Above-ground durability of painted and unpainted Australian and imported timbers in an L-joint field test after 35 years

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This paper summarises the condition of timber specimens after 35 years in an above-ground L-joint field test under very high-decay-hazard conditions in Australia. Forty-one timbers representing 30 botanical species were tested, including a range of softwoods such as Pinus radiata sapwood, heartwood, and CCA-treated sapwood, and a range of hardwoods including eucalypts and other Australian native species. A selection of imported timbers including Thuja plicata and Pseudotsuga menziesii were also evaluated. Unpainted and painted L-joints were tested, and in the painted joints, the paint film around the joint had broken, allowing moisture to become trapped underneath. The assessment of the samples confirmed that the broken paint coat commonly reduced durability, having this effect in 18 of the 41 timbers. The paint coat significantly increased the durability of four species, despite the moisture trapping. The broken paint coat had no significant effect for the remaining timbers. Results from this field test were used to update the Australian timber natural durability Standard, AS5604. A limitation of that Standard is that durability classifications apply for the whole of Australia, encompassing temperate climatic regions in the south to tropical climatic regions in the north. Future research on timber durability performance models that take climatic variables into account promise improved service life prediction capabilities. Above-ground natural durability L-joint Painted Unpainted Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 1. Introduction Decay in timber building elements above ground is primarily caused by the activity of fungi (Rayner and Boddy 1988 ). Decay fungi are unable to degrade timber that has a moisture content of less than 20%, as free water and adequate temperature enable enzymes and extracellular compounds to degrade the structural polymers of wood into assimilable substances required for fungal growth (Zabel and Morrell 1992). Environmental conditions and building design determine the availability of moisture and therefore influence the likelihood and progress of decay in timber building elements. Natural durability is the inherent resistance of a timber species to biodeterioration by decay, termites, marine borer and lyctid borer for sapwood (Standards Australia 2022 ). Natural durability and protective treatments can prevent decay in the presence of conditions that are conducive to decay. In Australian Standard AS 5604:2022 Timber – Natural durability ratings, durability classifications are assigned according to a timber’s performance both in contact with the ground and above ground when subject to periodic moderate wetting where ventilation and drainage are adequate. Of the four classes, species assigned to Durability Class 1 are most durable and species assigned to Durability Class 4 are least durable (Table 1 ). Durability classifications were based on field test data and expert opinion and represent a range of probable life expectancy values for each durability class (Table 1 ) (Standards Australia, 2022 ). Table 1 Australian natural durability classification Durability Class (DC) Probable in-ground life expectancy (years) Probable above-ground life expectancy (years) 1 Greater than 25 Greater than 40 2 15 to 25 15 to 40 3 5 to 15 7 to 15 4 0 to 5 0 to 7 Field tests are required to inform timber durability performance Standards such as AS 5604. Many test formats are used to evaluate timber durability above ground (Meyer 2016), and they vary in the degree to which they encourage decay. L-joints are a standard field test method in Australia, Europe, and the United States (AWPC 2015 ; EN 330 2015 ; AWPA 2016 ). L-joints consist of two lengths of timber connected using a mortise and tenon joint to form an L-shape. By design, L-joints are among the most conducive to decay (Highley 1995 ; Meyer 2016). The L-joint field test reported in this paper was part of a study to evaluate timber durability performance above ground to inform timber durability Standards, such as AS5604. This paper reports findings from the largest array of L-joints, which were installed at the main site in south-east Queensland. Forty-one timbers representing 30 botanical species were installed at the main site to characterise their natural durability. 2. Materials and methods 2.1 L-joint test units All timbers were represented by mature outer heartwood unless otherwise indicated (Table 3 ). L-joints were constructed using timber 35 x 35 mm in cross section, with a machined mortise and tenon joint. Each tenon member measured 300 mm in length while each mortise member measured 200 mm in length (Fig. 1). The 35 x 35 x 11 mm tenon component of each joint was assessed at each inspection time. Half of the replicate samples for each species were painted using a conventional acrylic paint system. An acrylic primer was applied to the assembled L-joint test unit, followed by two coats of acrylic white paint. The distal 35 x 35 mm faces at the ends of the joint components were sealed with bitumastic tape to prevent the entry of moisture and microorganisms. The internal 35 x 35 mm surfaces of each joint were left as bare wood. Each joint was disassembled immediately after painting to break the paint film along the frame of the joint and therefore create a uniformly high decay hazard (Fig. 2). Painted L-joints were sanded, and acrylic white paint reapplied after 16 years. L-joints were placed 800 mm above ground on exposure racks that were constructed using CCA-treated plywood and durable framing timbers. Spacers were fixed to the racks to support L-joints, preventing them from coming into direct contact with the plywood frame and to provide consistent spacing between each joint. The racks face north, and each rack was constructed such that L-joints placed on it are oriented 10° backward from vertical. Each rack had drain holes at the rear to prevent water pooling. 2.2 Field test location L-joints were installed in subtropical southeast Queensland (Cause 1994 ), which presents a very high decay hazard (Francis and Norton 2006 ; MacKenzie et al. 2007; Wang et al. 2008 ). L-joints were originally installed at Beerburrum, situated 65 km north of Brisbane in Queensland, Australia in 1987 (-26.957141, 152.961085). The Beerburrum site was reclaimed in 2007, and L-joints were moved to Cleveland, situated 25 km east of Brisbane (-27.526137, 153.247547). At this location, L-joints were initially installed under a sparse canopy of eucalypt foliage, so that leaf litter intermittently reduced the ventilation around the L-joints. In 2017, partial site reclamation again necessitated that the L-joints be moved to an open area that had become available at the Cleveland site. 2.3 L-joint assessment L-joints were assessed after 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 16, 19, 21, 30, 32 and 35 years (Cause 1994 ; Francis and Norton 2005 ; Francis and Norton 2006 ; Francis et al. 2007 ). During each inspection the 35 x 35 x 11 mm tenon component of each joint and the flanking end-grain was assessed by probing with an awl or small knife with a blunted end to determine the presence and extent of decay. Any decay identified was recorded according to a five-point scale that was a modified version of that proposed by Carey et al. ( 1981 ) (Cause 1994 ) (Table 2 ). Table 2 L-joint assessment criteria (Cause 1994 ). Decay score Condition of the internal tenon joint portion and flanking end grain 4 Sound 3 Signs of slight surface decay (e.g. incipient decay) 2 Small areas of obvious decay ( 25% of surface area affected) 0 Failed (decayed through the entire 11 mm tenon cross section) 2.4 Field test design Three sources from throughout each timber’s geographic range were sampled and equally represented in the test. Each timber was initially represented by 24 painted and 24 unpainted L-joints of mature outer heartwood unless otherwise indicated (Table 3 ). Painted or unpainted L-Joints from each of the three sources were randomised then eight from each source installed. One specimen from each source was removed after one and three years, so that by the fifth-year assessment 18 painted and 18 unpainted L-joints remained. Failed specimens were removed from the racks over time. 2.5 Data analysis All data analyses were conducted using Genstat ( 2022 ). The time-series nature of the ratings data was considered by an analysis of variance of repeated measures (Rowell and Walters 1976 ), via the AREPMEASURES procedure. This forms a split-plot analysis of variance (split for time). Here the Greenhouse-Geisser epsilon estimates the degree of temporal autocorrelation and adjusts the probability levels for this. Failure for each L-joint was defined as a rating of zero. These binary values were analysed at each time point using a generalised linear model (McCullagh and Nelder 1989 ) with the binomial distribution and logit link. Median time to failure was calculated for each timber via the usual method, of halfway between the time rated zero and the previous time which had rating > zero. However, this proved problematic for censored data (timbers that were still rated > zero after the last assessment). The standard statistical method for estimating likely censored values (Taylor 1973 ) was applied with the CENSOR procedure, however these tended to produce estimates that were biased downwards (i.e., notably close to the final year whereas the data-patterns indicated they should have been higher). As an alternative, the probit generalised linear model (Finney 1971 ) was trialled, which fits a sigmoidal probit curve to survival rates over time. The zero failure-rates at time zero (i.e., all joints being rated as sound at the start of the trial) were included, and mean failure time was estimated for alternate failure percentages (typically 25, 50, 75 and higher). This method was adopted and applied with the PROBIT procedure. For each species, pairwise t-tests were used to test for significant differences in time to 50% failed (FT50) between the painted and unpainted treatments. 3. Results and discussion In this study, failure (score 0, Table 2 ) was considered as the serviceability limit and time to failure of 50% of L-joints in a sample set was selected as the representative measure of a timber’s durability. Constraints of the decay scoring system prevented any earlier score than failure being considered as a serviceability limit; a score of 1 may represent a good serviceability limit for low-durability L-joints in which decay progresses rapidly. For more durable timbers, however, decay commonly remains confined to the surface one or two millimetres without progressing deeper for long periods, so the effect of early decay may be exaggerated by using that score as a serviceability limit. Furthermore, a score of two can represent a pocket of decay in the end grain flanking the tenon part of a joint. Failure time was taken to be the assessment year that an L-joint was assessed to have failed. Considering condition time (the time between the assessment when a specimen failed and the assessment when sound wood remained (Thornton et al. 1983 , Thornton 1994 )) was considered too conservative due to the long periods between some assessments. Different methods have been used by authors to calculate representative measures of timber durability performance in field tests. When considering data from Australian and imported timbers tested in-ground to determine their natural durability, Thornton et al. ( 1983 ) considered the serviceability limit to be mean time for stakes to have greater than half of the cross-sections lost to decay or termite attack. Later considerations of that test revised the serviceability limit to be the median time when stakes had lost greater than 60–75% of their cross-section to decay or termite attack (Cookson 2004 ; Johnson et al. 1996 ; Thornton et al. 1991 ). For above-ground tests, the European Standard L-joint method to measure the effectiveness of preservatives, requires mean ratings in addition to mean life (years) when all L-joints have failed (EN 330 2015 ). Mean decay ratings were reported for testing untreated L-joints (Clausen et al. 2006 ; Clausen and Lindner 2011 ) and decks (Laks et al. 2008 ) of naturally durable species. Cookson (2014) also reported mean ratings for accelerated above-ground field testing to evaluate wood preservatives and protection systems. Decay depths, which can be related to mean scores, have been presented when evaluating natural durability (Meyer-Veltrup et al. 2017 ). Results derived from mean scores were also reported for above ground tests (Preston et al. 2011 ; Zahora 2008 ). Median decay scores were presented for above ground natural durability field tests by Eslyn et al. ( 1985 ) and Highley ( 1995 ). Brischke et al. ( 2023 ) presented median scores and along with a range of other measures. Relative values comparing test species or treatments with low-durability reference species may aid comparison between tests and sites by reducing the effects of varying decay fungi virulence and site-specific climate-induced decay hazards (Brischke et al. 2023 ; Brischke et al. 2024 ; EN 350 2016 ). In this study, the repeated measures ANOVA of scores gave a highly significant three-way (species by paint by time) interaction (F = 9.28; d.f. = 440, 15032; P < 0.001). Probit and median methods produced very similar estimates for species which all failed during the trial. However, for timber sample sets with reasonable proportions of L-joints remaining in the test after the last assessment, the extrapolated failure times from the probit analyses appeared more consistent with the observed data patterns. Probit analysis showed that the interaction between species, paint and time was highly significant (deviance ratio = 15.0; d.f. = 81, 920; P < 0.001). Predicted times to for 50% of L-joints to have failed (FT 50, probit fit) for unpainted and painted samples of each timber are presented in Table 3 , along with predicted time to 25% of unpainted and painted L-joints of each timber to have failed (FT 25, probit fit). Where unpainted and painted L-joints had significantly different times to 50% failure, the greater value is indicated in bold font in Table 3 . Table 3 Time to 50% failed (probit fit) and associated 95% confidence interval (CI), time to 25% failed (probit fit), proportion of L-joints failed after 35 years and Australian Standard AS 5604 Durability Class for each timber in the L-joint field test. Timber species Trade name and details Unpainted / Painted FT50 Mean time to 50% failed (years) Lower 95% CI (years) Upper 95% CI (years) FT25 Mean time to 25% failed (years) Proportion failed after 35 years (%) Above-ground Durability Class a Softwoods Araucaria cunninghamii Aiton ex A.Cunn. hoop pine, native forest heartwood b U 7.0 5.5 8.4 3.7 100 4 P 8.2 6.4 10.2 3.7 95 Araucaria cunninghamii Aiton ex A.Cunn. hoop pine, plantation heartwood b U 3.0 2.6 3.5 2.8 100 4 P 1.8 1.3 2.1 1.3 100 Pinus caribaea Morelet Caribbean pine heartwood b U 9.8 6.0 13.0 2.7 100 4 P 7.1 1.4 11.1 1.2 100 Pinus elliottii Engelm. slash pine heartwood b U 8.0 5.0 10.5 1.7 89 4 P 5.8 4.3 7.0 2.2 100 Pinus radiata D.Don radiata pine heartwood b U 7.5 6.4 8.8 4.8 100 4 P 4.3 0.0 7.1 0.0 94 Pinus radiata D.Don radiata pine sapwood c U 4.2 3.7 4.8 3.4 100 4 P 3 2.6 3.5 2.3 100 Pinus radiata D.Don H3 CCA-treated radiata pine sapwood d U 50.0 - - 42.7 6 - d P - - - - 0 Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco fast-grown Douglas fir heartwood e U 9.4 7.9 10.9 5.4 100 4 P 4.4 2.9 5.7 0.4 100 Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco slow-grown Douglas fir heartwood f U 14.2 12.9 15.8 10.8 100 4 P 10.1 8.8 11.5 6.5 100 Thuja plicata Lamb. slow-grown western redcedar f U 13.9 12.7 15.3 10.9 100 2 P 20.8 18.4 23.6 12.8 89 Callitris endlichrei (Parl.) F.M.Bailey black cypress heartwood adjacent to sapwood g U 16.6 15.0 18.5 12.5 100 n/a P 13.8 12.3 15.5 9.6 100 Callitris endlichrei (Parl.) F.M.Bailey black cypress sapwood adjacent to heartwood g U 5.7 4.9 6.5 4.1 100 4 P 5.8 4.8 6.8 3.4 100 Callitris glaucophylla Joy Thomps. & L.A.S.Johnson white cypress heartwood U 33.2 31.7 35.6 30.5 67 1 P 32.1 30.1 35.0 27.5 72 Callitris glaucophylla Joy Thomps. & L.A.S.Johnson white cypress heartwood adjacent to sapwood g U 20.8 18.8 23.0 15.1 94 n/a P 25.2 22.7 28.2 18.0 94 Callitris glaucophylla Joy Thomps. & L.A.S.Johnson white cypress sapwood adjacent to heartwood g U 4.8 4.2 5.5 3.5 100 4 P 2.7 1.7 3.4 1.3 100 Hardwoods All heartwood Backhousia bancroftii F.M.Bailey Johnstone River hardwood U 43.6 36.2 60.6 31.2 28 2 P 16.1 14.1 18.3 9.6 100 Caldcluvia australiensis (Schltr.) Hoogland rose alder U 16.2 14.6 18.0 11.8 100 3 P 7 6.5 7.6 6.3 100 Cardwellia sublimis F.Muell. northern silky oak U 10.9 9.8 12.2 8.1 100 3 P 10.4 7.5 13.0 3.3 94 Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata (F.Muell.) sensu A.R.Bean & M.W.McDonald spotted gum CCV U 43.3 37.0 128.9 37.1 13 1 P 30.1 27.3 34.0 23.1 56 Corymbia citriodora subsp. citriodora (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson ( sensu A.R.Bean & M.W.McDonald) spotted gum CCC U 50.0 42.2 107.1 41.4 11 1 P 37.8 32.6 47.4 27.1 39 Corymbia henryi (S.T.Blake) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson spotted gum CH h U 19.9 18.1 22.0 14.8 94 1 h P 14.8 13.3 16.5 10.6 100 Dryobalanops spp. kapur i U 34.1 32.4 38.0 30.8 56 2 P 30.8 28.6 33.7 25.6 61 Eucalyptus deglupta Blume kamarere i U 21.2 18.6 24.2 12.2 83 3 P 15.4 12.8 18.0 6.1 94 Eucalyptus delegatensis R.T.Baker alpine ash or Tasmanian oak U 13.4 12.0 15.0 9.7 100 3 P 13.9 12.0 15.9 7.6 100 Eucalyptus drepanophylla F.Muell. ex Benth. grey ironbark U 50.0 - - 42.7 6 1 P 40.3 35.2 51.8 31.9 33 Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill ex Maiden rose gum U 32.9 29.8 37.6 25.6 72 2 P 33.8 30.5 39.0 26.3 50 Eucalyptus obliqua L'Her. messmate or Tasmanian oak U 17.1 15.1 19.4 10.7 94 3 P 23.8 21.1 27.3 14.7 78 Eucalyptus pilularis Sm. blackbutt outer heartwood U 40.4 35.7 54.0 33.5 44 1 P 43.4 37.2 70.4 36.2 22 Eucalyptus pilularis Sm. blackbutt inner heartwood U 34.0 31.2 38.7 27.9 56 - j P 37.3 33.7 45.1 30.9 44 Eucalyptus pilularis Sm. blackbutt regrowth outer heartwood U 30.4 28.6 32.4 26.5 83 1 P 42 36.6 68.9 35.6 33 Eucalyptus regnans F.Muell. mountain ash or Tasmanian oak U 9.7 8.6 11.0 6.9 100 3 P 6.7 3.4 9.1 0.9 94 Eucalyptus resinifera Sm. red mahogany U 37.6 34.5 79.7 33.6 33 1 P 33.8 31.8 39.6 30.6 58 Eucalyptus saligna Sm. Sydney blue gum U 30.7 28.0 34.4 23.8 83 2 P 40 34.2 51.5 29.3 44 Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. forest red gum U 38.5 35.0 56.5 33.8 28 1 P 40.1 35.8 100.0 35.3 22 Flindersia brayleyana F.Muell. Queensland maple U 14.2 12.6 16.0 9.6 100 3 P 9.9 8.8 11.2 7.0 100 Lophostemon confertus (R.Br.) Peter G.Wilson & J.T.Waterh. brush box outer heartwood U 38.6 33.1 49.2 27.6 44 2 P 29.4 27.0 32.4 23.4 71 Lophostemon confertus (R.Br.) Peter G.Wilson & J.T.Waterh. brush box inner heartwood U 34.6 28.5 47.5 28.1 42 - j P 15.9 13.8 18.3 10.7 100 Neorites kevedianus L.S.Sm. fish tail silky oak U 37.8 34.9 99.4 34.3 28 - P 25.4 23.4 27.7 20.1 83 Shorea sp. light red meranti i U 11.4 10.2 12.7 8.4 100 4 P 5.1 4.5 5.9 4.0 100 Shorea sp. red balau i U 37.5 34.3 48.3 32.6 29 - i P 29.5 26.4 33.7 21.0 56 Syzygium wesa B.Hyland white Eungella satinash U 37.8 35.1 179.6 34.8 28 1 P 33 28.9 39.7 22.5 61 a AS 5604:2022 (Standards Australia, 2022 ) b L-joints consisted of heartwood with small amounts of sapwood included in some cases c L-joints consisted of sapwood with small amounts of heartwood included in some cases d Copper Chromium Arsenic (CCA) Type C, 0.38% m/m (%Cu + %Cr + %As). Hazard class 3 (H3) refers to outside, above-ground exposure conditions where products are subject to moderate wetting and leaching. Typical H3 applications include weatherboard, fascia, window joinery and decking (Standards Australia, 2021). Protective-treated wood is not included in AS 5604:2022 (Standards Australia, 2022 ). e Outer heartwood; fast-grown: growth rings ≤ 10 per 50 mm; juvenile wood excluded; imported from North America f Outer heartwood; slow-grown: growth rings ≥ 20 per 50mm; juvenile wood excluded; imported from North America g L-joints consisted of sapwood and heartwood (typically representing < 1/3 of cross section) that were assessed separately h Corymbia henryi was only collected from one source location. AS 5604 notes that C. henryi cannot be confirmed to have the same rating as the group listing for spotted gum. i Imported timber for which the number of source locations and heartwood position was unknown j AS 5604 notes that inner heartwood generally has lower durability (Standards Australia, 2022 ) 3.1 Effect of broken paint coat The effect of the broken paint coat varied between species (Table 3 ). For example, there was a significant reduction in durability for painted L-joints of the very highly durable DC 1 timber, grey ironbark ( Eucalyptus drepanophylla ) compared with unpainted L-joints, while conversely, painted slow-grown western redcedar ( Thuja plicata ) (DC 2) L-joints were significantly more durable than unpainted L-joints (Fig. 3 and Table 3 ). The broken paint coating did not significantly affect the durability of rose gum ( Eucalyptus grandis ) (DC 2) (Figs. 3 and 4 ). Further research is required to elucidate causes of these differences. Investigation of the effects of extractives properties including solubility, mobility and toxicity to key wood decay fungi may be beneficial, along with evaluation of timber permeability. The broken paint coat significantly reduced durability for 18 of the 41 timbers, including the following softwoods: plantation hoop pine heartwood ( Araucaria cunninghamii ), plantation radiata pine ( Pinus radiata ) sapwood, fast- and slow-grown Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ) heartwood, and black cypress ( Callitris endlichrei ) heartwood adjacent to sapwood. Along with grey ironbark ( Eucalyptus drepanophylla ), other hardwood heartwoods for which the broken pain coat significantly reduced durability included: Johnstone River hardwood ( Backhousia bancroftii ), rose alder ( Caldcluvia australiensis ), spotted gum CCV ( Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata ), spotted gum CCC ( Corymbia citriodora subsp. citriodora ), spotted gum CH ( Corymbia henryi ), kamarere ( Eucalyptus deglupta ), Queensland maple ( Flindersia brayleyana ), outer and inner brush box ( Lophostemon confertus ), fish tail silky oak ( Neorites kevedianus ), light red meranti ( Shorea sp.) and red balau ( Shorea sp.). In addition to western redcedar ( Thuja plicata ), other timbers for which the broken paint coat significantly increased durability included messmate/Tasmanian oak ( Eucalyptus obliqua ) heartwood and Sydney blue gum ( Eucalyptus saligna ) heartwood. While the time to 50% failure was greater for painted inner and outer heartwood blackbutt ( Eucalyptus pilularis ) compared with unpainted L-joints, only painted regrowth outer heartwood L-joints were significantly more durable than their unpainted counterparts. As was the case for rose gum ( Eucalyptus grandis ), the broken paint coat had no significant effect on heartwood durability of L-joints of the following species: native forest hoop pine ( Araucaria cunninghamii ), Caribbean pine ( Pinus caribaea ), slash pine ( Pinus elliottii ), radiata pine ( Pinus radiata ), northern silky oak ( Cardwellia sublimis ), kapur ( Dryobalanops spp.), alpine ash/Tasmanian oak ( Eucalyptus delegatensis ), mountain ash/Tasmanian oak ( Eucalyptus regnans ), red mahogany ( Eucalyptus resinifera ), forest red gum ( Eucalyptus tereticornis ), and white Eungella satinash ( Syzygium wesa ). In white cypress ( Callitris glaucophylla ) L-joints containing both heartwood and sapwood, the broken paint film affected the sapwood by significantly reducing durability and affected the heartwood by significantly increasing durability. There was, however, no significant difference between painted and unpainted L-joints that consisted of white cypress heartwood alone. The latter result should be considered as more reliable measure of heartwood durability, as the sizes of the heartwood portions in L-joints containing both heartwood and sapwood differed and was more difficult to assess. As suggested by Thornton et al. 1983 , heartwood adjacent to sapwood failed more quickly for white cypress. For black cypress L-joints containing both heartwood and sapwood, the broken paint coat has no significant effect on sapwood durability, while heartwood durability was significantly reduced by the paint coat. While a well-maintained paint coat can prevent checking, a broken paint film is known to increase time of wetness in durability test specimens, as water enters through the coating break and is slower to dry from under the intact coating (Militz and Bloom 2000 ; Brischke et al. 2017 ; Meyer-Veltrup et al. 2017 ). For commercially relevant species, knowledge of relevant properties such as wood porosity and the mobility and toxicity of extractives would further characterise durability and inform design optimisation. Too few L-joints of CCA-treated H3 radiata pine sapwood had decayed to allow analysis of the effect of the broken paint coat on L-joint durability. To prolong the service life of joinery at risk of water trapping, brush-on protective treatment of joint inner surfaces can be applied (Norton and Francis 2008 ). 3.2 Durability classifications Direct comparison between the times to 50% failure (FT50) and probable above-ground life expectancies in the Australian natural durability Standard AS 5604 (Table 1 ) was undertaken to assess durability classifications. This was a conservative approach given the small size of the tenon component of L-joints that were assessed, the test design that created a moisture trap at the joint, the sub-tropical climatic conditions to which L-joints were exposed (Francis and Norton 2006 ; MacKenzie et al. 2007; Wang et al. 2008 ) and intermittent exposure to leaf litter from years 20 to 30, which encourages decay (Clausen and Lindner 2011 ). The performance of many timbers was consistent with durability classifications (Table 3 ). For several timbers, the FT50 for unpainted L-joints exceeded the probable life expectancy for its durability classification, while the FT50 for painted L-joints was considerably shorter and within the probable life expectancy for its durability classification. This was the case for Johnstone River hardwood ( Backhousia bancroftii ), rose alder ( Caldcluvia australiensis ), kamarere ( Eucalyptus deglupta ) and light red meranti ( Shorea sp.). The current durability classification was considered appropriate in these cases. Data from the previous inspection of this test (32 years) were submitted to the Working Group on the revision of the Australian Standard AS 5604 Timber – Natural durability ratings. Several above-ground durability classifications were updated based on those recommendations (Standards Australia 2022 ): rose alder ( Caldcluvia australiensis ), northern silky oak ( Cardwellia sublimis ), kamarere ( Eucalyptus deglupta ) and Queensland maple ( Flindersia brayleyana F.Muell.) are all now Durability Class DC 3 above ground after previously being unclassified; brush box ( Lophostemon confertus R.Br.) is now classified as DC 2 above ground after previously being classified as DC 3; and white Eungella satinash ( Syzygium wesa ) is now classified as DC1 after previously being unclassified above ground. Additionally, it was noted in AS5604:2022 that Corymbia henryi cannot be confirmed to have the same rating as the group listing for spotted gum, a trade name shared with Corymbia citriodora subsp. citriodora and subsp. variegata and Corymbia maculata . The C. henryi trees in this study were only sourced from one location. Further discussion of the spotted gum species in this test is planned to be provided in a following manuscript, along with discussion of relative performance of other commercially relevant timbers, including Tasmanian oak species ( Eucalyptus delegatensis , E. obliqua and E. regnans ), the inner and outer heartwood brush box ( Lophostemon confertus ), and the inner, outer and regrowth outer heartwood of blackbutt ( Eucalyptus pilularis ). While the red balau in this test performed consistently with expectations for Durability Class 2, the species represented were unclear. The rainforest species fish tail silky oak ( Neorites kevedianus ) performed consistently with a Durability Class 2 classification. Radiata pine sapwood treated with Copper Chromium Arsenic (CCA) to the preservative retention and penetration suitable for above-ground applications subject to moderate wetting and leaching was very highly durable in this study. This is consistent with in-ground durability performance for this preservative (Cookson 2013 ; Van den Bulcke et al. 2014 ). Probable life expectancies are not provided in the Australian Standard for preservative-treated wood-based products (Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand 2021 ). The need for Standards that reflect Australian conditions was demonstrated by the classification of Douglas fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii ), which is rated as more durable in overseas standards than in AS 5604 (EN 350 2016 ; Scheffer and Morrell 1998 ; Standards Australia 2022 ). It is noteworthy, however, that slow-grown Douglas fir was significantly more durable than fast-grown Douglas fir in this study (Francis 2023 ). A limitation of AS 5604 is that durability classifications apply for the whole of Australia, encompassing temperate climatic regions in the south to tropical climatic regions in the north. Timber durability performance models that build on the work of MacKenzie et al . (2007), Wang et al. ( 2008 ) and Leicester et al. ( 2009 ), which take climatic variables into account, promise improved service life prediction capabilities. To assist with this endeavour, data generated for a subset of the timbers included in the study reported in this paper that were also installed at other locations throughout eastern Australia will be valuable (Cause 1994 ; Francis and Norton 2005 ; Francis and Norton 2006 ). 4. Conclusions Natural durability classifications for seven species in the Australian Standard AS 5604 Timber – Natural durability ratings were updated based on the results of this study. In addition, timber durability performance data provided confirmation of a range of durability classifications in AS 5604 that were initially based on expert opinion and in-ground field test results. The broken paint coat of painted L-joints and consequent water trapping significantly reduced the natural durability for almost half (18) of the timbers tested. The paint coat had a protective effect, despite being broken to trap moisture, for four species. The broken paint coat did not have a significant effect for remaining timbers. The field site for this study presented a very high decay hazard. Further research on timber durability modelling that takes climate variables into account would be beneficial. Declarations No conflict of interest exists in the submission of this manuscript for publication. Acknowledgements The author acknowledges the Department of Primary Industries (DPI) Forest Product Innovation team, past and present, for aiding with research delivery. In particular, the efforts of Mr Myron Cause, who established the study, are gratefully acknowledged, along with the facilities at DPI’s Salisbury Research Facility. Dr David Mayer (DPI) is also gratefully acknowledged for assistance with data analysis, along with Dr William Leggate (DPI) and Professor Tripti Singh from the University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC) for reviewing this manuscript. The initiation of this trial was supported by Forest and Wood Products Australia Ltd. (FWPA) and DPI. Recent assessments and reporting were supported by FWPA, DPI, and UniSC, through the National Centre for Timber Durability and Design Life. Author contribution LP Francis: writing original draft, data curation and interpretation of results. References AWPA (2016) E9-15 Standard Field Test for Evaluation of Wood Preservatives to be Used Above Ground (UC3A and UC3B); L-Joint Test. AWPA Book of Standards, Birmingham, AL. American Wood Protection Association, pp 402–405 AWPC (2015) L-joint test. Field, Decay, Hazard Class H3. Protocols for assessment of wood preservatives. September 2015 Revision. Rotorua, New Zealand. Australasian Wood Preservation Committee, pp 22–23 Brischke C, Gellerich A, Militz H, Starck M (2017) Performance of coated and uncoated horizontal lap-joint members during 20 years of outdoor exposure. Wood Res (6): 883–894 Brischke C, Alfredsen G, Emmerich L, Humar M, Meyer-Veltrup L (2023) Durability of wood exposed above ground—experience with the bundle test method. Forests 14(7):1460. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14071460 Brischke C, Bollmus S, Emmerich L (2024) Comparative durability tests of preservative-treated and chemically modified wood – Assessment and classification on the basis of different decay tests. Eur J Wood Wood Product 82(4):1083–1094. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-024-02065-3 Carey JK, Purslow DF, Savory JG (1981) Proposed method for out-of-ground contact trials of exterior joinery protection systems. International Research Group on Wood Protection Annual Meeting, Sarajevo, Yugoslavia. Document No. IRG/WP/2157. IRG Secretariat, Stockholm, Sweden. 15p Cause ML (1994) Major Above-Ground Timber Durability Trial in Eastern Australia. In: Proceedings of Pacific Timber Engineering Conference, Gold Coast, Australia, July 1994: 412–421 Clausen CA, Highley TL, Lindner DL (2006) Early detection and progression of decay in L-joints and lap-joints in a moderate decay hazard zone. For Prod J 56(11/12):100–106 Clausen CA, Lindner DL (2011) Shading above ground L-joint and lap-joint tests: comparison of white pine and sugar maple test assemblies. For Prod J 61(3):265–269 Cookson LJ (2004) The in-ground natural durability of Australian timbers. Forest and Wood Products Research and Development Corporation Project No. PN04.1004. fwpa.com.au 14p Cookson LJ (2013) : 40 year results from the largest preservative in-ground stake trial conducted in Australia. International Research Group on Wood Protection Annual Meeting, Stockholm, Sweden. Document IRG/WP 13-30624. IRG Secretariat, Stockholm, Sweden. 18p Cookson LJ, Page D, Singh T (2014) Accelerated above-ground decay testing in Australia and New Zealand. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 86 Part C: 210–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.09.021 Eaton RA, Hale MDC (1993) Wood: Decay, pests, and protection London. Chapman and Hall EN 330 (2015) Wood Preservatives - Determination of the Relative Protective Effectiveness of a Wood Preservative for Use Under a Coating and Exposed Out-of-ground Contact - Field Test: L-joint Method. CEN European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, p 25 EN 350 (2016) Durability of wood and wood-based products – Testing and classification of the durability to biological agents of wood and wood-based materials. European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, p 67 Eslyn WE, Highley TL, Lombard FF (1985) Longevity of untreated wood in use above ground. For Prod J 35(5):38–35 Finney DJ (1971) Probit analysis (Third edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Francis LP (2023) Durability of fast- and slow-grown Douglas fir in above ground exposures in Australia. International Research Group on Wood Protection Annual Meeting, Cairns, Australia. Document No. IRG/WP/23-11009. IRG Secretariat, Stockholm, Sweden. 11p Francis LP, Norton J (2005) Above-ground durability estimation in Australia – Results after 16 years exposure. International Research Group on Wood Protection Annual Meeting, Bangalore, India. Document No. IRG/WP/05-20314. 17p Francis LP, Norton J (2006) Predicting the decay resistance of timber above ground. 1. Climate effects. International Research Group on Wood Protection Annual Meeting, Tromsø, Norway. Document No. IRG/WP 06-20330. IRG Secretariat, Stockholm, Sweden. 12p Francis LP, Swain AJ, Morrell JJ (2007) Predicting the decay resistance of timber above-ground: 2. When can reliable field data be obtained. International Research Group on Wood Protection Annual Meeting, Wyoming, USA. Document No. IRG/WP 07-20368. IRG Secretariat, Stockholm, Sweden. 12p Genstat (2022) Genstat for Windows, Release 22.1. VSN International Ltd., Oxford Highley TL (1995) Comparative durability of untreated wood in use above ground. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 35:409–419 Johnson GC, Thornton JD, Nguyen N-K (1996) An in-ground natural durability field test of Australian timbers and exotic reference species XI Results after more than 25 years’ exposure. Mater und Organismen 30(3):219–230 Laks PE, Morris PI, Larkin GM, Ingram JK (2008) Field tests of naturally durable North American wood species. International Research Group on Wood Protection Americas Regional Meeting, Playa Flamingo, Costa Rica. Document No. IRG/WP 08-1067530. IRG Secretariat, Stockholm, Sweden. 11p Leicester RH, Wang C-H, Nguyen MN, MacKenzie CE (2009) Design of Exposed Timber Structures. Australian J Struct Eng 9(3):217–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/13287982.2009.11465024 MacKenzie C, Wang C-H, Leicester RH, Foliente GC, Nguyen MN (2020) Timber service life design. Design for durability. First produced December 2007, revised 2012, 2013, 2015, 2020. Forest and Wood Products Australia Ltd. Melbourne, Australia, p 101. McCullagh P, Nelder JA (1989) Generalized Linear Models, 2nd edn. Chapman and Hall, London Meyer L, Brischke C, Preston A (2016) Testing the durability of timber above ground: A review on methodology. Wood Mater Sci Eng 11(5):283–304 Meyer-Veltrup L, Brischke C, Kallander B (2017) Testing the durability of timber above ground: evaluation of different test methods. Eur J Wood Wood Product 75:291–304 Militz H, Bloom CJ (2000) The use of lap-joints in natural durability testing: Moisture content development during 36 months outside exposure trial. International Research Group on Wood Protection Annual Meeting, Hawaii, USA. Document No. IRG/WP 00-20217. IRG Secretariat, Stockholm, Sweden. 14p Norton J, Francis LP (2008) Effect of surface-applied treatments on the above-ground performance of simulated timber joinery. Australian Forestry 71(2):100–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2008.10676276 Preston A, Zahora A, Cabrera Y, Jin L, Schauwecker C, Walcheski P (2011) Above ground testing at tropical test sites, what have we learned? International Research Group on Wood Protection Annual Meeting, Queenstown, New Zealand. Document No. IRG/WP 11-20473. IRG Secretariat, Stockholm, Sweden. 12p Rayner ADM, Boddy L (1988) Fungal decomposition of wood: Its biology and ecology. Chichester, Wiley Rowell JG, Walters RE (1976) Analysing data with repeated observations on each experimental unit. J Agric Sci 87:423–432 Scheffer TC, Morrell JJ (1998) Natural durability of wood: A worldwide checklist of species. Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University. Research Contribution 22. 58p Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand (2021) : AS/NZS 1604.1:2021 Preservative-treated wood-based products. Part 1: Products and treatment. 74p Standards Australia (2022) : AS 5604:2022 Timber – Natural durability ratings. Standards Australia Limited. 36p Taylor J (1973) The analysis of designed experiments with censored observations. Biometrics 29:35–43 Thornton JD, Walters NEM, Saunders IW (1983) An in-ground natural durability field test of Australian timbers and exotic reference species. I. Progress report after more than 10 years’ exposure. Mater und Organismen 18:27–49 Thornton JD, Johnson GC, Nguyen NK (1991) An in-ground durability test of Australian timbers and exotic reference species VI. Results after approximately 21 years exposure. Mater und Organismen 26(2):145–155 Thornton JD (1994) The critical timing of inspections for field testing natural durability. International Research Group on Wood Protection Annual Meeting, Bali, Indonesia. Document No. IRG/WP 94-20018. IRG Secretariat, Stockholm, Sweden. 9p Wang C-H, Leicester RH, Nguyen MN (2008) Manual 4 – Decay above-ground. Forest and Wood Products Australia Ltd. Van den Bulcke J, Cookson LJ, De Windt I, Li W, Van Acker J (2014) Statistical analysis of 40 years of preservative in-ground stake testing in Australia. International Research Group on Wood Protection Annual Meeting, Utah, USA. Document No. IRG/WP 14-20552. IRG Secretariat, Stockholm, Sweden. 16p Zabel RA, Morrell JJ (2020) Wood microbiology: decay and its prevention. Second edition. San Diego, Academic Press Inc Zahora A (2008) Above Ground Field Testing – Influence of test method and location on the relative performance of various preservative systems. International Research Group on Wood Protection Meeting, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Doc No IRG/WP 08–20393. IRG Secretariat, Stockholm, Sweden. 18p. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6323835","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":443793403,"identity":"cb3b9ded-5f70-45ab-9bd5-0f6e2d77a3cc","order_by":0,"name":"Lesley P Francis","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"State of Queensland acting through the Department of Primary Industries","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lesley","middleName":"P","lastName":"Francis","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-28 01:23:08","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6323835/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6323835/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":81129553,"identity":"7be0486c-3678-41dc-bf35-9f07cb4bdb89","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-22 14:27:49","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":32286,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL-joint test unit dimensions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6323835/v1/4f44c6d7aa12b505d4bf719a.png"},{"id":81129555,"identity":"eeb301cf-ccb6-4183-88a1-7996377e33bf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-22 14:27:49","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":259884,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eL-joints at Cleveland\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6323835/v1/83ab6f6a335d6a5821fd182b.png"},{"id":81131625,"identity":"67af8ce6-e9ce-4234-a977-831d92e47e25","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-22 14:43:49","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":93276,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDifferent effects of a broken paint coat on durability (probit: times to proportion failed)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6323835/v1/4879e6b8c9a56a642f31b2fe.jpeg"},{"id":81129565,"identity":"bd931b9e-d655-40d7-9bb7-a61617d5df30","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-22 14:27:49","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":101977,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDifferent effects of a broken paint coat on durability (ANOVA: mean decay scores over time)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6323835/v1/3a73b53049af13974ea376c5.jpeg"},{"id":100115371,"identity":"632bd8bd-658a-43af-bba0-dd8d8009ac7f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-13 07:40:11","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2473265,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6323835/v1/44e0c4c1-9c6d-407f-b81e-269e1bac7385.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Above-ground durability of painted and unpainted Australian and imported timbers in an L-joint field test after 35 years","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eDecay in timber building elements above ground is primarily caused by the activity of fungi (Rayner and Boddy \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e). Decay fungi are unable to degrade timber that has a moisture content of less than 20%, as free water and adequate temperature enable enzymes and extracellular compounds to degrade the structural polymers of wood into assimilable substances required for fungal growth (Zabel and Morrell 1992). Environmental conditions and building design determine the availability of moisture and therefore influence the likelihood and progress of decay in timber building elements.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNatural durability is the inherent resistance of a timber species to biodeterioration by decay, termites, marine borer and lyctid borer for sapwood (Standards Australia \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Natural durability and protective treatments can prevent decay in the presence of conditions that are conducive to decay. In Australian Standard AS 5604:2022 Timber \u0026ndash; Natural durability ratings, durability classifications are assigned according to a timber\u0026rsquo;s performance both in contact with the ground and above ground when subject to periodic moderate wetting where ventilation and drainage are adequate. Of the four classes, species assigned to Durability Class 1 are most durable and species assigned to Durability Class 4 are least durable (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Durability classifications were based on field test data and expert opinion and represent a range of probable life expectancy values for each durability class (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) (Standards Australia, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAustralian natural durability classification\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDurability Class (DC)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProbable in-ground life expectancy (years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProbable above-ground life expectancy (years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreater than 25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGreater than 40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 to 25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 to 40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 to 15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 to 15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 to 5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0 to 7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eField tests are required to inform timber durability performance Standards such as AS 5604. Many test formats are used to evaluate timber durability above ground (Meyer 2016), and they vary in the degree to which they encourage decay. L-joints are a standard field test method in Australia, Europe, and the United States (AWPC \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; EN 330 \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; AWPA \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). L-joints consist of two lengths of timber connected using a mortise and tenon joint to form an L-shape. By design, L-joints are among the most conducive to decay (Highley \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e; Meyer 2016).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe L-joint field test reported in this paper was part of a study to evaluate timber durability performance above ground to inform timber durability Standards, such as AS5604. This paper reports findings from the largest array of L-joints, which were installed at the main site in south-east Queensland. Forty-one timbers representing 30 botanical species were installed at the main site to characterise their natural durability.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 L-joint test units\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll timbers were represented by mature outer heartwood unless otherwise indicated (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). L-joints were constructed using timber 35 x 35 mm in cross section, with a machined mortise and tenon joint. Each tenon member measured 300 mm in length while each mortise member measured 200 mm in length (Fig.\u0026nbsp;1). The 35 x 35 x 11 mm tenon component of each joint was assessed at each inspection time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHalf of the replicate samples for each species were painted using a conventional acrylic paint system. An acrylic primer was applied to the assembled L-joint test unit, followed by two coats of acrylic white paint. The distal 35 x 35 mm faces at the ends of the joint components were sealed with bitumastic tape to prevent the entry of moisture and microorganisms. The internal 35 x 35 mm surfaces of each joint were left as bare wood. Each joint was disassembled immediately after painting to break the paint film along the frame of the joint and therefore create a uniformly high decay hazard (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2). Painted L-joints were sanded, and acrylic white paint reapplied after 16 years.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eL-joints were placed 800 mm above ground on exposure racks that were constructed using CCA-treated plywood and durable framing timbers. Spacers were fixed to the racks to support L-joints, preventing them from coming into direct contact with the plywood frame and to provide consistent spacing between each joint. The racks face north, and each rack was constructed such that L-joints placed on it are oriented 10\u0026deg; backward from vertical. Each rack had drain holes at the rear to prevent water pooling.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.2 Field test location\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eL-joints were installed in subtropical southeast Queensland (Cause \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e), which presents a very high decay hazard (Francis and Norton \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; MacKenzie et al. 2007; Wang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). L-joints were originally installed at Beerburrum, situated 65 km north of Brisbane in Queensland, Australia in 1987 (-26.957141, 152.961085). The Beerburrum site was reclaimed in 2007, and L-joints were moved to Cleveland, situated 25 km east of Brisbane (-27.526137, 153.247547). At this location, L-joints were initially installed under a sparse canopy of eucalypt foliage, so that leaf litter intermittently reduced the ventilation around the L-joints. In 2017, partial site reclamation again necessitated that the L-joints be moved to an open area that had become available at the Cleveland site.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 L-joint assessment\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eL-joints were assessed after 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 16, 19, 21, 30, 32 and 35 years (Cause \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Francis and Norton \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Francis and Norton \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Francis et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). During each inspection the 35 x 35 x 11 mm tenon component of each joint and the flanking end-grain was assessed by probing with an awl or small knife with a blunted end to determine the presence and extent of decay. Any decay identified was recorded according to a five-point scale that was a modified version of that proposed by Carey et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1981\u003c/span\u003e) (Cause \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eL-joint assessment criteria (Cause \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDecay score\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCondition of the internal tenon joint portion and flanking end grain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSigns of slight surface decay (e.g. incipient decay)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSmall areas of obvious decay (\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;25% of surface area affected)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eExtensive decay (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;25% of surface area affected)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFailed (decayed through the entire 11 mm tenon cross section)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.4 Field test design\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThree sources from throughout each timber\u0026rsquo;s geographic range were sampled and equally represented in the test. Each timber was initially represented by 24 painted and 24 unpainted L-joints of mature outer heartwood unless otherwise indicated (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Painted or unpainted L-Joints from each of the three sources were randomised then eight from each source installed. One specimen from each source was removed after one and three years, so that by the fifth-year assessment 18 painted and 18 unpainted L-joints remained. Failed specimens were removed from the racks over time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Data analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll data analyses were conducted using Genstat (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The time-series nature of the ratings data was considered by an analysis of variance of repeated measures (Rowell and Walters \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1976\u003c/span\u003e), via the AREPMEASURES procedure. This forms a split-plot analysis of variance (split for time). Here the Greenhouse-Geisser epsilon estimates the degree of temporal autocorrelation and adjusts the probability levels for this. Failure for each L-joint was defined as a rating of zero. These binary values were analysed at each time point using a generalised linear model (McCullagh and Nelder \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e) with the binomial distribution and logit link.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMedian time to failure was calculated for each timber via the usual method, of halfway between the time rated zero and the previous time which had rating\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;zero. However, this proved problematic for censored data (timbers that were still rated\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;zero after the last assessment). The standard statistical method for estimating likely censored values (Taylor \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e) was applied with the CENSOR procedure, however these tended to produce estimates that were biased downwards (i.e., notably close to the final year whereas the data-patterns indicated they should have been higher). As an alternative, the probit generalised linear model (Finney \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1971\u003c/span\u003e) was trialled, which fits a sigmoidal probit curve to survival rates over time. The zero failure-rates at time zero (i.e., all joints being rated as sound at the start of the trial) were included, and mean failure time was estimated for alternate failure percentages (typically 25, 50, 75 and higher). This method was adopted and applied with the PROBIT procedure. For each species, pairwise t-tests were used to test for significant differences in time to 50% failed (FT50) between the painted and unpainted treatments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, failure (score 0, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) was considered as the serviceability limit and time to failure of 50% of L-joints in a sample set was selected as the representative measure of a timber\u0026rsquo;s durability. Constraints of the decay scoring system prevented any earlier score than failure being considered as a serviceability limit; a score of 1 may represent a good serviceability limit for low-durability L-joints in which decay progresses rapidly. For more durable timbers, however, decay commonly remains confined to the surface one or two millimetres without progressing deeper for long periods, so the effect of early decay may be exaggerated by using that score as a serviceability limit. Furthermore, a score of two can represent a pocket of decay in the end grain flanking the tenon part of a joint. Failure time was taken to be the assessment year that an L-joint was assessed to have failed. Considering condition time (the time between the assessment when a specimen failed and the assessment when sound wood remained (Thornton et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e, Thornton \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e)) was considered too conservative due to the long periods between some assessments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDifferent methods have been used by authors to calculate representative measures of timber durability performance in field tests. When considering data from Australian and imported timbers tested in-ground to determine their natural durability, Thornton et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e) considered the serviceability limit to be mean time for stakes to have greater than half of the cross-sections lost to decay or termite attack. Later considerations of that test revised the serviceability limit to be the median time when stakes had lost greater than 60\u0026ndash;75% of their cross-section to decay or termite attack (Cookson \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Johnson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; Thornton et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e). For above-ground tests, the European Standard L-joint method to measure the effectiveness of preservatives, requires mean ratings in addition to mean life (years) when all L-joints have failed (EN 330 \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). Mean decay ratings were reported for testing untreated L-joints (Clausen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Clausen and Lindner \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) and decks (Laks et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) of naturally durable species. Cookson (2014) also reported mean ratings for accelerated above-ground field testing to evaluate wood preservatives and protection systems. Decay depths, which can be related to mean scores, have been presented when evaluating natural durability (Meyer-Veltrup et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Results derived from mean scores were also reported for above ground tests (Preston et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Zahora \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Median decay scores were presented for above ground natural durability field tests by Eslyn et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e) and Highley (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e). Brischke et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e) presented median scores and along with a range of other measures. Relative values comparing test species or treatments with low-durability reference species may aid comparison between tests and sites by reducing the effects of varying decay fungi virulence and site-specific climate-induced decay hazards (Brischke et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e; Brischke et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; EN 350 \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, the repeated measures ANOVA of scores gave a highly significant three-way (species by paint by time) interaction (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;9.28; d.f. = 440, 15032; \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Probit and median methods produced very similar estimates for species which all failed during the trial. However, for timber sample sets with reasonable proportions of L-joints remaining in the test after the last assessment, the extrapolated failure times from the probit analyses appeared more consistent with the observed data patterns. Probit analysis showed that the interaction between species, paint and time was highly significant (deviance ratio\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;15.0; d.f. = 81, 920; \u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Predicted times to for 50% of L-joints to have failed (FT 50, probit fit) for unpainted and painted samples of each timber are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, along with predicted time to 25% of unpainted and painted L-joints of each timber to have failed (FT 25, probit fit). Where unpainted and painted L-joints had significantly different times to 50% failure, the greater value is indicated in bold font in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTime to 50% failed (probit fit) and associated 95% confidence interval (CI), time to 25% failed (probit fit), proportion of L-joints failed after 35 years and Australian Standard AS 5604 Durability Class for each timber in the L-joint field test.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTimber species\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrade name and details\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnpainted / Painted\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFT50 Mean time to 50% failed\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLower 95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpper 95% CI\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFT25 Mean time to 25% failed\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(years)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProportion failed after 35 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAbove-ground Durability Class\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoftwoods\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAraucaria cunninghamii\u003c/em\u003e Aiton ex A.Cunn.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehoop pine, native forest heartwood\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAraucaria cunninghamii\u003c/em\u003e Aiton ex A.Cunn.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehoop pine, plantation heartwood\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePinus caribaea\u003c/em\u003e Morelet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaribbean pine heartwood\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePinus elliottii\u003c/em\u003e Engelm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eslash pine heartwood\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePinus radiata\u003c/em\u003e D.Don\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eradiata pine heartwood\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePinus radiata\u003c/em\u003e D.Don\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eradiata pine sapwood\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePinus radiata\u003c/em\u003e D.Don\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH3 CCA-treated radiata pine sapwood\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudotsuga menziesii\u003c/em\u003e (Mirb.) Franco\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efast-grown Douglas fir heartwood\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e9.4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePseudotsuga menziesii\u003c/em\u003e (Mirb.) Franco\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eslow-grown Douglas fir heartwood\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eThuja plicata\u003c/em\u003e Lamb.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eslow-grown western redcedar\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20.8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCallitris endlichrei\u003c/em\u003e (Parl.) F.M.Bailey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eblack cypress\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eheartwood adjacent to sapwood\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en/a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCallitris endlichrei\u003c/em\u003e (Parl.) F.M.Bailey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eblack cypress\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003esapwood adjacent to heartwood\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCallitris glaucophylla\u003c/em\u003e Joy Thomps. \u0026amp; L.A.S.Johnson\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhite cypress\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eheartwood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCallitris glaucophylla\u003c/em\u003e Joy Thomps. \u0026amp; L.A.S.Johnson\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhite cypress\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eheartwood adjacent to sapwood\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en/a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCallitris glaucophylla\u003c/em\u003e Joy Thomps. \u0026amp; L.A.S.Johnson\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhite cypress\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003esapwood adjacent to heartwood\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHardwoods\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eAll heartwood\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBackhousia bancroftii\u003c/em\u003e F.M.Bailey\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eJohnstone River hardwood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e43.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCaldcluvia australiensis\u003c/em\u003e (Schltr.) Hoogland\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003erose alder\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e16.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCardwellia sublimis\u003c/em\u003e F.Muell.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003enorthern silky oak\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCorymbia citriodora\u003c/em\u003e subsp. \u003cem\u003evariegata\u003c/em\u003e (F.Muell.) \u003cem\u003esensu\u003c/em\u003e A.R.Bean \u0026amp; M.W.McDonald\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003espotted gum CCV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e43.3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e128.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCorymbia citriodora\u003c/em\u003e subsp. \u003cem\u003ecitriodora\u003c/em\u003e (Hook.) K.D.Hill \u0026amp; L.A.S.Johnson (\u003cem\u003esensu\u003c/em\u003e A.R.Bean \u0026amp; M.W.McDonald)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003espotted gum CCC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e50.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCorymbia henryi\u003c/em\u003e (S.T.Blake) K.D.Hill \u0026amp; L.A.S.Johnson\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003espotted gum CH\u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e19.9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDryobalanops\u003c/em\u003e spp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ekapur\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus deglupta\u003c/em\u003e Blume\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ekamarere\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e21.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus delegatensis\u003c/em\u003e R.T.Baker\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ealpine ash or Tasmanian oak\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus drepanophylla\u003c/em\u003e F.Muell. ex Benth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003egrey ironbark\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e50.0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus grandis\u003c/em\u003e W.Hill ex Maiden\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003erose gum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus obliqua\u003c/em\u003e L'Her.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emessmate or Tasmanian oak\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e23.8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus pilularis\u003c/em\u003e Sm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eblackbutt outer heartwood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus pilularis\u003c/em\u003e Sm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eblackbutt inner heartwood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- \u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus pilularis\u003c/em\u003e Sm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eblackbutt regrowth outer heartwood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e42\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus regnans\u003c/em\u003e F.Muell.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emountain ash or Tasmanian oak\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus resinifera\u003c/em\u003e Sm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ered mahogany\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus saligna\u003c/em\u003e Sm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSydney blue gum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e40\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus tereticornis\u003c/em\u003e Sm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eforest red gum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFlindersia brayleyana\u003c/em\u003e F.Muell.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQueensland maple\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLophostemon confertus\u003c/em\u003e (R.Br.) Peter G.Wilson \u0026amp; J.T.Waterh.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebrush box outer heartwood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e38.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLophostemon confertus\u003c/em\u003e (R.Br.) Peter G.Wilson \u0026amp; J.T.Waterh.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ebrush box inner heartwood\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e34.6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- \u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeorites kevedianus\u003c/em\u003e L.S.Sm.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efish tail silky oak\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e37.8\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShorea\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elight red meranti\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e11.4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eShorea\u003c/em\u003e sp.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ered balau\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e37.5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e- \u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSyzygium wesa\u003c/em\u003e B.Hyland\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ewhite Eungella satinash\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eU\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e179.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e AS 5604:2022 (Standards Australia, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e L-joints consisted of heartwood with small amounts of sapwood included in some cases\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e L-joints consisted of sapwood with small amounts of heartwood included in some cases\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e Copper Chromium Arsenic (CCA) Type C, 0.38% m/m (%Cu + %Cr + %As). Hazard class 3 (H3) refers to outside, above-ground exposure conditions where products are subject to moderate wetting and leaching. Typical H3 applications include weatherboard, fascia, window joinery and decking (Standards Australia, 2021). Protective-treated wood is not included in AS 5604:2022 (Standards Australia, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e Outer heartwood; fast-grown: growth rings\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;10 per 50 mm; juvenile wood excluded; imported from North America\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e Outer heartwood; slow-grown: growth rings\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;20 per 50mm; juvenile wood excluded; imported from North America\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e L-joints consisted of sapwood and heartwood (typically representing\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1/3 of cross section) that were assessed separately\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003eCorymbia henryi\u003c/em\u003e was only collected from one source location. AS 5604 notes that \u003cem\u003eC. henryi\u003c/em\u003e cannot be confirmed to have the same rating as the group listing for spotted gum.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e Imported timber for which the number of source locations and heartwood position was unknown\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e AS 5604 notes that inner heartwood generally has lower durability (Standards Australia, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Effect of broken paint coat\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effect of the broken paint coat varied between species (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). For example, there was a significant reduction in durability for painted L-joints of the very highly durable DC 1 timber, grey ironbark (\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus drepanophylla\u003c/em\u003e) compared with unpainted L-joints, while conversely, painted slow-grown western redcedar (\u003cem\u003eThuja plicata\u003c/em\u003e) (DC 2) L-joints were significantly more durable than unpainted L-joints (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The broken paint coating did not significantly affect the durability of rose gum (\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus grandis\u003c/em\u003e) (DC 2) (Figs.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Further research is required to elucidate causes of these differences. Investigation of the effects of extractives properties including solubility, mobility and toxicity to key wood decay fungi may be beneficial, along with evaluation of timber permeability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe broken paint coat significantly reduced durability for 18 of the 41 timbers, including the following softwoods: plantation hoop pine heartwood (\u003cem\u003eAraucaria cunninghamii\u003c/em\u003e), plantation radiata pine (\u003cem\u003ePinus radiata\u003c/em\u003e) sapwood, fast- and slow-grown Douglas fir (\u003cem\u003ePseudotsuga menziesii\u003c/em\u003e) heartwood, and black cypress (\u003cem\u003eCallitris endlichrei\u003c/em\u003e) heartwood adjacent to sapwood. Along with grey ironbark (\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus drepanophylla\u003c/em\u003e), other hardwood heartwoods for which the broken pain coat significantly reduced durability included: Johnstone River hardwood (\u003cem\u003eBackhousia bancroftii\u003c/em\u003e), rose alder (\u003cem\u003eCaldcluvia australiensis\u003c/em\u003e), spotted gum CCV (\u003cem\u003eCorymbia citriodora\u003c/em\u003e subsp. \u003cem\u003evariegata\u003c/em\u003e), spotted gum CCC (\u003cem\u003eCorymbia citriodora\u003c/em\u003e subsp. \u003cem\u003ecitriodora\u003c/em\u003e), spotted gum CH (\u003cem\u003eCorymbia henryi\u003c/em\u003e), kamarere (\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus deglupta\u003c/em\u003e), Queensland maple (\u003cem\u003eFlindersia brayleyana\u003c/em\u003e), outer and inner brush box (\u003cem\u003eLophostemon confertus\u003c/em\u003e), fish tail silky oak (\u003cem\u003eNeorites kevedianus\u003c/em\u003e), light red meranti (\u003cem\u003eShorea\u003c/em\u003e sp.) and red balau (\u003cem\u003eShorea\u003c/em\u003e sp.).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition to western redcedar (\u003cem\u003eThuja plicata\u003c/em\u003e), other timbers for which the broken paint coat significantly increased durability included messmate/Tasmanian oak (\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus obliqua\u003c/em\u003e) heartwood and Sydney blue gum (\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus saligna\u003c/em\u003e) heartwood. While the time to 50% failure was greater for painted inner and outer heartwood blackbutt (\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus pilularis\u003c/em\u003e) compared with unpainted L-joints, only painted regrowth outer heartwood L-joints were significantly more durable than their unpainted counterparts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs was the case for rose gum (\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus grandis\u003c/em\u003e), the broken paint coat had no significant effect on heartwood durability of L-joints of the following species: native forest hoop pine (\u003cem\u003eAraucaria cunninghamii\u003c/em\u003e), Caribbean pine (\u003cem\u003ePinus caribaea\u003c/em\u003e), slash pine (\u003cem\u003ePinus elliottii\u003c/em\u003e), radiata pine (\u003cem\u003ePinus radiata\u003c/em\u003e), northern silky oak (\u003cem\u003eCardwellia sublimis\u003c/em\u003e), kapur (\u003cem\u003eDryobalanops\u003c/em\u003e spp.), alpine ash/Tasmanian oak (\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus delegatensis\u003c/em\u003e), mountain ash/Tasmanian oak (\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus regnans\u003c/em\u003e), red mahogany (\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus resinifera\u003c/em\u003e), forest red gum (\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus tereticornis\u003c/em\u003e), and white Eungella satinash (\u003cem\u003eSyzygium wesa\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn white cypress (\u003cem\u003eCallitris glaucophylla\u003c/em\u003e) L-joints containing both heartwood and sapwood, the broken paint film affected the sapwood by significantly reducing durability and affected the heartwood by significantly increasing durability. There was, however, no significant difference between painted and unpainted L-joints that consisted of white cypress heartwood alone. The latter result should be considered as more reliable measure of heartwood durability, as the sizes of the heartwood portions in L-joints containing both heartwood and sapwood differed and was more difficult to assess. As suggested by Thornton et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1983\u003c/span\u003e, heartwood adjacent to sapwood failed more quickly for white cypress. For black cypress L-joints containing both heartwood and sapwood, the broken paint coat has no significant effect on sapwood durability, while heartwood durability was significantly reduced by the paint coat.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile a well-maintained paint coat can prevent checking, a broken paint film is known to increase time of wetness in durability test specimens, as water enters through the coating break and is slower to dry from under the intact coating (Militz and Bloom \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Brischke et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e; Meyer-Veltrup et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). For commercially relevant species, knowledge of relevant properties such as wood porosity and the mobility and toxicity of extractives would further characterise durability and inform design optimisation. Too few L-joints of CCA-treated H3 radiata pine sapwood had decayed to allow analysis of the effect of the broken paint coat on L-joint durability. To prolong the service life of joinery at risk of water trapping, brush-on protective treatment of joint inner surfaces can be applied (Norton and Francis \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 Durability classifications\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDirect comparison between the times to 50% failure (FT50) and probable above-ground life expectancies in the Australian natural durability Standard AS 5604 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) was undertaken to assess durability classifications. This was a conservative approach given the small size of the tenon component of L-joints that were assessed, the test design that created a moisture trap at the joint, the sub-tropical climatic conditions to which L-joints were exposed (Francis and Norton \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; MacKenzie et al. 2007; Wang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) and intermittent exposure to leaf litter from years 20 to 30, which encourages decay (Clausen and Lindner \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe performance of many timbers was consistent with durability classifications (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). For several timbers, the FT50 for unpainted L-joints exceeded the probable life expectancy for its durability classification, while the FT50 for painted L-joints was considerably shorter and within the probable life expectancy for its durability classification. This was the case for Johnstone River hardwood (\u003cem\u003eBackhousia bancroftii\u003c/em\u003e), rose alder (\u003cem\u003eCaldcluvia australiensis\u003c/em\u003e), kamarere (\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus deglupta\u003c/em\u003e) and light red meranti (\u003cem\u003eShorea\u003c/em\u003e sp.). The current durability classification was considered appropriate in these cases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData from the previous inspection of this test (32 years) were submitted to the Working Group on the revision of the Australian Standard AS 5604 Timber \u0026ndash; Natural durability ratings. Several above-ground durability classifications were updated based on those recommendations (Standards Australia \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e): rose alder (\u003cem\u003eCaldcluvia australiensis\u003c/em\u003e), northern silky oak (\u003cem\u003eCardwellia sublimis\u003c/em\u003e), kamarere (\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus deglupta\u003c/em\u003e) and Queensland maple (\u003cem\u003eFlindersia brayleyana\u003c/em\u003e F.Muell.) are all now Durability Class DC 3 above ground after previously being unclassified; brush box (\u003cem\u003eLophostemon confertus\u003c/em\u003e R.Br.) is now classified as DC 2 above ground after previously being classified as DC 3; and white Eungella satinash (\u003cem\u003eSyzygium wesa\u003c/em\u003e) is now classified as DC1 after previously being unclassified above ground. Additionally, it was noted in AS5604:2022 that \u003cem\u003eCorymbia henryi\u003c/em\u003e cannot be confirmed to have the same rating as the group listing for spotted gum, a trade name shared with \u003cem\u003eCorymbia citriodora\u003c/em\u003e subsp. \u003cem\u003ecitriodora\u003c/em\u003e and subsp. \u003cem\u003evariegata\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCorymbia maculata\u003c/em\u003e. The \u003cem\u003eC. henryi\u003c/em\u003e trees in this study were only sourced from one location. Further discussion of the spotted gum species in this test is planned to be provided in a following manuscript, along with discussion of relative performance of other commercially relevant timbers, including Tasmanian oak species (\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus delegatensis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eE. obliqua\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eE. regnans\u003c/em\u003e), the inner and outer heartwood brush box (\u003cem\u003eLophostemon confertus\u003c/em\u003e), and the inner, outer and regrowth outer heartwood of blackbutt (\u003cem\u003eEucalyptus pilularis\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile the red balau in this test performed consistently with expectations for Durability Class 2, the species represented were unclear. The rainforest species fish tail silky oak (\u003cem\u003eNeorites kevedianus\u003c/em\u003e) performed consistently with a Durability Class 2 classification.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRadiata pine sapwood treated with Copper Chromium Arsenic (CCA) to the preservative retention and penetration suitable for above-ground applications subject to moderate wetting and leaching was very highly durable in this study. This is consistent with in-ground durability performance for this preservative (Cookson \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Van den Bulcke et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Probable life expectancies are not provided in the Australian Standard for preservative-treated wood-based products (Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe need for Standards that reflect Australian conditions was demonstrated by the classification of Douglas fir (\u003cem\u003ePseudotsuga menziesii\u003c/em\u003e), which is rated as more durable in overseas standards than in AS 5604 (EN 350 \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Scheffer and Morrell \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Standards Australia \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). It is noteworthy, however, that slow-grown Douglas fir was significantly more durable than fast-grown Douglas fir in this study (Francis \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA limitation of AS 5604 is that durability classifications apply for the whole of Australia, encompassing temperate climatic regions in the south to tropical climatic regions in the north. Timber durability performance models that build on the work of MacKenzie \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2007), Wang et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) and Leicester et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), which take climatic variables into account, promise improved service life prediction capabilities. To assist with this endeavour, data generated for a subset of the timbers included in the study reported in this paper that were also installed at other locations throughout eastern Australia will be valuable (Cause \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1994\u003c/span\u003e; Francis and Norton \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Francis and Norton \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eNatural durability classifications for seven species in the Australian Standard AS 5604 Timber \u0026ndash; Natural durability ratings were updated based on the results of this study. In addition, timber durability performance data provided confirmation of a range of durability classifications in AS 5604 that were initially based on expert opinion and in-ground field test results. The broken paint coat of painted L-joints and consequent water trapping significantly reduced the natural durability for almost half (18) of the timbers tested. The paint coat had a protective effect, despite being broken to trap moisture, for four species. The broken paint coat did not have a significant effect for remaining timbers. The field site for this study presented a very high decay hazard. Further research on timber durability modelling that takes climate variables into account would be beneficial.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eNo conflict of interest exists in the submission of this manuscript for publication.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author acknowledges the Department of Primary Industries (DPI) Forest Product Innovation team, past and present, for aiding with research delivery. In particular, the efforts of Mr Myron Cause, who established the study, are gratefully acknowledged, along with the facilities at DPI\u0026rsquo;s Salisbury Research Facility. Dr David Mayer (DPI) is also gratefully acknowledged for assistance with data analysis, along with Dr William Leggate (DPI) and Professor Tripti Singh from the University of the Sunshine Coast (UniSC) for reviewing this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe initiation of this trial was supported by Forest and Wood Products Australia Ltd. (FWPA) and DPI. Recent assessments and reporting were supported by FWPA, DPI, and UniSC, through the National Centre for Timber Durability and Design Life.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLP Francis: writing original draft, data curation and interpretation of results.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAWPA (2016) E9-15 Standard Field Test for Evaluation of Wood Preservatives to be Used Above Ground (UC3A and UC3B); L-Joint Test. AWPA Book of Standards, Birmingham, AL. American Wood Protection Association, pp 402\u0026ndash;405\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAWPC (2015) L-joint test. Field, Decay, Hazard Class H3. Protocols for assessment of wood preservatives. September 2015 Revision. Rotorua, New Zealand. 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IRG Secretariat, Stockholm, Sweden. 18p.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Above-ground natural durability, L-joint, Painted, Unpainted","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6323835/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6323835/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eField tests that assess timber durability above ground are essential for shaping construction Standards that guide building practices. This paper summarises the condition of timber specimens after 35 years in an above-ground L-joint field test under very high-decay-hazard conditions in Australia. Forty-one timbers representing 30 botanical species were tested, including a range of softwoods such as \u003cem\u003ePinus radiata\u003c/em\u003e sapwood, heartwood, and CCA-treated sapwood, and a range of hardwoods including eucalypts and other Australian native species. A selection of imported timbers including \u003cem\u003eThuja plicata\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePseudotsuga menziesii\u003c/em\u003e were also evaluated. Unpainted and painted L-joints were tested, and in the painted joints, the paint film around the joint had broken, allowing moisture to become trapped underneath.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe assessment of the samples confirmed that the broken paint coat commonly reduced durability, having this effect in 18 of the 41 timbers. The paint coat significantly increased the durability of four species, despite the moisture trapping. The broken paint coat had no significant effect for the remaining timbers. Results from this field test were used to update the Australian timber natural durability Standard, AS5604. A limitation of that Standard is that durability classifications apply for the whole of Australia, encompassing temperate climatic regions in the south to tropical climatic regions in the north. Future research on timber durability performance models that take climatic variables into account promise improved service life prediction capabilities.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Above-ground durability of painted and unpainted Australian and imported timbers in an L-joint field test after 35 years","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-22 14:19:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6323835/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"e8a0671c-15d0-4701-b4ed-d3ecbdfebd1d","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 22nd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-01-13T07:39:41+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-04-22 14:19:45","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6323835","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6323835","identity":"rs-6323835","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}