Structural insights into the insecticidal Vip3A toxin ofBacillus thuringiensis

The vegetative insecticidal proteins (Vips) secreted by Bacillus thuringiensis are regarded as the new generation of insecticidal toxins because they have different insecticidal properties compared with commonly applied insecticidal crystal proteins (Cry toxins). Vip3A toxin, representing the vast majority of Vips, has been used commercially in transgenic crops and bio-insecticides. However, the lack of both structural information of Vip3A and a clear understanding of its insecticidal mechanism at the molecular level, limits its further development and broader application. Here we present the first crystal structure of the Vip3A toxin in an activated form. Since all members of this insecticidal protein family are highly conserved, the structure of Vip3A provides unique insight into the general domain architecture and protein fold of the Vip3 family of insecticidal toxins. Our structural analysis reveals a four-domain organization, featuring a potential membrane insertion region, a receptor binding domain, and two glycan binding domains of activated Vip3A. We further identify the specific glycan moieties recognized by Vip3A through a glycan array screen. Taken together, these findings provide insights into the mode of action of Vip3 family of insecticidal toxins, and will boost the development of Vip3 into more efficient bio-insecticides.