Monoterpenes alter TAR1-driven physiology inDrosophilaspecies

Monoterpenes are molecules with insecticide properties whose mechanism of action is however not completely elucidated. Furthermore, they seem to be able to modulate the monoaminergic system and several behavioural aspects in insects. In particular, tyramine (TA) and octopamine (OA) and their associated receptors orchestrate physiological processes such as feeding, locomotion and metabolism. Here we show that monoterpenes not only act as biopesticides in Drosophila species but can cause complex behavioural alterations that require a functional type 1 tyramine receptors (TAR1s). Variations in metabolic traits as well as locomotory activity were evaluated in both Drosophila suzukii and Drosophila melanogaster after treatment with three monoterpenes. A TAR1 −/− D. melanogaster strain was used to better understand the relationships between the receptor and monoterpenes-related behavioural changes. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that, in the D. melanogaster brain, TAR1 appeared to be expressed in areas controlling metabolism. In comparison to the D. melanogaster wild type, the TAR −/− flies showed a phenotype characterized by higher triglyceride levels and food intake as well as lower locomotory activity. The monoterpenes, tested at sublethal concentrations, were able to induce a downregulation of the TAR1 coding gene in both Drosophila species. Furthermore, monoterpenes also altered the behaviour in D. suzukii and D. melanogaster wild types 24 h after a continuous monoterpene exposure. Interestingly, they were ineffective in modifying the physiological performances of TAR1 −/− flies. In conclusion, it appears that monoterpenes not only act as biopesticides for Drosophila but they can also interfere with its behaviour and metabolism in a TAR1-dependent fashion.