Radiation Dosimetry of 68Ga in PET Imaging: Impact of Exposure Pathways and Age on Effective Dose and Organ-Specific Coefficients

Radiation Dosimetry of 68Ga in PET Imaging: Impact of Exposure Pathways and Age on Effective Dose and Organ-Specific Coefficients | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Radiation Dosimetry of 68 Ga in PET Imaging: Impact of Exposure Pathways and Age on Effective Dose and Organ-Specific Coefficients Jemila Mussa Ali, Abdulwahhab Elkuwafi, Mofeda Youniss This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5987173/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background The study investigated Positron Emission Tomography (PET), a diagnostic imaging technique employed in healthcare to evaluate physiological functions and detect abnormalities. It emphasized concerns regarding radiation dosimetry and potential risks, advocating for an evaluation of radiopharmaceuticals such as Gallium-68 ( 68 Ga) to prioritize patient safety and prevent radiation exposure. The study determined effective doses and organ-specific dose coefficients, utilizing data from the Federal Guidance Report No. 13 Database (FGR13_DB) and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) database, for 68 Ga radiopharmaceutical employed in PET imaging, encompassing both internal and external exposure pathways. Results Younger individuals exhibited greater susceptibility to the effects of radionuclides, with internal exposure leading to significantly higher radiation doses. Consequently, incorporating age-specific coefficients is crucial when assessing the effects and risks associated with radiation exposure. The dose coefficients for 68 Ga exhibited variability depending on the exposure scenario. Furthermore, the organs exhibiting the highest sensitivity to radiation were determined based on the specific exposure scenario. For external exposure, the skin, breast surface, and testes were the organs most susceptible to radiation. Regarding internal exposure, the stomach wall and small intestine wall were the organs most affected by ingestion, while the esophagus, stomach wall, and small intestine wall exhibited the highest sensitivity to radiation exposure via inhalation. With regard to the effective dose, it was found that the effective dose is higher when exposure is through1ingestion or the dietary route. Conclusion The collected specific data of dose estimates is important for characterizing patient doses, and specific dosimetric in formation assists in establishing the risk and optimization of PET. Organ-specific dose coefficients FGR13_DB Gallium-68 (68Ga) Radiopharmaceuticals Effective dose Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5987173","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":427780864,"identity":"ec2e5b2a-41e6-4d61-bb7f-ad42497096ee","order_by":0,"name":"Jemila Mussa Ali","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC9gYGhgMPYLwPEMqAgaEAtxZGkJYEGGcGXIsBfi0MMC3MPERpae9OPJBQwxBtcP74w882FdsSG9ibt0kwGBzGraXn7IYDCccYcjfcyDGWzjlzO7GB51gZfi0zcoFa2EBaeBikc9uAWiRyzPBrmf8WqOUfUMv5449/W4K0yL/Br0VwBu+GA4ltDCC7zKQZwbbw4NcizQNUnNgnkTvzRo6ZZc+Z28ZtPGnFFgkG6Ti18LGf3fzhwzeb3D6gw278qLgt289+eOONDxXWOLVAgQSCyQYiEhiaCWnBBHWkaxkFo2AUjILhCgDvv1uoJW8edgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Omar Al- Mukhtar University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jemila","middleName":"Mussa","lastName":"Ali","suffix":""},{"id":427780865,"identity":"13fe6b3c-8810-4a34-ad0f-e1d7569e58ae","order_by":1,"name":"Abdulwahhab Elkuwafi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Omar Al- Mukhtar University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdulwahhab","middleName":"","lastName":"Elkuwafi","suffix":""},{"id":427780866,"identity":"f5b3dd9f-bf93-43f0-8e14-85111d4576ff","order_by":2,"name":"Mofeda Youniss","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Omar Al- Mukhtar University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mofeda","middleName":"","lastName":"Youniss","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-02-08 10:38:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5987173/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5987173/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":80242761,"identity":"54f4e540-c427-4f1f-91a6-824b5ef0543d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-04-09 15:08:39","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":378355,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"RadiationDosimetryof68GainPETImaging11.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5987173/v1_covered_c7c59071-cc2b-442d-ae16-aacdc651fec2.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eRadiation Dosimetry of \u003csup\u003e68\u003c/sup\u003eGa in PET Imaging: Impact of Exposure Pathways and Age on Effective Dose and Organ-Specific Coefficients\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Organ-specific dose coefficients, FGR13_DB, Gallium-68 (68Ga), Radiopharmaceuticals, Effective dose","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5987173/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5987173/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study investigated Positron Emission Tomography (PET), a diagnostic imaging technique employed in healthcare to evaluate physiological functions and detect abnormalities. It emphasized concerns regarding radiation dosimetry and potential risks, advocating for an evaluation of radiopharmaceuticals such as Gallium-68 (\u003csup\u003e68\u003c/sup\u003eGa) to prioritize patient safety and prevent radiation exposure. The study determined effective doses and organ-specific dose coefficients, utilizing data from the Federal Guidance Report No. 13 Database (FGR13_DB) and the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) database, for \u003csup\u003e68\u003c/sup\u003eGa radiopharmaceutical employed in PET imaging, encompassing both internal and external exposure pathways.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eYounger individuals exhibited greater susceptibility to the effects of radionuclides, with internal exposure leading to significantly higher radiation doses. Consequently, incorporating age-specific coefficients is crucial when assessing the effects and risks associated with radiation exposure. The dose coefficients for \u003csup\u003e68\u003c/sup\u003eGa exhibited variability depending on the exposure scenario. Furthermore, the organs exhibiting the highest sensitivity to radiation were determined based on the specific exposure scenario. For external exposure, the skin, breast surface, and testes were the organs most susceptible to radiation. Regarding internal exposure, the stomach wall and small intestine wall were the organs most affected by ingestion, while the esophagus, stomach wall, and small intestine wall exhibited the highest sensitivity to radiation exposure via inhalation. With regard to the effective dose, it was found that the effective dose is higher when exposure is through1ingestion or the dietary route.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe collected specific data of dose estimates is important for characterizing patient doses, and specific dosimetric in formation assists in establishing the risk and optimization of PET.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Radiation Dosimetry of 68Ga in PET Imaging: Impact of Exposure Pathways and Age on Effective Dose and Organ-Specific Coefficients","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-03-14 05:06:27","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5987173/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"969b650e-c4ae-463d-9c47-d1b4652dac34","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 14th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-04-09T15:08:13+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-14 05:06:27","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5987173","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5987173","identity":"rs-5987173","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}