A Methodology for Preliminary Design and Evaluation of Hybrid-Parallel Multicopters with a Novel Configuration

A Methodology for Preliminary Design and Evaluation of Hybrid-Parallel Multicopters with a Novel Configuration | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article A Methodology for Preliminary Design and Evaluation of Hybrid-Parallel Multicopters with a Novel Configuration Sepehr Saadat, Sayyed Majid Esmailifar This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7453834/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This paper introduces a hybrid-parallel multicopter UAV architecture designed to extend endurance while maintaining maneuverability. In this configuration, a single internal combustion engine directly drives two large primary propellers via a belt-and-pulley transmission, providing lift and forward thrust. Attitude stabilization and control are achieved by four small electric motors, ensuring fast response. By decoupling lift generation from control, the design avoids the generator losses inherent to hybrid-series systems, improving overall efficiency while preserving agility. A structured preliminary design methodology is developed, combining iterative take-off weight estimation, subsystem sizing, and six-degrees-of-freedom simulation for evaluation under realistic conditions. The approach is demonstrated through a case study for aerial surveying missions, targeting 7 hours of endurance with an 850 g payload. The design converged to a gross take-off weight of 18.5 kg and achieved a simulated endurance of 7.7 hours with stable flight performance. Compared to a hybrid-series UAV of similar capability, the proposed hybrid-parallel design offers a lighter and more efficient solution. Physical sciences/Energy science and technology Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing Multicopter UAV Preliminary Design Parallel Hybrid Propulsion System Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupplementaryTableS1.xlsx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7453834","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":525354396,"identity":"7738ca56-ce02-40d0-8ea0-955aa21882b6","order_by":0,"name":"Sepehr Saadat","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Amirkabir University of Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sepehr","middleName":"","lastName":"Saadat","suffix":""},{"id":525354397,"identity":"d3dc29b9-217e-4f56-a53b-eee3395a6219","order_by":1,"name":"Sayyed Majid 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In this configuration, a single internal combustion engine directly drives two large primary propellers via a belt-and-pulley transmission, providing lift and forward thrust. Attitude stabilization and control are achieved by four small electric motors, ensuring fast response. By decoupling lift generation from control, the design avoids the generator losses inherent to hybrid-series systems, improving overall efficiency while preserving agility. A structured preliminary design methodology is developed, combining iterative take-off weight estimation, subsystem sizing, and six-degrees-of-freedom simulation for evaluation under realistic conditions. The approach is demonstrated through a case study for aerial surveying missions, targeting 7 hours of endurance with an 850 g payload. The design converged to a gross take-off weight of 18.5 kg and achieved a simulated endurance of 7.7 hours with stable flight performance. Compared to a hybrid-series UAV of similar capability, the proposed hybrid-parallel design offers a lighter and more efficient solution.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A Methodology for Preliminary Design and Evaluation of Hybrid-Parallel Multicopters with a Novel Configuration","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-08 17:02:41","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7453834/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"aeeab6dc-8968-4228-9647-97b82708b7bc","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 8th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":55830401,"name":"Physical sciences/Energy science and technology"},{"id":55830402,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":55830403,"name":"Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-19T03:24:53+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-08 17:02:41","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7453834","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7453834","identity":"rs-7453834","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}