Improved Energy Management Strategy Using Adaptive PI Controller for FuelCell-Supercapacitor-Battery Hybrid Tramways

Improved Energy Management Strategy Using Adaptive PI Controller for FuelCell-Supercapacitor-Battery Hybrid Tramways | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Improved Energy Management Strategy Using Adaptive PI Controller for FuelCell-Supercapacitor-Battery Hybrid Tramways Faical Briber, Daoud Rezzak, Nasserdine Boudjerda This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4830290/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Jun, 2025 Read the published version in Electrical Engineering → Version 1 posted 15 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This paper presents an enhanced Energy Management Strategy for a hybrid (FuelCell-Supercapacitor-Battery) tramway, using an adaptive Proportional-Integral(PI) controller. The main objectives are: i) prevent sudden changes in the fuel cellcurrent to prolong its lifespan; ii) effectively track the power requirements of thetramway under both steady-state and transient conditions; iii) regulate the DCbus voltage at a predefined reference; and iv) achieve robust control of the hybridpower source. The development of the proposed Energy Management Strategywas conducted through two stages: first, using cascaded PI controllers to evaluatecontrol performance based on the Turkish Driving Cycle of the LF-LRV tramway;and second, integrating the adaptive PI controller into the inner control loop ofthe DC bus voltage. The adaptive PI controller outperforms the conventional PIcontroller by significantly reducing chattering and transient peaks of the DC busvoltage by 77%. Furthermore, the adaptive PI controller responds robustly toparameter variations of Cbus, ensuring steady DC bus voltage clear of chatteringor disturbance. These improvements enhance the overall control performance,thereby advancing the sustainability of fuel cell-based tramways and promotingenvironmentally friendly urban transportation. Fuel cell supercapacitor energy management strategy hybrid tramway Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 27 Jun, 2025 Read the published version in Electrical Engineering → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 27 Jan, 2025 Reviews received at journal 24 Jan, 2025 Reviews received at journal 24 Jan, 2025 Reviews received at journal 22 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Jan, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Jan, 2025 Reviews received at journal 11 Sep, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Aug, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Aug, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 21 Aug, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 31 Jul, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 31 Jul, 2024 First submitted to journal 30 Jul, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4830290","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":345075682,"identity":"f66a0f61-4315-442d-8ab8-df8e5cf437c7","order_by":0,"name":"Faical Briber","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABFklEQVRIie3RMUvDQBTA8XcIzfKo6x2V+hVe6GADln6VlIKTgpN0cMh0WYJzt34Gd4cXDuoS9As4xCVzxKVDEe+q0CVXdBO5/xKO3C+XvACEQn8wAqHtZQg9AMEtANpVyhLGAHyQjByBcrkn8gDZbR7tFgb3N/zkbGB0/fZAp/3I1GaiX06I4ZXHCwn9526T3M3yeNlQrPGCzJVu0BL7YpUExd2EKqEHyFuhJThiUK3qlJVblpmfbJmmWkatSRzJ7Cnqwz3B8/mOANNMSyQjLDl2E1OZJetukhQijwumucbL67J4+iZyLVFVnolh1NQbpskqf7yvNzdm2gOcv8vb86FvYl1heiS//umPi1i0v9kfCoVC/71P9kJgHX0Blj0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"University of Jijel","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Faical","middleName":"","lastName":"Briber","suffix":""},{"id":345075683,"identity":"ad3ccd2b-71b8-4806-b9fb-1b33708acba9","order_by":1,"name":"Daoud Rezzak","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Abbes Laghrour","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Daoud","middleName":"","lastName":"Rezzak","suffix":""},{"id":345075684,"identity":"473f373f-afbe-44dc-b293-a442aaaf5867","order_by":2,"name":"Nasserdine Boudjerda","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Jijel","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nasserdine","middleName":"","lastName":"Boudjerda","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-07-30 16:42:49","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4830290/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4830290/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-025-03229-x","type":"published","date":"2025-06-27T15:57:03+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":85686208,"identity":"3353cd43-a82b-4220-9a87-d82560fb1598","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-30 16:04:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2492608,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"snarticletemplate.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4830290/v1_covered_e378d3d4-eebf-4898-a5e1-19745619918f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Improved Energy Management Strategy Using Adaptive PI Controller for FuelCell-Supercapacitor-Battery Hybrid Tramways","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"electrical-engineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"elen","sideBox":"Learn more about [Electrical Engineering](http://link.springer.com/journal/202)","snPcode":"202","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/202/3","title":"Electrical Engineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Fuel cell, supercapacitor, energy management strategy, hybrid tramway","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4830290/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4830290/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"This paper presents an enhanced Energy Management Strategy for a hybrid (FuelCell-Supercapacitor-Battery) tramway, using an adaptive Proportional-Integral(PI) controller. The main objectives are: i) prevent sudden changes in the fuel cellcurrent to prolong its lifespan; ii) effectively track the power requirements of thetramway under both steady-state and transient conditions; iii) regulate the DCbus voltage at a predefined reference; and iv) achieve robust control of the hybridpower source. The development of the proposed Energy Management Strategywas conducted through two stages: first, using cascaded PI controllers to evaluatecontrol performance based on the Turkish Driving Cycle of the LF-LRV tramway;and second, integrating the adaptive PI controller into the inner control loop ofthe DC bus voltage. The adaptive PI controller outperforms the conventional PIcontroller by significantly reducing chattering and transient peaks of the DC busvoltage by 77%. Furthermore, the adaptive PI controller responds robustly toparameter variations of Cbus, ensuring steady DC bus voltage clear of chatteringor disturbance. 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