A Distinct Negative Leader Propagation Mode

A Distinct Negative Leader Propagation Mode | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article A Distinct Negative Leader Propagation Mode O. Scholten, B. M. Hare, J. Dwyer, N. Liu, C. Sterpka, I. Kolmašová, and 18 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-402945/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 10 Aug, 2021 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The common phenomenon of lightning still harbors many secrets such as what are the conditions for lightning initiation and what is driving the discharge to propagate over several tens of kilometers through the atmosphere forming conducting ionized channels called leaders. Since lightning is an electric discharge phenomenon, there are positively and negatively charged leaders. In this work we report on measurements made with the LOFAR radio telescope, an instrument primarily build for radio-astronomy observations. It is observed that a negative leader rather suddenly changes, for a few milliseconds, into a mode where it radiates 100 times more VHF power than typical negative leaders after which it spawns a large number of more typical negative leaders.This mode occurs during the initial stage, soon after initiation, of all lightning flashes we have mapped (about 25). For some flashes this mode occurs also well after initiation and we show one case where it is triggered twice, some 100 ms apart.We postulate that this is indicative of a small (order of 5 km 2 ) high charge pocket.Lightning thus appears to be initiated exclusively in the vicinity of such a small but dense charge pocket. Environmental Policy Environmental Engineering lightning leaders radio-astronomy LOFAR radio telescope Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 10 Aug, 2021 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 08 Jul, 2021 Reviews received at journal 30 Jun, 2021 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Jun, 2021 Reviewers invited by journal 08 Jun, 2021 Editor assigned by journal 02 Jun, 2021 Editor invited by journal 12 Apr, 2021 Submission checks completed at journal 09 Apr, 2021 First submitted to journal 08 Apr, 2021 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-402945","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":20524499,"identity":"8f2bd109-012b-4a75-8a1a-77a8bd704e0d","order_by":0,"name":"O. 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The topmost panel shows the recorded signal in the broadband antenna, re-binned over 0.2 μs. The second gives the VHF power as measured by a LOFAR antenna in the core, re-binned over 20 μs. The LOFAR noise power is given in units of the background-noise, see text. Right: Image of ash B showing sources with σ(h) \u003c 3:5 m, RMSd \u003c 3 ns and Nex \u003c 55.","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-402945/v1/675f982f70e0267ff9e0f4c1.png"},{"id":8024321,"identity":"47b5f439-abbe-48a1-94ce-add61fdc1938","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-14 22:54:17","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1933638,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Layout of the Dutch LOFAR stations. The core of LOFAR is indicated by the yellow ⊗ sign, the magnetic loop antenna by the red ⊙, while the yellow stars show the general location of ashes A and B that are discussed in this work.\nNote: The designations employed and the presentation of the material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Research Square concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. This map has been provided by the authors.\n","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-402945/v1/ad0bcfcdc2b01b2aa78e139f.png"},{"id":8024323,"identity":"9664d9ac-7469-4b05-9756-470d656dabdd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-14 22:54:17","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":914093,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Similar to Fig. 3 with an added panel (third from the top) showing the propagation velocity along the track indicated in light blue in the lower panels. The power recorded at a core station of LOFAR is now re-binned over 2 μs. The left (right) side pertains to the sources for the first 3 ms (2 – 18 ms) for Flash A, respectively.","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-402945/v1/19379de997863d1020be3d63.png"},{"id":8024346,"identity":"3d22050d-6dec-414b-8087-ffc0362c1949","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-14 22:57:17","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":830631,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Same as Fig. 3 but for the initial parts of ash B.","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-402945/v1/40ac958c5eea856e6b6e41c8.png"},{"id":8024344,"identity":"6d6e0c66-dfbe-467e-bb86-83ee5d57593d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-14 22:57:17","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1092654,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Same as Fig. 3 where the left shows a zoom-in for Flash B at the section where strong signals were measured in the broadband antenna, shown in the top panel, near t=276 ms. The right side shows the time span of 395 – 430 ms of the same ash at the same location. For the later time there are no broadband data available. The scales for the left and right pictures are the same except for the time scale.","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-402945/v1/09c7d1f3a9e0925e3b8b20d0.png"},{"id":13622294,"identity":"07364331-1e25-42d6-ae11-de7a1a5e3411","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 07:14:15","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":43625989,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"IRNLSciRepSubm.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-402945/v1_covered.pdf"},{"id":8024492,"identity":"3bb8d83d-627c-4b8f-8660-36b46ef8edec","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-14 23:00:26","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":46532361,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"IRNLSciRepSubm.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-402945/v1_stamped.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eA Distinct Negative Leader Propagation Mode\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Full Text","content":"This preprint is available for \u003ca href='/article/rs-402945/latest.pdf' target='_blank'\u003edownload as a PDF\u003c/a\u003e."}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"lightning, leaders, radio-astronomy, LOFAR radio telescope,","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-402945/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-402945/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe common phenomenon of lightning still harbors many secrets such as what are the conditions for lightning initiation and what is driving the discharge to propagate over several tens of kilometers through the atmosphere forming conducting ionized channels called leaders. Since lightning is an electric discharge phenomenon, there are positively and negatively charged leaders. In this work we report on measurements made with the LOFAR radio telescope, an instrument primarily build for radio-astronomy observations. It is observed that a negative leader rather suddenly changes, for a few milliseconds, into a mode where it radiates 100 times more VHF power than typical negative leaders after which it spawns a large number of more typical negative leaders.This mode occurs during the initial stage, soon after initiation, of all lightning flashes we have mapped (about 25). For some flashes this mode occurs also well after initiation and we show one case where it is triggered twice, some 100 ms apart.We postulate that this is indicative of a small (order of 5 km\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) high charge pocket.Lightning thus appears to be initiated exclusively in the vicinity of such a small but dense charge pocket.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A Distinct Negative Leader Propagation Mode","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-04-14 22:54:15","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-402945/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2021-07-08T05:24:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2021-06-30T11:29:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"0c168c4a-60f1-434e-a9d0-a91819b30dcd","date":"2021-06-23T01:29:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2021-06-08T08:24:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2021-06-03T01:41:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2021-04-12T10:50:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2021-04-09T09:00:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2021-04-08T08:27:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1f919e9a-fd35-4292-b44f-6f4c61a809db","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 14th, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":3605748,"name":"Environmental Policy"},{"id":3605749,"name":"Environmental Engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-08-22T15:12:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-402945","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-95433-5","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2021-08-10 15:02:04","publishedOnDateReadable":"August 10th, 2021"},"versionCreatedAt":"2021-04-14 22:54:15","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-021-95433-5","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-95433-5","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-402945","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-402945","identity":"rs-402945","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}