The Lonidamine Derivative H2-Gamendazole Reduces Cyst Formation in Polycystic Kidney Disease

ABSTRACT Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a debilitating renal neoplastic disorder with limited treatment options. It is characterized by the formation of large fluid-filled cysts that develop from kidney tubules through abnormal cell proliferation and cyst-filling fluid secretion driven by cAMP-dependent Cl − secretion. We have examined the effectiveness of the indazole carboxylic acid, H2-gamendazole (H2-GMZ), a derivative of lonidamine, to inhibit these processes and cyst formation using in vitro and in vivo models of ADPKD. H2-GMZ was effective in rapidly blocking forskolin-induced, Cl − -mediated short-circuit currents in human ADPKD cells at 1 μM and it significantly inhibited both cAMP- and EGF-induced proliferation of ADPKD cells with an IC 50 of 5-10 μM. Western blot analysis of H2-GMZ-treated ADPKD cells showed decreased phosphorylated ERK and hyperphosphorylated Rb levels. H2-GMZ treatment also decreased ErbB2, Akt, and Cdk4, consistent with inhibition of the chaperone Hsp90, and reduced the levels of the CFTR Cl − channel. H2-GMZ-treated ADPKD cultures contained a higher proportion of smaller cells with fewer and smaller lamellipodia and decreased cytoplasmic actin staining, and they were unable to accomplish wound closure even at low H2-GMZ concentrations, consistent with an alteration in the actin cytoskeleton and decreased cell motility. Studies using mouse metanephric organ cultures showed that H2-GMZ inhibited cAMP-stimulated cyst growth and enlargement. In vivo , H2-GMZ (20mg/kg) was effective in slowing postnatal cyst formation and kidney enlargement in the Pkd1 flox/flox : Pkhd1-Cre mouse model. Thus, H2-GMZ treatment decreases Cl − secretion, cell proliferation, cell motility, and cyst growth. These properties, along with its reported low toxicity, suggest that H2-GMZ might be an attractive candidate for treatment of ADPKD.