From Ocean to Market: Technical applications of Fish Protein Hydrolysates in Human functional food, Pet Wellness, Aquaculture and agricultural bio-stimulant product sectors

Sustainability in food production is a pressing priority due to environmental and political crises, the need for long-term food security and feeding the populace. Food producers need to increasingly adopt sustainable practices to reduce negative environmental impacts and food waste. The ocean is a source for sustainable food systems; as deforestation, water scarcity, and greenhouse gas emissions burden traditional, terrestrial resources. Our oceans contain the largest unexploited resource in the world in the form of mesopelagic fish species, with an estimated biomass of 10 billion metric tons. This resource, is largely untapped, due in part to the difficulties in harvesting these species. To ensure sustainability of this resource, management of fish stocks and fish processing practices must be optimised. Generation of fish protein hydrolysates from by-catch/underutilised species creates high-value, functional ingredients while also reducing waste. Marine hydrolysates offer a renewable source of nutrition and align with the principles of the circular economy, where waste is minimised and resources are reused efficiently. Ocean-derived solutions demand fewer inputs, generate less pollution, and have a smaller carbon footprint compared to traditional agriculture. This review details technical production, applications and markets for fish hydrolysates in the pet, aquaculture, biostimulants and human wellness product sectors.