of 120 °C was chosen based on the results of the material's kinetics of thermal degradation (Sugahara et al . 2022). The finished OSB is shown in Fig. 3c. 2.3 Evaluation of Physical and Mechanical Properties To assess each of the physical and mechanical properties studied, 10 samples were used per test. The tests were carried out following the normative procedures of the European Standards for OSB-type panels. The physical properties of Density (D) (BSI 1993a), Moisture content (MC) (BSI 1993b), Swelling in thickness - 24 h immersion (TS) (BSI 1993c), Water absorption (WA) (BSI 1993b) were evaluated. The mechanical properties were also assessed through tests to estimate the: Modulus of elasticity in bending - Major axis (MOE-pa) and Minor axis (MOE-pe) (BSI 1993d), Bending strength - Major axis (MOR-pa) and Minor axis (MOR-pe) (BSI 1993d), Resistance to axial withdrawal of screws – Surface (PS-s) and Top (PS-t) (BSI 2011) and Internal bond (IB) (BSI 1993e). The classification of the panels was based on the parameters established by EN 300 (BSI 2006), considering panels with a board thickness range of > 10 to < 18 (mm, nominal) of the classes: OSB/1 (general purpose non-load-bearing boards, and boards for interior fitments for use in dry conditions), OSB/2 (load-bearing boards for use in dry conditions), OSB/3 (load-bearing boards for use in humid conditions), and OSB/4 (heavy duty load-bearing boards for use in humid conditions) as depicted in Table 1. The average results were also compared with the literature values. Table 1 Requirements for all OSB types Classification and specifications OSB/1 OSB/2 OSB/3 OSB/4 Units Density (D) - - - - (kg/m³) Moisture content (MC) 2 to 12 2 to 12 2 to 12 2 to 12 (%) Swelling in thickness - 24 h immersion (TS) 25 20 15 12 (%) Water absorption (WA) - - - - (%) Modulus of elasticity in bending - Major axis (MOE-pa) 2500 3500 3500 4800 (MPa) Bending strength - Major axis (MOR-pa) 18 20 20 28 (MPa) Modulus of elasticity in bending - Minor axis (MOE-pe) 1200 1400 1400 1900 (MPa) Bending strength - Minor axis (MOR-pe) 9 10 10 15 (MPa) Internal bond (IB) 0.28 0.32 0.32 0.45 (MPa) Resistance to axial withdrawal of screws - Surface (PS-s) - - - - (N) Resistance to axial withdrawal of screws - Top (PS-t) - - - - (N) (Adapted from BSI 2006). As minimum requirements for the property of Resistance to the axial withdrawal of screws – surface and top are not determined in the European standard EN 300 (BSI 2006). The values from ANSI A208.1 (ANSI 1999) were used as a reference for comparison. Since minimum values are not determined for medium-density particle boards, classified as M-1, the values required for M-S panels were considered, for which a minimum of 800 N (PS-t) and 900 N (PS-s) are recommended. 3 Results and Discussion Table 2 summarizes the results of the physical and mechanical evaluations made of the experimental panels. It also exhibits the values of the requirements of the standards used to compare and classify the experimental results. The parameters of the OSB/4 (heavy-duty load-bearing boards for use in humid conditions) were used for comparison, which is the OSB with the most rigorous requirements of the European standard EN 300 (BSI 2006). And for the resistance to axial withdrawal of screws, the values were compared with the M-S panels from ANSI A208.1 (ANSI 1999). Table 2 Summary of results Experimental results Standard Requirements Property/Unit Mean sd cv Standard Value D (kg/m³) 686 76.1 11.1 EN 300 - MC (%) 8 0.1 1.5 EN 300 2 to 12 TS (%) 7 0.8 11.8 EN 300 12 WA (%) 18 0.8 4.3 EN 300 - MOE-pa (MPa) 7515 218.5 2.9 EN 300 4800 MOR-pa (MPa) 50 3.4 6.9 EN 300 28 MOE-pe (MPa) 2638 264.9 10.0 EN 300 1900 MOR-pe (MPa) 27 2.0 7.4 EN 300 15 IB (MPa) 1.3 0.2 12.6 EN 300 0.45 PS-s (N) 1239 110.7 8.9 ANSI A208.1 900 PS-t (N) 2174 157.5 7.2 ANSI A208.1 800 Note: sd = standard deviation, cv = coefficient of variation. The apparent density (D) (686 kg/m³) can be classified as medium density since is contained in the range of 600 to 790 kg/m³ (Iwakiri 2005). The difference between apparent density and nominal density results is probably related to the losses of materials that occur in the different equipment and recipients used during the manufacturing process. As a means of comparison, Pereira et al. (2021) made OSB/Particleboard mixed panels using Eucalyptus badjensis wood and phenol-formaldehyde resin with paraffin and obtained medium-density panels with 717 kg/m³. The ideal moisture content range (MC) defined in EN 300 (BSI 2006) varies between 2% and 12 %. Thus, the average result of 8 % obtained in the experimental OSB made with Eucalyptus grandis wood and castor oil-based adhesive meets the standard requirements. The mean of swelling in thickness after 24 h immersion (TS) found was 7%, below the maximum value recommended by the EN 300 (BSI 2006) standard of 12%. The OSB mixed panels of Pereira et al. (2021) presented 14.7% of TS, a value above that permitted by the normative instrument. The water absorption (WA) property obtained a mean of 18%. While in the study of Pereira et al. (2021), the authors got WA results above 46%. In the major axis, the Modulus of elasticity in bending (MOE-pa) achieved 7515 MPa overcoming the minimum of 4800 MPa indicated in the EN 300 (BSI 2006). Similarly, the bending strength (MOR-pa) obtained was 50 MPa against the minimum of 28 MPa defined by the European standard. For the minor axis, the modulus of elasticity in bending (MOE-pe) was 2638 MPa and the Bending strength (MOR-pe) was 27 MPa. The EN 300 (BSI 2006) determined minimum values of MOE-pe of 1900 MPa and MOR-pe of 15 MPa. Pereira et al. (2021) achieved MOE-pe of 2710 MPa and MOR-pe of 22,7 MPa. The internal bond (IB) of 1,3 MPa surpassed the minimum of 0,45 MPa recommended in the EN 300 (BSI 2006). Pereira et al. (2021) found an IB of 0.51 MPa in their work. To the properties related to the resistance to axial withdrawal of screws - Surface (PS-s) and Top (PS-t), 1239 N and 2174 N, respectively, the minimum standard requirements of the ANSI A208.1 (ANSI 1999) were also respected, being them PS-s of 900N and PS-t of 800 N. The mechanical and swelling properties of the OSB type 4 panel are stricter for their use as construction components (Yang et al. 2023). Thus, comparing the results obtained with the values required by the normative instrument EN 300 (BSI 2006) for this class of panels, it can be seen that all physical and mechanical properties evaluated (density, moisture content, swelling in thickness - 24h, water absorption, modulus of elasticity and strength in bending – major and minor axis, internal bond, and resistance to axial withdrawal of screws – surface and top) met the requirements. 4 Conclusion The assessment of the physical and mechanical properties demonstrated that all the minimum requirements defined by the EN 300 standard were fully met in all tests carried out. The results obtained were compatible, surpassing the strict minimum values required for OSB/4 (heavy-duty load-bearing boards for use in humid conditions). Thus, the technical feasibility of production was demonstrated, and it was confirmed that great technical efficiency was achieved with the association of eucalyptus particles and castor oil polyurethane resin to produce OSB panels. The composite studied demonstrated effectiveness and technical viability in all evaluations carried out, indicating favorable potential for use as a construction component for structural purposes, and may contribute to the industrialization of civil construction in applications such as for example, lightweight frame construction systems. Declarations Acknowledgments Authors wish to gratefully acknowledge the São Paulo State University, University of Coimbra, SerQ, Imperveg, and Vale do Cedro for their support during this research. Author contributions All authors contributed to the study conception, design, and analysis. Material preparation, data collection, and the first draft of the manuscript were performed by Estefani S. Sugahara. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding This study was financed by Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, Brazil (CAPES), Finance Code 001. São Paulo State Research Support Foundation (FAPESP) [grant number 2015/04660-0], and National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) [grant numbers 306576/2020-1, and 308937/2021-0]. Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. References Andrade JKB, Paes JB, Batista DC, et al (2024) Resistance to weathering and color stability of thermally modified eucalyptus wood for deck. Journal of Building Engineering 82:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.108143 ANSI (1999) ANSI A208.1-1999 Particleboard. American National Standards Institute. 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Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Feb, 2025 Read the published version in European Journal of Wood and Wood Products → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 22 Jan, 2025 Reviews received at journal 24 Dec, 2024 Reviews received at journal 10 Dec, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 01 Dec, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Nov, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 26 Nov, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 26 Nov, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 15 Nov, 2024 First submitted to journal 14 Nov, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5454928","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":383981563,"identity":"819dc5d2-c4d8-4362-bc9f-7a2188881f7a","order_by":0,"name":"Estefani S. Sugahara","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"SerQ, Innovation and Competence Forest Centre","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Estefani","middleName":"S.","lastName":"Sugahara","suffix":""},{"id":383981564,"identity":"b3999a9c-5663-421a-9e91-bdd4a6c5ba4f","order_by":1,"name":"Andre M. A. Dias","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Coimbra","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Andre","middleName":"M. A.","lastName":"Dias","suffix":""},{"id":383981565,"identity":"fd57ba06-ad4d-454e-806f-08bc881453dc","order_by":2,"name":"Edson C. Botelho","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"São Paulo State University (UNESP)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Edson","middleName":"C.","lastName":"Botelho","suffix":""},{"id":383981566,"identity":"d4975719-6bc7-4853-b8ae-acb455277d94","order_by":3,"name":"Cristiane I. Campos","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"São Paulo State University (UNESP)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Cristiane","middleName":"I.","lastName":"Campos","suffix":""},{"id":383981567,"identity":"3741fa94-b013-41c1-8492-7a65410ca2a4","order_by":4,"name":"Alfredo M. P. G. Dias","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Coimbra","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Alfredo","middleName":"M. P. G.","lastName":"Dias","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-11-14 15:08:17","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5454928/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5454928/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-025-02232-0","type":"published","date":"2025-02-27T15:57:17+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":70331283,"identity":"7b723364-99de-4221-81a7-196d00de0662","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-02 08:29:51","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":335998,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMaterials: (a) Wood. (b) Adhesive\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5454928/v1/37a62bc61cc240d886a4477d.png"},{"id":70331900,"identity":"68f472a7-baaf-492e-bde0-124dfe17d353","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-02 08:37:51","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":477870,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eWood strands production\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"22.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5454928/v1/bf823ccc23db99de12bcbab6.png"},{"id":70331285,"identity":"2f6fc6db-e49a-454a-8d91-bc66fe91ce5c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-12-02 08:29:51","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":558682,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOSB production\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"33.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5454928/v1/c4aa0132fb87e205c92627d9.png"},{"id":77622425,"identity":"2fc42ee4-c3d7-4fad-9071-df646f6b950a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-03 16:06:14","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2291354,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5454928/v1/03fc4387-4332-4855-ae2d-c96845ee5eec.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Feasibility of using eucalyptus wood and castor oil adhesive to produce OSB panels","fulltext":[{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eWood is the most widely used construction material associated with sustainability characteristics such as low embodied energy and low carbon impact. Many efficient, durable, and useful products produced from wood include members of a large family ranging from structural and non-structural engineered wood-based composites (Cheng et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe replacement of solid wood by wood composites is increasing. The factors driving these changes are related to the development of new adhesives and manufacturing technologies that provide compatible physical and mechanical properties and are often superior to those presented by solid wood. Other advantages are related to possible cost reduction and better use of wood (Ferro et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) since they can be produced from several species of trees and many forms of low-grade or small-diameter wood (Yang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe gradual shift in the construction sector in recent times caused by rising worries around environmental issues, favors the construction of ecological buildings, highlighting wood composites as material constructions, due to their characteristic properties and their possible lower environmental impact (Li and Ren \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the OSB worldwide consumption increased near 25.7% between 2016 and 2020 (FAO 2022), proving the relevance and consolidation of the use of this product.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe OSB is a multi-layered panel made of strands of wood glued together with an adhesive where the orientation of the strands in the internal layer are commonly aligned at right angles to the strands in the external layers (BSI 2006).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the European Union, almost 80% of the OSB is employed in the construction sector as a structural material for flooring, wall and roof sheathing, and I-beams (Lille et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The construction industry is recognized for having a strong environmental impact related to aspects like their high energy consumption and losses, and generation of solid waste and harmful gases, making the usage of composite materials manufactured with more environmentally friendly materials an interesting solution as they can mitigate the production of harmful waste and improve indoor air quality (Cintura et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this way, it is necessary to research feasible different eco-friendly alternatives for conventionally used raw materials to meet the growing demand-supply so that the new composites produced exhibit final properties compatible with the mandatory specifications, presenting the necessary technological requirements to be safely used as a structural construction component (Sugahara et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Batista et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, studies have assessed the potential of the use of alternative raw materials to produce wood panels, like new options of lignocellulosic raw materials i.e. balsa wood (\u003cem\u003eOchroma pyramidale\u003c/em\u003e (Cav. Ex Lam) Urb.) (Barbirato et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019b\u003c/span\u003e; Lopes Junior et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cem\u003eMauritia flexuosa\u003c/em\u003e L.f. mixed with \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus\u003c/em\u003e spp. wood (Faria et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), a mix of Avocado (\u003cem\u003ePersea americana\u003c/em\u003e Mill.), Mahogany (\u003cem\u003eSwietenia mahogany\u003c/em\u003e (L.) Jacq.) and Pine wood (\u003cem\u003ePinus merkusii\u003c/em\u003e Jungh et de Vriese) (Cahyono et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e); and alternative adhesives derived from renewable sources like \u003cem\u003eBroussonetia papyrifera\u003c/em\u003e (L.) L'H\u0026eacute;r. ex Vent. waste leaf protein (Li et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), tannin-based bio polyurethanes (Aristri et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), and castor oil-based polyurethanes (Garz\u0026oacute;n-Barrero et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite Brazilian OSB being mainly manufactured with Pine species (Ferro et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), Eucalyptus timber has good potential for its use to be explored for OSB production since it has a fast growth rate, high density, and fine texture (Rosli et al. 2024) and is also a reforestation wood with a diversity of species, presenting potential to meet the necessary technological requirements (Guimar\u0026atilde;es J\u0026uacute;nior \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) once the wide variety of Eucalyptus associated to their distinct properties favor the convenience of the Eucalyptus wood for several different uses (Andrade et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecent Brazilian investments in Eucalyptus cloning resulted in superior productivity and wood quality to meet the growing market demand for wood-based panels, boosting the usage of reforested wood, and making eucalyptus the most widely wood employed by the construction and furniture sectors (Schneider et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe possible scarcity of natural resources, as well as growing environmental concerns related to the reduction of harmful emissions of formaldehyde or isocyanates used in the production of conventional adhesives, have driven industrial and academic interest toward adhesives based on sustainable alternative materials that have satisfactory characteristics (Aristri et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsidering that traditional adhesives are among the main environmental hotspots in OSB production (Ferro et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Silva et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Sugahara et al. 2024), castor oil-based adhesive emerges as a potential alternative to wood composites since it is not produced using formaldehyde and comes from renewable sources (Barbirato et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019a\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Sugahara et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this context, this work studied the feasibility of using eucalyptus wood and castor oil-based polyurethane adhesive to produce OSB panels. Physical and mechanical properties were evaluated, and the results were compared with the European standards requirements and the literature.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 Materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo produce the panels, reforested wood from \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus grandis\u003c/em\u003e W. Hill ex Maiden was used, aged 7 years and with a basic density of 520 kg/m\u0026sup3;. The wood was donated by the company Vale do Cedro\u0026reg; (Brazil) in the form of wooden boards (Fig. 1a), without any type of preservative treatment, originating from a forest planted in the southwest region of the State of S\u0026atilde;o Paulo, Brazil. The AGT 1315 adhesive (Fig. 1b) was donated by Imperveg\u0026reg; (Brazil) and is a bicomponent polyurethane resin vegetable-based, derived from castor oil, 100% solid (solvent-free).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2 Methods\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo produce the wood strands, initially the eucalyptus wooden boards (Fig. 1a) were sectioned into smaller pieces (25 x 120 x 150 mm) and immersed in water (Fig. 2a). The wood strands (25 x 120 x 0.6 mm) were obtained using a wood particle generator (Marconi MA 685, Brazil, Fig. 2b). After being produced, the strands were kept for a period of 7 days in a covered environment, placed on plastic sheets to naturally lose moisture (Fig. 2c). After natural drying, the strands were sieved to remove excess fines particles and were taken to dry in an oven (Marconi MA 035/3BX, Brazil) at 103 \u0026deg;C \u0026plusmn; (2 \u0026deg;C) until they reached a moisture content of approximately 3% (Fig. 2d).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe production methodology adopted was based on the parameters used with success in a previous study (Sugahara et al. 2022), where the OSB panels (420 x 420 x 12 mm) were produced with 3 layers, using 25% of the wood particles in the surface layers and 50 % in the core layer, with a nominal density of 0.78 g/cm\u0026sup3; using a total of 1500 g of Eucalyptus wood strands per panel.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe adhesive was used in a proportion of 10% by mass of adhesive in relation to the mass of wood strands, with a 1:1 ratio between the polyol and prepolymer components. After manual homogenization of the adhesive components with each other and after with the wood strands, the wood and adhesive mixture was maintained for 3 min in a wood particle gluer mixer (Marconi MA686, Brazil).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mixture was arranged in a wood mold to produce the particle mattress using a directional guide at the top of the mold (Fig. 3a) to switch the direction of the orientation of the strands between each of the 3 layers of the panel at 90\u0026deg; to each other.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe particle mattress (Fig. 3b) underwent pre-pressing at room temperature with a load of 5 tons for 5 minutes in a mechanical hydraulic press (Ribeiro RP0002, Brazil). Final pressing was then carried out in an automatic thermomechanical hydraulic press with a heating system (Hidral-Mac PHH 80T, Brazil) at 4.4 MPa with a temperature of 120 \u0026deg;C, in a total cycle of 630s (300s of pressing, 30s of pressure relief to relieve steam and 300s of pressing). The pressing temperature of 120 \u0026deg;C was chosen based on the results of the material\u0026apos;s kinetics of thermal degradation (Sugahara \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. 2022). The finished OSB is shown in Fig. 3c.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3 Evaluation of Physical and Mechanical Properties\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo assess each of the physical and mechanical properties studied, 10 samples were used per test. The tests were carried out following the normative procedures of the European Standards for OSB-type panels.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe physical properties of Density (D) (BSI 1993a), Moisture content (MC) (BSI 1993b), Swelling in thickness - 24 h immersion (TS) (BSI 1993c), Water absorption (WA) (BSI 1993b) were evaluated. The mechanical properties were also assessed through tests to estimate the: Modulus of elasticity in bending - Major axis (MOE-pa) and Minor axis (MOE-pe) (BSI 1993d), Bending strength - Major axis (MOR-pa) and Minor axis (MOR-pe) (BSI 1993d), Resistance to axial withdrawal of screws \u0026ndash; Surface (PS-s) and Top (PS-t) (BSI 2011) and Internal bond (IB) (BSI 1993e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe classification of the panels was based on the parameters established by EN 300 (BSI 2006), considering panels with a board thickness range of \u0026gt; 10 to \u0026lt; 18 (mm, nominal) of the classes: OSB/1 (general purpose non-load-bearing boards, and boards for interior fitments for use in dry conditions), OSB/2 (load-bearing boards for use in dry conditions), OSB/3 (load-bearing boards for use in humid conditions), and OSB/4 (heavy duty load-bearing boards for use in humid conditions) as depicted in Table 1. The average results were also compared with the literature values.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eRequirements for all OSB types\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"102%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClassification and specifications\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOSB/1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOSB/2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOSB/3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOSB/4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUnits\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDensity (D)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(kg/m\u0026sup3;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMoisture content (MC)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 to 12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 to 12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 to 12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 to 12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSwelling in thickness - 24 h immersion (TS)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater absorption (WA)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModulus of elasticity in bending - Major axis (MOE-pa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3500\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBending strength - Major axis (MOR-pa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModulus of elasticity in bending - Minor axis (MOE-pe)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1900\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBending strength - Minor axis (MOR-pe)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eInternal bond (IB)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(MPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResistance to axial withdrawal of screws - Surface (PS-s)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(N)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eResistance to axial withdrawal of screws - Top (PS-t)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 9px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(N)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e(Adapted from BSI 2006).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs minimum requirements for the property of Resistance to the axial withdrawal of screws \u0026ndash; surface and top are not determined in the European standard EN 300 (BSI 2006). The values from ANSI A208.1 (ANSI 1999) were used as a reference for comparison. Since minimum values are not determined for medium-density particle boards, classified as M-1, the values required for M-S panels were considered, for which a minimum of 800 N (PS-t) and 900 N (PS-s) are recommended.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3 Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 2 summarizes the results of the physical and mechanical evaluations made of the experimental panels. It also exhibits the values of the requirements of the standards used to compare and classify the experimental results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe parameters of the OSB/4 (heavy-duty load-bearing boards for use in humid conditions) were used for comparison, which is the OSB with the most rigorous requirements of the European standard EN 300 (BSI 2006). And for the resistance to axial withdrawal of screws, the values were compared with the M-S panels from ANSI A208.1 (ANSI 1999).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSummary of results\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 50px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExperimental results\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 33px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStandard Requirements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProperty/Unit\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003esd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecv\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStandard\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eValue\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD (kg/m\u0026sup3;)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e686\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEN 300 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMC (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEN 300 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2 to 12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTS (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEN 300 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWA (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEN 300 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;MOE-pa (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7515\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e218.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEN 300 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMOR-pa (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEN 300 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMOE-pe (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2638\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e264.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEN 300 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1900\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMOR-pe (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEN 300 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIB (MPa)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEN 300 \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePS-s (N)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1239\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e110.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eANSI A208.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e900\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePS-t (N)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2174\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e157.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eANSI A208.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 16px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNote: sd = standard deviation, cv = coefficient of variation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe apparent density (D) (686 kg/m\u0026sup3;) can be classified as medium density since is contained in the range of 600 to 790 kg/m\u0026sup3; (Iwakiri 2005). The difference between apparent density and nominal density results is probably related to the losses of materials that occur in the different equipment and recipients used during the manufacturing process. As a means of comparison, Pereira et al. (2021) made OSB/Particleboard mixed panels using \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus badjensis\u003c/em\u003e wood and phenol-formaldehyde resin with paraffin and obtained medium-density panels with 717 kg/m\u0026sup3;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ideal moisture content range (MC) defined in EN 300 (BSI 2006) varies between 2% and 12 %. Thus, the average result of 8 % obtained in the experimental OSB made with Eucalyptus grandis wood and castor oil-based adhesive meets the standard requirements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mean of swelling in thickness after 24 h immersion (TS) found was 7%, below the maximum value recommended by the EN 300 (BSI 2006) standard of 12%. The OSB mixed panels of Pereira et al. (2021) presented 14.7% of TS, a value above that permitted by the normative instrument.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe water absorption (WA) property obtained a mean of 18%. While in the study of Pereira et al. (2021), the authors got WA results above 46%.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;In the major axis, the Modulus of elasticity in bending (MOE-pa) achieved 7515 MPa overcoming the minimum of 4800 MPa indicated in the EN 300 (BSI 2006). Similarly, the bending strength (MOR-pa) obtained was 50 MPa against the minimum of 28 MPa defined by the European standard.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor the minor axis, the modulus of elasticity in bending (MOE-pe) was 2638 MPa and the Bending strength (MOR-pe) was 27 MPa. The EN 300 (BSI 2006) determined minimum values of MOE-pe of 1900 MPa and MOR-pe of 15 MPa. \u0026nbsp; Pereira et al. (2021) achieved MOE-pe of 2710 MPa and MOR-pe of 22,7 MPa.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe internal bond (IB) of 1,3 MPa surpassed the minimum of 0,45 MPa recommended in the EN 300 (BSI 2006). Pereira et al. (2021) found an IB of 0.51 MPa in their work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo the properties related to the resistance to axial withdrawal of screws - Surface (PS-s) and Top (PS-t), 1239 N and 2174 N, respectively, the minimum standard requirements of the ANSI A208.1 (ANSI 1999) were also respected, being them PS-s of 900N and PS-t of 800 N.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mechanical and swelling properties of the OSB type 4 panel are stricter for their use as construction components (Yang et al. 2023). Thus, comparing the results obtained with the values required by the normative instrument EN 300 (BSI 2006) for this class of panels, it can be seen that all physical and mechanical properties evaluated (density, moisture content, swelling in thickness - 24h, water absorption, modulus of elasticity and strength in bending \u0026ndash; major and minor axis, internal bond, and resistance to axial withdrawal of screws \u0026ndash; surface and top) met the requirements.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4 Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe assessment of the physical and mechanical properties demonstrated that all the minimum requirements defined by the EN 300 standard were fully met in all tests carried out. The results obtained were compatible, surpassing the strict minimum values required for OSB/4 (heavy-duty load-bearing boards for use in humid conditions).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThus, the technical feasibility of production was demonstrated, and it was confirmed that great technical efficiency was achieved with the association of eucalyptus particles and castor oil polyurethane resin to produce OSB panels.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe composite studied demonstrated effectiveness and technical viability in all evaluations carried out, indicating favorable potential for use as a construction component for structural purposes, and may contribute to the industrialization of civil construction in applications such as for example, lightweight frame construction systems.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAuthors wish to gratefully acknowledge the S\u0026atilde;o Paulo State University, University of Coimbra, SerQ, Imperveg, and Vale do Cedro for their support during this research.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAll authors contributed to the study conception, design, and analysis. Material preparation, data collection, and the first draft of the manuscript were performed by Estefani S. Sugahara. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis study was financed by Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel, Brazil (CAPES), Finance Code 001. S\u0026atilde;o Paulo State Research Support Foundation (FAPESP) [grant number 2015/04660-0], and National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) [grant numbers 306576/2020-1, and 308937/2021-0].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAndrade JKB, Paes JB, Batista DC, et al (2024) Resistance to weathering and color stability of thermally modified eucalyptus wood for deck. Journal of Building Engineering 82:1\u0026ndash;12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2023.108143\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eANSI (1999) ANSI A208.1-1999 Particleboard. American National Standards Institute. United States of America\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAristri MA, Adly M, Lubis R, et al (2021) Bio-Based Polyurethane Resins Derived from Tannin : Source, Synthesis, Characterisation, and Application. Forests 1\u0026ndash;23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/f12111516\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBarbirato GHA, Fiorelli J, Mejiaa J, et al (2019a) Quasi-static and dynamic response of oriented strand boards based on balsa wood waste. Compos Struct 219:83\u0026ndash;89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.03.062\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBarbirato GHA, Junior WEL, Hellmeister V, et al (2020) OSB Panels with Balsa Wood Waste and Castor Oil Polyurethane Resin. Waste Biomass Valorization 11:743\u0026ndash;751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-018-0474-8\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBarbirato GHA, Lopes Junior WE, Oliveira DCG, et al (2019b) Thermal Performance of Aviary Prototypes Fitted with OSB Panel Ceiling Made of Balsa Wood Wastes. Brazilian Journal of Biosystems Engineering 13:237\u0026ndash;249\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBatista NL, De Faria MCM, Iha K, et al (2015) Influence of water immersion and ultraviolet weathering on mechanical and viscoelastic properties of polyphenylene sulfide-carbon fiber composites. Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 28:340\u0026ndash;356. https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705713484747\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBSI ES (2006) BS EN 300:2006 - Oriented strand boards (OSB). Definitions, classification, and specifications. CEN - European Committee for Standardization, Brussels\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBSI ES (1993a) BS EN 323 - Wood-based Panels: Determination of Density. CEN - European Committee for Standardization, Brussels\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBSI ES (1993b) BS EN 322 - Wood-based panels: Determination of moisture content. 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European Journal of Wood and Wood Products 80:731\u0026ndash;740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-022-01803-9\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLopes Junior WE, Barbirato GHA, Pavesi M, et al (2021) Avalia\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o do teor \u0026oacute;timo de resinas org\u0026acirc;nicas para produ\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o de pain\u0026eacute;is OSB de madeira Balsa (\u003cem\u003eOchroma pyramidale\u003c/em\u003e) residual. Sci For 49:1\u0026ndash;11. https://doi.org/10.18671/scifor.v49n129.22\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePereira GF, Iwakiri S, Trianoski R, et al (2021) Influence of Thermal Modification on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus Badjensis\u003c/em\u003e Mixed Particleboard / OSB Panels. Floresta 51:419\u0026ndash;428. https://doi.org/10.5380/rf.v51i2.69403\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRosli MAA, Purwanto NB, Chen LW, et al An Overview of Medium-Density Fiberboard and Oriented Strand Board Made from Eucalyptus Wood\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSchneider WDH, Bolan\u0026otilde; Losada C, Moldes D, et al (2019) A sustainable approach of enzymatic grafting on \u003cem\u003eEucalyptus globulus\u003c/em\u003e wood by laccase from the newly isolated white-rot \u003cem\u003eBasidiomycete marasmiellus palmivorus\u003c/em\u003e VE111. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7:13418\u0026ndash;13424. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b02770\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSilva DAL, Lahr FAR, Garcia RP, et al (2013) Life cycle assessment of medium density particleboard (MDP) produced in Brazil. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 18:1404\u0026ndash;1411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-013-0583-3\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSugahara E, Dias A, Arroyo F, et al (2022) Study of the influence of heat treatment on OSB panels produced with eucalyptus wood in different layer compositions. Forests 1\u0026ndash;18. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13122083\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSugahara ES, da Silva SAM, Buzo ALSC, et al (2019) High-density particleboard made from agro-industrial waste and different adhesives. Bioresources 14:5162\u0026ndash;5170. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.3.5162-5170\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSugahara ES, Dias AMA, Botelho EC, et al (2023) Environmental Evaluation of Experimental Heat-treated Oriented Strand Board. Bioresources 19:732\u0026ndash;750. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.19.1.732-750\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYang P, Shen A, Cao Y, et al (2023) Effects of air-plasma treatment in enhancing the mechanical properties of oriented strand boards. Int J Adhes Adhes 125:1\u0026ndash;9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2023.103435\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"european-journal-of-wood-and-wood-products","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"harw","sideBox":"Learn more about [European Journal of Wood and Wood Products](http://link.springer.com/journal/107)","snPcode":"107","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/107/3","title":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Physical and mechanical properties. Wood products. Oriented Strand Board. Alternative materials. Eco-friendly adhesive","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5454928/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5454928/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eAmong the products that help in the industrialization of construction with technological and sustainable characteristics, wood panels stand out, which are related to a possible lower environmental impact associated with carbon fixation and replacement of non-renewable materials. Worldwide consumption of OSB (Oriented Strand Board) panels has increased, proving the relevance and consolidation of the use of this product. Therefore, it is necessary to study viable alternatives for traditionally used raw materials so that the composites produced present final properties compatible with regulatory specifications and meet the required technological requirements so that they can be safely applied as a construction component. In this context, OSB panels were produced with eucalyptus wood and castor-based polyurethane adhesive. Eucalyptus wood is a reforestation hardwood, with fast-growing and diverse species. Considering that traditional adhesives are among the main environmental hotspots in OSB production, castor oil-based adhesive is a potential alternative, as it is not produced using formaldehyde and comes from renewable sources. In this study, the physical and mechanical properties of the panels were evaluated (density, moisture content, swelling in thickness \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;24h, water absorption, modulus of elasticity and strength in bending, internal bond, and resistance to axial withdrawal of screws). The average results were compared with the use classes indicated by Standard EN 300:2006, demonstrating that the panels produced are compatible with the classification as OSB/4 according to EN 300:2006 (Heavy-duty load-bearing boards for use in humid conditions), confirming the viability of production and presenting excellent structural performance.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Feasibility of using eucalyptus wood and castor oil adhesive to produce OSB panels","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-12-02 08:29:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5454928/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-01-22T13:02:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-12-24T14:57:34+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-12-10T08:34:41+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"234590617346658947322969480105152151542","date":"2024-12-02T01:29:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"61800235021743937738117305238373504844","date":"2024-11-28T17:52:15+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-11-26T16:57:06+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-11-26T16:47:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-11-15T14:24:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","date":"2024-11-14T14:59:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"european-journal-of-wood-and-wood-products","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"harw","sideBox":"Learn more about [European Journal of Wood and Wood Products](http://link.springer.com/journal/107)","snPcode":"107","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/107/3","title":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"459c3500-ab83-4d09-8d7b-e6a2536ab76d","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 2nd, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-03-03T16:00:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5454928","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-025-02232-0","journal":{"identity":"european-journal-of-wood-and-wood-products","isVorOnly":false,"title":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products"},"publishedOn":"2025-02-27 15:57:17","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 27th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-12-02 08:29:46","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s00107-025-02232-0","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-025-02232-0","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5454928","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5454928","identity":"rs-5454928","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}