Milking it: repeated post-weaning suckling events in Galápagos Sea Lions Zalophus Wollebaeki

Abstract Milk is not cheap. Mammalian offspring are expected to wean during the early juvenile stages, whether through their own mechanisms or their mothers’ instigation. To not do so would result in a reproductive trade-off for the mother: continued investment in the health and growth of her current offspring, over a shorter birth interval and the possibility of begetting a fitter pup. Here we show for the first time, using 20 years of data, repeated suckling events between female Galápagos Sea Lions (GSL) Zalophus wollebaeki and their fully adult biological offspring well beyond the expected age of independence and when the offspring are themselves already reproductively active. This behavior, ‘supersuckling’, suggests that GSL mother-offspring relationships are more complex and longer lasting than previously thought. To our knowledge, this behavior has not been previously documented in any marine mammal species. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.