Wafer-scale waveguide-integrated graphene optoelectronic mixers

Wafer-scale waveguide-integrated graphene optoelectronic mixers | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Wafer-scale waveguide-integrated graphene optoelectronic mixers Shayan Parhizkar, Delphine Pommier, Emmanuel Baudin, Stephan Suckow, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9030420/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Optoelectronic mixers enable efficient frequency conversion and are essential components of future communication modules, radar systems, antenna arrays, and high-speed signal processing. A promising material for optoelectronic mixing is graphene, offering significant advantages over traditional electrical or optoelectronic mixers, such as higher operational frequencies, lower power consumption, broader bandwidths, and a smaller device footprint. Here, we report the wafer-scale realization of graphene-based optoelectronic mixers integrated on a 150 mm silicon-on-insulator photonic platform, achieving a mixing performance of − 47 dB up to 67 GHz. The performance of our devices exceeds that of reported wafer-scale graphene optoelectronic mixers by 20 dB. This enhanced efficiency results from the direct integration of graphene onto optical waveguides, which increases the optical absorption of graphene through evanescent field coupling along the waveguide. The wafer-scale approach resulted in approximately one thousand fully functional mixers, and enabled a statistically relevant number of measurements across the wafer to assess the mixers’ performance. Furthermore, our approach facilitates the miniaturization of optoelectronic mixers into integrated optoelectronic circuits on chip. Physical sciences/Materials science Physical sciences/Nanoscience and technology Physical sciences/Optics and photonics Physical sciences/Physics Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files ParhizkarGrapheneoptoelectronicmixersSupplementaryInformation.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 13 May, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 06 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 13 Mar, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 05 Mar, 2026 First submitted to journal 04 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9030420","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":619569963,"identity":"f1b74490-ac88-491c-b3e4-92c4fd3c608f","order_by":0,"name":"Shayan Parhizkar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"AMO (Germany)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shayan","middleName":"","lastName":"Parhizkar","suffix":""},{"id":619569964,"identity":"da16ea35-e830-4d75-a81c-d4ce35c6e2d7","order_by":1,"name":"Delphine Pommier","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Thales (France)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Delphine","middleName":"","lastName":"Pommier","suffix":""},{"id":619569965,"identity":"1900f742-9adf-407f-a6f5-3f773bced3f8","order_by":2,"name":"Emmanuel Baudin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"École Normale Supérieure - PSL","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Emmanuel","middleName":"","lastName":"Baudin","suffix":""},{"id":619569966,"identity":"84c0f9f3-5128-4950-9916-5785b876a89a","order_by":3,"name":"Stephan Suckow","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"AMO (Germany)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Stephan","middleName":"","lastName":"Suckow","suffix":""},{"id":619569967,"identity":"c07a2043-c194-4301-ad44-0ad1b6239d09","order_by":4,"name":"Pierre Legagneux","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Thales (France)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pierre","middleName":"","lastName":"Legagneux","suffix":""},{"id":619569968,"identity":"d523fb18-a188-4fa4-83fe-7484aa0ddbcd","order_by":5,"name":"Max C. 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A promising material for optoelectronic mixing is graphene, offering significant advantages over traditional electrical or optoelectronic mixers, such as higher operational frequencies, lower power consumption, broader bandwidths, and a smaller device footprint. Here, we report the wafer-scale realization of graphene-based optoelectronic mixers integrated on a 150 mm silicon-on-insulator photonic platform, achieving a mixing performance of \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;47 dB up to 67 GHz. The performance of our devices exceeds that of reported wafer-scale graphene optoelectronic mixers by 20 dB. This enhanced efficiency results from the direct integration of graphene onto optical waveguides, which increases the optical absorption of graphene through evanescent field coupling along the waveguide. The wafer-scale approach resulted in approximately one thousand fully functional mixers, and enabled a statistically relevant number of measurements across the wafer to assess the mixers\u0026rsquo; performance. 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