Protocol for a scoping review of neonatal emollient therapy and massage practices throughout sub-Saharan Africa

Protocol for a scoping review of neonatal... | Gates Open Research "use strict";function _typeof(t){return(_typeof="function"==typeof Symbol&&"symbol"==typeof Symbol.iterator?function(t){return typeof t}:function(t){return t&&"function"==typeof Symbol&&t.constructor===Symbol&&t!==Symbol.prototype?"symbol":typeof t})(t)}!function(){var t=function(){var t,e,o=[],n=window,r=n;for(;r;){try{if(r.frames.__tcfapiLocator){t=r;break}}catch(t){}if(r===n.top)break;r=r.parent}t||(!function t(){var e=n.document,o=!!n.frames.__tcfapiLocator;if(!o)if(e.body){var r=e.createElement("iframe");r.style.cssText="display:none",r.name="__tcfapiLocator",e.body.appendChild(r)}else setTimeout(t,5);return!o}(),n.__tcfapi=function(){for(var t=arguments.length,n=new Array(t),r=0;r 3&&2===parseInt(n[1],10)&&"boolean"==typeof n[3]&&(e=n[3],"function"==typeof n[2]&&n[2]("set",!0)):"ping"===n[0]?"function"==typeof n[2]&&n[2]({gdprApplies:e,cmpLoaded:!1,cmpStatus:"stub"}):o.push(n)},n.addEventListener("message",(function(t){var e="string"==typeof t.data,o={};if(e)try{o=JSON.parse(t.data)}catch(t){}else o=t.data;var n="object"===_typeof(o)&&null!==o?o.__tcfapiCall:null;n&&window.__tcfapi(n.command,n.version,(function(o,r){var a={__tcfapiReturn:{returnValue:o,success:r,callId:n.callId}};t&&t.source&&t.source.postMessage&&t.source.postMessage(e?JSON.stringify(a):a,"*")}),n.parameter)}),!1))};"undefined"!=typeof module?module.exports=t:t()}(); dataLayer = dataLayer || []; // Standard GTM initialization - Google Consent Mode handles consent automatically (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl+ '>m_auth=hzk0Vc3qFsQYhCrIoHz68A>m_preview=env-1>m_cookies_win=x';f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MWFK8L5J'); ;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}}; ;NREUM.loader_config={accountID:"438030",trustKey:"438030",agentID:"772317073",licenseKey:"97f8f67f26",applicationID:"772317073"} ;NREUM.info={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",licenseKey:"97f8f67f26",applicationID:"772317073",sa:1} ;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.236.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{"use strict";var e,t,r={5763:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{P_:()=>l,Mt:()=>g,C5:()=>s,DL:()=>v,OP:()=>T,lF:()=>D,Yu:()=>y,Dg:()=>h,CX:()=>c,GE:()=>b,sU:()=>_});var n=r(8632),i=r(9567);const o={beacon:n.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:n.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.D)(t,o),(0,n.Qy)(e,a[e],"info")}var u=r(7056);const d=()=>{const e={blockSelector:"[data-nr-block]",maskInputOptions:{password:!0}};return{allow_bfcache:!0,privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},session:{domain:void 0,expiresMs:u.oD,inactiveMs:u.Hb},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},metrics:{enabled:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30},page_view_event:{enabled:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},session_replay:{enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,sampleRate:.1,errorSampleRate:.1,maskTextSelector:"*",maskAllInputs:!0,get blockClass(){return"nr-block"},get ignoreClass(){return"nr-ignore"},get maskTextClass(){return"nr-mask"},get blockSelector(){return e.blockSelector},set blockSelector(t){e.blockSelector+=",".concat(t)},get maskInputOptions(){return e.maskInputOptions},set maskInputOptions(t){e.maskInputOptions={...t,password:!0}}},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10}}},f={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");if(!f[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return f[e]}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");f[e]=(0,i.D)(t,d()),(0,n.Qy)(e,f[e],"config")}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");var r=l(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i {r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(50);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occurred while setting a property of a Configurable",e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}},6818:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Re:()=>i,gF:()=>o,q4:()=>n});const n="1.236.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},385:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{FN:()=>a,IF:()=>u,Nk:()=>f,Tt:()=>s,_A:()=>o,il:()=>n,pL:()=>c,v6:()=>i,w1:()=>d});const n="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,i="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),o=n?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),a=""+o?.location,s=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(navigator.userAgent),c=s&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,u=(()=>{const e=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),d=Boolean(n&&window.document.documentMode),f=!!navigator.sendBeacon},1117:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(50);const i={agentIdentifier:"",ee:void 0};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},8e3:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{L:()=>d,R:()=>c});var n=r(2177),i=r(1284),o=r(4322),a=r(3325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function d(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return a(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const r=[...s[e]];function a(t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u {let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(r.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),r.forEach((e=>{let[t]=e;a(t)})))}function f(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},2177:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{c:()=>f,ee:()=>u});var n=r(8632),i=r(2210),o=r(1284),a=r(5763),s="nr@context";let c=(0,n.fP)();var u;function d(){}function f(e){return(0,i.X)(e,s,l)}function l(){return new d}function h(){u.aborted=!0,u.backlog={}}c.ee?u=c.ee:(u=function e(t,r){var n={},c={},f={},g=!1;try{g=16===r.length&&(0,a.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var p={on:b,addEventListener:b,removeEventListener:y,emit:v,get:x,listeners:w,context:m,buffer:A,abort:h,aborted:!1,isBuffering:E,debugId:r,backlog:g?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return p;function m(e){return e&&e instanceof d?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,s,l):l()}function v(e,r,n,i,o){if(!1!==o&&(o=!0),!u.aborted||i){t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=m(n),s=w(e),d=s.length,f=0;fn,p:()=>i});var n=r(2177).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4322:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(5546);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3239:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(385);let i=!1,o=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return o=!0,!1}};n._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),n._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function a(e,t){return i||o?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}},4402:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Ht:()=>u,M:()=>c,Rl:()=>a,ky:()=>s});var n=r(385);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,++r).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s {r.d(t,{Bq:()=>n,Hb:()=>o,oD:()=>i});const n="NRBA",i=144e5,o=18e5},7894:(e,t,r)=>{function n(){return Math.round(performance.now())}r.d(t,{z:()=>n})},7243:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{e:()=>o});var n=r(385),i={};function o(e){if(e in i)return i[e];if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};let t;var r=n._A?.location,o={};if(n.il)t=document.createElement("a"),t.href=e;else try{t=new URL(e,r.href)}catch(e){return o}o.port=t.port;var a=t.href.split("://");!o.port&&a[1]&&(o.port=a[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),o.port&&"0"!==o.port||(o.port="https"===a[0]?"443":"80"),o.hostname=t.hostname||r.hostname,o.pathname=t.pathname,o.protocol=a[0],"/"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname="/"+o.pathname);var s=!t.protocol||":"===t.protocol||t.protocol===r.protocol,c=t.hostname===r.hostname&&t.port===r.port;return o.sameOrigin=s&&(!t.hostname||c),"/"===o.pathname&&(i[e]=o),o}},50:(e,t,r)=>{function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},2587:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{N:()=>c,T:()=>u});var n=r(2177),i=r(5546),o=r(8e3),a=r(3325);const s={stn:[a.D.sessionTrace],err:[a.D.jserrors,a.D.metrics],ins:[a.D.pageAction],spa:[a.D.spa],sr:[a.D.sessionReplay,a.D.sessionTrace]};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&(Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,n]=e;void 0===u[t]&&(s[t]?s[t].forEach((e=>{n?(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,e,r):(0,i.p)("block-"+t,[],void 0,e,r),(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+t,[Boolean(n)],void 0,e,r)})):n&&(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,void 0,r),u[t]=Boolean(n))})),Object.keys(s).forEach((e=>{void 0===u[e]&&(s[e]?.forEach((t=>(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+e,[!1],void 0,t,r))),u[e]=!1)})),(0,o.L)(t,a.D.pageViewEvent))}const u={}},2210:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},1284:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{D:()=>n});const n=(e,t)=>Object.entries(e||{}).map((e=>{let[r,n]=e;return t(r,n)}))},4351:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{P:()=>o});var n=r(2177);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}},3960:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{K:()=>a,b:()=>o});var n=r(3239);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},8632:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{EZ:()=>u,Qy:()=>c,ce:()=>o,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>d,mF:()=>s});var n=r(7894),i=r(385);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t,r){let i=a();const o=i.initializedAgents||{},s=o[e]||{};return Object.keys(s).length||(s.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.z)(),date:new Date}),i.initializedAgents={...o,[e]:{...s,[r]:t}},i}function u(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},7956:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{N:()=>i});var n=r(3239);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1],r=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;return void(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"==document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},1214:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{em:()=>v,u5:()=>N,QU:()=>S,_L:()=>I,Gm:()=>L,Lg:()=>M,gy:()=>U,BV:()=>Q,Kf:()=>ee});var n=r(2177);const i="nr@original";var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,a=!1;function s(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");var a,s,c,u="-"===n.charAt(0);for(c=0;c 2?n-2:0),o=2;o {r(A[T],e,w),r(E[T],e,w)})),r(l._A,"fetch",y),t.on(y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(y+"done",[e],n)})),t}const O={},j=["pushState","replaceState"];function S(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("history")}(e);return!l.il||O[t.debugId]++||(O[t.debugId]=1,s(t).inPlace(window.history,j,"-")),t}var P=r(3239);const C={},R=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function I(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!l.il||C[t.debugId])return t;C[t.debugId]=!0;var r=s(t),i=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,o=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,a=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function c(e,t){var r=e.match(a),n=r[1],i=r[3];return i?c(i,t[n]):t[n]}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,R,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var n=(a=e.src,s=a.match(i),s?s[1]:null);var a,s;if(!n)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(o);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:c(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(n);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function f(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1))}function l(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",f,(0,P.m$)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",l,(0,P.m$)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}var k=r(5763);const H={};function L(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!l.il||H[t.debugId])return t;H[t.debugId]=!0;var r=s(t),i=k.Yu.MO;return i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof i?new i(r(e,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype),t}const z={};function M(e){const t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(z[t.debugId])return t;z[t.debugId]=!0;var r=n.c,o=s(t),a=k.Yu.PR;return a&&function(){function e(r){var n=t.context(),i=o(r,"executor-",n,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(a,[i],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return n},s}l._A.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return a.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,a),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=a[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=a[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=a.prototype;const n=a.prototype.then;a.prototype.then=function(){var e=this,i=r(e);i.promise=e;for(var a=arguments.length,s=new Array(a),c=0;c e())),t};function m(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",E)}function b(){var e=this,t=r.context(e);e.readyState>3&&!t.resolved&&(t.resolved=!0,r.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,f,"fn-",E)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,p),p.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(p.prototype,J,"-xhr-",E),r.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){m(e,t),function(e){h.push(e),a&&(y?y.then(A):u?u(A):(w=-w,x.data=w))}(t)})),r.on("open-xhr-start",m),a){var y=c&&c.resolve();if(!u&&!c){var w=1,x=document.createTextNode(w);new a(A).observe(x,{characterData:!0})}}else t.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===d||A()}));function A(){for(var e=0;e {r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.ajax},6660:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{A:()=>i,t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.jserrors,i="nr@seenError"},3081:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{gF:()=>o,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>n,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},4649:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageAction},7633:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{Dz:()=>i,OJ:()=>a,qw:()=>o,t9:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewEvent,i="firstbyte",o="domcontent",a="windowload"},9251:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewTiming},3614:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{BST_RESOURCE:()=>i,END:()=>s,FEATURE_NAME:()=>n,FN_END:()=>u,FN_START:()=>c,PUSH_STATE:()=>d,RESOURCE:()=>o,START:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState"},7836:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{BODY:()=>A,CB_END:()=>E,CB_START:()=>u,END:()=>x,FEATURE_NAME:()=>i,FETCH:()=>_,FETCH_BODY:()=>v,FETCH_DONE:()=>m,FETCH_START:()=>p,FN_END:()=>c,FN_START:()=>s,INTERACTION:()=>l,INTERACTION_API:()=>d,INTERACTION_EVENTS:()=>o,JSONP_END:()=>b,JSONP_NODE:()=>g,JS_TIME:()=>T,MAX_TIMER_BUDGET:()=>a,REMAINING:()=>f,SPA_NODE:()=>h,START:()=>w,originalSetTimeout:()=>y});var n=r(5763);const i=r(3325).D.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",f="remaining",l="interaction",h="spaNode",g="jsonpNode",p="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=n.Yu.ST,w="-start",x="-end",A="-body",E="cb"+x,T="jsTime",_="fetch"},5938:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(5763),i=r(2177);class o{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=i.ee.get(e,(0,n.OP)(this.agentIdentifier).isolatedBacklog),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1}}},9144:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{j:()=>m});var n=r(3325),i=r(5763),o=r(5546),a=r(2177),s=r(7894),c=r(8e3),u=r(3960),d=r(385),f=r(50),l=r(3081),h=r(8632);function g(){const e=(0,h.gG)();["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r),i=0;i 1?r-1:0),i=1;i {e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&o.push(e.api[t](...n))})),o.length>1?o:o[0]}(t,...n)}}))}var p=r(2587);function m(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},m=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,v=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:b,info:y,loader_config:w,runtime:x={loaderType:m},exposed:A=!0}=t;const E=(0,h.gG)();y||(b=E.init,y=E.info,w=E.loader_config),(0,i.Dg)(e,b||{}),(0,i.GE)(e,w||{}),(0,i.sU)(e,x),y.jsAttributes??={},d.v6&&(y.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.CX)(e,y),g();const T=function(e,t){t||(0,c.R)(e,"api");const h={};var g=a.ee.get(e),p=g.get("tracer"),m="api-",v=m+"ixn-";function b(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.C5)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.CX)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),x(m,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function y(){}["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"].forEach((e=>h[e]=x(m,e,!0,"api"))),h.addPageAction=x(m,"addPageAction",!0,n.D.pageAction),h.setCurrentRouteName=x(m,"routeName",!0,n.D.spa),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,i.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,x(m,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return b(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nNon-null value must be a string or number type, but a type of was provided."))}else(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nName must be a string type, but a type of was provided."))},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,f.Z)("Failed to execute setUserId.\nNon-null value must be a string type, but a type of was provided."))},h.interaction=function(){return(new y).get()};var w=y.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,a="function"==typeof t;return(0,o.p)(v+"tracer",[(0,s.z)(),e,r],i,n.D.spa,g),function(){if(p.emit((a?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,s.z)(),i,a],r),a)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw p.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,"string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e],r),e}finally{p.emit("fn-end",[(0,s.z)()],r)}}}};function x(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,g),i&&(0,o.p)(e+t,[(0,s.z)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,g),r?void 0:this}}function A(){r.e(439).then(r.bind(r,7438)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,c.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>(0,f.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed...")))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{w[e]=x(v,e,void 0,n.D.spa)})),h.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,o.p)(l.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,g),(0,o.p)("err",[e,(0,s.z)(),!1,t],void 0,n.D.jserrors,g)},d.il?(0,u.b)((()=>A()),!0):A(),h}(e,v);return(0,h.Qy)(e,T,"api"),(0,h.Qy)(e,A,"exposed"),(0,h.EZ)("activatedFeatures",p.T),T}},3325:(e,t,r)=>{r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>(({78:"page_action-aggregate",147:"metrics-aggregate",242:"session-manager",317:"jserrors-aggregate",348:"page_view_timing-aggregate",412:"lazy-feature-loader",439:"async-api",538:"recorder",590:"session_replay-aggregate",675:"compressor",733:"session_trace-aggregate",786:"page_view_event-aggregate",873:"spa-aggregate",898:"ajax-aggregate"}[e]||e)+"."+{78:"ac76d497",147:"3dc53903",148:"1a20d5fe",242:"2a64278a",317:"49e41428",348:"bd6de33a",412:"2f55ce66",439:"30bd804e",538:"1b18459f",590:"cf0efb30",675:"ae9f91a8",733:"83105561",786:"06482edd",860:"03a8b7a5",873:"e6b09d52",898:"998ef92b"}[e]+"-1.236.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d {s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(h);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},h=setTimeout(l.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=l.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=l.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.j=364,i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={364:0,953:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u {i.r(o);var e=i(3325),t=i(5763);const r=Object.values(e.D);function n(e){const n={};return r.forEach((r=>{n[r]=function(e,r){return!1!==(0,t.Mt)(r,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),n}var a=i(9144);var s=i(5546),c=i(385),u=i(8e3),d=i(5938),f=i(3960),l=i(50);class h extends d.W{constructor(e,t,r){let n=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.auto=n,this.abortHandler,this.featAggregate,this.onAggregateImported,n&&(0,u.R)(e,r)}importAggregator(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;const r=c.il&&!0===(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"privacy.cookies_enabled");let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let t;try{if(r){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await Promise.all([i.e(860),i.e(242)]).then(i.bind(i,3228));t=e(this.agentIdentifier)}}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("A problem occurred when starting up session manager. This page will not start or extend any session.",e)}try{if(!this.shouldImportAgg(this.featureName,t))return void(0,u.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName);const{lazyFeatureLoader:r}=await i.e(412).then(i.bind(i,8582)),{Aggregate:o}=await r(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new o(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator,e),n(!0)}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("Downloading and initializing ".concat(this.featureName," failed..."),e),this.abortHandler?.(),n(!1)}};c.il?(0,f.b)((()=>o()),!0):o()}shouldImportAgg(r,n){return r!==e.D.sessionReplay||!1!==(0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"session_trace.enabled")&&(!!n?.isNew||!!n?.state.sessionReplay)}}var g=i(7633),p=i(7894);class m extends h{static featureName=g.t9;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];if(super(r,n,g.t9,i),("undefined"==typeof PerformanceNavigationTiming||c.Tt)&&"undefined"!=typeof PerformanceTiming){const n=(0,t.OP)(r);n[g.Dz]=Math.max(Date.now()-n.offset,0),(0,f.K)((()=>n[g.qw]=Math.max((0,p.z)()-n[g.Dz],0))),(0,f.b)((()=>{const t=(0,p.z)();n[g.OJ]=Math.max(t-n[g.Dz],0),(0,s.p)("timing",["load",t],void 0,e.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}this.importAggregator()}}var v=i(1117),b=i(1284);class y extends v.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,b.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=w(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,b.D)(r,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=w(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=x(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=w(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r="",n=!1,i=0;i t.max&&(t.max=e),e 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,r,j.t,n),c.il&&((0,t.OP)(e).initHidden=Boolean("hidden"===document.visibilityState),(0,N.N)((()=>(0,s.p)("docHidden",[(0,p.z)()],void 0,j.t,this.ee)),!0),(0,O.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,s.p)("winPagehide",[(0,p.z)()],void 0,j.t,this.ee))),this.importAggregator())}}var P=i(3081);class C extends h{static featureName=P.t9;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,P.t9,r),this.importAggregator()}}var R,I=i(2210),k=i(1214),H=i(2177),L={};try{R=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(L.console=!0,-1!==R.indexOf("dev")&&(L.dev=!0),-1!==R.indexOf("nr_dev")&&(L.nrDev=!0))}catch(e){}function z(e){try{L.console&&z(e)}catch(e){}}L.nrDev&&H.ee.on("internal-error",(function(e){z(e.stack)})),L.dev&&H.ee.on("fn-err",(function(e,t,r){z(r.stack)})),L.dev&&(z("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),z("flags: "+(0,b.D)(L,(function(e,t){return e})).join(", ")));var M=i(6660);class B extends h{static featureName=M.t;constructor(r,n){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,M.t,i),this.skipNext=0;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}const o=this;o.ee.on("fn-start",(function(e,t,r){o.abortHandler&&(o.skipNext+=1)})),o.ee.on("fn-err",(function(t,r,n){o.abortHandler&&!n[M.A]&&((0,I.X)(n,M.A,(function(){return!0})),this.thrown=!0,(0,s.p)("err",[n,(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.jserrors,o.ee))})),o.ee.on("fn-end",(function(){o.abortHandler&&!this.thrown&&o.skipNext>0&&(o.skipNext-=1)})),o.ee.on("internal-error",(function(t){(0,s.p)("ierr",[t,(0,p.z)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,o.ee)})),this.origOnerror=c._A.onerror,c._A.onerror=this.onerrorHandler.bind(this),c._A.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(t=>{const r=function(e){let t="Unhandled Promise Rejection: ";if(e instanceof Error)try{return e.message=t+e.message,e}catch(t){return e}if(void 0===e)return new Error(t);try{return new Error(t+(0,D.P)(e))}catch(e){return new Error(t)}}(t.reason);(0,s.p)("err",[r,(0,p.z)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1}],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}),(0,O.m$)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),(0,k.gy)(this.ee),(0,k.BV)(this.ee),(0,k.em)(this.ee),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}onerrorHandler(t,r,n,i,o){"function"==typeof this.origOnerror&&this.origOnerror(...arguments);try{this.skipNext?this.skipNext-=1:(0,s.p)("err",[o||new F(t,r,n),(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}catch(t){try{(0,s.p)("ierr",[t,(0,p.z)(),!0],void 0,e.D.jserrors,this.ee)}catch(e){}}return!1}}function F(e,t,r){this.message=e||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r}let U=1;const q="nr@id";function G(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===c._A?0:(0,I.X)(e,q,(function(){return U++}))}function V(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,D.P)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var X=i(7243);class W{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.generateTracePayload=this.generateTracePayload.bind(this),this.shouldGenerateTrace=this.shouldGenerateTrace.bind(this)}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var r=(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!r)return null;var n=(r.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(r.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(r.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,_.M)(),s=(0,_.Ht)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof c._A?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,D.P)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var r=!1,n={};if((0,t.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(n=(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)r=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var i=0;i 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(r,n,Z.t,i),(0,t.OP)(r).xhrWrappable&&(this.dt=new W(r),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,s.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee),(0,k.u5)(this.ee),(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),function(r,n,i,o){function a(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=E,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){_(t,e)}),(0,O.m$)(!1)),c.IF||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,O.m$)(!1))}function s(e){this.params={method:e[0]},T(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function u(e,n){var i=(0,t.DL)(r);i.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&n.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",i.xpid);var a=o.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(a){var s=!1;a.newrelicHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("newrelic",a.newrelicHeader),s=!0),a.traceContextParentHeader&&(n.setRequestHeader("traceparent",a.traceContextParentHeader),a.traceContextStateHeader&&n.setRequestHeader("tracestate",a.traceContextStateHeader),s=!0),s&&(this.dt=a)}}function d(e,t){var r=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(r&&i){var a=V(i);a&&(r.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,p.z)(),this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof t.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(t)}catch(e){try{n.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s 1?e[1]=i:e.push(i)}else e[0]&&e[0].headers&&s(e[0].headers,n)&&(this.dt=n);function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function x(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,p.z)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof Y?r=i.url:c._A?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),T(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof Y&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.txSize=V(n.body)||0}function A(t,r){var n;this.endTime=(0,p.z)(),this.params||(this.params={}),this.params.status=r?r.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var o={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,p.z)()-this.startTime};i("xhr",[this.params,o,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,e.D.ajax)}function E(t){var r=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var o=0;o 2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,we.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}new class{constructor(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,_.ky)(16);c._A?(this.agentIdentifier=t,this.sharedAggregator=new y({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},this.desiredFeatures=new Set(e.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(m),Object.assign(this,(0,a.j)(this.agentIdentifier,e,e.loaderType||"agent")),this.start()):(0,l.Z)("Failed to initial the agent. Could not determine the runtime environment.")}get config(){return{info:(0,t.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,t.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,t.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,t.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}start(){const t="features";try{const r=n(this.agentIdentifier),i=[...this.desiredFeatures];i.sort(((t,r)=>e.p[t.featureName]-e.p[r.featureName])),i.forEach((t=>{if(r[t.featureName]||t.featureName===e.D.pageViewEvent){const n=function(t){switch(t){case e.D.ajax:return[e.D.jserrors];case e.D.sessionTrace:return[e.D.ajax,e.D.pageViewEvent];case e.D.sessionReplay:return[e.D.sessionTrace];case e.D.pageViewTiming:return[e.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(t.featureName);n.every((e=>r[e]))||(0,l.Z)("".concat(t.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat((0,D.P)(n),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[t.featureName]=new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}})),(0,T.Qy)(this.agentIdentifier,this.features,t)}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",e);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,T.fP)();return delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.[t],delete this.sharedAggregator,r.ee?.abort(),delete r.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}}({features:[J,m,S,class extends h{static featureName=oe;constructor(t,r){if(super(t,r,oe,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!c.il)return;const n=this.ee;let i;(0,k.QU)(n),this.eventsEE=(0,k.em)(n),this.eventsEE.on(se,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,p.z)()})),this.eventsEE.on(ae,(function(t,r){(0,s.p)("bst",[t[0],r,this.bstStart,(0,p.z)()],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),n.on(ce+ne,(function(e){this.time=(0,p.z)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),n.on(ce+ie,(function(t){(0,s.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)}));try{i=new PerformanceObserver((t=>{const r=t.getEntries();(0,s.p)(te,[r],void 0,e.D.sessionTrace,n)})),i.observe({type:re,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator({resourceObserver:i})}},C,xe,B,class extends h{static featureName=de;constructor(e,r){if(super(e,r,de,!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2]),!c.il)return;if(!(0,t.OP)(e).xhrWrappable)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let n,i=0;const o=this.ee.get("tracer"),a=(0,k._L)(this.ee),s=(0,k.Lg)(this.ee),u=(0,k.BV)(this.ee),d=(0,k.Kf)(this.ee),f=this.ee.get("events"),l=(0,k.u5)(this.ee),h=(0,k.QU)(this.ee),g=(0,k.Gm)(this.ee);function m(e,t){h.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function v(){i++,n=window.location.hash,this[ve]=(0,p.z)()}function b(){i--,window.location.hash!==n&&m(0,!0);var e=(0,p.z)();this[pe]=~~this[pe]+e-this[ve],this[ye]=e}function y(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,p.z)()}))}this.ee.on(ve,v),s.on(be,v),a.on(be,v),this.ee.on(ye,b),s.on(ge,b),a.on(ge,b),this.ee.buffer([ve,ye,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),f.buffer([ve],this.featureName),u.buffer(["setTimeout"+le,"clearTimeout"+fe,ve],this.featureName),d.buffer([ve,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+fe],this.featureName),l.buffer([me+fe,me+"-done",me+he+fe,me+he+le],this.featureName),h.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),g.buffer([ve],this.featureName),s.buffer(["propagate",be,ge,"executor-err","resolve"+fe],this.featureName),o.buffer([ve,"no-"+ve],this.featureName),a.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),y(l,me+fe),y(l,me+"-done"),y(a,"new-jsonp"),y(a,"jsonp-end"),y(a,"cb-start"),h.on("pushState-end",m),h.on("replaceState-end",m),window.addEventListener("hashchange",m,(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",m,(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){m(0,i>1)}),(0,O.m$)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#e,this.importAggregator()}#e(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}],loaderType:"spa"})})(),window.NRBA=o})(); window.jQuery || document.write(' ') CKEDITOR_BASEPATH='https://gatesopenresearch.org/js/vendor/ckeditor/' window.reactTheme = 'gates'; window.MathJax = { CommonHTML: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, 'HTML-CSS': { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, SVG: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } }, AuthorInit: function() { MathJax.Hub.Register.MessageHook('End Process', function () { let timeout = false; // holder for timeout id const delay = 250; // delay after event is "complete" to run callback const reflowMath = function() { const dispFormulas = document.querySelectorAll('.disp-formula.panel'); if (!dispFormulas) { return; } for (const dispFormula of dispFormulas) { const child = dispFormula.querySelector('.MathJax_Preview').nextSibling.firstChild; const isMultiline = MathJax.Hub.getAllJax(dispFormula)[0].root.isMultiline; if (dispFormula.offsetWidth < child.offsetWidth || isMultiline) { MathJax.Hub.Queue(['Rerender', MathJax.Hub, dispFormula]); } } }; window.addEventListener('resize', function() { clearTimeout(timeout); // clear the timeout timeout = setTimeout(reflowMath, delay); // start timing for event "completion" }); }); }, }; if (window.location.hash == '#_=_'){ window.location = window.location.href.split('#')[0] } !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function() {n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)} ;if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n; n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script','https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '1641728616063202'); fbq('track', "PixelInitialized", {}); Skip to content Gates Open Research file_upload Submit via VeriXiv search clear search menu close clear Search Browse Gateways & Collections How to Publish Submit via VeriXiv My Submissions Article Guidelines Article Guidelines (New Versions) Open Data, Software and Code Guidelines Open Data and Accessible Source Materials Guidelines (HSS) Prepublication Checks Production Process Posters and Slides Guidelines Document Guidelines Publication Charges Finding Article Reviewers About How it Works For Reviewers Our Advisors Policies Glossary FAQs For Developers Contact Blog My Account Submissions Content and Tracking Alerts My Details Sign In Submit via VeriXiv { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "ScholarlyArticle", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://gatesopenresearch.org/articles/5-142" }, "headline": "Protocol for a scoping review of neonatal emollient therapy and massage practices throughout sub-Saharan...", "datePublished": "2021-08-24T15:46:31", "dateModified": "2021-08-24T15:46:31", "author": [ { "@type": "Person", "name": "Keona J.H. Blanks" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Milton W. Musaba" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Lily Ren" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Kathy Burgoine" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "David Mukunya" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Andrew Clarke" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Sarah Williams" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Tewodros Gebremichael" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Peter Waiswa" }, { "@type": "Person", "name": "Gary L. Darmstadt" } ], "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Gates Open Research", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://gatesopenresearch.org/img/AMP/Gates_image.png", "height": 600, "width": 47 } }, "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://gatesopenresearch.org/img/AMP/Gates_image.png", "height": 1200, "width": 94 }, "description": "Background: Serious infections and other complications from very low birth weight and prematurity are the leading causes of death for neonates worldwide. Infections partly result from the compromised skin barrier function in preterm neonates. Optimal skin care practices for neonates, especially in settings with limited access to adequate hygienic conditions, hold potential to reduce infection and avoid these preventable preterm neonatal deaths. The purpose of this protocol is to support a scoping review of neonatal skin care, emollient therapy and massage practices throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Protocol: The proposed review will follow a methodological framework consisting of the following five steps: (i) identifying the research question, (ii) identifying relevant studies, (iii) selection of eligible studies, (iv) charting the data, and (v) collating and summarizing the results. In addition, we will reflect on the implications of the findings for the feasibility and design of randomized controlled trials to examine the impact of emollient therapy on survival, growth, infection and neurodevelopment of very low birth weight infants in sub-Saharan Africa. We will search domestic and international databases for literature published in English between January 1, 2000, and July 12, 2021. Articles will be chosen based on standardized inclusion criteria. The primary criteria for inclusion will be a report on skin care practices administered to neonates in Africa. Conclusions: Documentation of common neonatal skin care practices throughout Africa has the potential to highlight opportunities for skin care intervention and future research on neonatal skin care practices in sub-Saharan Africa, and support the development of future emollient intervention trials for preterm and low birthweight neonates in low- and middle-income countries." } { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "1", "item": { "@id": "https://gatesopenresearch.org/", "name": "Home" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "2", "item": { "@id": "https://gatesopenresearch.org/browse/articles", "name": "Browse" } }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": "3", "item": { "@id": "https://gatesopenresearch.org/articles/5-142/v1", "name": "Protocol for a scoping review of neonatal emollient therapy and massage..." } } ] } Home Browse Protocol for a scoping review of neonatal emollient therapy and massage... ALL Metrics - Views Downloads Get PDF Get XML Cite How to cite this article Blanks KJH, Musaba MW, Ren L et al. Protocol for a scoping review of neonatal emollient therapy and massage practices throughout sub-Saharan Africa [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . Gates Open Res 2021, 5 :142 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13359.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Study Protocol Protocol for a scoping review of neonatal emollient therapy and massage practices throughout sub-Saharan Africa [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] Keona J.H. Blanks 1 , Milton W. Musaba 2 , Lily Ren 3 , [...] Kathy Burgoine 4 , David Mukunya 5,6 , Andrew Clarke https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3127-5309 7 , Sarah Williams 7 , Tewodros Gebremichael 7 , Peter Waiswa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9868-0515 8 , Gary L. Darmstadt https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7522-5824 9 Keona J.H. Blanks 1 , Milton W. Musaba 2 , [...] Lily Ren 3 , Kathy Burgoine 4 , David Mukunya 5,6 , Andrew Clarke https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3127-5309 7 , Sarah Williams 7 , Tewodros Gebremichael 7 , Peter Waiswa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9868-0515 8 , Gary L. Darmstadt https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7522-5824 9 PUBLISHED 24 Aug 2021 Author details Author details 1 Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences, Pallisa, Mbale, PO Box 1460, Uganda 3 Lane Medical Library & Knowledge Management Center, Stanford Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, L109, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA 4 Mbale Clinical Research Institute, Plot 29, 33 Pallisa, Mbale, Uganda 5 Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences, Pallisa, Mbale, PO Box 1460, Uganda 6 Sanyu Africa Research Institute, Mbale, PO Box 2190, Uganda 7 Global Programs, Save the Children UK, 1 St John's Ln, London, EC1M 4AR, UK 8 Makerere University, University Rd, Kampala, Uganda 9 Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1701 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA Keona J.H. Blanks Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Milton W. Musaba Roles: Investigation Lily Ren Roles: Investigation Kathy Burgoine Roles: Writing – Review & Editing David Mukunya Roles: Writing – Review & Editing Andrew Clarke Roles: Writing – Review & Editing Sarah Williams Roles: Writing – Review & Editing Tewodros Gebremichael Roles: Writing – Review & Editing Peter Waiswa Roles: Writing – Review & Editing Gary L. Darmstadt Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS Abstract Background: Serious infections and other complications from very low birth weight and prematurity are the leading causes of death for neonates worldwide. Infections partly result from the compromised skin barrier function in preterm neonates. Optimal skin care practices for neonates, especially in settings with limited access to adequate hygienic conditions, hold potential to reduce infection and avoid these preventable preterm neonatal deaths. The purpose of this protocol is to support a scoping review of neonatal skin care, emollient therapy and massage practices throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Protocol: The proposed review will follow a methodological framework consisting of the following five steps: (i) identifying the research question, (ii) identifying relevant studies, (iii) selection of eligible studies, (iv) charting the data, and (v) collating and summarizing the results. In addition, we will reflect on the implications of the findings for the feasibility and design of randomized controlled trials to examine the impact of emollient therapy on survival, growth, infection and neurodevelopment of very low birth weight infants in sub-Saharan Africa. We will search domestic and international databases for literature published in English between January 1, 2000, and July 12, 2021. Articles will be chosen based on standardized inclusion criteria. The primary criteria for inclusion will be a report on skin care practices administered to neonates in Africa. Conclusions: Documentation of common neonatal skin care practices throughout Africa has the potential to highlight opportunities for skin care intervention and future research on neonatal skin care practices in sub-Saharan Africa, and support the development of future emollient intervention trials for preterm and low birthweight neonates in low- and middle-income countries. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Neonatology, Emollient, Massage, Bathing, Africa, Low- and middle-income countries Corresponding Author(s) Gary L. Darmstadt ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Gary L. Darmstadt Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: This work was supported by the Gates Foundation [INV-020497] (GLD). The Gates Foundation grants OPP124589 and OPP438721 inspired the review but did not directly fund this work. KJHB was supported by the King Center for Global Development at Stanford University. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Copyright: © 2021 Blanks KJH et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Blanks KJH, Musaba MW, Ren L et al. Protocol for a scoping review of neonatal emollient therapy and massage practices throughout sub-Saharan Africa [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . Gates Open Res 2021, 5 :142 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13359.1 ) First published: 24 Aug 2021, 5 :142 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13359.1 ) Latest published: 24 Aug 2021, 5 :142 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13359.1 ) Introduction The neonatal mortality rate in sub-Saharan Africa is the highest in the world, estimated at 27 deaths per 1,000 live births 1 . Worldwide, 98% of all neonatal deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and are largely ascribed to serious infections, complications from prematurity and birth asphyxia 2 . Compromised skin barrier function is an important factor in the complications associated with preterm birth 3 . Lacking in vernix, a protective antimicrobial layer, the skin barrier of preterm infants is functionally compromised and has heightened susceptibility to injury, leading to increased risk for invasive infection and death 4 . Compounding the issue are maternal malnutrition, neonatal growth restriction and virulent pathogens that pervade unsterile environments in low-resource settings and potentially impact newborn infants at population-level 5 , 6 . Even in hospitals, overcrowding, limited staffing, unreliable water supply, lack of alcohol-based hand wash and lack of bleach and soap for basic cleaning of equipment further exacerbate poor sterilization and disinfection practices. Topical emollient therapy to the skin of preterm infants is a nascent intervention for neonatal care in LMICs. Emerging evidence suggests that emollient therapy promotes postnatal growth and reduces hospital-acquired infection and has potential to reduce mortality and enhance neurodevelopmental outcome 7 – 9 . While application of oils and other products to the newborn infant is a widespread cultural practice in South Asia, less is known about this behavior in sub-Saharan Africa 10 . There have likewise been few reports of the effects of emollient therapy on newborn health in sub-Saharan Africa 11 , 12 . The main objective for the proposed scoping review is to create an accurate depiction of newborn skin care practices in Africa, and to illuminate opportunities for intervention. This review will address the questions of “what are the common newborn skin care practices throughout Africa, with a focus on bathing, the application of oils and other products, and massage?” and “what is the reported impact of newborn skin care practices throughout Africa, for example the impact of emollient therapy on newborn postnatal survival, growth, infection and neurodevelopment?” This information would be critical for researchers planning effective intervention trials in Africa. Protocol This protocol is reported in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) checklist 13 . Scoping review This protocol is for a scoping review of literature reporting on common neonatal skin care practices throughout sub-Saharan Africa, with a focus on bathing, the application of oils and other products, and massage. A scoping review method was selected for its aims to delineate and identify gaps in available evidence on the area of focus. The proposed review will follow a methodological framework proposed by Arksey and O’Malley 14 . The framework consists of the following five steps: (i) identifying the research question, (ii) identifying relevant studies, (iii) selection of eligible studies, (iv) charting the data, and (v) collating and summarizing the results. Quality appraisal will not be done as this review aims to map all research activities in this field. Identifying the research question The main research questions are “what are the common newborn skin care practices throughout sub-Saharan Africa, with a focus on bathing, the application of oils and other products, and massage?” and “what is the reported impact of newborn skin care practices throughout Africa, for example the impact of emollient therapy on survival, growth, infection and neurodevelopment?” This study will use a series of guiding queries to align the study selection with the research question (see below, Charting the data). Since most of the studies relevant to this review are qualitative or observational in design (interviews, focus group discussions, and surveys), this approach was selected in lieu of the Population, Exposure, Comparator, and Outcomes (PECO) framework to allow for the inclusion of these studies. Randomized control trials (RCTs) and quasi experimental clinical trials will also be aligned in this manner. Identifying relevant studies A search will be conducted for published and unpublished (grey) literature on the research question in the following electronic databases: PubMed , Scopus (Elsevier), Embase , Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics), and PsycINFO (Ovid). Sources of grey literature will include: OpenGrey and GreyNet . Studies published prior to July 2021 that have the keywords or Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms delineated in the search strategy ( Table 1 ) will be identified. The search strategy will be piloted to check the appropriateness of keywords and databases. A hand (“snowballing”) search will also be conducted of the references of the included studies and websites such as the World Health Organization (WHO) to identify potentially relevant literature. Grey literature will also be identified through direct queries to authors of included literature to explore whether they are aware of unpublished literature on the topic Table 1. PubMed search strategy for a scoping review of neonatal emollient therapy and massage practices throughout sub-Saharan Africa. SearchActionsDetailsQueryResults Search: #4 NOT #5 Filters: from 2000 - 2021 3,48516:16:43#21 Search: #4 NOT #5 216:16:07#5 Search: "animals"[mesh] NOT ("animals"[mesh] AND "humans"[mesh]) 4,843,98816:15:38#4 Search: #1 AND #2 AND #3 Search: "Infant, Newborn"[Mesh] or "Infant Care"[Mesh] or infant* or neonat* or newborn* or "new born*" or "Child Rearing"[mesh] or "child rear*"[tw] or childrear*[tw] or childbear*[tw] or "Postpartum Period"[Mesh] or "postpartum"[tw] 1,678,41916:01:31#2 Search: "africa"[Mesh] or "africa*"[tw] or "sudan*"[tw] or "western sahara*"[tw] or "algeria*"[tw] or "egypt*"[tw] or "libya*"[tw] or "morocc*"[tw] or "tunisia*"[tw] or "Cairo"[tw] or "Rabat"[tw] or "Casablanca"[tw] or "Tripoli"[tw] or "Algiers"[tw] or "Fes"[tw] or "Marrakesh"[tw] or "Tunis"[tw] or "Carthage"[tw] or "Tangier"[tw] or "Kairouan"[tw] or "Essaouira"[tw] or "Luxor"[tw] or "Bizerte"[tw] or "El Aaiun"[tw] or "Sousse"[tw] or "Oran"[tw] or "Annaba"[tw] or "Constantine"[tw] or "Biskra"[tw] or "Chefchaoouen"[tw] or "Skikda"[tw] or "Sharm El Sheikh"[tw] or "Volubilis"[tw] or "El Oued"[tw] or "Meknes"[tw] or "Hippo Regius"[tw] or "Djemila"[tw] or "Sfax"[tw] or "Tataouine"[tw] or "port Said"[tw] or "Ait Benhaddou"[tw] or "Benghazi"[tw] or "Juba"[tw] or "Tamanrasette"[tw] or "merzouga"[tw] or "El Djem"[tw] or "oujda"[tw] or "Matmata"[tw] or "Ghat"[tw] or "Tabessa"[tw] or "Giza"[tw] or "Marj"[tw] or "Ifrane"[tw] or "Agadir"[tw] or "Tetouan"[tw] or "Shubra El Kheima"[tw] or "Tobruk"[tw] or "Khartoum"[tw] or "Nyala"[tw] or "Kassala"[tw] or "Ubayyid"[tw] or "Kosti"[tw] or "Wad Madani"[tw] or "Qadarif"[tw] or "Al-Fashir"[tw] or "Daein"[tw] or "Damazin"[tw] or "Geneina"[tw] or "Merowe"[tw] rr "Sahara"[tw] or "British Indian Ocean Territory"[tw] or "Burundi*"[tw] or "Comoros"[tw] or "Djibouti*"[tw] or "Eritrea*"[tw] or "Ethiopia*"[tw] or "Kenya*"[tw] or "Madagascar"[tw] or "Malawi"[tw] or "Mauritius"[tw] or "Mayotte"[tw] or "Mozambique"[tw] or "Reunion"[tw] OR "Rwanda*"[tw] or "Seychelles"[tw] or "Somalia*"[tw] or "Sudan*"[tw] or "Tanzania*"[tw] or "Uganda*"[tw] or "Zambia"[tw] or "Zimbabwe"[tw] or "Crozet Islands"[tw] or "Iles Crozet"[tw] or "Scattered Islands"[tw] or "Iles Eparses"[tw] or "Addis Ababa"[tw] or "Asmara"[tw] or "Anananarivo"[tw] or "Arusha"[tw] or "Axum"[tw] or "Bahir Dar"[tw] or "Berbera"[tw] or "Bulawayo"[tw] or "Dese"[tw] or "Eldoret"[tw] or "Garissa"[tw] or "Geita"[tw] or "Gondar"[tw] or "Great Rift Valley"[tw] or "Hargeisa"[tw] or "Hargeysa"[tw] or "Hola"[tw] or "Jinja"[tw] or "Iringa"[tw] or "Kigoma"[tw] or "Jimma"[tw] or "Korogwe"[tw] or "Nairobi"[tw] or "Dar es Salaam"[tw] or "Mombasa"[tw] or "Mogadishu"[tw] or "Dodomoa"[tw] or "Bujumbura"[tw] or "Mbeya"[tw] or "Lusaka"[tw] or "Harare"[tw] or "Kakamega"[tw] or "Kampala"[tw] or "Kigali"[tw] or "Kire Dawa"[tw] or "Kikuyu"[tw] or "Kisumu"[tw] or "Kitale"[tw] or "Kitui"[tw] or "Lilongwe"[tw] or "Lake Victoria"[tw] or "Lake Tanganyika"[tw] or "Lamu"[tw] or "Lodwar"[tw] or "Lokichogio"[tw] or "Malindi"[tw] or "Machakos"[tw] or "Marka"[tw] or "Machakos"[tw] or "Maputo"[tw] or "Maralal"[tw] or "Mekele"[tw] or "Meru"[tw] or "Musoma"[tw] or "Mtwara"[tw] or "Mumias"[tw] or "Moshi"[tw] or "Moroni"[tw] or "Morogoro"[tw] or "Mwanza"[tw] or "Naivasha"[tw] or "Nanyuki"[tw] or "Nakuru "[tw] or "Namanga"[tw] or "Nyeri"[tw] or "Port Louis"[tw] or "Puntland*"[tw] or "Nyahururu"[tw] or "Kismayo"[tw] or "Ruiru"[tw] or "Rwenzori Mountains"[tw] or "Sinyanga"[tw] or "Songea"[tw] or "tanga"[tw] or "Tabora"[tw] or "voi"[tw] or "webuye"[tw] or "Zanzibar"[tw] or "Adiharush"[tw] or "Ali-Addeh"[tw] or "Alinjugur"[tw] or "Buramino"[tw] or "Dadaab"[tw] or "Dagahaley"[tw] or "Dollo Ado"[tw] or "Fugnido"[tw] or "Hagadera"[tw] or "Hilaweyn"[tw] or "Ifo"[tw] or "Kakuma"[tw] or "Kambioos"[tw] or "Kayaka II"[tw] or "Kobe"[tw] or "Kyangwali Nakivale"[tw] or "Nyarugusu"[tw] or "Wad Sherife"[tw] or "Bokolmanyo"[tw] or "Melkadida"[tw] or "Rwamanja"[tw] or "benin*"[tw] or "burkina fas"[tw] or "cape verd*"[tw] or "cabo verd*"[tw] or "ivory coast"[tw] or "cote divoire*"[tw] or "gambia*"[tw] or "ghana*"[tw] or "guinea*"[tw] or "bissau"[tw] or "liberia map"[tw] or "malian"[tw] or "mauritania*"[tw] or "nigeria*"[tw] or "senegal*"[tw] or "sierra leon*"[tw] or "togo*"[tw] or "Lagos"[tw] or "Accra"[tw] or "Abidjan"[tw] or "Dakar"[tw] or "Abobo"[tw] or "Abuja"[tw] or "Freetown"[tw] or "Ouagadougou"[tw] or "Conakry"[tw] or "Lome"[tw] or "Bamako"[tw] or "Cotonou"[tw] or "Kumasi"[tw] or "Monrovia"[tw] or "Ibadan"[tw] or "Kano"[tw] or "Port harcourt"[tw] or "Benin City"[tw] or "Porto Novo"[tw] or "Niamey"[tw] or "Yamoussoukro"[tw] or "Banjul"[tw] or "Timbuktu"[tw] or "Djenne"[tw] or "Abomeyu"[tw] or "Zaria"[tw] or "Tamale"[tw] or "Jos"[tw] or "Cape Coast"[tw] or "Maidugul"[tw] or "Aba"[tw] or "Gao"[tw] or "Calabar"[tw] or "Warri"[tw] or "Maiduguri"[tw] or "Bobo Dioulasso"[tw] or "Parakou"[tw] or "Djougou"[tw] or "Bohicon"[tw] or "Sekondi Takoradi"[tw] or "Sunyani"[tw] or "Obuasi"[tw] or "Teshie"[tw] or "Tema"[tw] or "Sikasso"[tw] or "Kalabankoro"[tw] or "Nouakchott"[tw] or "Dakhlet Nouadhibou"[tw] or "Benin City"[tw] or "Port Harcourt"[tw] or "Ilorin"[tw] or "Kaduna"[tw] or "Enugu"[tw] or "Ikorodu"[tw] or "Onitsha"[tw] or "Bauchi"[tw] or "Akure"[tw] or "Abeokuta"[tw] or "Sokoto"[tw] or "Bouake"[tw] or "Makeni"[tw] or "Kaduan"[tw] or "Sosgbo"[tw] or "Osogbo"[tw] or "Gombe"[tw] or "Ilesa"[tw] or "Badagry"[tw] or "makurdi"[tw] or "Sagamu"[tw] or "Iseyin"[tw] or "obbomosho"[tw] or "Awka"[tw] or "Ado Ekiti"[tw] or "Nsukka"[tw] or "Ikeja"[tw] or "Katsina"[tw] or "Okene"[tw] or "Lafia"[tw] or "Minna"[tw] or "Ondo city"[tw] or "Umuahia"[tw] or "Calabar"[tw] or "Yola"[tw] or "Pikine"[tw] or "Touba"[tw] or "Thies Nones"[tw] or "Saint Louis"[tw] or "Kolak"[tw] or "Ziguinch"[tw] or "San Pedro"[tw] or "Bandama"[tw] or "Daloa"[tw] or "Owerri"[tw] or "Kandi"[tw] or "Ifi"[tw] or "Dakar"[tw] or "Ogbomosho"[tw] or "Divo"[tw] or "Korhogo"[tw] or "angola"[tw] or "cameroon*"[tw] or "chad"[tw] or "tchad"[tw] or "congo*"[tw] or "DRC"[tw] or "equatorial guinea*"[tw] or "gabon*"[tw] or "Sao Tome"[tw] or "Principe"[tw] or "Luanda"[tw] or "lobito"[tw] or "kuito"[tw] or "huambo"[tw] or "Malanje"[tw] or "Douala"[tw] or "Yaounde"[tw] or "Bamenda"[tw] or "Garoua of Bafoussam"[tw] or "Nganoundere"[tw] or "Maroua"[tw] or "Kouosseri"[tw] or "Buena"[tw] or "Kumba"[tw] or "N Djamena"[tw] or "Moundou"[tw] or "Bangui"[tw] or "Bimbo"[tw] or "Brazzaville"[tw] or "Point Noire"[tw] or "Kinshasa"[tw] or "Lubumbashi"[tw] or "Leopoldville"[tw] or "Elizabethville"[tw] or "Mbuji Mayi"[tw] or "Bakwanga"[tw] or "Bukavu"[tw] or "Costermansville"[tw] or "Kananga"[tw] or "Luluabourg"[tw] or "Kisangani"[tw] or "Stanleyville"[tw] or "Tshikapa"[tw] or "Koalwezi"[tw] or "Likasi"[tw] or "Jadotville"[tw] or "Goma"[tw] or "Kikwit"[tw] or "Uvira"[tw] or "Bunia"[tw] or "Mbandaka"[tw] or "Coquilhatville"[tw] or "Matadi"[tw] or "Butembo"[tw] or "Kabinda"[tw] or "Mwene Ditu"[tw] or "Isiro"[tw] or "Paulis"[tw] or "Boma"[tw] or "Kindu"[tw] or "Bata"[tw] or "Malabo"[tw] or "Libreville"[tw] or "botswana*"[tw] or "lesotho*"[tw] or "malawi*"[tw] or "mozambiq*"[tw] or "namibia*"[tw] or "swaziland"[tw] or "zambia*"[tw] or "zimbabwe"[tw] or "Zulu"[tw] or "Tsonga"[tw] or "Xhosa"[tw] or "Swazi"[tw] or "Ndebele"[tw] or "Tswana"[tw] or "Sotho"[tw] or "Shona people"[tw] or "BaLunda"[tw] or "Mbundu"[tw] or "Ovimbundu"[tw] or "Chaga"[tw] or "Sukuma"[tw] or "Pretoria"[tw] or "Cape Town"[tw] or "Johannesburg"[tw] or "Durban"[tw] or "Port Elizabeth"[tw] or "Bloemfontein"[tw] or "Windhoek"[tw] or "Maseru"[tw] or "Pietermaritz"[tw] or "Kimberley"[tw] or "Nespruit"[tw] or "Soweto"[tw] or "Polokwane"[tw] or "Limpopo"[tw] or "Rustenburg"[tw] or "Mahikeng"[tw] or "Oudtshroom"[tw] or "Stellenbosch"[tw] or "Paarl"[tw] or "Gaborone"[tw] or "Luanda"[tw] or "Cabinda"[tw] or "Huambo"[tw] or "Lubango"[tw] or "Kuit"[tw] or "Malanje"[tw] or "Lobito"[tw] or "Lilongwe"[tw] or "Blantyre"[tw] or "Mzuzu"[tw] or "Maputo"[tw] or "Matola"[tw] or "Beira"[tw] or "Nampula"[tw] or "Chimoio"[tw] or "Nacala"[tw] or "Quelimane"[tw] or "Lusaka"[tw] or "Kitwe"[tw] or "Ndola"[tw] or "Kabwe"[tw] or "Copperbelt Harare"[tw] or "Bulawayo"[tw] or "Chitungwiza"[tw] or "Mutare"[tw] or "Masvingo"[tw] or "Monashonaland"[tw] or "Manicaland"[tw] 440,31416:00:48#1 Search: "Skin"[Mesh] or "Skin Care"[Mesh] or "Emollients"[Mesh] or "emollient*"[tw] or (("skin"[tw] or oil[tw] or derm*[tw] or epiderm*[tw] or massage*[tw]) AND (practice*[tw] or care[tw] or treatment*[tw] or therap*[tw] or product*[tw])) or "Massage"[Mesh] or "massage*"[tw] or "Baths"[Mesh] or "bath"[tw] or "baths"[tw] or "bathing"[tw] or "Oils"[Mesh] or "oil"[tw] or "oils"[tw] or "Aloe"[Mesh] or "aloe"[tw] or "Perinatal care"[mesh] or "postnatal care"[mesh] or "perinatal care"[tw] or "antenatal care"[tw] or "Home Care Services"[mesh] or "home care"[tw] or "Hygiene"[mesh] or hygiene[tw] 1,087,81916:00:09 Selection of eligible studies Title and abstract screening will be guided by a series of queries ( Table 2 ). Further eligibility criteria will ensure that the content of the included studies is relevant to the research question. Table 2. Guiding queries used to electronically capture relevant information from each included study. 1. Author and Date 2. Title of Study 3. What was the sample size? 4. Where was the study done (city/district/province/country)? 5. Was the study done in a hospital (what level?) or home setting? 6. What was the gestational age of the neonates? 7. What was the chronological age of the neonates? 8. What substance was applied? 9. Was the substance applied to the umbilical cord? 10. How often was the substance applied? 11. By whom was the substance applied? 12. How was the substance applied? 13. How was the substance distributed on the body (i.e applied to the nappy area, the scalp, etc)? 14. What are the health impacts of product application? 15. What is the acceptability of the product to those involved in the study? 16. What product preferences do those involved in the study hold, if any? 17. Was the neonate massaged, and if so, how was the massage performed? 18. Why was this substance applied? (belief) 19. With what was the neonate bathed? 20. What was the temperature of the bath water? 21. Was anything applied to skin after bathing? (If yes, what was applied?) 22. By whom were the neonates bathed? 23. How often were the neonates bathed? 24. Why was the neonate bathed in this way (belief)? 25. What was the mode of delivery, if recorded (i.e., spontaneous vaginal delivery, cesarean section, etc)? 26. What were the outcome measures, if any? 27. What observations were made about neonates' response? 28. What descriptive norm(s), If any, influenced this scenario? 29. What injunctive norm(s), If any, influenced this scenario? 30. What perceived sanctions of norm(s), If any, influenced this scenario? Inclusion criteria For studies to be included, they must meet the following criteria: Report on skin care practices administered to newborns Include participants from sub-Saharan Africa Published after 1 January 2000 and prior to 1 July 2021 Qualitative and quantitative studies Exclusion criteria Studies will be excluded if they have any of the following characteristics: Studies that do not include participants from Africa Multi-center or multi-country studies reporting data from Africa that cannot be isolated from mixed summary data that includes non-African countries Studies with an exclusive focus on umbilical cord care and/or bathing practices, and an absence of information on emollient applications to the skin Studies that are not available in English or French Studies where full-text of the article could not be obtained The electronic database search will be recorded in a table (see Table 3 ). All eligible articles will be uploaded into the Covidence software, and duplicates identified and removed. Title and abstract screening of all eligible articles will be conducted to determine whether the study should be included in the review or not. All attempts will be made to obtain full texts of selected articles, by searching the web, engaging with librarians from University of Oxford, University of Makerere in Uganda, Busitema University Faculty of Health Science in Uganda, and Stanford University, or contacting an author if necessary. Two investigators will conduct full-text screening of the selected studies. A third reviewer will be employed if there are significant discrepancies that cannot be resolved by discussion and consensus. The degree of agreement between reviewers will be calculated and reported. Table 3. Electronic database searches. An illustrative draft of the table in which electronic database searches will be recorded. Date of search Electronic database Keywords searched Number of studies retrieved Number of studies selected PubMed “neonatal massage” or “newborn massage”, AND “Africa” The selection process will follow the recommendations in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist 15 and will be mapped using the PRISMA-P chart 16 . Amendments Important protocol amendments will be documented in future protocol files and in the narrative report of the scoping review. Charting the data A data charting form will be used to electronically capture relevant information from each included study. The extracted data will include fields outlined in Table 2 . Collating, summarizing and reporting the results A narrative report will be produced to summarize the extracted data for the following outcomes: region (country, province) of study, prevalence of skin care-related health conditions, associated factors for skin care-related health conditions and skin care practices for newborns. The final outcome will include two sub-foci: emollient and massage. For the former, data around the following outcomes will be extracted and summarized: sample size; location of study (city/district/province/country and hospital/home setting); gestational age of neonates; chronological age of neonates; type of substance applied to the skin; whether substance was applied to the umbilical cord; how often substance was applied; by whom the substance was applied; how the substance was applied; how the substance was distributed on the body (i.e. the scalp, nappy area etc.); health impacts of product application; acceptability of the product to those involved in the study; product preferences of those involved in the study; whether the neonate was massaged, and if so, how the massage was performed; why the substance was applied; with what the neonate was bathed; temperature of the bath water; whether anything was applied to the skin after bathing, and if so, what substance; by whom the neonates were bathed; how often the neonates were bathed; why the neonate was bathed in a particular way; the mode of delivery if recorded (i.e. SVD/CS); outcome measures, if any; observations about neonate response to care; descriptive, injunctive, and/or perceived sanctions of norm(s), if any, that influenced the scenario. Regarding massage, the following data will be extracted and summarized: type of massage performed, how massage is performed, how often massage is performed, when massage is performed, who performs the massage, rationale behind the selected massage technique, perceived benefits of the technique, any harms or concerns about the technique, and health impacts of the massage technique. These results will be described in relation to the research question and in the context of the overall study purpose. Gap analysis will identify areas where data on neonatal emollient therapy are still needed in sub-Saharan Africa. Dissemination The narrative report summarizing the data from the review will be disseminated in the public domain via publication in a relevant journal; circulation through the academic networks of review authors; and direct sharing to a team of researchers representing the University of Makerere in Uganda, Busitema University Faculty of Health Science in Uganda, Mbale Clinical Research Institute, Save the Children and Stanford University who are preparing for a clinical trial on neonatal emollient therapy in Uganda. Study status As of 5 August 2021, we have developed and validated the ability of the search strategy to capture a set of articles of known relevance 10 , employed the search strategy to identify eligible articles, uploaded the titles and abstracts into Covidence software, and completed an initial screening of titles and abstracts to identify articles for full-text review. Discussion The proposed scoping review aims to identify and describe common newborn skin care practices throughout Africa, with a focus on bathing, the application of oils and massage. It will also highlight gaps in current knowledge on newborn skin care practices in Africa. As the quality of the studies will not be assessed, commentary cannot be provided regarding the reliability of data extracted from selected studies. We will reflect on the implications of the findings for the feasibility and design of randomized controlled trials to examine the impacts of emollient therapy on survival, postnatal growth and neurodevelopment of very low birth weight infants in Africa. This review will support the planning of effective emollient intervention trials for newborn health in the future, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The evidence gaps identified by this review will also capacitate governments, funders, and researchers to refine their focus on neglected research areas and accelerate impact in newborn skin care interventions in sub-Saharan Africa. This review also has the potential to equip policy makers and stakeholders with evidence to support the care of this high-risk group of very low birth weight infants in sub-Saharan Africa. Data availability No data are associated with this article. Reporting guidelines Stanford Digital Repository: PRISMA-P checklist for ‘Protocol for a scoping review of neonatal emollient therapy and massage practices throughout sub-Saharan Africa’. https://purl.stanford.edu/zx021fw5637 13 . Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Zero "No rights reserved" data waiver (CC0 1.0 Public domain dedication). Faculty Opinions recommended References 1. United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME): Levels & Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2020, Estimates developed by the United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. United Nations Children’s Fund, New York, 2020. Reference Source 2. IISD: UN Report on Newborn and Child Mortality Rates on the Rise. International institute for sustainable development. 2017. Reference Source 3. Yoshio H, Tollin M, Gudmundsson GH, et al. : Antimicrobial polypeptides of human vernix caseosa and amniotic fluid: Implications for newborn innate defense. Pediatr Res. 2003; 53 (2): 211–216. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 4. Hammarlund K, Sedin G: Transepidermal water loss in newborn infants. III. relation to gestational age. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1979; 68 (6): 795–801. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 5. Darmstadt G: The skin and nutritional disorders of the newborn. Eur J Pediatr Dermatol. 1998; 8 (4): 221–228. Reference Source 6. Bhutta ZA: Neonatal bacterial infections in developing countries: strategies for prevention. Semin Neonatol. 1999; 4 (3): 159–171. Publisher Full Text 7. Salam RA, Das JK, Darmstadt GL, et al. : Emollient therapy for preterm newborn infants -- evidence from the developing world. BMC Public Health. 2013; 13 (Suppl 3): S31. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 8. Darmstadt GL, Saha SK, Ahmed AS, et al. : Effect of topical treatment with skin barrier-enhancing emollients on nosocomial infections in preterm infants in Bangladesh: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005; 365 (9464): 1039–45. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 9. Cleminson J, McGuire W: Topical emollient for preventing infection in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021; 5 (5): CD001150. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 10. Duffy JL, Ferguson RM, Darmstadt GL: Opportunities for improving, adapting and introducing emollient therapy and improved newborn skin care practices in Africa. J Trop Pediatr. 2012; 58 (2): 88–95. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 11. Darmstadt GL, Badrawi N, Law PA, et al. : Topically applied sunflower seed oil prevents invasive bacterial infections in preterm infants in Egypt: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004; 23 (8): 719–25. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 12. Jabraeile M, Rasooly AS, Farshi MR, et al. : Effect of olive oil massage on weight gain in preterm infants: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Niger Med J. 2016; 57 (3): 160–3. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 13. Blanks KJH: PRISMA-P checklist for a manuscript titled "Protocol for a scoping review of neonatal emollient therapy and massage practices throughout sub-Saharan Africa". Reference Source 14. Arksey H, O'Malley L: Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2005; 8 (1): 19–32. Publisher Full Text 15. Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, et al. : PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation. Ann Int Med. 2018; 169 (7): 467–73. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 16. Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, et al. : Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015; 4 (1): 1. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 24 Aug 2021 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences, Pallisa, Mbale, PO Box 1460, Uganda 3 Lane Medical Library & Knowledge Management Center, Stanford Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, L109, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA 4 Mbale Clinical Research Institute, Plot 29, 33 Pallisa, Mbale, Uganda 5 Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences, Pallisa, Mbale, PO Box 1460, Uganda 6 Sanyu Africa Research Institute, Mbale, PO Box 2190, Uganda 7 Global Programs, Save the Children UK, 1 St John's Ln, London, EC1M 4AR, UK 8 Makerere University, University Rd, Kampala, Uganda 9 Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1701 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA Keona J.H. Blanks Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Milton W. Musaba Roles: Investigation Lily Ren Roles: Investigation Kathy Burgoine Roles: Writing – Review & Editing David Mukunya Roles: Writing – Review & Editing Andrew Clarke Roles: Writing – Review & Editing Sarah Williams Roles: Writing – Review & Editing Tewodros Gebremichael Roles: Writing – Review & Editing Peter Waiswa Roles: Writing – Review & Editing Gary L. Darmstadt Roles: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information This work was supported by the Gates Foundation [INV-020497] (GLD). The Gates Foundation grants OPP124589 and OPP438721 inspired the review but did not directly fund this work. KJHB was supported by the King Center for Global Development at Stanford University. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 24 Aug 2021, 5:142 https://doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13359.1 Copyright © 2021 Blanks KJH et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads Gates Open Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Blanks KJH, Musaba MW, Ren L et al. Protocol for a scoping review of neonatal emollient therapy and massage practices throughout sub-Saharan Africa [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . Gates Open Res 2021, 5 :142 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13359.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Open Peer Review Current Reviewer Status: ? Key to Reviewer Statuses VIEW HIDE Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 24 Aug 2021 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: New K and August D. Reviewer Report For: Protocol for a scoping review of neonatal emollient therapy and massage practices throughout sub-Saharan Africa [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . Gates Open Res 2021, 5 :142 ( https://doi.org/10.21956/gatesopenres.14604.r31779 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://gatesopenresearch.org/articles/5-142/v1#referee-response-31779 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 11 Mar 2022 Karen New , School of Health and Behavioural Science, University of the Sunshine Coast, Buderim, Qld, Australia; School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Deanne August , Grantley Stable Neonatal Unit, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia; School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia; School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Approved with Reservations VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.21956/gatesopenres.14604.r31779 Thank you for the opportunity to provide a peer review report on your protocol for a scoping review of neonatal emollient therapy and massage practices throughout sub-Saharan Africa. The focus of the review is broad and is a large undertaking ... Continue reading READ ALL Thank you for the opportunity to provide a peer review report on your protocol for a scoping review of neonatal emollient therapy and massage practices throughout sub-Saharan Africa. The focus of the review is broad and is a large undertaking for which you are congratulated. The protocol overall articulates the scope and methods for the review, which are appropriate, however, there are some linkages missing for the reader. For example, the linkage between the rationale and review questions and outcomes. Increasing the clarity around these areas would enhance the protocol to allow replication by others. Presently the background/introduction discusses low birth weight and premature neonates in relation to infection and mortality linked with skin development and immature barrier function and that optimal skincare practices may offer interventions to address adverse outcomes. Additionally, emollient therapy may also promote growth, enhance neurodevelopmental outcomes and reduce hospital-acquired infection and mortality. Furthermore, cultural practices of the application of oils and other products and the effects of emollient therapy on newborn health are less known and the scoping review may address this area. The main objective of this scoping review is to create an accurate depiction of newborn skincare practices in Africa and the question addressing the objective is “what are the common newborn skincare practices throughout Africa, with a focus on bathing, the application of oils and other products, and massage?” The particular focus on bathing in this question warrants clarification in the introduction. The second research question “what is the reported impact of newborn skincare practices throughout Africa, for example, the impact of emollient therapy on newborn postnatal survival, growth, infection and neurodevelopment?”, does not appear to align with the main objective and perhaps there is a need for a second objective. Alternatively, the main objective could be broadened to: identify an accurate depiction and the impact of newborn skincare practices in Africa; including bathing, emollients and their application? Newborn skin care practices are vast and while the inclusion and exclusion criteria for studies provides some restrictions to what practices are being considered for this review, the background/introduction does not provide the rationale for these. There is a lack of clarity to the suggested topical solutions of interest. For example, oils (how is this defined, and does it include any oil type applied to the newborn's skin?), other products (how is this defined and does this include traditional and commercially available products?), are emollients and other moisturisers excluded? Similarly, there is a lack of linkage or explanation of the relationship between bathing and emollient and massage; and growth and oil/emollient use. For the second question, while there is some rationale for emollient therapy in preterm infants, it is not clear what is meant by emollients for this review and as the review is focusing on all newborns (not just preterm newborns), the rationale for emollient therapy for all newborns and the outcomes is lacking. The protocol for this review would benefit from having definitions for the key terms and outcomes stated to increase clarity for future replication and research: Newborn skin care practices (and to what time point. Does newborn mean neonate and therefore skincare practices within the first 28 days of life?). Emollient (could this term be used to describe any ointment, cream, oil and moisturisers?). Oil (if not included under emollient, then how is oil defined). Other products (to include any traditional/natural or commercial product). Massage (type of massage with or without the application of an emollient/oil). Postnatal survival (for this review it is not clear the length of time the term postnatal is referring to – this could be assumed to be 42 days post-birth, but stating this clearly would enhance the protocol/dataset at a later date). Growth (is this inferring weight and length, and/or head circumference) and how measured and over what time period. Infection (hospital-acquired only (could be very limiting to the Africa context, where homebirths occur and early discharge is common), local infection or laboratory-confirmed central infection or defined as reported in the individual studies). Over what time period. Neurodevelopment (time point for outcome measurement, how measured etc). The guiding queries is a helpful section for the reader, much of which is clearly articulated and of relevance for this broad topic. However, there is the potential to better align some of the content of these guiding queries to the outcomes in the review questions. For example, Questions 19-24 appear focused on bathing (which links to the need for more rationale around bathing and the link with emollient therapy and massage practices) and cultural context. If the aim is to assess emollient practices including in the event of bathing that is fine, but this should be more related to the timing between application and post bathing. Q21 is a little ambiguous in asking was anything applied to the skin after bathing, which alludes to bathing and the application of a product that may be relevant to emollient therapy and/or massage, but this is not clear. Furthermore, Question 8 and the use of the term ‘substance’ is a little confusing and in this context does ‘substance’ substitute for oil, emollient and any other product? While the frequency of the application of the substance is being captured, the volume/amount is not which may also be important for outcomes. Further clarity around these guiding queries would enhance the ability for replication by others. Regarding the second research question and the impact of emollient therapy on survival, growth, infection and neurodevelopment – the guiding queries do not appear to be directed at these outcomes. Although Question 14 asks about the health impacts it is not clear what is being captured by this question for the purpose of addressing the review questions or objective. The search timeframe of 20 years would benefit from a rationale/justification. 20 years is a relatively long timeframe if the intent of the review is to determine contemporary practices. However, the timeframe may be very relevant if looking for changes over time or from when the first international Neonatal Guideline was published. Such a rationale would again increase the understanding of why this was done. This latest version of the protocol does not appear to have added the CINAHL database to be searched, a suggestion from the first reviewer, in which we agree as this would be an important database to capture top nursing literature which would be very relevant to the objective and questions for this scoping review. The current title of the scoping review implies the review is focused on emollient therapy and massage as opposed to aligning with the main objective which appears to be creating a depiction and the impact of newborn skincare practices in sub-Saharan Africa. Thus, a review of the title to reflect the objective of the review more accurately may be warranted. The undertaking of this scoping review is important and will be valuable in identifying gaps in the evidence and therefore future research needs. We hope our feedback on this review protocol assists in increasing the clarity of the review in order to enhance the reporting of outcomes and datasets. Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described? Partly Is the study design appropriate for the research question? Yes Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others? Partly Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format? Partly Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Neonatology, neonatal nursing, neonatal skin development, injury and skincare, scoping review methods, qualitative and quantitative research methods. We confirm that we have read this submission and believe that we have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however we have significant reservations, as outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT New K and August D. Reviewer Report For: Protocol for a scoping review of neonatal emollient therapy and massage practices throughout sub-Saharan Africa [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . Gates Open Res 2021, 5 :142 ( https://doi.org/10.21956/gatesopenres.14604.r31779 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://gatesopenresearch.org/articles/5-142/v1#referee-response-31779 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Manasyan A. Reviewer Report For: Protocol for a scoping review of neonatal emollient therapy and massage practices throughout sub-Saharan Africa [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . Gates Open Res 2021, 5 :142 ( https://doi.org/10.21956/gatesopenres.14604.r31781 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://gatesopenresearch.org/articles/5-142/v1#referee-response-31781 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 07 Mar 2022 Albert Manasyan , University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.21956/gatesopenres.14604.r31781 The protocol addresses a research question that may contribute to one of the top 3 contributors to neonatal mortality. I have only the following 2 comments/suggestions: It may be interesting to understand if the location of ... Continue reading READ ALL The protocol addresses a research question that may contribute to one of the top 3 contributors to neonatal mortality. I have only the following 2 comments/suggestions: It may be interesting to understand if the location of birth impacts such practices - home deliveries having a higher chance of such practices versus facility deliveries. If this is of interest to the Investigators, this can be added to Table 2. For the second objective ("...reported impact of newborn care practices"), would the investigators be able to review clinical data (i.e., Abx treatment) and KMC practices when evaluating the findings? Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described? Yes Is the study design appropriate for the research question? Yes Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others? Yes Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format? Yes Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Perinatal research, neonatal mortality, LMIC settings, primarily SSA). I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Manasyan A. Reviewer Report For: Protocol for a scoping review of neonatal emollient therapy and massage practices throughout sub-Saharan Africa [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . Gates Open Res 2021, 5 :142 ( https://doi.org/10.21956/gatesopenres.14604.r31781 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://gatesopenresearch.org/articles/5-142/v1#referee-response-31781 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Talbert AW. Reviewer Report For: Protocol for a scoping review of neonatal emollient therapy and massage practices throughout sub-Saharan Africa [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . Gates Open Res 2021, 5 :142 ( https://doi.org/10.21956/gatesopenres.14604.r31138 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://gatesopenresearch.org/articles/5-142/v1#referee-response-31138 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 02 Sep 2021 Alison W. Talbert , KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.21956/gatesopenres.14604.r31138 The protocol addresses a topic that has been chosen for future research in sub-Saharan Africa. The rationale and methods for the proposed scoping review are well described and I have only minor comments to make: On ... Continue reading READ ALL The protocol addresses a topic that has been chosen for future research in sub-Saharan Africa. The rationale and methods for the proposed scoping review are well described and I have only minor comments to make: On search strategy: have you considered searching CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) database? There may be some relevant publications there. Remember to include details of studies excluded after full text review with reasons for exclusion as an appendix to the final review Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described? Yes Is the study design appropriate for the research question? Yes Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others? Yes Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format? Not applicable Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Paediatrics, epidemiology, nutrition I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Talbert AW. Reviewer Report For: Protocol for a scoping review of neonatal emollient therapy and massage practices throughout sub-Saharan Africa [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . Gates Open Res 2021, 5 :142 ( https://doi.org/10.21956/gatesopenres.14604.r31138 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://gatesopenresearch.org/articles/5-142/v1#referee-response-31138 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 24 Aug 2021 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Open Peer Review Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 2 3 Version 1 24 Aug 21 read read read Alison W. Talbert , KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya Albert Manasyan , University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA; Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia Karen New , University of the Sunshine Coast, Buderim, Australia; University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Deanne August , Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; James Cook University, Townsville, Australia; University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2022 New K et al. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 11 Mar 2022 | for Version 1 Karen New , School of Health and Behavioural Science, University of the Sunshine Coast, Buderim, Qld, Australia; School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia Deanne August , Grantley Stable Neonatal Unit, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia; School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia; School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia 0 Views copyright © 2022 New K et al. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved With Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Thank you for the opportunity to provide a peer review report on your protocol for a scoping review of neonatal emollient therapy and massage practices throughout sub-Saharan Africa. The focus of the review is broad and is a large undertaking for which you are congratulated. The protocol overall articulates the scope and methods for the review, which are appropriate, however, there are some linkages missing for the reader. For example, the linkage between the rationale and review questions and outcomes. Increasing the clarity around these areas would enhance the protocol to allow replication by others. Presently the background/introduction discusses low birth weight and premature neonates in relation to infection and mortality linked with skin development and immature barrier function and that optimal skincare practices may offer interventions to address adverse outcomes. Additionally, emollient therapy may also promote growth, enhance neurodevelopmental outcomes and reduce hospital-acquired infection and mortality. Furthermore, cultural practices of the application of oils and other products and the effects of emollient therapy on newborn health are less known and the scoping review may address this area. The main objective of this scoping review is to create an accurate depiction of newborn skincare practices in Africa and the question addressing the objective is “what are the common newborn skincare practices throughout Africa, with a focus on bathing, the application of oils and other products, and massage?” The particular focus on bathing in this question warrants clarification in the introduction. The second research question “what is the reported impact of newborn skincare practices throughout Africa, for example, the impact of emollient therapy on newborn postnatal survival, growth, infection and neurodevelopment?”, does not appear to align with the main objective and perhaps there is a need for a second objective. Alternatively, the main objective could be broadened to: identify an accurate depiction and the impact of newborn skincare practices in Africa; including bathing, emollients and their application? Newborn skin care practices are vast and while the inclusion and exclusion criteria for studies provides some restrictions to what practices are being considered for this review, the background/introduction does not provide the rationale for these. There is a lack of clarity to the suggested topical solutions of interest. For example, oils (how is this defined, and does it include any oil type applied to the newborn's skin?), other products (how is this defined and does this include traditional and commercially available products?), are emollients and other moisturisers excluded? Similarly, there is a lack of linkage or explanation of the relationship between bathing and emollient and massage; and growth and oil/emollient use. For the second question, while there is some rationale for emollient therapy in preterm infants, it is not clear what is meant by emollients for this review and as the review is focusing on all newborns (not just preterm newborns), the rationale for emollient therapy for all newborns and the outcomes is lacking. The protocol for this review would benefit from having definitions for the key terms and outcomes stated to increase clarity for future replication and research: Newborn skin care practices (and to what time point. Does newborn mean neonate and therefore skincare practices within the first 28 days of life?). Emollient (could this term be used to describe any ointment, cream, oil and moisturisers?). Oil (if not included under emollient, then how is oil defined). Other products (to include any traditional/natural or commercial product). Massage (type of massage with or without the application of an emollient/oil). Postnatal survival (for this review it is not clear the length of time the term postnatal is referring to – this could be assumed to be 42 days post-birth, but stating this clearly would enhance the protocol/dataset at a later date). Growth (is this inferring weight and length, and/or head circumference) and how measured and over what time period. Infection (hospital-acquired only (could be very limiting to the Africa context, where homebirths occur and early discharge is common), local infection or laboratory-confirmed central infection or defined as reported in the individual studies). Over what time period. Neurodevelopment (time point for outcome measurement, how measured etc). The guiding queries is a helpful section for the reader, much of which is clearly articulated and of relevance for this broad topic. However, there is the potential to better align some of the content of these guiding queries to the outcomes in the review questions. For example, Questions 19-24 appear focused on bathing (which links to the need for more rationale around bathing and the link with emollient therapy and massage practices) and cultural context. If the aim is to assess emollient practices including in the event of bathing that is fine, but this should be more related to the timing between application and post bathing. Q21 is a little ambiguous in asking was anything applied to the skin after bathing, which alludes to bathing and the application of a product that may be relevant to emollient therapy and/or massage, but this is not clear. Furthermore, Question 8 and the use of the term ‘substance’ is a little confusing and in this context does ‘substance’ substitute for oil, emollient and any other product? While the frequency of the application of the substance is being captured, the volume/amount is not which may also be important for outcomes. Further clarity around these guiding queries would enhance the ability for replication by others. Regarding the second research question and the impact of emollient therapy on survival, growth, infection and neurodevelopment – the guiding queries do not appear to be directed at these outcomes. Although Question 14 asks about the health impacts it is not clear what is being captured by this question for the purpose of addressing the review questions or objective. The search timeframe of 20 years would benefit from a rationale/justification. 20 years is a relatively long timeframe if the intent of the review is to determine contemporary practices. However, the timeframe may be very relevant if looking for changes over time or from when the first international Neonatal Guideline was published. Such a rationale would again increase the understanding of why this was done. This latest version of the protocol does not appear to have added the CINAHL database to be searched, a suggestion from the first reviewer, in which we agree as this would be an important database to capture top nursing literature which would be very relevant to the objective and questions for this scoping review. The current title of the scoping review implies the review is focused on emollient therapy and massage as opposed to aligning with the main objective which appears to be creating a depiction and the impact of newborn skincare practices in sub-Saharan Africa. Thus, a review of the title to reflect the objective of the review more accurately may be warranted. The undertaking of this scoping review is important and will be valuable in identifying gaps in the evidence and therefore future research needs. We hope our feedback on this review protocol assists in increasing the clarity of the review in order to enhance the reporting of outcomes and datasets. Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described? Partly Is the study design appropriate for the research question? Yes Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others? Partly Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format? Partly Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Neonatology, neonatal nursing, neonatal skin development, injury and skincare, scoping review methods, qualitative and quantitative research methods. We confirm that we have read this submission and believe that we have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however we have significant reservations, as outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) New K and August D. Peer Review Report For: Protocol for a scoping review of neonatal emollient therapy and massage practices throughout sub-Saharan Africa [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . Gates Open Res 2021, 5 :142 ( https://doi.org/10.21956/gatesopenres.14604.r31779) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://gatesopenresearch.org/articles/5-142/v1#referee-response-31779 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2022 Manasyan A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 07 Mar 2022 | for Version 1 Albert Manasyan , University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia 0 Views copyright © 2022 Manasyan A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The protocol addresses a research question that may contribute to one of the top 3 contributors to neonatal mortality. I have only the following 2 comments/suggestions: It may be interesting to understand if the location of birth impacts such practices - home deliveries having a higher chance of such practices versus facility deliveries. If this is of interest to the Investigators, this can be added to Table 2. For the second objective ("...reported impact of newborn care practices"), would the investigators be able to review clinical data (i.e., Abx treatment) and KMC practices when evaluating the findings? Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described? Yes Is the study design appropriate for the research question? Yes Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others? Yes Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format? Yes Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Perinatal research, neonatal mortality, LMIC settings, primarily SSA). I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Manasyan A. Peer Review Report For: Protocol for a scoping review of neonatal emollient therapy and massage practices throughout sub-Saharan Africa [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . Gates Open Res 2021, 5 :142 ( https://doi.org/10.21956/gatesopenres.14604.r31781) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://gatesopenresearch.org/articles/5-142/v1#referee-response-31781 keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2021 Talbert A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 02 Sep 2021 | for Version 1 Alison W. Talbert , KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya 0 Views copyright © 2021 Talbert A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions The protocol addresses a topic that has been chosen for future research in sub-Saharan Africa. The rationale and methods for the proposed scoping review are well described and I have only minor comments to make: On search strategy: have you considered searching CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) database? There may be some relevant publications there. Remember to include details of studies excluded after full text review with reasons for exclusion as an appendix to the final review Is the rationale for, and objectives of, the study clearly described? Yes Is the study design appropriate for the research question? Yes Are sufficient details of the methods provided to allow replication by others? Yes Are the datasets clearly presented in a useable and accessible format? Not applicable Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise Paediatrics, epidemiology, nutrition I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. reply Respond to this report Responses (0) Talbert AW. Peer Review Report For: Protocol for a scoping review of neonatal emollient therapy and massage practices throughout sub-Saharan Africa [version 1; peer review: 2 approved, 1 approved with reservations] . Gates Open Res 2021, 5 :142 ( https://doi.org/10.21956/gatesopenres.14604.r31138) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://gatesopenresearch.org/articles/5-142/v1#referee-response-31138 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved - fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Adjust parameters to alter display View on desktop for interactive features Includes Interactive Elements View on desktop for interactive features Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list: Examples of 'Non-Financial Competing Interests' Within the past 4 years, you have held joint grants, published or collaborated with any of the authors of the selected paper. You have a close personal relationship (e.g. parent, spouse, sibling, or domestic partner) with any of the authors. You are a close professional associate of any of the authors (e.g. scientific mentor, recent student). You work at the same institute as any of the authors. You hope/expect to benefit (e.g. favour or employment) as a result of your submission. You are an Editor for the journal in which the article is published. Examples of 'Financial Competing Interests' You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, any of the following from any commercial organisation that may gain financially from your submission: a salary, fees, funding, reimbursements. You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, shared grant support or other funding with any of the authors. You hold, or are currently applying for, any patents or significant stocks/shares relating to the subject matter of the paper you are commenting on. Stay Updated Sign up for content alerts and receive a weekly or monthly email with all newly published articles Register with Gates Open Research Already registered? Sign in Not now, thanks close PLEASE NOTE If you are an AUTHOR of this article, please check that you signed in with the account associated with this article otherwise we cannot automatically identify your role as an author and your comment will be labelled as a “User Comment”. If you are a REVIEWER of this article, please check that you have signed in with the account associated with this article and then go to your account to submit your report, please do not post your review here. If you do not have access to your original account, please contact us . All commenters must hold a formal affiliation as per our Policies . The information that you give us will be displayed next to your comment. User comments must be in English, comprehensible and relevant to the article under discussion. We reserve the right to remove any comments that we consider to be inappropriate, offensive or otherwise in breach of the User Comment Terms and Conditions . Commenters must not use a comment for personal attacks. When criticisms of the article are based on unpublished data, the data should be made available. I accept the User Comment Terms and Conditions Please confirm that you accept the User Comment Terms and Conditions. Affiliation ✕ refresh Please enter your institution. Note: To add your institution or organisation, start typing the name and then select the correct name from the list. Where applicable, the name will appear in both the original language and in English. Do not paste in the name. If the name does not appear in the drop-down list, we will display the information you have entered. ✕ refresh Country/Region * USA UK Canada China France Germany Afghanistan Aland Islands Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antarctica Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Bouvet Island Brazil British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Brunei Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands Central African Republic Chad Chile China Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Colombia Comoros Congo Cook Islands Costa Rica Cote d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Falkland Islands Faroe Islands Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Finland France French Guiana French Polynesia French Southern Territories Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Gibraltar Greece Greenland Grenada Guadeloupe Guam Guatemala Guernsey Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Heard Island and Mcdonald Islands Holy See (Vatican City State) Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan Jersey Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kosovo (Serbia and Montenegro) Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macao Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mayotte Mexico Minor Outlying Islands of the United States Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Montserrat Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands Antilles New Caledonia New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Norfolk Island North Korea North Macedonia Northern Mariana Islands Norway Oman Pakistan Palau Palestinian Territory Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Pitcairn Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Reunion Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Helena Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Georgia and the South Sandwich Is South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Svalbard and Jan Mayen Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand The Gambia The Netherlands Timor-Leste Togo Tokelau Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Turks and Caicos Islands Tuvalu UK USA Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United States Virgin Islands Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela Vietnam Wallis and Futuna West Bank and Gaza Strip Western Sahara Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe Please select your country/region. You must enter a comment. Competing Interests Please disclose any competing interests that might be construed to influence your judgment of the article's or peer review report's validity or importance. Competing Interests Policy Provide sufficient details of any financial or non-financial competing interests to enable users to assess whether your comments might lead a reasonable person to question your impartiality. Consider the following examples, but note that this is not an exhaustive list: Examples of 'Non-Financial Competing Interests' Within the past 4 years, you have held joint grants, published or collaborated with any of the authors of the selected paper. You have a close personal relationship (e.g. parent, spouse, sibling, or domestic partner) with any of the authors. You are a close professional associate of any of the authors (e.g. scientific mentor, recent student). You work at the same institute as any of the authors. You hope/expect to benefit (e.g. favour or employment) as a result of your submission. You are an Editor for the journal in which the article is published. Examples of 'Financial Competing Interests' You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, any of the following from any commercial organisation that may gain financially from your submission: a salary, fees, funding, reimbursements. You expect to receive, or in the past 4 years have received, shared grant support or other funding with any of the authors. You hold, or are currently applying for, any patents or significant stocks/shares relating to the subject matter of the paper you are commenting on. Please state your competing interests The comment has been saved. An error has occurred. Please try again. Cancel Post var lTitle = "Protocol for a scoping review of neonatal...".replace("'", ''); var linkedInUrl = "http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https://gatesopenresearch.org/articles/5-142/v1" + "&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle) + "&summary=" + encodeURIComponent('Read the article by '); var deliciousUrl = "https://del.icio.us/post?url=https://gatesopenresearch.org/articles/5-142/v1&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle); var redditUrl = "http://reddit.com/submit?url=https://gatesopenresearch.org/articles/5-142/v1" + "&title=" + encodeURIComponent(lTitle); linkedInUrl += encodeURIComponent('Blanks KJH et al.'); var offsetTop = /chrome/i.test( navigator.userAgent ) ? 4 : -10; var addthis_config = { ui_offset_top: offsetTop, services_compact : "facebook,twitter,www.linkedin.com,www.mendeley.com,reddit.com", services_expanded : "facebook,twitter,www.linkedin.com,www.mendeley.com,reddit.com", services_custom : [ { name: "LinkedIn", url: linkedInUrl, icon:"/img/icon/at_linkedin.svg" }, { name: "Mendeley", url: "http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://gatesopenresearch.org/articles/5-142/v1/mendeley", icon:"/img/icon/at_mendeley.svg" }, { name: "Reddit", url: redditUrl, icon:"/img/icon/at_reddit.svg" }, ] }; var addthis_share = { url: "https://gatesopenresearch.org/articles/5-142", templates : { twitter : "Protocol for a scoping review of neonatal emollient therapy and.... Blanks KJH et al., published by " + "Gates Open Research" + ", https://gatesopenresearch.org/articles/5-142/v1" } }; if (typeof(addthis) != "undefined"){ addthis.addEventListener('addthis.ready', checkCount); addthis.addEventListener('addthis.menu.share', checkCount); } $(".f1r-shares-twitter").attr("href", "https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=" + addthis_share.templates.twitter); $(".f1r-shares-facebook").attr("href", "https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=" + addthis_share.url); $(".f1r-shares-linkedin").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[0].url); $(".f1r-shares-reddit").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[2].url); $(".f1r-shares-mendelay").attr("href", addthis_config.services_custom[1].url); function checkCount(){ setTimeout(function(){ $(".addthis_button_expanded").each(function(){ var count = $(this).text(); if (count !== "" && count != "0") $(this).removeClass("is-hidden"); else $(this).addClass("is-hidden"); }); }, 1000); } close How to cite this report {{reportCitation}} Cancel Copy Citation Details $(function(){R.ui.buttonDropdowns('.dropdown-for-downloads');}); $(function(){R.ui.toolbarDropdowns('.toolbar-dropdown-for-downloads');}); $.get("/articles/acj/13359/14604") new F1000.Clipboard(); new F1000.ThesaurusTermsDisplay("articles", "article", "14604"); $(document).ready(function() { $( "#frame1" ).on('load', function() { var mydiv = $(this).contents().find("div"); var h = mydiv.height(); console.log(h) }); var tooltipLivingFigure = jQuery(".interactive-living-figure-label .icon-more-info"), titleLivingFigure = tooltipLivingFigure.attr("title"); tooltipLivingFigure.simpletip({ fixed: true, position: ["-115", "30"], baseClass: 'small-tooltip', content:titleLivingFigure + " " }); tooltipLivingFigure.removeAttr("title"); $("body").on("click", ".cite-living-figure", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var ref = $(this).attr("data-ref"); $(this).closest(".living-figure-list-container").find("#" + ref).fadeIn(200); }); $("body").on("click", ".close-cite-living-figure", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).closest(".popup-window-wrapper").fadeOut(200); }); $(document).on("mouseup", function(e) { var metricsContainer = $(".article-metrics-popover-wrapper"); if (!metricsContainer.is(e.target) && metricsContainer.has(e.target).length === 0) { $(".article-metrics-close-button").click(); } }); var articleId = $('#articleId').val(); if($("#main-article-count-box").attachArticleMetrics) { $("#main-article-count-box").attachArticleMetrics(articleId, { articleMetricsView: true }); } }); var figshareWidget = $(".new_figshare_widget"); if (figshareWidget.length > 0) { window.figshare.load("f1000", function(Widget) { // Select a tag/tags defined in your page. In this tag we will place the widget. _.map(figshareWidget, function(el){ var widget = new Widget({ articleId: $(el).attr("figshare_articleId") //height:300 // this is the height of the viewer part. [Default: 550] }); widget.initialize(); // initialize the widget widget.mount(el); // mount it in a tag that's on your page // this will save the widget on the global scope for later use from // your JS scripts. This line is optional. //window.widget = widget; }); }); } close Error Close Add Reset F1000.MICROSERVICES.AFFILIATION = ''; $(document).ready(function () { $('.js-affiliations-form').each((index, form) => { new AffiliationForm({ formId: form.id, institutionErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-institution', departmentErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-department', placeSelector: '.js-add-comment-place', stateSelector: '.js-add-comment-state', zipCodeSelector: '.js-add-comment-zipcode', countrySelector: '.js-add-comment-country', countryErrorSelector: '.comment-enter-country', }); }); }); $(document).ready(function () { var reportIds = { "31136": 0, "31776": 0, "31137": 0, "31777": 0, "31778": 0, "31138": 18, "31779": 17, "31780": 0, "31781": 31, "31782": 0, "31783": 0, "31784": 0, "31472": 0, "31473": 0, "31474": 0, "31475": 0, "31476": 0, "31477": 0, "31478": 0, "31479": 0, "31480": 0, "31481": 0, "31134": 0, "31135": 0, }; $(".referee-response-container,.js-referee-report").each(function(index, el) { var reportId = $(el).attr("data-reportid"), reportCount = reportIds[reportId] || 0; $(el).find(".comments-count-container,.js-referee-report-views").html(reportCount); }); var uuidInput = $("#article_uuid"), oldUUId = uuidInput.val(), newUUId = "e6c4cb28-09bd-4f7c-984c-6ddee9f7c293"; uuidInput.val(newUUId); $("a[href*='article_uuid=']").each(function(index, el) { var newHref = $(el).attr("href").replace(oldUUId, newUUId); $(el).attr("href", newHref); }); }); Are you a Gates-funded researcher? If you are a previous or current Gates grant holder, sign up for information about developments, publishing and publications from Gates Open Research. First Name * You must provide your first name Last Name * You must provide your last name Email * You must provide a valid email address Institution You must provide an institution. Submit Thank you! We'll keep you updated on any major new updates to Gates Open Research Gates Open Research Browse Gateways How to Publish About Contact Legal For Developers Cookie Notice Privacy Notice RSS Submit via VeriXiv © F1000 Research Limited and its licensors ISSN 2572-4754 var F1000platform = new F1000.Platform({ name: "gates", displayName: "Gates Open Research", hostName: "gatesopenresearch.org", id: "3", editorialEmail: "[email protected]", infoEmail: "[email protected]", usePmcStats: true }); Sign In Remember me Forgotten your password? Sign In Cancel Email or password not correct. Please try again Please wait... $(function(){ // Note: All the setup needs to run against a name attribute and *not* the id due the clonish // nature of facebox... $("a[id=googleSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("GOOGLE"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); $("a[id=facebookSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("FACEBOOK"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); $("a[id=orcidSignInButton]").click(function(event){ event.preventDefault(); $("input[id=oAuthSystem]").val("ORCID"); $("form[id=oAuthForm]").submit(); }); }); If you've forgotten your password, please enter your email address below and we'll send you instructions on how to reset your password. The email address should be the one you originally registered with F1000. Email address not valid, please try again You registered with F1000 via Google, so we cannot reset your password. To sign in, please click here . If you still need help with your Google account password, please click here . You registered with F1000 via Facebook, so we cannot reset your password. To sign in, please click here . If you still need help with your Facebook account password, please click here . Code not correct, please try again Reset password Cancel Email us for further assistance. Server error, please try again. If your email address is registered with us, we will email you instructions to reset your password. If you think you should have received this email but it has not arrived, please check your spam filters and/or contact for further assistance. Please wait... Register $(document).ready(function () { signIn.createSignInAsRow($("#sign-in-form-gfb-popup")); $(".target-field").each(function () { var uris = $(this).val().split("/"); if (uris.pop() === "login") { $(this).val(uris.toString().replace(",","/")); } }); });