Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Blood Donation Among Medical Students: A Systematic Review Across Nine Countries

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Mohamady, Fatima Abdallh, Doha Ahmed Farrag, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7171217/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Blood donation is the best source of blood in emergencies and improves others' lives. Globally, 118.54 million blood donations occur annually, with 31.5 donations per 1,000 people in high-income countries compared to 16.4 in upper-middle-income and 5 in low-income countries. The WHO (world Health Organization) insists that countries focus on young people to achieve 100% non-remunerated voluntary blood donation (VBD). Therefore, university students are good candidates for blood donation. This review provides a better understanding of the current status of blood donation among medical students. This review systematically searched international databases (PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) with relevant English studies published in English from 2000 to April 2024. study characteristics (study ID, location, study design, sampling techniques, and university), main outcome measures, and findings were extracted.We included 39 cross-sectional Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) studies across nine countries involving 13,895 medical students. Most studies were conducted in India. all studies used different self-administrated tools to collect data. Most of the studies had fair to good quality. Positive attitudes varied widely (42%-92.6%), with the highest rates among Indian students and the lowest among Pakistani students. Donation rates ranged from 1–74%, with Nigerian students demonstrating the highest rates. This review, which analyzed 39 cross-sectional KAP studies from nine countries involving 13,895 medical students, found that most students exhibited moderate levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding blood donation. To bridge this gap, policymakers must prioritize VBD awareness campaigns, and institutions should facilitate donation opportunities and incentivize participation among medical students. Preventive Medicine health behavior doner awareness knowledge attitudes and practices (kap) a systematic review blood donation Figures Figure 1 1 Introduction Blood donation is the best source of blood in emergencies and improves patient outcomes. Blood transfusion provides essential support for patients undergoing surgical procedures, managing traumatic injuries, treating chronic diseases, and combating cancer. This intervention serves as a critical cornerstone of healthcare delivery, ensuring patient stability and recovery in diverse clinical scenarios. Additionally, beyond its immediate therapeutic benefits, blood donation serves a dual purpose by facilitating therapeutic phlebotomy for individuals afflicted with conditions such as hereditary hemochromatosis, polycythemia vera, and other less prevalent disorders. Therefore, advocating for regular blood donations is imperative to maintain a steady supply of this life-saving resource [ 1 ]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is important that at least one% of the population donates blood regularly to maintain a sufficient blood supply. However, many countries around the world have struggled to achieve this goal. By 2006, more than 70 countries had reported donation rates below this recommended level. This situation creates challenges in meeting the worldwide demand for blood products [ 2 ].For example, in India, where approximately 26.2 million units of blood are needed each year, there is a significant shortfall of about 13 million units annually. This gap underscores the urgent need for coordinated efforts to improve blood donation rates on a global scale [ 1 ]. WHO reports that 38% of voluntary blood donors are younger than 25 years old, underscoring the organization's emphasis on engaging young people to achieve 100% non-remunerated voluntary blood donation. Consequently, university students are viewed as promising candidates for blood donation, particularly medical students who are expected to possess greater knowledge and are likely to become dedicated voluntary donors. Given their future roles as healthcare professionals, the attitudes and behaviors of medical students can potentially influence broader societal perspectives on blood donation [ 1 ]. This review aims to synthesize findings from studies investigating the KAPs of medical students regarding blood donation. By systematically summarizing these findings, this review provides insights into the factors influencing medical students' engagement with blood donation, highlighting areas for further research and suggesting strategies to enhance their participation in promoting this critical public health activity. 2 Methods 2.1. Protocol registration This review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024543640) and adheres to the PRISMA guidelines for observational studies 2.2. Eligibility The inclusion criteria for studies were as follows: Study Population: Medical students only, specifically Bachelor of Medicine (MBBS) students at any stage of their undergraduate training. Outcome: Knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) towards blood donation. Study Design: Cross-sectional studies. Time Frame: Studies conducted from 2000 to 2024. Language: Studies published in English. 2.3. We excluded studies that focused on postgraduate students, healthcare professionals, or students from pharmacy and dental fields. Qualitative study designs, non-English publications, and editorial correspondence, including letters to editors, case reports, and conference abstracts, were also excluded. Additionally, we omitted studies comparing medical with non-medical students as well as cross-sectional studies reporting pre- and post-intervention effects on blood donation. 2.4. Search Strategy A comprehensive search of international databases (PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) was conducted to identify relevant studies from their inception to April 2024. The search included the following Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms: "knowledge," "attitude," "practice," "students medical," and "blood donation. An example of the search strategy used has been noted in Table 1 Table 1 search strategy Database Results Search Strategy PubMed 41 (Medical students) AND (blood donation) AND (2000:2024[pdat])) AND (Knowledge)) AND (practice)) AND (attitude) Scopus 793 ((medical AND students) AND (blood AND donation) AND (knowledge)) AND (practice)) AND (attitude) AND (LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, "ar”)) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English”)) Scholar 267 ((Medical students) AND (blood donation) AND (Knowledge)) AND (practice)) AND (attitude) from 2000 to 2024 With the exact phrase: blood donation knowledge Web of Science 60 (Medical students) AND (blood donation) AND (Knowledge) AND (practice) AND (attitude)) Filters: Article (Document Types) and English (Languages) EMBASE 26 ((Medical students) AND (blood donation) AND (Knowledge)) AND (practice)) AND (attitude) fromm2000 to 2024 Table 4 knowledge of blood donation Study DOI Mini HG age required Min volume in every donation Min interval between every donation infection trans blood type universal domer Samira 2018 [38] - - - 69.2% HIV and HBV: 89.4% 77.4% Bharatwaj, R.S. (2012) [3] 73.50% 99.60% 53.50% - - - 97.80% Sahoo (2017) [12] 42.40% 85.60% 48.70% 82.90% 33.30% - Sunderam 2020 [20] - 74.80% - 83,2% 91.6%hiv\hepb74.8%\hepC49.5% - 75% DANASEKARAN 2017 [23] - 95.00% 22,2% - -- - Aslami, Ahmad Nadeem (2015) [11] 57% 85% 54% 45% 90% - 97% Meinia, Sushant Kumar (2016) [9] 69.33 82% 83% 76% 96% 97.30% - Thakur, S.B. (2023) [5] 32.70% 21.20% 9% 36.50% - - - Chauhan, Renu (2018) [8] 89% 95% 62.90% 58.70% 96% 95.70% 98.20% Singh 2017 [19] 60.54 90.00% - 93% - 95.7 - Chopra, Deepak (2015) [10] - 90% - 48.90% - - Ratnakar 2023 [21] 86.50% 88.20% - - - Khadilkar (2022) [13] 71.1women 96.90% 46.70% 68.60% - 98.60% Agrawal, A.K. (2022) [6] - - 63.20% 59% - 97% 99% Jayaraman 2015 [15] - - 17.40% - - 97.30% - Samanta 2021 [22] 60.30% 88.10% 98.60% - - - - Begum 2018 [16] - - - - - - - Mane 2014 [24] - - - - - - - Swetha, T. (2024) [4] - 99.60% 53.50% 61% 59.30% 100% - Sharma 2021 [17] - 57.30% 54.20% 80% 91.6% - Verma 2021 [14] - 89.80% 44.60% 71%males - - Agarwal, N. (2014 [7] - - - - - - - Govindasamy 2019 [18] 33.5 88.9 55.4 - - - -69.8 Patil, J. (2016) [41] - 78% - - 79% - - Dawadi (2020) [40] - - - - - - - Ogboghodo, E.O. (2015) [33] - - - - - - - Ewurum 2020 [34] - - - - - - - Kanwal 2019 [30] - 53.70% - 40.30% - 89.70% - Khan, S.W. (2020 [25] - 35% 28% 27% - - Tariq, S. (2018) [27] - 2.60% 34.00% 52% 53.90% 90.80% - Khan 2012 [31] - - - - - - - Amin 2023 [29] - 68.1%MALES 41.30% 65.1 - - 87% Mirza, H. (2015 [26] - 37.30% 60.60% 18.30% 93.70% 90.10% - IMRAN 2016 [28] - - - - 95.3%% - - Ahmed, Zeeshan (2014) [32] - - - - - - - Alsarafandi 2023 [37] 43.8 30.70% 44.10% - HIV 77.2%, HBV 78.7% 66.90% 76.60% Rizwan, Farzana Arain (2022) [35] - 76% 35% - - - - Gazibara 2015 [39] - - - - - - - Salem 2024 [36] - 85% 72.10% - - - - Table 5: Attitude levels among medical students Study DOI ref Positive attitude Samira 2018 [38] 92.00% Aslami, Ahmad Nadeem (2015) [31] 90.00% Singh 2017 [19] 57.81 Sharma 2021 [17] 90.9% Verma 2021 [14] 92.60% Govindasamy 2019 [18] 57.80% Patil, J. (2016) [41] 62.00% Ogboghodo, E.O. (2015) [33] 87.70% Amin 2023 [29] 80% Ahmed, Zeeshan (2014) [32] 42% Alsarafandi 2023 [37] 86% Table 6; Practice levels of blood donation Study DOI Reference Number Donated in past Didn't donate Willing to donate in the future Blood donation is a noble act Khan, S.W. (2020) 25 5+15% - - - Patil, J. (2016) 41 43% - - - Mirza, H. (2015) 26 - 67.60% 77.50% - Bharatwaj, R.S. (2012) [3] 3 1 - 85% 100% Ogboghodo, E.O. (2015) 33 11.40% - - - Swetha, T. (2024) [4] 4 17.70% - 89.4% 98% Thakur, S.B. (2023) 5 12.20% - 94.90% 97% Agrawal, A.K. (2022) 6 13.20% - 89.80% - Agarwal, N. (2014) 7 49% - 80.00% - Tariq, S. (2018) 27 10.70% 89.30% - - Ahmed, Zeeshan (2014) 32 - - 50% - Chauhan, Renu (2018) 8 22.90% - 91% - Meinia, Sushant Kumar (2016) 9 43.40% - - - Chopra, Deepak (2015) 10 23% - 75.50% - Rizwan, Farzana Arain (2022) 35 - 79.20% 82.10% - Aslami, Ahmad Nadeem (2015) 11 10% - 89.3% 100% Dawadi (2020) 40 22.10% - - - Sahoo (2017) 12 47.70% - 92.70% 93.70% Khadilkar (2022) 13 11.50% - - - Salem (2024) 36 43.40% - - - Kanwal (2019) 30 13% - 59% - Alsarafandi (2023) 37 16.70% - 87.00% 96.7% Verma (2021) 14 25.40% - - - Jayaraman (2015) 15 - 90% 93.6% - Begum (2018) 16 - 69% 93% - Sharma (2021) 17 36.50% - 94% - Govindasamy (2019) 18 30% - - - Singh (2017) 19 29.69% - 93.4% - Samira (2018) 38 17.30% - 81% - Gazibara (2015) 39 - - - - IMRAN (2016) 28 25.10% - - - Ewurum (2020) 34 74.10% - 93.50% - Sunderam (2020) 20 46% - - - Ratnakar (2023) 21 21% - 95% - Amin (2023) 29 28% - 78% - Samanta (2021) 22 31.20% - - - DANASEKARAN (2017) 23 54% - - - Khan (2012) 31 23% - - - Mane (2014) 24 31.40% - - 2.5. Study Selection The initial search retrieved 1187 articles. After removing 204 duplicate records using Rayaan, 983 articles remained. A.F. and A.E. independently performed primary screening based on titles and abstracts. Any disagreements were resolved by discussion and consultation with a third author. O.A. did a full-text screening, resulting in 66 articles. Out of these, 27 articles did not meet the eligibility criteria and were excluded, leaving 39 studies for inclusion in the final review. 2.6. Data Extraction Data extraction was performed independently by S.M. and O.A. Information on study characteristics (study ID, location, study design, sampling techniques, and university), main outcome measures, and findings were extracted and organized into an Excel table to facilitate quality assessment. Any disagreement was resolved through discussion. Table 1 shows the characteristics and findings of the included studies 2.7. Quality Assessment The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) by A.D. and S.M. This scale evaluates studies based on three broad perspectives: the selection of the study groups, the comparability of the groups, and the ascertainment of the outcome of interest. After summarizing the scores obtained for each question, the cut-off point for a good quality study was 7 out of 10, which was declared based on previous relevant studies. 2.8. Statistical Analysis The included studies were analyzed qualitatively. Because different questionnaires were used in studies and there was a high heterogeneity, conducting a meta-analysis was not possible, and Results were reported narratively, focusing on common findings across the studies. The analysis highlighted patterns and discrepancies in knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to blood donation among medical students. 3 Results 3.1 Literature search Our search strategy retrieved 1187 articles. Duplicates were removed using Rayaan, and titles were screened by two independent reviewers, leaving 66 unique articles for full-text screening. We excluded 27 articles that did not fulfill the eligibility criteria. 39 studies were included in our review. The PRISMA flow diagram is shown in Figure. 1. 3.2 Characteristics of the included studies All 39 articles included in this systematic review were cross-sectional studies that used self-administered questionnaires and were conducted in nine countries worldwide. Of these, 22 studies were conducted in India [ 3 ], [ 4 ], [ 5 ], [ 6 ], [ 7 ], [ 8 ], [ 9 ], [ 10 ], [ 11 ], [ 12 ], [ 13 ], [ 14 ], [ 15 ], [ 16 ], [ 17 ], [ 18 ], [ 19 ], [ 20 ], [ 21 ], [ 22 ], [ 23 ], [ 24 ]. Eight studies were conducted in Pakistan [ 25 ], [ 26 ], [ 27 ], [ 28 ], [ 29 ], [ 30 ], [ 31 ], [ 32 ]. Two studies were conducted in Nigeria [ 33 ], [ 34 ], and one study each was conducted in Saudi Arabia [ 35 ], Syria [ 36 ], Palestine [ 37 ], Dominica [ 38 ], Serbia [ 39 ], Nepal [ 40 ], and Malaysia [ 41 ]. Overall, 13985 participants were included. In all 39 included studies, the researchers used self-administered instruments for data collection. The number of items in different questionnaires varied. The content of the items was different from study to study. Nevertheless, overall, they examined the three components of KAP of blood donation among medical students. The sample size varied from 104 to 987. Table 2 shows the participants' characteristics. 3.3 Quality assessment In this review, three studies were of good quality. The included studies scored well for clearly stating the study aims, design, target population, risk factors, and outcome measurements, as well as result explanations and discussions. Common issues identified included the lack of sample size calculations, addressing non-response rates, missing data within completed questionnaires, and the absence of pilot testing. Table 3 shows the results of the quality assessment of the included studies. 3.4 Knowledge of blood donation towards Of the 39 studies, 26 reported knowledge by correct answers on the minimum age required to donate correct answers ranging from 2.60% [ 27 ] to 99.60% [ 4 ]. Thirteen studies reported the minimum hemoglobin rate required for blood donation correct answers ranging from 32.7% [ 5 ] to 89% [ 8 ]. Out of 13 studies, 2 studies reported knowledge of hemoglobin rates for men and women independently [ 13 ], [ 29 ]. Nineteen studies reported time intervals between donations. Correct answers ranged from 18.30 [ 26 ] to 93% [ 19 ]. Nine studies reported the knowledge of universal blood donors. Correct answers ranged from Lowest: 69.8% [ 18 ] to Highest: 99% [ 6 ]. Twenty-one studies reported the volume of blood donated in each donation. Correct answers varied from Lowest: 9% [ 5 ] to Highest: 98.60% [ 22 ], and 12 studies reported the knowledge of the students' blood type. Blood transfusion diseases such as HIV, HBV, HCV, malaria, and syphilis were reported differently in 12 studies. Table 4 shows 3.5 Attitude Eleven studies assessed attitude by positive attitude percentage, which varies from 42% [ 32 ] to [ 14 ] 92.6%. Attitude levels are shown in Table 5 3.6 Practice The willingness to donate blood in the future varied in studies, ranging from 50% [ 32 ] to 95% [ 21 ]. The percentage of students who donated blood in the past ranged from 1 [ 3 ] to 74.10% [ 34 ]. While six studies reported donating blood as a noble act from 93.70% [ 12 ] to 100%. [ 11 ]. Practice levels are represented in Table 6 . 3.7 Reasons stopping you from donating Some included studies mentioned a question about the reasons for not donating blood, and many answers were reported. Fear of blood and needles was reported in most studies, along with medical ineligibility. Some studies included religion as a cause of donation refusal. 3.8 Source of information Most Eligible studies included a question about participants' sources of information, while educational institutes, TV, and social media were reported as leading causes. Family and friends were reported in a few studies as well. 4 Discussion Medical students exhibit moderate knowledge and awareness of blood donation relative to other health disciplines, along with high willingness to donate. Despite this, their actual donation rates are often low due to barriers such as a lack of information and practical opportunities. A cross-sectional study in Poland was conducted on students in other health disciplines, such as pharmacy, dentistry, and health sciences showed that medical students are significantly more aware of the necessity of blood donation than the rest of the Polish community, and the majority know their blood type [ 42 ]. The results of another study by Giri assessed knowledge among different health branches: medicine and physiotherapy in India. It reported that the overall knowledge of blood donation was good, and the highest knowledge level was reported among medical students (53.1%), while the lowest was among physiotherapy students (20.7%). [ 43 ]. while in another institution, 78% of the students were willing to donate blood in the future, and knowledge for each group of the students was addressed [ 44 ]. Both [ 45 ] and [ 46 ] revealed that despite Malaysian and Nigerian students having adequate knowledge and positive attitudes, the practice was low. A study by [ 47 ]. showed that Nepalese medical students had higher knowledge and practice levels than non-medical students. Measures such as timely education can make a change in their KAP. This study showed that the leading causes of Low practice are a lack of information and direct requests. This aligns with [ 48 ], a review conducted on developing countries. The study indicates that although medical students exhibit a middle level of awareness and knowledge regarding blood donation compared to students in other health disciplines, their actual donation rates are insufficient. This variation demonstrates that increased awareness alone is insufficient to translate in translating knowledge into practice. To effectively achieve this, it is crucial to develop targeted educational programs that integrate practical training and facilitate easier access to donation opportunities. By enhancing these aspects, institutions can improve overall donation rates and contribute to a more dependable and efficient blood supply system by effectively overcoming the awareness and real blood donation practices barrier. 4.1. Limitation One of the limitations of this review is that most of the included studies did not report the overall levels of the KAP of the students. Secondly, all the studies used different self-administered questionnaires, which led to a high level of bias. Future research should employ standardized measures to more accurately evaluate and compare KAP levels, thereby reducing bias and providing a clearer understanding of the factors influencing blood donation practices among students. Conclusion Blood donation is a critical and life-saving resource during emergencies and significantly benefits patients. This review, which analyzed 39 cross-sectional KAP studies from nine countries involving 13,895 medical students, found that most students exhibited moderate levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding blood donation. To bridge this gap, policymakers must prioritize VBD awareness campaigns, and institutions should facilitate donation opportunities and incentivize participation among medical students. By addressing such issues, we can close the knowledge gap and take action towards increasing blood donation rates and enhancing patient care. Abbreviations KAP: Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice, WHO: World Health Organization, PRISMA: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, MBBS: Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery, MeSH: Medical Subject Headings, NOS: Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HBV: Hepatitis B Virus, HCV: Hepatitis C Virus, VBD: Voluntary Blood Donation Declarations Author’s contributions: Mawadda Chukr: Conception and Design, Methodology, Screening, Data Extraction, Quality assessment, Writing- first draft, Validation Ahmed O. Mohamady: Conception and Design, Material preparation, Data Extraction, Screening, Writing -first draft Doha Ahmed Farrag: Methodology, Quality Assessment, Material preparation, Writing first draft Fatima Abdallah: Material preparation, Screening,Writing first draft Eman Ayman Nada:Screening,Writing first draft Israa Ahmed Qutob: Writing -editing and revision Mahmoud M. Elsayed : Writing -editing and revision, Supervision Funding: The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. Availability of data and materials: The data and material underlying this article are available in the article and its online supplementary material. Code availability: Not applicable Ethics approval: Not applicable Consent to participate: Not applicable Consent to publish: Not applicable References World Health Organization. Blood safety and availability. Geneva: WHO. 1- World Health Organization. Blood safety and availability. Geneva: WHO; [cited 2024 Jun 14]. . Global status report on blood safety and availability 2021 . 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Khan, S.W., Rana, M., Mudassar: Safe blood to save life: A study to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding blood donation among undergraduate medical students. Mirza, H., Khan, F., Naeem, F.J.,: Blood safety and donation knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) among 1st year medical students at LMDC, Lahore. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences - Volume 9, Issue 3, pp. 992-994 - published 2015-01-01. Saba Tariq 1, Sundus Tariq 2, Shireen Jawed 3, Saffee Tariq 4: Knowledge and attitude of blood donation among female medical students in Faisalabad. J Pak Med Assoc. MUHAMMAD IMRAN, SHABAHAT ALI, KHURRAM SHAHZAD, BILAL HASSAN: Awareness and Practice of Blood Donation Among Medical Students of AIMC/FJMU. Sara Amin1 , Seema Hasnain2 , Zainab Batool3 , Ashir Mughal4: KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES REGARDING BLOOD DONATION AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS OF A PRIVATE MEDICAL COLLEGE, LAHORE. 10.51127/JAMDC5I4OA06 Arshia Kanwal1 , Amjad Ali Raza2 , Sarwat Saif3 , Umair Ashfaq: .Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Voluntary Blood Donation among Students of Rawalpindi Medical University. . Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College; 2019;23(S-1): 50-52 . Adeel Ahmed Khan Dr Zeeshan Ahmed Dr Muhammad A Siddiqui Kiran Yaqoob Zulqarnain Anis Saad Farooq: Knowledge, Attitude and Practices about Blood Donation among Medical Students of Karachi . Ahmed, Zeeshan Zafar, Mubashir Khan, Adeel Ahmed Anjum, Muhammad Umair Siddiqui, Muhammad A.: Knowledge, Attitude and Practices about Blood Donation among Undergraduate Medical Students in Karachi. 10.4172/2332-0877.1000134 Ogboghodo, E.O., Ofili, A.N., Ogunbor, O.J..: Knowledge, attitude and practice of voluntary nonremunerated blood donation among medical students in a tertiary institution in Southern Nigeria. Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research - Volume 14, Issue 2, pp. 104-117 - published 2015-01-01 . Ewurum, Uchechi A, Igweagu, PN: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Voluntary Non-Remunerated Blood Donation among Medical Students of Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria. 10.24940/ijird/202 Farzana Arain Rizwan, Razan Othman Al-Amri1 , Azzah A. Al‑Harthi1 , Nada A. Al‑Otaibi1 , Rawa F. Al‑Otaibi1: Knowledge, attitude, and blood donation practices among medical students of Taif University, Saudi Arabia. 10.4103/sjhs.sjhs_77_21 Moath Salem a, Areej Kahwaji b,*, Tarek A Owais c,: Knowledge, attitude, and practice of blood donation among undergraduate medical students in Syria. 10.1097/MD.0000000000037086 Muath Alsarafandi 1, Abd Al-Karim Sammour 1, Younis Elijla 1, : Knowledge, attitude, and practice among medical students in gaza strip towards voluntary blood donation: a cross-sectional study. 10.1186/s12913-023-10338-5 Samira, AW, Ahmed, Samith, Poirier, : Voluntary blood donation-knowledge, attitude and practice amongst students of medical schools located in the Caribbea. American Journal of Microbiological Research, 2018, Vol. 6, No. 2, 42-46 Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajmr/6/2/2 . Gazibara, Tatjana, Kovacevic, Nikolina: Factors associated with positive attitude towards blood donation among medical students. Volume 53, Issue 3, pp. 381-385 - published 2015-01-01 . 10.1016/j.transci.2015.07.007 Pravakar Dawadi 1,, Sabina Khadka 1, Milan Chandra Khanal 2, Raj Kumar Thapa 3: Blood Donation Practice among Undergraduate Students in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. 10.31729/jnma.5288 Patil, J., Harunarasid, A.A., Azmi, N.,: A study on knowledge, attitude and practice of voluntary blood donation among the medical undergraduate students. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences - Volume 7, Issue 5, pp. 2408-2412 - published 2016-01-01. Olga Ciepiela a , Anna Jaworska b , Dominika Łacheta b , Natalia Falkowska b , Katarzyna Popko a , Urszula Demkow: Awareness of blood group and blood donation among medical students . 10.1016/j.transci.2017.10.002 Giri, Purushottam and Deepak Baburao Phalke. : Knowledge and Attitude about Blood Donation Amongst Undergraduate Students of Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University of Central India. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 5 (2012): 569.. Dr. Muhammad Zahid Latif1, Haroon Riaz2, Dr. Syed Waseem Ahmad Mujtaba3, Rahila Nizami: BLOOD DONATION;KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF MEDICAL STUDENTS. 10.17957/TPMJ/17.3554 Zainal Abidin Nursyafiqah Izzati; Shet Duangta: KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICE TOWARDS BLOOD DONATION AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF HEALTH CAMPUS, UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA. MJN. 10.31674/mjn.2021.v12i03.001 S. A. Nwabueze, C. C. Nnebue, E. C. Azuike, C. A. Ezenyeaku, C. C. Aniagboso, O. E. Ezemonye, E. D. Azuike: Perception of Blood Donation among Medical and Pharmaceutical Science Students of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. Nepal Med Coll J. 10.4236/ojpm.2014.47061 A Mamatya 1, R Prajapati 2, R Yadav : Knowledge and practice of blood donation: a comparison between medical and non-medical Nepalese students. Nepal Med Coll J. E Lownik 1, E Riley, T Konstenius, W Riley, J McCullough: Knowledge, attitudes and practices surveys of blood donation in developing countries. 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2012.01600. Table 2 and 3 Table 2 and 3 are available in the Supplementary Files section. Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary Files Table2charactersticsandfindingofincludedstudies.docx Characterstics and Finding of included studies Table3QualityAssessmentSummaryNewcastleOttawaScale.docx Quality Assessment Summary (Newcastle-Ottawa Scale) Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7171217","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Systematic Review","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":488129942,"identity":"f8e747e1-42c5-47a2-a217-1e765ecb1ac0","order_by":0,"name":"Mawadda Chukr","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA20lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYLACHiBmY28AkgYWJGjh4zkA0iJBghY5iQQQkwgtuu1nDD+8qTls1yb5/OqGHwUSDPzt3Ql4tZidyTGWnHPscHKbdE7ZzR6gwyTOnN2AX8uB3A3SPGyHk9mkc9Ju8AC1GEjkEtBy/u3m3zz/gFokz6Td/EOUlhu526R52w7bsUmwH7tNnC033n+znNuXnsDGk8N2W8ZAgoewX86nJd94883aXr79+LObb/7YyPG39+LXAgOJDQw8BiAGD1HKQcCegYH9AdGqR8EoGAWjYGQBAIgdSJ/Iec+VAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4508-9015","institution":"Faculty of Medicine, Aleppo University \u0026 Negida Research Academy, Arlington, MA, USA","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mawadda","middleName":"","lastName":"Chukr","suffix":""},{"id":488129943,"identity":"82221de6-f169-48bc-93ee-7a0d4974c93d","order_by":1,"name":"Ahmed O. Mohamady","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1600-1124","institution":"Faculty of Physical Therapy, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt \u0026 Negida Research Academy, Arlington, MA, USA","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ahmed","middleName":"O.","lastName":"Mohamady","suffix":""},{"id":488129944,"identity":"12da2746-a946-4ded-9bb8-8d85a50c34f3","order_by":2,"name":"Fatima Abdallh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Faculty of Medicine, Hashemite University, Zarqa City, Jordan \u0026 Negida Research Academy, Arlington, MA, USA","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fatima","middleName":"","lastName":"Abdallh","suffix":""},{"id":488129945,"identity":"31d0b1ca-44d5-43a1-8a0f-b505b7db9039","order_by":3,"name":"Doha Ahmed Farrag","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9699-6759","institution":"Faculty of Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt \u0026 Negida Research Academy, Arlington, MA, USA","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Doha","middleName":"Ahmed","lastName":"Farrag","suffix":""},{"id":488129946,"identity":"ca581fa7-d2a2-4e0f-8476-e8c04cdad011","order_by":4,"name":"Eman Ayman Nada","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4313-1513","institution":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt \u0026 Negida Research Academy, Arlington, MA, USA","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Eman","middleName":"Ayman","lastName":"Nada","suffix":""},{"id":488129947,"identity":"25a864d8-932f-44ee-9656-c5dd8743cd9c","order_by":5,"name":"Israa Ahmed Qutob","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2173-9984","institution":"Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt \u0026 Negida Research Academy, Arlington, MA, USA","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Israa","middleName":"Ahmed","lastName":"Qutob","suffix":""},{"id":488129948,"identity":"bd5e1545-6b24-4cdf-b7a3-e98717590851","order_by":6,"name":"Mahmoud M. Elsayed","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9585-185X","institution":"MME Research Foundation, Mansoura, Egypt \u0026 Negida Research Academy, Arlington, MA, USA","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mahmoud","middleName":"M.","lastName":"Elsayed","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-20 17:43:43","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":{"humanSubjects":false,"vertebrateSubjects":false,"conflictsOfInterestStatement":false,"humanSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false,"humanSubjectConsent":false,"humanSubjectClinicalTrial":false,"humanSubjectCaseReport":false,"vertebrateSubjectEthicalGuidelines":false},"doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7171217/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7171217/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":87334802,"identity":"491ce0be-3042-43d8-95cf-dbecc7fa2196","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-22 20:20:00","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":69453,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePRISMA\u003c/strong\u003e Flowchart\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7171217/v1/f51e649a26d989aa178b9c69.png"},{"id":87335493,"identity":"7bbabb34-15f6-4c6f-8c2a-b3a6b2ccf3ad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-22 20:36:01","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1157876,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7171217/v1/a2492717-06b6-42a3-a1f9-1cb657774558.pdf"},{"id":87334800,"identity":"70cd1a17-b8df-401a-a1e1-54a7d27bd11c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-22 20:20:00","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":27016,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eCharacterstics and Finding of included studies\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Table2charactersticsandfindingofincludedstudies.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7171217/v1/d7215308cb587b8c458ff873.docx"},{"id":87335294,"identity":"7d859ffa-3cf2-4b0e-a9f3-72464c422338","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-22 20:28:00","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":20044,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eQuality Assessment Summary (Newcastle-Ottawa Scale)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Table3QualityAssessmentSummaryNewcastleOttawaScale.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7171217/v1/8e4b2122f712e6ec0e9d728a.docx"}],"financialInterests":"The authors declare no competing interests.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKnowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Blood Donation Among Medical Students: A Systematic Review Across Nine Countries\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBlood donation is the best source of blood in emergencies and improves patient outcomes. Blood transfusion provides essential support for patients undergoing surgical procedures, managing traumatic injuries, treating chronic diseases, and combating cancer. This intervention serves as a critical cornerstone of healthcare delivery, ensuring patient stability and recovery in diverse clinical scenarios. Additionally, beyond its immediate therapeutic benefits, blood donation serves a dual purpose by facilitating therapeutic phlebotomy for individuals afflicted with conditions such as hereditary hemochromatosis, polycythemia vera, and other less prevalent disorders. Therefore, advocating for regular blood donations is imperative to maintain a steady supply of this life-saving resource [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is important that at least one% of the population donates blood regularly to maintain a sufficient blood supply. However, many countries around the world have struggled to achieve this goal. By 2006, more than 70 countries had reported donation rates below this recommended level. This situation creates challenges in meeting the worldwide demand for blood products [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].For example, in India, where approximately 26.2\u0026nbsp;million units of blood are needed each year, there is a significant shortfall of about 13\u0026nbsp;million units annually. This gap underscores the urgent need for coordinated efforts to improve blood donation rates on a global scale [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. WHO reports that 38% of voluntary blood donors are younger than 25 years old, underscoring the organization's emphasis on engaging young people to achieve 100% non-remunerated voluntary blood donation. Consequently, university students are viewed as promising candidates for blood donation, particularly medical students who are expected to possess greater knowledge and are likely to become dedicated voluntary donors. Given their future roles as healthcare professionals, the attitudes and behaviors of medical students can potentially influence broader societal perspectives on blood donation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. This review aims to synthesize findings from studies investigating the KAPs of medical students regarding blood donation. By systematically summarizing these findings, this review provides insights into the factors influencing medical students' engagement with blood donation, highlighting areas for further research and suggesting strategies to enhance their participation in promoting this critical public health activity.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Protocol registration\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42024543640) and adheres to the PRISMA guidelines for observational studies\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Eligibility The inclusion criteria for studies were as follows:\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudy Population: Medical students only, specifically Bachelor of Medicine (MBBS) students at any stage of their undergraduate training. Outcome: Knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) towards blood donation. Study Design: Cross-sectional studies. Time Frame: Studies conducted from 2000 to 2024. Language: Studies published in English.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3. We excluded studies that focused on postgraduate students, healthcare professionals, or students from pharmacy and dental fields. Qualitative study designs, non-English publications, and editorial correspondence, including letters to editors, case reports, and conference abstracts, were also excluded. Additionally, we omitted studies comparing medical with non-medical students as well as cross-sectional studies reporting pre- and post-intervention effects on blood donation.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4. Search Strategy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eA comprehensive search of international databases (PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) was conducted to identify relevant studies from their inception to April 2024. The search included the following Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms: \u0026quot;knowledge,\u0026quot; \u0026quot;attitude,\u0026quot; \u0026quot;practice,\u0026quot; \u0026quot;students medical,\u0026quot; and \u0026quot;blood donation. An example of the search strategy used has been noted in Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003esearch strategy\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003eDatabase\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003eResults\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003eSearch Strategy\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003ePubMed\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e41\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e(Medical students) AND (blood donation) AND (2000:2024[pdat])) AND (Knowledge)) AND (practice)) AND (attitude)\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003eScopus\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e793\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e((medical AND students) AND (blood AND donation) AND (knowledge)) AND (practice)) AND (attitude) AND (LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE, \u0026quot;ar\u0026rdquo;)) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, \u0026quot;English\u0026rdquo;))\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003eScholar\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e267\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e((Medical students) AND (blood donation) AND (Knowledge)) AND (practice)) AND (attitude) from 2000 to 2024 With the exact phrase: blood donation knowledge\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003eWeb of Science\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e60\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e(Medical students) AND (blood donation) AND (Knowledge) AND (practice) AND (attitude)) Filters: Article (Document Types) and English (Languages)\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003eEMBASE\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e26\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e((Medical students) AND (blood donation) AND (Knowledge)) AND (practice)) AND (attitude) fromm2000 to 2024\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable 4 knowledge of blood donation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudy DOI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMini HG\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eage required\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMin volume in every donation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMin interval between every donation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003einfection trans\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eblood type\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003euniversal domer\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSamira 2018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[38]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHIV and HBV: 89.4%\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBharatwaj, R.S. (2012)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[3]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.60%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.80%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSahoo (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[12]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.40%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.60%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.70%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.90%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.30%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSunderam 2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[20]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.80%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83,2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.6%hiv\\hepb74.8%\\hepC49.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDANASEKARAN 2017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[23]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22,2%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e--\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAslami, Ahmad Nadeem (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[11]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeinia, Sushant Kumar (2016)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[9]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.30%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThakur, S.B. (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[5]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.70%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.20%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChauhan, Renu (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[8]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.90%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.70%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.70%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.20%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingh 2017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[19]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChopra, Deepak (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[10]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.90%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRatnakar 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[21]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86.50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.20%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKhadilkar (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[13]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.1women\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.90%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.70%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.60%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.60%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgrawal, A.K. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[6]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.20%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJayaraman 2015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[15]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.40%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.30%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSamanta 2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[22]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.30%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.10%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.60%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBegum 2018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[16]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMane 2014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[24]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSwetha, T. (2024)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[4]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e99.60%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.30%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSharma 2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[17]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.30%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.20%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVerma 2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[14]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.80%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.60%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71%males\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgarwal, N. (2014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[7]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGovindasamy 2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[18]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-69.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePatil, J. (2016)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[41]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDawadi (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[40]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOgboghodo, E.O. (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[33]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEwurum 2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[34]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKanwal 2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[30]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.70%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.30%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.70%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKhan, S.W. (2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[25]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTariq, S. (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[27]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.60%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.90%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.80%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKhan 2012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[31]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmin 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[29]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.1%MALES\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.30%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMirza, H. (2015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[26]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.30%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.60%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.30%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.70%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.10%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIMRAN 2016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[28]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.3%%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAhmed, Zeeshan (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[32]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlsarafandi 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[37]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.70%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.10%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHIV 77.2%, HBV 78.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.90%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.60%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRizwan, Farzana Arain (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[35]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGazibara 2015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[39]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSalem 2024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[36]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.10%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Table 5: Attitude levels among medical students\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStudy DOI\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eref\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePositive attitude\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSamira 2018\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[38]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAslami, Ahmad Nadeem (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[31]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingh 2017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[19]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSharma 2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[17]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVerma 2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[14]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.60%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGovindasamy 2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[18]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.80%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePatil, J. (2016)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[41]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOgboghodo, E.O. (2015)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[33]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.70%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmin 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[29]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAhmed, Zeeshan (2014)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[32]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlsarafandi 2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e[37]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 6;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePractice levels\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eof blood donation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStudy DOI\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReference Number\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDonated in past\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDidn't donate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWilling to donate in the future\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBlood donation is a noble act\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKhan, S.W. (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5+15%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePatil, J. (2016)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMirza, H. (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.60%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBharatwaj, R.S. (2012) [3]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOgboghodo, E.O. (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.40%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSwetha, T. (2024) [4]\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.70%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThakur, S.B. (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.20%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.90%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgrawal, A.K. (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.20%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.80%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAgarwal, N. (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e80.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTariq, S. (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.70%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.30%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAhmed, Zeeshan (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChauhan, Renu (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.90%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMeinia, Sushant Kumar (2016)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.40%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChopra, Deepak (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRizwan, Farzana Arain (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.20%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.10%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAslami, Ahmad Nadeem (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e89.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDawadi (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.10%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSahoo (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.70%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.70%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.70%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKhadilkar (2022)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSalem (2024)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.40%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKanwal (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAlsarafandi (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.70%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.00%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.7%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVerma (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.40%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eJayaraman (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBegum (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSharma (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGovindasamy (2019)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSingh (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.69%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.4%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSamira (2018)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.30%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e81%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGazibara (2015)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIMRAN (2016)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.10%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEwurum (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.10%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e93.50%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSunderam (2020)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRatnakar (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAmin (2023)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSamanta (2021)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.20%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDANASEKARAN (2017)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKhan (2012)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMane (2014)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.40%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.5. Study Selection\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe initial search retrieved 1187 articles. After removing 204 duplicate records using Rayaan, 983 articles remained. A.F. and A.E. independently performed primary screening based on titles and abstracts. Any disagreements were resolved by discussion and consultation with a third author. O.A. did a full-text screening, resulting in 66 articles. Out of these, 27 articles did not meet the eligibility criteria and were excluded, leaving 39 studies for inclusion in the final review.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.6. Data Extraction\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData extraction was performed independently by S.M. and O.A. Information on study characteristics (study ID, location, study design, sampling techniques, and university), main outcome measures, and findings were extracted and organized into an Excel table to facilitate quality assessment. Any disagreement was resolved through discussion. Table 1 shows the characteristics and findings of the included studies\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.7. Quality Assessment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) by A.D. and S.M. This scale evaluates studies based on three broad perspectives: the selection of the study groups, the comparability of the groups, and the ascertainment of the outcome of interest. After summarizing the scores obtained for each question, the cut-off point for a good quality study was 7 out of 10, which was declared based on previous relevant studies.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.8. Statistical Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe included studies were analyzed qualitatively. Because different questionnaires were used in studies and there was a high heterogeneity, conducting a meta-analysis was not possible, and Results were reported narratively, focusing on common findings across the studies. The analysis highlighted patterns and discrepancies in knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to blood donation among medical students.\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"3 Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1 Literature search\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur search strategy retrieved 1187 articles. Duplicates were removed using Rayaan, and titles were screened by two independent reviewers, leaving 66 unique articles for full-text screening. We excluded 27 articles that did not fulfill the eligibility criteria. 39 studies were included in our review. The PRISMA flow diagram is shown in Figure. 1.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2 Characteristics of the included studies\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll 39 articles included in this systematic review were cross-sectional studies that used self-administered questionnaires and were conducted in nine countries worldwide. Of these, 22 studies were conducted in India [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. Eight studies were conducted in Pakistan [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Two studies were conducted in Nigeria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e], and one study each was conducted in Saudi Arabia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e], Syria [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e], Palestine [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e], Dominica [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e], Serbia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e], Nepal [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e], and Malaysia [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. Overall, 13985 participants were included. In all 39 included studies, the researchers used self-administered instruments for data collection. The number of items in different questionnaires varied. The content of the items was different from study to study. Nevertheless, overall, they examined the three components of KAP of blood donation among medical students. The sample size varied from 104 to 987. \u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;2\u003c/b\u003e shows the participants' characteristics.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3 Quality assessment\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn this review, three studies were of good quality. The included studies scored well for clearly stating the study aims, design, target population, risk factors, and outcome measurements, as well as result explanations and discussions. Common issues identified included the lack of sample size calculations, addressing non-response rates, missing data within completed questionnaires, and the absence of pilot testing. Table\u0026nbsp;3 shows the results of the quality assessment of the included studies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.4 Knowledge of blood donation towards\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOf the 39 studies, 26 reported knowledge by correct answers on the minimum age required to donate correct answers ranging from 2.60% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e] to 99.60% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Thirteen studies reported the minimum hemoglobin rate required for blood donation correct answers ranging from 32.7% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] to 89% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Out of 13 studies, 2 studies reported knowledge of hemoglobin rates for men and women independently [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e], [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Nineteen studies reported time intervals between donations. Correct answers ranged from 18.30 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e] to 93% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Nine studies reported the knowledge of universal blood donors. Correct answers ranged from Lowest: 69.8% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] to Highest: 99% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. Twenty-one studies reported the volume of blood donated in each donation. Correct answers varied from Lowest: 9% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] to Highest: 98.60% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], and 12 studies reported the knowledge of the students' blood type. Blood transfusion diseases such as HIV, HBV, HCV, malaria, and syphilis were reported differently in 12 studies. \u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;4\u003c/b\u003e shows\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.5 Attitude\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eEleven studies assessed attitude by positive attitude percentage, which varies from 42% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e] to [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] 92.6%. Attitude levels are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.6 Practice\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe willingness to donate blood in the future varied in studies, ranging from 50% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e] to 95% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. The percentage of students who donated blood in the past ranged from 1 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e] to 74.10% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. While six studies reported donating blood as a noble act from 93.70% [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] to 100%. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Practice levels are represented in \u003cb\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;6\u003c/b\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.7 Reasons stopping you from donating\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSome included studies mentioned a question about the reasons for not donating blood, and many answers were reported. Fear of blood and needles was reported in most studies, along with medical ineligibility. Some studies included religion as a cause of donation refusal.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.8 Source of information\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eMost Eligible studies included a question about participants' sources of information, while educational institutes, TV, and social media were reported as leading causes. Family and friends were reported in a few studies as well.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4 Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eMedical students exhibit moderate knowledge and awareness of blood donation relative to other health disciplines, along with high willingness to donate. Despite this, their actual donation rates are often low due to barriers such as a lack of information and practical opportunities. A cross-sectional study in Poland was conducted on students in other health disciplines, such as pharmacy, dentistry, and health sciences showed that medical students are significantly more aware of the necessity of blood donation than the rest of the Polish community, and the majority know their blood type [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. The results of another study by Giri assessed knowledge among different health branches: medicine and physiotherapy in India. It reported that the overall knowledge of blood donation was good, and the highest knowledge level was reported among medical students (53.1%), while the lowest was among physiotherapy students (20.7%). [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. while in another institution, 78% of the students were willing to donate blood in the future, and knowledge for each group of the students was addressed [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e]. Both [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e] and [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e] revealed that despite Malaysian and Nigerian students having adequate knowledge and positive attitudes, the practice was low. A study by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. showed that Nepalese medical students had higher knowledge and practice levels than non-medical students. Measures such as timely education can make a change in their KAP. This study showed that the leading causes of Low practice are a lack of information and direct requests. This aligns with [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e], a review conducted on developing countries. The study indicates that although medical students exhibit a middle level of awareness and knowledge regarding blood donation compared to students in other health disciplines, their actual donation rates are insufficient. This variation demonstrates that increased awareness alone is insufficient to translate in translating knowledge into practice. To effectively achieve this, it is crucial to develop targeted educational programs that integrate practical training and facilitate easier access to donation opportunities. By enhancing these aspects, institutions can improve overall donation rates and contribute to a more dependable and efficient blood supply system by effectively overcoming the awareness and real blood donation practices barrier.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.1. Limitation\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eOne of the limitations of this review is that most of the included studies did not report the overall levels of the KAP of the students. Secondly, all the studies used different self-administered questionnaires, which led to a high level of bias. Future research should employ standardized measures to more accurately evaluate and compare KAP levels, thereby reducing bias and providing a clearer understanding of the factors influencing blood donation practices among students.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBlood donation is a critical and life-saving resource during emergencies and significantly benefits patients. This review, which analyzed 39 cross-sectional KAP studies from nine countries involving 13,895 medical students, found that most students exhibited moderate levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding blood donation. To bridge this gap, policymakers must prioritize VBD awareness campaigns, and institutions should facilitate donation opportunities and incentivize participation among medical students. By addressing such issues, we can close the knowledge gap and take action towards increasing blood donation rates and enhancing patient care.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eKAP: Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice, WHO: World Health Organization, PRISMA: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, MBBS: Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery, MeSH: Medical Subject Headings, NOS: Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HBV: Hepatitis B Virus, HCV: Hepatitis C Virus, VBD: Voluntary Blood Donation\u003c/p\u003e\n"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor’s contributions:\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMawadda Chukr: Conception and Design, Methodology, Screening, Data Extraction, Quality assessment, Writing- first draft, Validation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAhmed O. Mohamady: Conception and Design, Material preparation, Data Extraction, Screening, Writing -first draft\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDoha Ahmed Farrag: Methodology, Quality Assessment, Material preparation, Writing first draft\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFatima Abdallah: Material preparation, Screening,Writing first draft\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEman Ayman Nada:Screening,Writing first draft\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIsraa Ahmed Qutob: Writing -editing and revision\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMahmoud M. Elsayed : Writing -editing and revision, Supervision\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe data and material underlying this article are available in the article and its online supplementary material.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCode availability:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to participate:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to publish:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWorld Health Organization. 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INDIAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH/ VOL 27 / ISSUE NO 03 / JUL -SEP2015.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAslami, Ahmad Nadeem, Jobby,: Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of blood donation among MBBS students of a medical college in Kollam, Kerala. Volume 4, Issue 35, pp. 6086-95 - published 2015-01-0 .\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDurgesh Prasad Sahoo1*, Chaitanya Patil1, Armaity Dehmubed2: A study of knowledge, attitude and practice of voluntary blood donation among interns of a municipal medical college. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health | April 2017 | Vol 4 | Issue 4 Page 1166 International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health Sahoo DP et al. 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Int J Community Med Public Health. 10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20194532\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eParveen Singh1,Rajiv Kumar Gupta1,Tajali N.Shora2*,Bhavna Langer1,Rashmi Kumari1,Riya Gupta: Gender based knowledge, attitude and practice study about blood donation among medical students in a subHimalayan state. International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences| May 2017| Vol 5 | Issue 5 .\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSunderam, Shalini, Kumari, : AWARENESS AND PRACTICES RELATED TO BLOOD DONATION AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS OF RAJENDRA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, RANCH.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRatnakar Ashwini V.; Gosavi Manasi A.; Bhat Pratik P.; Chavan Ramesh Y: Future Doctor\u0026rsquo;s Perspective of Saving Lives through Blood Donation: A Cross-Sectional Study to Assess Knowledge, Attitude, and Blood 15 of 16 Donation Practice among 2nd Year Medical Undergraduate Students. Journal of Marine Medical Society. 10.4103/jmms.jmms_104_22\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMatariswa Samanta1, Dilip Kumar L2, Mehul Patel2, Nitesh Mangal2, KA Varghese: Perception and Practice of Blood Donation Among Medical Students in Southern Rajasthan, India. NEPALESE MEDICAL JOURNAL issue 8 | vol 4 | 2021.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRaja Danasekaran, Geetha Mani, Kalaivani Annadurai: A Cross-sectional study on Awareness and Practices about Blood donation among Medical students. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development 2014; 1(6): 131-134 .\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMane, Pratibha, Kolte, Sachin : We Know It Is Important but We do not Donate: Study of Factors Influencing and Refraining Medical Students from Blood Donation.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhan, S.W., Rana, M., Mudassar: Safe blood to save life: A study to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding blood donation among undergraduate medical students.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMirza, H., Khan, F., Naeem, F.J.,: Blood safety and donation knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) among 1st year medical students at LMDC, Lahore. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences - Volume 9, Issue 3, pp. 992-994 - published 2015-01-01.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSaba Tariq 1, Sundus Tariq 2, Shireen Jawed 3, Saffee Tariq 4: Knowledge and attitude of blood donation among female medical students in Faisalabad. J Pak Med Assoc.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMUHAMMAD IMRAN, SHABAHAT ALI, KHURRAM SHAHZAD, BILAL HASSAN: Awareness and Practice of Blood Donation Among Medical Students of AIMC/FJMU.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSara Amin1 , Seema Hasnain2 , Zainab Batool3 , Ashir Mughal4: KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES REGARDING BLOOD DONATION AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS OF A PRIVATE MEDICAL COLLEGE, LAHORE. 10.51127/JAMDC5I4OA06\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArshia Kanwal1 , Amjad Ali Raza2 , Sarwat Saif3 , Umair Ashfaq: .Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Voluntary Blood Donation among Students of Rawalpindi Medical University. . Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College; 2019;23(S-1): 50-52 .\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAdeel Ahmed Khan Dr Zeeshan Ahmed Dr Muhammad A Siddiqui Kiran Yaqoob Zulqarnain Anis Saad Farooq: Knowledge, Attitude and Practices about Blood Donation among Medical Students of Karachi .\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAhmed, Zeeshan Zafar, Mubashir Khan, Adeel Ahmed Anjum, Muhammad Umair Siddiqui, Muhammad A.: Knowledge, Attitude and Practices about Blood Donation among Undergraduate Medical Students in Karachi. 10.4172/2332-0877.1000134\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOgboghodo, E.O., Ofili, A.N., Ogunbor, O.J..: Knowledge, attitude and practice of voluntary nonremunerated blood donation among medical students in a tertiary institution in Southern Nigeria. Journal of Medicine and Biomedical Research - Volume 14, Issue 2, pp. 104-117 - published 2015-01-01 .\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEwurum, Uchechi A, Igweagu, PN: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Voluntary Non-Remunerated Blood Donation among Medical Students of Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria. 10.24940/ijird/202\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFarzana Arain Rizwan, Razan Othman Al-Amri1 , Azzah A. Al‑Harthi1 , Nada A. Al‑Otaibi1 , Rawa F. Al‑Otaibi1: Knowledge, attitude, and blood donation practices among medical students of Taif University, Saudi Arabia. 10.4103/sjhs.sjhs_77_21\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMoath Salem a, Areej Kahwaji b,*, Tarek A Owais c,: Knowledge, attitude, and practice of blood donation among undergraduate medical students in Syria. 10.1097/MD.0000000000037086\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMuath Alsarafandi 1, Abd Al-Karim Sammour 1, Younis Elijla 1, : Knowledge, attitude, and practice among medical students in gaza strip towards voluntary blood donation: a cross-sectional study. 10.1186/s12913-023-10338-5\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSamira, AW, Ahmed, Samith, Poirier, : Voluntary blood donation-knowledge, attitude and practice amongst students of medical schools located in the Caribbea. American Journal of Microbiological Research, 2018, Vol. 6, No. 2, 42-46 Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajmr/6/2/2 .\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGazibara, Tatjana, Kovacevic, Nikolina: Factors associated with positive attitude towards blood donation among medical students. Volume 53, Issue 3, pp. 381-385 - published 2015-01-01 . 10.1016/j.transci.2015.07.007\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePravakar Dawadi 1,, Sabina Khadka 1, Milan Chandra Khanal 2, Raj Kumar Thapa 3: Blood Donation Practice among Undergraduate Students in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. 10.31729/jnma.5288\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePatil, J., Harunarasid, A.A., Azmi, N.,: A study on knowledge, attitude and practice of voluntary blood donation among the medical undergraduate students. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences - Volume 7, Issue 5, pp. 2408-2412 - published 2016-01-01.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOlga Ciepiela a , Anna Jaworska b , Dominika Łacheta b , Natalia Falkowska b , Katarzyna Popko a , Urszula Demkow: Awareness of blood group and blood donation among medical students . 10.1016/j.transci.2017.10.002\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGiri, Purushottam and Deepak Baburao Phalke. : Knowledge and Attitude about Blood Donation Amongst Undergraduate Students of Pravara Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University of Central India. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 5 (2012): 569..\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDr. Muhammad Zahid Latif1, Haroon Riaz2, Dr. Syed Waseem Ahmad Mujtaba3, Rahila Nizami: BLOOD DONATION;KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF MEDICAL STUDENTS. 10.17957/TPMJ/17.3554\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZainal Abidin Nursyafiqah Izzati; Shet Duangta: KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICE TOWARDS BLOOD DONATION AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF HEALTH CAMPUS, UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA. MJN. 10.31674/mjn.2021.v12i03.001\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eS. A. Nwabueze, C. C. Nnebue, E. C. Azuike, C. A. Ezenyeaku, C. C. Aniagboso, O. E. Ezemonye, E. D. Azuike: Perception of Blood Donation among Medical and Pharmaceutical Science Students of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. Nepal Med Coll J. 10.4236/ojpm.2014.47061\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA Mamatya 1, R Prajapati 2, R Yadav : Knowledge and practice of blood donation: a comparison between medical and non-medical Nepalese students. Nepal Med Coll J.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eE Lownik 1, E Riley, T Konstenius, W Riley, J McCullough: Knowledge, attitudes and practices surveys of blood donation in developing countries. 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2012.01600.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Table 2 and 3","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable 2 and 3 are available in the Supplementary Files section.\u003c/p\u003e\n"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"Negida Academy","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"health behavior, doner awareness, knowledge attitudes and practices (kap), a systematic review, blood donation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7171217/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7171217/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eBlood donation is the best source of blood in emergencies and improves others' lives. Globally, 118.54\u0026nbsp;million blood donations occur annually, with 31.5 donations per 1,000 people in high-income countries compared to 16.4 in upper-middle-income and 5 in low-income countries. The WHO (world Health Organization) insists that countries focus on young people to achieve 100% non-remunerated voluntary blood donation (VBD). Therefore, university students are good candidates for blood donation. This review provides a better understanding of the current status of blood donation among medical students. This review systematically searched international databases (PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) with relevant English studies published in English from 2000 to April 2024. study characteristics (study ID, location, study design, sampling techniques, and university), main outcome measures, and findings were extracted.We included 39 cross-sectional Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) studies across nine countries involving 13,895 medical students. Most studies were conducted in India. all studies used different self-administrated tools to collect data. Most of the studies had fair to good quality. Positive attitudes varied widely (42%-92.6%), with the highest rates among Indian students and the lowest among Pakistani students. Donation rates ranged from 1\u0026ndash;74%, with Nigerian students demonstrating the highest rates. This review, which analyzed 39 cross-sectional KAP studies from nine countries involving 13,895 medical students, found that most students exhibited moderate levels of knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding blood donation. To bridge this gap, policymakers must prioritize VBD awareness campaigns, and institutions should facilitate donation opportunities and incentivize participation among medical students.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Blood Donation Among Medical Students: A Systematic Review Across Nine Countries","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-22 20:19:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7171217/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"057caa3b-def8-407d-9175-2b4bc357722c","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 22nd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":51814608,"name":"Preventive Medicine"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-22T20:19:55+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-22 20:19:55","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7171217","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7171217","identity":"rs-7171217","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}