Friction Dynamics of Denim Fabrics with Washing or Polishing Treatment

Friction Dynamics of Denim Fabrics with Washing or Polishing Treatment | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Method Article Friction Dynamics of Denim Fabrics with Washing or Polishing Treatment Rintaro Kawakami, Ken Miyata, Syuji Kobayashi, Mitsumasa Kimata, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7719155/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 22 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Tribology Letters → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The friction properties between human skin and fabrics are important because they affect the latter’s attractiveness. In this study, we evaluated the friction force on three denim fabrics and cashmere, wool, and cotton fabrics using a sinusoidal motion friction evaluation system that replicates human motion. We analyzed the effects of physical properties (elastic modulus, surface roughness, and thickness) on friction properties. Washing treatment for starch removal reduced the Young’s modulus from 36.6 ± 3.8 kPa to 16.1 ± 0.3 kPa and increased the friction coefficient from 0.28 ± 0.01 to 0.30 ± 0.01. After the fabric was polished, the Young’s modulus decreased to 8.3 ± 1.0 kPa and the friction coefficient increased to 0.33 ± 0.01. The friction coefficients of the denim, cashmere, wool, and cotton fabrics increased as their Young’s modulus decreased. Therefore, washing and polishing treatments soften denim, increase the true contact area between the contact probe and the fibers, and increase friction resistance. These findings are useful for controlling tactile textures and developing more attractive denim fabrics. denim textile fabric friction Young’s modulus surface treatment Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files 2025TribologylettersSupplementaryinfomation20250916.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 22 Apr, 2026 Read the published version in Tribology Letters → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 29 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 24 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 02 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 30 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Nov, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 07 Nov, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 28 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 27 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 27 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 26 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7719155","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Method Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":526413705,"identity":"976d687b-d1a4-4df7-9fc3-6f364444bd9c","order_by":0,"name":"Rintaro Kawakami","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yamagata University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Rintaro","middleName":"","lastName":"Kawakami","suffix":""},{"id":526413706,"identity":"59b63e15-ba83-4b0a-9166-7e41b22e15f4","order_by":1,"name":"Ken Miyata","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yamagata 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Treatment","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"tribology-letters","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"tril","sideBox":"Learn more about [Tribology Letters](https://www.springer.com/journal/11249)","snPcode":"11249","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11249/3","title":"Tribology Letters","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"denim, textile fabric, friction, Young’s modulus, surface treatment","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7719155/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7719155/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe friction properties between human skin and fabrics are important because they affect the latter\u0026rsquo;s attractiveness. In this study, we evaluated the friction force on three denim fabrics and cashmere, wool, and cotton fabrics using a sinusoidal motion friction evaluation system that replicates human motion. We analyzed the effects of physical properties (elastic modulus, surface roughness, and thickness) on friction properties. Washing treatment for starch removal reduced the Young\u0026rsquo;s modulus from 36.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.8 kPa to 16.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3 kPa and increased the friction coefficient from 0.28\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01 to 0.30\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01. After the fabric was polished, the Young\u0026rsquo;s modulus decreased to 8.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0 kPa and the friction coefficient increased to 0.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01. The friction coefficients of the denim, cashmere, wool, and cotton fabrics increased as their Young\u0026rsquo;s modulus decreased. Therefore, washing and polishing treatments soften denim, increase the true contact area between the contact probe and the fibers, and increase friction resistance. These findings are useful for controlling tactile textures and developing more attractive denim fabrics.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Friction Dynamics of Denim Fabrics with Washing or Polishing Treatment","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-09 04:17:51","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7719155/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-29T10:05:25+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-24T15:34:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-02T05:16:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-30T10:40:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"173557647675801638378403883748840664276","date":"2025-11-14T07:32:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"33485567808760441346953749982052813988","date":"2025-11-10T01:53:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"86146042960501442637767273467571175530","date":"2025-11-08T03:26:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-28T09:12:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-27T06:41:01+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-27T06:40:27+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Tribology Letters","date":"2025-09-26T07:49:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"tribology-letters","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"tril","sideBox":"Learn more about [Tribology Letters](https://www.springer.com/journal/11249)","snPcode":"11249","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11249/3","title":"Tribology Letters","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"df638386-797d-4743-b810-0225eae15e46","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 9th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-27T16:08:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7719155","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-026-02143-y","journal":{"identity":"tribology-letters","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Tribology Letters"},"publishedOn":"2026-04-22 15:59:06","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 22nd, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-09 04:17:51","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11249-026-02143-y","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11249-026-02143-y","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7719155","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7719155","identity":"rs-7719155","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}