Variations in the Arctic upper atmosphere since the early 20th century: Relation to Arctic surface warming and cooling

Variations in the Arctic upper atmosphere since the early 20th century: Relation to Arctic surface warming and cooling | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Variations in the Arctic upper atmosphere since the early 20th century: Relation to Arctic surface warming and cooling Yasunobu Ogawa, Magnar G. Johnsen, Njål Gulbrandsen, Andrea D. Løkke, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5945142/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract We have studied long-term ionospheric variations using data from the Tromsø ionosonde since 1932. To investigate Arctic ionospheric variations in relation to the Arctic warming and cooling before the 1970s, we have developed a Tromsø ionosonde database that makes it possible to study the daily variations over about 90 years. During the 1940s to 1960s, when the Arctic surface was cooling, a gradually increasing trend in the critical frequency of the F2 layer, foF2, was observed in the Tromsø ionosonde data with a rate of 0.022 ± 0.011 MHz/year. This can be explained by the Earth's atmosphere global energy balance. As for the trend of foF2 since 2001, there is a clear decrease with a rate of -0.046 ± 0.007 MHz/year. These trends are qualitatively consistent with the changes in the upper atmosphere that can be inferred from the cooling and warming of the Arctic surface. Studying these changes is important for understanding the coupling of the whole atmosphere. Further studies will require verification of the plausible scenario using global models. Full Text Supplementary Files EPStromsoionosondegraphicalabstractv15s3.png Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5945142","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":428853633,"identity":"b6b68223-e9d5-4111-98ba-28c8b84a010a","order_by":0,"name":"Yasunobu Ogawa","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAxklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYPACGwY2KIuZWC1ppGs5TIKLDI63X/zMU3M+j0+69wHDjxoGdnOCWs6cKZbmOXa7mE3muAFjzzEGZssGQlpu5CRI57DdTmyTSGNg4G1gYDY4QFhL8u+cf+fAWhj/Eqcl/Zh0btsBsBZmomyRPHOGzfpvX3Jim8wxhsMyxyQI+4XvePvjmzO+2SXOn93G+PBNjU0ywRBTOMBjAGFJMDAAnSSRbEBIi3wD+wO4FhCwI6hlFIyCUTAKRhwAAO4hPkOHolT4AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8118-4475","institution":"National Institute of Polar Research Division for Research and Education: Kokuritsu Kyokuchi Kenkyujo Kenkyu Kyoikukei","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yasunobu","middleName":"","lastName":"Ogawa","suffix":""},{"id":428853634,"identity":"2ecbb558-5bd5-4d26-adef-c3e8e51b6d27","order_by":1,"name":"Magnar G. 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