Effect of Calisthenic Exercises Applied To Kickboxing Players on Strength Parameters

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Methods: A total of 20 kickboxers between the ages of 20-26, healthy, volunteers and actively involved in this branch for at least 4 years participated in the study. The volunteers participating in the study were randomly divided into two groups as the study and control groups. The study group applied calisthenic strength exercises in addition to routine kickboxing technical training for 8 weeks and 3 days a week, while the control group continued only their weekly routine kickboxing training without applying any strength training. Static strength performance (grip-leg-back), dynamic strength performance (1RM bench press and 1RM barbel squat), 30-second push-ups and 30-second sit-ups tests were applied to the athletes participating in the study before and after the 8-week training. SPSS 25.0 and JASP statistical package programs were used in the evaluation of the data obtained in the study and the significance level was accepted as 0.05. Results: In order to determine whether there are statistically significant differences between the control and study groups, an independent samples t-test was applied. According to the research results, right/left hand grip strength, back strength, leg strength, 1RM bench press and 1RM barbel squat values ​​in both the study and control groups increased significantly after the 8-week training program compared to the values ​​before the program (p<0.05). 30-second push-up and 30-second sit-up values ​​increased significantly only in the study group (p<0.05). Conclusion: It can be said that the calisthenic exercise program applied in addition to kickboxing training has positive effects on muscular endurance performance. Trial Registion: NCT07149779-24.08.2025 Kickboxing players Calisthenic exercise Strenght Performance Muscular endurance Introduction Kickboxing, a versatile martial art and competitive sport, is a dynamic and high-intensity sport that involves complex skills of hand and foot techniques. Kickboxing training focuses on strength, speed, agility and technical skills to improve athletes' performance and gain an advantage over their opponents. Kickboxing, which is classified according to gender, body weight and age categories, is performed in 7 different styles in Turkey (light contact, full contact, low kick, k1 rules, point fighting, kick light and musical form) [ 1 ]. Since kickboxing matches consist of multiple rounds and the round times are not certain, training should be planned to include general strength, endurance and coordination, as well as defensive and offensive skills, focusing on developing athletes' physical condition, agility and reaction time [ 2 ]. Kickboxers usually have a low body fat ratio and high muscle mass. Upper body, leg muscles and joint flexibility are critical for kickboxing performance [ 3 ]. An athlete's performance in competitions or training is directly related to their cardiorespiratory fitness level, body structure, gender and age [ 4 ]. Calisthenic exercises are defined as resistance training performed by the individual using their own body weight. Calisthenic exercises, which include movements such as push-ups, chin-ups, and sit-ups, improve individuals' cardiovascular endurance, muscle strength, agility, coordination, flexibility, and balance when performed correctly [ 5 ]. Resistance exercises are an effective mechanism that stimulates muscle hypertrophy along with increases in muscle strength. It is known that the initial increases in muscle strength during the strength training process are due to adaptations in the muscle-nervous system and that the muscle hypertrophy mechanism is effective in subsequent strength increases. If exercises close to maximum load intensity are applied for approximately 6–8 weeks, an increase of 25–30 percent in muscle strength and an improvement in muscle hypertrophy are also achieved [ 6 ]. The benefits of calisthenic exercises are not limited to physical fitness. These exercises also positively affect the social, cognitive, and mental health of individuals [ 7 ]. These exercises are preferred by individuals of almost all age groups due to their minimal equipment requirement, wide application areas and positive effects on general physical performance [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of a calisthenic exercise program on static/dynamic strength and muscular endurance in young male kickboxers. Methods Study design and participants Twenty licensed male kickboxers between the ages of 20 and 26 who train regularly participated in the study. The volunteers were informed about the test protocols, measurements, and general study information. After obtaining informed consent for their participation, they were randomly assigned to a study and control group. The study group, under the supervision of a kickboxing coach, performed calisthenic strength exercises three days a week for eight weeks in addition to their regular kickboxing training, while the control group continued only their weekly kickboxing routine. Measurements were taken at 24-hour intervals for three days to ensure that the physiological effects of the applied tests did not interfere with other tests. All data obtained from the control and training groups before and after the study were compared and analyzed. Data Collection Determination of height and body weight Before and after the eight-week planned training program, the height and body weight of all participants were determined with an Oncomed brand SC-105 model 0.1 kg precision measuring device and the body mass index (BMI) value was calculated. 30-second push-up test After the subjects took a position on the floor mat, they were asked to lower their bodies until their elbows reached 90 degrees, with their arms open at shoulder width, elbows straight and tense, without touching the ground and without creating a concave waist, and then return to the starting position after approaching the ground. The number of regular push-ups performed for 30 seconds was recorded [ 11 ]. 30-second sit-up test After the subjects lay on their backs on a mat laid on the floor, their arms were joined on their chests and their knees were at a 45° angle. The subjects were asked to lift their bodies 90° off the ground and touch the ground again in the starting position. The number of regular sit-ups performed for 30 seconds was recorded [ 11 ]. Static strength measurement test A dynamometer was used to determine the grip, back and leg strength of the subjects [ 12 ]. Dynamic strength measurement test The maximal weight that all participants in the study could lift at one time was determined with the 1 repetition maximal (1RM) method of the bench press movement, one of the basic exercises for the upper extremity, and the barbell squat movement, which is considered a basic exercise for the lower extremity [ 13 ]. Calisthenic Training Program The athletes in the training group of the study were included in a calisthenic training program consisting of burpees, push-ups, sit-ups, bench dips, jumping jacks, jumping squats, mountain climbers, straight and side plank movements in addition to regular kickboxing training. The calisthenic training program was applied to the athletes for 8 weeks, 3 days a week, with each movement lasting 30–60 seconds (starting with 30 seconds and increasing by 10 seconds every two weeks), 15 seconds between repetitions, and 2 minutes between sets, for a total of 2 sets. Statistical Analysis SPSS 25.0 and JASP statistical package programs were used to evaluate the data obtained in the study, and the significance level was accepted as 0.05. A t-test was applied in independent samples to determine whether there were statistically significant differences between the control and study groups. Results Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of the study and control groups Variables Study group (n = 10) Control group (n = 10) Height (cm) 176.7 ± 4.2 178.1 ± 7.3 Body weight (kg) 72.5 ± 7.0 73.0 ± 10.9 BMI (kg/m 2 ) 23.2 ± 1.6 22.9 ± 2.4 Table 1 shows the descriptive characteristics of all participants (study and control) included in the study. Table 2 Pre-test and post-test values ​​of strength parameters of the study group Variables Pre-test Post-test p Grip strength (right hand) 52.9 ± 5.2 55.0 ± 5.0 < 0.001 Grip strength (left hand) 53.8 ± 5.3 54.7 ± 5.3 0.009 Back strength 138.5 ± 18.6 142.6 ± 18.0 0.000 Leg strength 142.5 ± 20.6 145.3 ± 19.5 0.000 1 RM bench press 93.8 ± 12.9 97.5 ± 12.5 0.005 1 RM barbell squat 107.2 ± 13.2 111.0 ± 13.2 0.001 30 sec push-up 28.5 ± 3.1 30.2 ± 2.7 0.002 30 sec sit-up 27.3 ± 2.4 29.4 ± 2.2 0.002 When the pre- and post-test values ​​of the strength parameters of the study group are compared in Table 2 , it was determined that the right and left hand grip strength, back-leg strength, 1 RM bench press, 1 RM barbel squat, 30 seconds of push-ups and 30 seconds of sit-ups values ​​increased statistically significantly (p ≤ 0.05). Table 3 Pre-test and post-test measurement values ​​of the control group Variables Pre-test Post-test p Grip strength (right hand) 49.8 ± 8.6 51.3 ± 8.30 0.003 Grip strength (left hand) 46.2 ± 9.1 47.7 ± 8.7 0.004 Back strength 132.8 ± 23.4 134.5 ± 22.4 0.013 Leg strength 135.8 ± 21.7 137.2 ± 20.0 0.003 1 RM bench press 88.0 ± 19.1 91.00 ± 19.3 0.001 1 RM barbell squat 101.50 ± 13.9 103.75 ± 15.8 0.010 30 sec push-up 27.90 ± 3.9 28.60 ± 3.3 0.089 30 sec sit-up 27.90 ± 2.6 28.40 ± 2.6 0.096 Table 3 is examined, the pre-test and post-test data of the control group were compared. It was determined that right-left hand grip strength, back and leg strength increased statistically significantly in 1 RM bench press and 1 RM barbel squat values ​​(p ≤ 0.05). No statistically significant difference was observed in 30-second push-up and 30-second sit-up test values ​​(p ≥ 0.05). Table 4 Comparison of pre-test values ​​of strength parameters of study and control groups. Variables Pre-test Study Group Pre-test Control Group t p Grip strength (right hand) 52.9 ± 5.2 49.8 ± 8.6 0.98 0.34 Grip strength (left hand) 53.8 ± 5.3 46.2 ± 9.1 2.295 0.34 Back strength 138.5 ± 18.6 132.8 ± 23.4 0.667 0.51 Leg strength 142.5 ± 20.6 135.8 ± 21.7 0.709 0.48 1 RM bench press 93.8 ± 12.9 88.0 ± 19.1 0.761 0.46 1 RM barbell squat 107.2 ± 13.2 101.5 ± 15.9 0.872 0.39 30 sec push-up 28.5 ± 3.1 27.9 ± 3.9 0.379 0.71 30 sec sit-up 27.3 ± 2.4 27.9 ± 2.6 0.602 0.60 Table 4 compares the pre-test values ​​of the strength parameters of all participants (study and control) participating in the study. As a result of the statistical analysis, no statistically significant difference was found between the performances of the participants in all strength values ​​examined according to the pre-test data between the groups (p ≥ 0.05). Table 5 Comparison of post-test values ​​of strength parameters of the study and control groups. Variables Post-test Study Group Post-test Control Group t p Grip strength (right hand) 55.0 ± 4.5 51.3 ± 8.3 1.027 0.24 Grip strength (left hand) 54.7 ± 5.3 47.7 ± 8.7 2.185 0.04 Back strength 142.6 ± 18.0 134.5 ± 22.4 0.882 0.38 Leg strength 145.3 ± 19.5 137.2 ± 20.0 0.892 0.38 1 RM bench press 97.5 ± 12.5 91.0 ± 19.3 0.861 0.40 1 RM barbell squat 111.0 ± 13.2 103.8 ± 15.8 1.113 0.28 30 sec push-up 30.2 ± 2.7 28.6 ± 3.3 1.185 0.25 30 sec sit-up 28.9 ± 2.2 28.4 ± 2.6 0.467 0.64 Table 5 compares the post-test values ​​of the strength parameters of all participants (study and control) participating in the study. As a result of the statistical analysis, a statistically significant difference was found only in the left hand grip strength according to the post-test data of the participants between the groups (p ≤ 0.05), and no statistically significant difference was found in the other strength values ​​examined (p ≥ 0.05). Discussion As a result of this study conducted to examine the effect of calisthenic exercises applied in addition to the training of male kickboxers on some strength parameters of the athletes, a significant difference was found between the pre-test and post-test values ​​in right and left hand grip strength, back strength, leg strength, 1 RM bench press and 1 RM barbel squat variables in both the control and study group athletes (p 0.05). There are many studies in the literature indicating that calisthenic training applied without the need for expensive training equipment is a practical and effective training method for improving the motor characteristics and body composition of both sedentary and regularly exercising individuals [ 8 , 14 – 24 ]. In line with the results of the current study, 28 untrained male individuals were subjected to calisthenic training for 8 weeks, and at the end of the study, no difference was determined in the individuals' hand grip test values, while a statistically significant increase of 16.4% in push-up test values ​​and 39.2% in sit-up test values ​​was found. No significant difference was determined between the pre- and post-measurements in any variable of the individuals constituting the control group. As a result of the study, it was emphasized that training with their own body weight was an effective training method in increasing the strength of individuals [ 15 ]. Kotarsky et al. [ 16 ] who examined the effects of two different exercise protocols (bench press and progressive push-up) on muscle strength and thickness, regularly subjected young adult, moderately trained male individuals to resistance exercise protocols three days a week for 4 weeks. They determined significant increases in muscle strength in both exercise groups in line with the results obtained by applying muscle thickness, medicine ball throwing distance, 1RM bench press and push-up tests before and after the study. In particular, the push-up group made more significant improvements in terms of push-up progression compared to the bench press group. These results suggest that push-up exercises may be more effective on muscle thickness and functional strength development than bench press. Guerra et al. [ 8 ] included calisthenic exercises in the physical education programs of 24 male students (average age 15.7 years) who had not previously done sports regularly, 2 days a week for 8 weeks. As a result of their study, significant improvements were recorded in sit-up and push-up tests in both groups (experimental + control), but it was reported that the performance of the students in the experimental group (55.1% in the push-up test and 38.9% in the sit-up test) improved more than the control group (39.3% and 9.7%). The researchers emphasized that calisthenic strength training has the potential to increase muscle strength and improve sports performance in children and adolescents. In another study similar to the design and results of the current study, Bozlak [ 18 ] applied a calisthenic exercise program aimed at developing muscle strength and endurance, including exercises such as push-ups, chin-ups, planks and crunches using their own body weight, in addition to a regular sayokan training program for 8 weeks to 20 male sayokan athletes, who were randomly determined as experimental and control groups. While the calisthenic exercise program was applied to the experimental group, the control group continued their normal training program. At the end of the study, it was stated that calisthenic exercises did not affect the balance and flexibility variables of sayokan athletes, but caused significant increases in grip strength values. These findings show that calisthenic exercises are an effective method for improving grip strength. As a result of a study conducted to examine the effect of calisthenic training on improving the technical skills and physical condition of young basketball players, it was reported that calisthenic training performed two days a week for 6 weeks in addition to regular basketball training improved the performance of the athletes by observing significant improvements between the pre-test and post-test results in the variables of push-ups, sit-ups, flexibility, vertical jump and speed [ 21 ]. Similarly, there are also studies indicating that calisthenic exercises performed in addition to the training of young football players [ 20 ] and volleyball players [ 23 ]are an effective method for improving the body composition and performance of athletes and that including such exercises in training programs may be beneficial. In another study, a prospective case study design was used to investigate the effect of a 6-week calisthenic training program on the physical fitness of a 21-year-old male student, and the subject participated in calisthenic training three to four days a week for 6 weeks, the intensity of which gradually increased during the study period. As a result of the tests and measurements applied before and after the training, the findings of the study emphasize the applicability and effectiveness of calisthenic exercises as a practical training method to improve muscle endurance, strength and body composition [ 24 ]. The findings of this study, which was conducted to reveal the effect of calisthenic exercises, a time-based strength training form that provides a great effect in a short time, on the strength parameters of kickboxers, are parallel to the findings of the above-mentioned studies. At the same time, the studies emphasize that these exercises performed with their own body weight do not only improve the strength performance of individuals but also are effective in improving their general physical fitness levels and health status. Conclusion As a result, it can be said that the calisthenic exercise program applied in addition to kickboxing training has positive effects on muscular endurance. In this direction, it can be recommended that calisthenic exercises, which are particularly low-cost and have positive effects in a short time, should be included more in individuals' exercise programs. In the current study, the participants' performance at a medium level or above constitutes a limitation of the study. Considering this situation, it is thought that different results can be obtained when similar studies are applied to sedentary individuals or beginner level athletes. Declarations Acknowledgements: The authors express their sincere gratitude to all participants who willingly volunteered their time and effort to contribute to this study. Author Contributions: SK and Şİ conceived and designed the research. SK conducted the experiments. SR analysed the data. Şİ and SR interpreted the results of the experiments. SK drafted the first version of the manuscript. Şİ and SR were involved in the revision and approval of the final version of the manuscript. Şİ supervised the study and was assisted by SR as co-supervisors. Data availability: The data supporting the results of this study are provided within the manuscript. Consent for publication: Not Applicable Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Ethical approval was granted by the Selçuk University Faculty of Sports Sciences Ethics Committee (E-40990478-050.99-432169). Clinical trial number: applicable (NCT07149779-24.08.2025). All participants were given the necessary information about the study and informed consent was obtained to participate in the study. This study was prepared in accordance with the consort guidelines. Funding: This research received no external funding Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References Babić M, Pobrić I, Čular D.Physiological response and biomarkers in kickboxing systemati review. Phys. Act. Rev. 2023;11(2):120-137. https://doi.org/10.16926/par.2023.11.27. Ouergui I, Benyoussef A, Houcine N, Abedelmalek S, Franchini E, Gmada N, Bouassida A. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7115446","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":512930790,"identity":"f3e42064-9562-4385-8aa8-bbb7c3efc9db","order_by":0,"name":"Salih KAHRAMAN","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Salih","middleName":"","lastName":"KAHRAMAN","suffix":""},{"id":512930791,"identity":"fdcb014f-c87a-4312-ac1f-bd2bc65d9aba","order_by":1,"name":"Şükran İRİBALCI","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA40lEQVRIie3RMQrCMBiG4a8UdCnOFcFcoeLqYVoEO7k7CFoEu4iuFoReId7AENAl7hkcLIKTgyI4iqmCg0Pa0SEvhGTIQ34IYDL9aWwMNAFbbRt8VhnSBqwvyU/68hvBuDQh8T5jy+EhTOMoujsCzZr0q6eBhngi9BjdnvtUsEnDkWjXpW9FQkfQAztWeJ+6wdR2rghoTnSTkcVZkScPSZq9yaiQQKpX1lPuQ1qKSPheEfGkeiWZ8xYVwaS+Em4rEVmU6Afr2bfZgxMSc3a9bDuktutubtrBfnKBEj9pMplMpoJeUgZcMon8CH0AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Selçuk University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Şükran","middleName":"","lastName":"İRİBALCI","suffix":""},{"id":512930792,"identity":"2ec62f3b-363a-4155-b4d2-9cd294519325","order_by":2,"name":"Serkan REVAN","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Selçuk University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Serkan","middleName":"","lastName":"REVAN","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-13 21:23:07","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7115446/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7115446/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-025-01398-7","type":"published","date":"2025-12-02T15:57:31+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":97724394,"identity":"0fd4cba7-0389-4c8b-b431-1e2d44d1a4e4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-08 16:12:23","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":676996,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7115446/v1/5dc5784e-55d0-4dda-8f33-43378117ced1.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Effect of Calisthenic Exercises Applied To Kickboxing Players on Strength Parameters","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eKickboxing, a versatile martial art and competitive sport, is a dynamic and high-intensity sport that involves complex skills of hand and foot techniques. Kickboxing training focuses on strength, speed, agility and technical skills to improve athletes' performance and gain an advantage over their opponents. Kickboxing, which is classified according to gender, body weight and age categories, is performed in 7 different styles in Turkey (light contact, full contact, low kick, k1 rules, point fighting, kick light and musical form) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Since kickboxing matches consist of multiple rounds and the round times are not certain, training should be planned to include general strength, endurance and coordination, as well as defensive and offensive skills, focusing on developing athletes' physical condition, agility and reaction time [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eKickboxers usually have a low body fat ratio and high muscle mass. Upper body, leg muscles and joint flexibility are critical for kickboxing performance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. An athlete's performance in competitions or training is directly related to their cardiorespiratory fitness level, body structure, gender and age [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCalisthenic exercises are defined as resistance training performed by the individual using their own body weight. Calisthenic exercises, which include movements such as push-ups, chin-ups, and sit-ups, improve individuals' cardiovascular endurance, muscle strength, agility, coordination, flexibility, and balance when performed correctly [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Resistance exercises are an effective mechanism that stimulates muscle hypertrophy along with increases in muscle strength. It is known that the initial increases in muscle strength during the strength training process are due to adaptations in the muscle-nervous system and that the muscle hypertrophy mechanism is effective in subsequent strength increases. If exercises close to maximum load intensity are applied for approximately 6\u0026ndash;8 weeks, an increase of 25\u0026ndash;30 percent in muscle strength and an improvement in muscle hypertrophy are also achieved [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. The benefits of calisthenic exercises are not limited to physical fitness. These exercises also positively affect the social, cognitive, and mental health of individuals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. These exercises are preferred by individuals of almost all age groups due to their minimal equipment requirement, wide application areas and positive effects on general physical performance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of a calisthenic exercise program on static/dynamic strength and muscular endurance in young male kickboxers.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStudy design and participants\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwenty licensed male kickboxers between the ages of 20 and 26 who train regularly participated in the study. The volunteers were informed about the test protocols, measurements, and general study information. After obtaining informed consent for their participation, they were randomly assigned to a study and control group. The study group, under the supervision of a kickboxing coach, performed calisthenic strength exercises three days a week for eight weeks in addition to their regular kickboxing training, while the control group continued only their weekly kickboxing routine. Measurements were taken at 24-hour intervals for three days to ensure that the physiological effects of the applied tests did not interfere with other tests. All data obtained from the control and training groups before and after the study were compared and analyzed.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eData Collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDetermination of height and body weight\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eBefore and after the eight-week planned training program, the height and body weight of all participants were determined with an Oncomed brand SC-105 model 0.1 kg precision measuring device and the body mass index (BMI) value was calculated.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e30-second push-up test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter the subjects took a position on the floor mat, they were asked to lower their bodies until their elbows reached 90 degrees, with their arms open at shoulder width, elbows straight and tense, without touching the ground and without creating a concave waist, and then return to the starting position after approaching the ground. The number of regular push-ups performed for 30 seconds was recorded [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e30-second sit-up test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfter the subjects lay on their backs on a mat laid on the floor, their arms were joined on their chests and their knees were at a 45\u0026deg; angle. The subjects were asked to lift their bodies 90\u0026deg; off the ground and touch the ground again in the starting position. The number of regular sit-ups performed for 30 seconds was recorded [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatic strength measurement test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan type=\"Underline\" class=\"Underline\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003eA\u003c/span\u003e dynamometer was used to determine the grip, back and leg strength of the subjects [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDynamic strength measurement test\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe maximal weight that all participants in the study could lift at one time was determined with the 1 repetition maximal (1RM) method of the bench press movement, one of the basic exercises for the upper extremity, and the barbell squat movement, which is considered a basic exercise for the lower extremity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCalisthenic Training Program\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe athletes in the training group of the study were included in a calisthenic training program consisting of burpees, push-ups, sit-ups, bench dips, jumping jacks, jumping squats, mountain climbers, straight and side plank movements in addition to regular kickboxing training. The calisthenic training program was applied to the athletes for 8 weeks, 3 days a week, with each movement lasting 30\u0026ndash;60 seconds (starting with 30 seconds and increasing by 10 seconds every two weeks), 15 seconds between repetitions, and 2 minutes between sets, for a total of 2 sets.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e SPSS 25.0 and JASP statistical package programs were used to evaluate the data obtained in the study, and the significance level was accepted as 0.05. A t-test was applied in independent samples to determine whether there were statistically significant differences between the control and study groups.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescriptive characteristics of the study and control groups\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudy group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl group (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHeight (cm)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e176.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e178.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBody weight (kg)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;7.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;10.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBMI (kg/m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the descriptive characteristics of all participants (study and control) included in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePre-test and post-test values ​​of strength parameters of the study group\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePre-test\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePost-test\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrip strength (right hand)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrip strength (left hand)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBack strength\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e138.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e142.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeg strength\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e142.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e145.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.000\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 RM bench press\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 RM barbell squat\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e107.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e111.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 sec push-up\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 sec sit-up\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen the pre- and post-test values ​​of the strength parameters of the study group are compared in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, it was determined that the right and left hand grip strength, back-leg strength, 1 RM bench press, 1 RM barbel squat, 30 seconds of push-ups and 30 seconds of sit-ups values ​​increased statistically significantly (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePre-test and post-test measurement values ​​of the control group\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePre-test\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePost-test\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrip strength (right hand)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrip strength (left hand)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.004\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBack strength\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e132.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e134.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.013\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeg strength\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e135.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e137.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 RM bench press\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91.00\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 RM barbell squat\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101.50\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103.75\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.010\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 sec push-up\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.089\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 sec sit-up\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.90\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.40\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.096\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e is examined, the pre-test and post-test data of the control group were compared. It was determined that right-left hand grip strength, back and leg strength increased statistically significantly in 1 RM bench press and 1 RM barbel squat values ​​(p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05). No statistically significant difference was observed in 30-second push-up and 30-second sit-up test values ​​(p\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparison of pre-test values ​​of strength parameters of study and control groups.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePre-test\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudy Group\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePre-test\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl Group\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrip strength (right hand)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrip strength (left hand)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;9.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.295\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBack strength\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e138.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e132.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;23.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.667\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeg strength\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e142.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e135.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;21.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.709\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 RM bench press\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e93.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.761\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 RM barbell squat\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e107.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e101.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.872\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 sec push-up\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.379\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 sec sit-up\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.602\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e compares the pre-test values ​​of the strength parameters of all participants (study and control) participating in the study. As a result of the statistical analysis, no statistically significant difference was found between the performances of the participants in all strength values ​​examined according to the pre-test data between the groups (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparison of post-test values ​​of strength parameters of the study and control groups.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePost-test\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudy Group\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePost-test\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eControl Group\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003et\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ep\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrip strength (right hand)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e51.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.027\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrip strength (left hand)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;8.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.185\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBack strength\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e142.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e134.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;22.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.882\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLeg strength\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e145.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e137.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;20.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.892\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 RM bench press\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e91.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.861\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 RM barbell squat\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e111.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e103.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;15.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.113\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 sec push-up\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.185\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30 sec sit-up\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.467\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e compares the post-test values ​​of the strength parameters of all participants (study and control) participating in the study. As a result of the statistical analysis, a statistically significant difference was found only in the left hand grip strength according to the post-test data of the participants between the groups (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;0.05), and no statistically significant difference was found in the other strength values ​​examined (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs a result of this study conducted to examine the effect of calisthenic exercises applied in addition to the training of male kickboxers on some strength parameters of the athletes, a significant difference was found between the pre-test and post-test values ​​in right and left hand grip strength, back strength, leg strength, 1 RM bench press and 1 RM barbel squat variables in both the control and study group athletes (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), while a significant difference was observed only in the study group in the 30-second push-up and 30-second sit-up tests (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere are many studies in the literature indicating that calisthenic training applied without the need for expensive training equipment is a practical and effective training method for improving the motor characteristics and body composition of both sedentary and regularly exercising individuals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15 CR16 CR17 CR18 CR19 CR20 CR21 CR22 CR23\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn line with the results of the current study, 28 untrained male individuals were subjected to calisthenic training for 8 weeks, and at the end of the study, no difference was determined in the individuals' hand grip test values, while a statistically significant increase of 16.4% in push-up test values ​​and 39.2% in sit-up test values ​​was found. No significant difference was determined between the pre- and post-measurements in any variable of the individuals constituting the control group. As a result of the study, it was emphasized that training with their own body weight was an effective training method in increasing the strength of individuals [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Kotarsky et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e] who examined the effects of two different exercise protocols (bench press and progressive push-up) on muscle strength and thickness, regularly subjected young adult, moderately trained male individuals to resistance exercise protocols three days a week for 4 weeks. They determined significant increases in muscle strength in both exercise groups in line with the results obtained by applying muscle thickness, medicine ball throwing distance, 1RM bench press and push-up tests before and after the study. In particular, the push-up group made more significant improvements in terms of push-up progression compared to the bench press group. These results suggest that push-up exercises may be more effective on muscle thickness and functional strength development than bench press. Guerra et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] included calisthenic exercises in the physical education programs of 24 male students (average age 15.7 years) who had not previously done sports regularly, 2 days a week for 8 weeks. As a result of their study, significant improvements were recorded in sit-up and push-up tests in both groups (experimental\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;control), but it was reported that the performance of the students in the experimental group (55.1% in the push-up test and 38.9% in the sit-up test) improved more than the control group (39.3% and 9.7%). The researchers emphasized that calisthenic strength training has the potential to increase muscle strength and improve sports performance in children and adolescents.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn another study similar to the design and results of the current study, Bozlak [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] applied a calisthenic exercise program aimed at developing muscle strength and endurance, including exercises such as push-ups, chin-ups, planks and crunches using their own body weight, in addition to a regular sayokan training program for 8 weeks to 20 male sayokan athletes, who were randomly determined as experimental and control groups. While the calisthenic exercise program was applied to the experimental group, the control group continued their normal training program. At the end of the study, it was stated that calisthenic exercises did not affect the balance and flexibility variables of sayokan athletes, but caused significant increases in grip strength values. These findings show that calisthenic exercises are an effective method for improving grip strength.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs a result of a study conducted to examine the effect of calisthenic training on improving the technical skills and physical condition of young basketball players, it was reported that calisthenic training performed two days a week for 6 weeks in addition to regular basketball training improved the performance of the athletes by observing significant improvements between the pre-test and post-test results in the variables of push-ups, sit-ups, flexibility, vertical jump and speed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, there are also studies indicating that calisthenic exercises performed in addition to the training of young football players [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e] and volleyball players [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]are an effective method for improving the body composition and performance of athletes and that including such exercises in training programs may be beneficial. In another study, a prospective case study design was used to investigate the effect of a 6-week calisthenic training program on the physical fitness of a 21-year-old male student, and the subject participated in calisthenic training three to four days a week for 6 weeks, the intensity of which gradually increased during the study period. As a result of the tests and measurements applied before and after the training, the findings of the study emphasize the applicability and effectiveness of calisthenic exercises as a practical training method to improve muscle endurance, strength and body composition [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. The findings of this study, which was conducted to reveal the effect of calisthenic exercises, a time-based strength training form that provides a great effect in a short time, on the strength parameters of kickboxers, are parallel to the findings of the above-mentioned studies. At the same time, the studies emphasize that these exercises performed with their own body weight do not only improve the strength performance of individuals but also are effective in improving their general physical fitness levels and health status.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs a result, it can be said that the calisthenic exercise program applied in addition to kickboxing training has positive effects on muscular endurance. In this direction, it can be recommended that calisthenic exercises, which are particularly low-cost and have positive effects in a short time, should be included more in individuals' exercise programs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the current study, the participants' performance at a medium level or above constitutes a limitation of the study. Considering this situation, it is thought that different results can be obtained when similar studies are applied to sedentary individuals or beginner level athletes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors express their sincere gratitude to all participants who willingly volunteered their time and effort to contribute to this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e SK and Şİ conceived and designed the research. \u0026nbsp;SK conducted the experiments. SR analysed the data. Şİ and SR interpreted the results of the experiments. \u0026nbsp;SK drafted the first version of the manuscript. Şİ and SR were involved in the revision and approval of the final version of the manuscript. Şİ supervised the study and was assisted by SR \u0026nbsp;as co-supervisors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability:\u003c/strong\u003e The data supporting the results of this study are provided within the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication:\u003c/strong\u003e Not Applicable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Ethical approval was granted by the Sel\u0026ccedil;uk University Faculty of Sports Sciences Ethics Committee (E-40990478-050.99-432169).\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eClinical trial number: applicable (NCT07149779-24.08.2025). All participants were given the necessary information about the study and informed consent was obtained to participate in the study. This study was prepared in accordance with the consort guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u003c/strong\u003e This research received no external funding\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare no conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBabić M, Pobrić I, Čular D.Physiological response and biomarkers in kickboxing systemati review. Phys. Act. Rev. 2023;11(2):120-137. https://doi.org/10.16926/par.2023.11.27.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOuergui I, Benyoussef A, Houcine N, Abedelmalek S, Franchini E, Gmada N, Bouassida A. Physiological responses and time-motion analysis of kickboxing: differences between full contact, light contact, and point fighting contests. The Journal of Strength and. ConditioningResearch.2021;35(9):2558-2563.https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.000000003190 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAmbroży T, Bąk R, Niewczas M, Rydzik Ł. Physical and physiological characteristics of kickboxers: A systematic review. Science of Martial Arts. 2022; 18, 111-120.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRydzik Ł, Maciejczyk M, Czarny W, Kędra A, Ambroży T. Elite kickboxers during international K1 competitions. Frontiers in Physiology.2021; 12, 691028. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.691028\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKaya DO, Duzgun I, Baltaci G, Karacan S, Colakoglu F. Effects of calisthenics and pilates exercises on coordination and proprioception in adult women: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation. 2012; 21(3): 235-243. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.21.3.235\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHakkinen K, Pakarinen A, Kallinen M. Neuromuscular ad aptations and serum hormones in women during short-term intensive strength training. 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J Strength Condit Res. 2012; 26(5): 1199-1202. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e31824f233e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThomasa EA, Biancoa EP, Mancusoa A, Pattia G. et al. The effects of a calisthenics training intervention on posture, strength and body composition. Isokinetics and Exercise Science. 2017; 25(3);215-222. https://doi.org/10.3233/IES-170001.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKotarsky CJ, Christensen BK, Miller JS, Hackney KJ. Effect of progressive calisthenic push-up training on muscle strength and thickness. The Journal of Strength \u0026amp; Conditioning Research. 2018; 32(3): 651-659. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002345.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBayrakdar A, Demirhan B, Zorba E. The effect of calisthenics exercises of performed on stable and unstable ground on body fat percentage and performance in swimmers. Manas Journal of Social Research. 2019; 8(3): 2979-2992. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.541847\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBozlak S, Investigation of the effects of calisthenic exercises applied to sayokan athletes on flexibility, strength and balance abilities. Master\u0026apos;s Thesis, Kırıkkale University Health Sciences Institute, Kırıkkale, 2019.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eD\u0026ouml;nmez G, Aydos İ. The effect of calisthenic studies on the physiological and physical parameters of middle-aged sedentary women. Gazi Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, 2000;5(2): 17-25.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCiğerci AE, Gen\u0026ccedil; H. The Effect of calisthenics exercises on body composition in soccer players. Progress in Nutrition. 2020; 22(1):94-102. https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v22i1-S.9797\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKılın\u0026ccedil; MY. The Effect of technical development and calisthenic strength training on performance of young basketball players. Master\u0026apos;s Thesis, Necmettin Erbakan University Institute of Educational Sciences, Konya. 2021. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIkpah RP. The effect of four weeks\u0026apos; strength and flexibility training on calisthenics beginners. KAMK. University of Applied Sciences.2022.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCintre NVR, Prabhakar R, Methe A. Effect of calisthenics exercises on the vertical high jump on intermediate female volleyball players. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health. 2022; 9(3): 93-96.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReenaviviony Tony F, Nukman Harith Rosly M, Mustaza N, et al. Effect of 6-weeks calisthenic training on physical fitness: A case study report. Fitness Performance and Health Journal. 2024; 3(1): 6-13. https://doi.org/10.53797/fphj.v3i1.2.2024.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-sports-science-medicine-and-rehabilitation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssmr","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation](http://bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ssmr/default.aspx","title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Kickboxing players, Calisthenic exercise, Strenght Performance, Muscular endurance","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7115446/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7115446/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground:\u003c/strong\u003e This study was conducted to investigate the effects of a calisthenic exercise program on static/dynamic strength and muscular endurance in young male kickboxers.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods:\u003c/strong\u003e A total of 20 kickboxers between the ages of 20-26, healthy, volunteers and actively involved in this branch for at least 4 years participated in the study. The volunteers participating in the study were randomly divided into two groups as the study and control groups. The study group applied calisthenic strength exercises in addition to routine kickboxing technical training for 8 weeks and 3 days a week, while the control group continued only their weekly routine kickboxing training without applying any strength training. Static strength performance (grip-leg-back), dynamic strength performance (1RM bench press and 1RM barbel squat), 30-second push-ups and 30-second sit-ups tests were applied to the athletes participating in the study before and after the 8-week training. SPSS 25.0 and JASP statistical package programs were used in the evaluation of the data obtained in the study and the significance level was accepted as 0.05.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e In order to determine whether there are statistically significant differences between the control and study groups, an independent samples t-test was applied. According to the research results, right/left hand grip strength, back strength, leg strength, 1RM bench press and 1RM barbel squat values ​​in both the study and control groups increased significantly after the 8-week training program compared to the values ​​before the program (p\u0026lt;0.05). 30-second push-up and 30-second sit-up values ​​increased significantly only in the study group (p\u0026lt;0.05).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion:\u003c/strong\u003e It can be said that the calisthenic exercise program applied in addition to kickboxing training has positive effects on muscular endurance performance.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTrial Registion: NCT07149779-24.08.2025\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of Calisthenic Exercises Applied To Kickboxing Players on Strength Parameters","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-12 10:12:05","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7115446/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-09-16T07:03:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-15T13:08:05+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-09-10T07:39:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"227098478304333883801692118995463859441","date":"2025-09-08T06:30:24+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"144944397753850098648203973358451848345","date":"2025-09-07T19:57:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"19018876626372103656514231667395319614","date":"2025-09-07T09:54:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-07T09:50:42+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-09-05T14:57:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2025-09-04T14:42:12+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-03T16:33:58+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","date":"2025-09-03T16:30:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-sports-science-medicine-and-rehabilitation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssmr","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation](http://bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ssmr/default.aspx","title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"d9b60003-c8c0-494d-b18b-af09bcb17cea","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 12th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-08T16:08:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7115446","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-025-01398-7","journal":{"identity":"bmc-sports-science-medicine-and-rehabilitation","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation"},"publishedOn":"2025-12-02 15:57:31","publishedOnDateReadable":"December 2nd, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-12 10:12:05","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s13102-025-01398-7","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-025-01398-7","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7115446","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7115446","identity":"rs-7115446","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}