Identification of S1PR4 as an immune modulator for favourable prognosis in HNSCC through unbiased machine learning

As the largest family of membrane proteins, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most prominent family of pharmacological targets. However, only a few GPCRs have been well-defined in terms of their physiological and pathological functions. Thus, an efficient way to identify key GPCRs involved in tumour formation is urgently needed. In this study, patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) were classified into two different subtypes based on the characteristics of GPCRs using an unbiased machine learning method. Notably, these two subtypes showed significant differences in prognosis, gene expression, and immune microenvironment, especially in the infiltration of CD8 + T cells. Based on these differences, we screened three potential key regulators (S1PR4, S1PR5, and GPR87) from all GPCRs and constructed a prognostic nomogram for patients with HNSCC. We identified S1PR4 as the key GPCR in determining the two subtypes for positive correlation with the proportion and cytotoxicity of CD8 + T cells in HNSCC and was mainly expressed in a subset of CX3CR1 + CD8 + T cells. We also demonstrated that S1PR4 is an immune modulator for the favourable prognosis of HNSCC patients. We found that S1PR4 was highly expressed in CD8 + T cells from the tumours of HNSCC patients, which was significantly associated with better prognosis, and S1PR4 expression was accompanied by higher T cell cytotoxic marker expression (IFNG and GZMB). Notably, S1PR4 co-localised with CX3CR1, which has been identified as the most cytotoxic marker of CD8 + T cells. Furthermore, S1PR4 upregulation could significantly increase T cell function in CAR-T cell therapy, indicating its great potential in cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, these results identified S1PR4 as a key indicator of cytotoxicity and the proportion of tumour-infiltrating CD8 + T cells and confirmed the prognostic value of S1PR4 in HNSCC. Our findings contribute to the knowledge of S1PR4 in anti-tumour immunity, providing a potential GPCR-targeted therapeutic option for future HNSCC treatment.