Zeolite nano particle dopped polycarbonate sheets for climate control to yield crop production

Zeolite nano particle dopped polycarbonate sheets for climate control to yield crop production | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Zeolite nano particle dopped polycarbonate sheets for climate control to yield crop production Aniket Jadhav, Sachin Chavan, Yogesh Chendake, Kedarnath Chaudhary This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9199804/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract India’s agricultural based economy is highly dependent upon natural environmental conditions. A small variation in climatic and environmental conditions affects adversely to crop production. At the same time a large variation in temperature and other atmospheric conditions are observed at many places. In case of India, per day temperature variation can be in the range of 10°C, while the atmosphere can change from scorching sunny in morning to strong rain in evening. These effects are further aggravated due to global warming and UV irradiation issues. All this would affect crop production which would affect farmers, in turn overall economy of country. Hence the work is undertaken to design and establish highly efficient polyhouse with polycarbonate embibed with zeolites. Formed PC based polyhouse material is optimized to provide enhanced temperature control of up to 12°C, whereas use of hydrophobic PC based system would be helpful for humidity and other atmospheric conditions for crop growth. The work involved formation and optimization of polyfilms embibed with zeolite as follows: • The PC film formation was investigated through solution casting system and its formation is optimized for 70 µm film formation without any defects. • These films were formed using zeolite nanomaterials for their properties of absorbing the UV rays. • Such zeolite containing PC based polyhouse material showed excellent i.e. 12.0°C enhanced temperature control was seen after application of PC with 0.3% Zeolite 70-micron Polysheet. • Furthermore, the PC based sheets posses better environmental stability, while addition of zeolite would provide excellent mechanical properties. Polysheet Polycarbonate (PC) Temperature Control U.V. Zeolite Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Introduction India has one of the leading Agro based economy constituting approx. 70% of population dependents on agriculture for their livelihood [ 1 ]. Roughly around more than 20% of total GDP comes from this sector whether directly or indirectly. Agriculture sector today is facing a lot of challenges today because of the ever-changing climatic conditions and increasing global warming. This has seasons and monsoon cycle affecting agriculture production. These situations lead to the creation of controlled environment for farming which can be done indeed by using Polyhouses [ 2 ]. Greenhouse plants require the lightest diffusion possible for optimal development. Insufficient light dispersion in the greenhouse may result in a hazardous effect of burning. Sheets of Polycarbonate furnish a uniformly diffraction of light as it happens in the case of greenhouse. Furthermore, the Polycarbonate made sheets aid in providing the finest UV protection from the sun's damaging rays [ 3 , 4 ]. Behzad Rahimi et al. [ 5 ] reporter that we have studied two synthesized nano structures TiO₂/Na- Y zeolite and BiVO₄ /Na-y zeolite to remove acid orange 10 (AO10) from the aqueous solutions and TiO₂/ Zeolite composite show better removal of acid orange as compared to BiVO₄ / zeolite. Amin Rostami et al. [ 6 ] In this paper zeolite nano particles (H-ZSM5) can be used as green, efficient, reusable nano catalyst, ecofriendly and chemically stabile material. Abdul Khaleque et al.[ 7 ] In this paper we have studied zeolite is synthesis from low-cost materials such as Rice husk and Fly Ask to resolve major environmental issue. It has versatile application say like Remediation of environmental factors, catalyst performing activity, sensing ability for gases and a few medical applications, optical properties were measured and for persistent luminescence spectra has strong absorption between 254nm-304nm in U.V. region. Mohamed Shaban et al. [ 8 ] In this paper zeolite shows better sharp peak corresponding to a strong absorption at U.V. Region below 300nm. Fatna Mohamed et al. [ 9 ] In this paper zeolite shows strong photo absorption band in U.V. region and Fe₂O₃-zeolite show higher rates of absorbing light which is visible as compared to Fe₂O₃. Hossein Derakshankhah et al. [ 10 ] In this paper zeolite nano material is used in biomedical applications such as antibacterial agents, MRI contrast agents and also in dental applications. Polycarbonates (PC) are like thermoplastic polymers which consists of carbonate groups and it's respective chemical structure. They are also strong and long-lasting engineered materials with certain grades of optical transparency. They are easy to shape, mold, and thermoform. Because of their properties, polycarbonates indeed have a lot of applications [ 11 – 14 ]. If we talk about glass which has properties of being heavy and brittle it is difficult to use and replace in greenhouses. As a result, polycarbonate sheets have been used instead because of its low weight and ease of installation. It also requires less time and is easier to handle, which lowers labor expenses [ 15 ]. Property of nanomaterial composite is useful to absorb the UV light hence the climate inside the poly house is favorable to yield of crop. Zeolite is added in polycarbonate to effectively increase its thermal stability. It also results in increased UV absorption capacity. Current work is targeted towards formation and optimization of PC based greenhouse sheets which have intensive temperature control effects after inducing Zeolite base nanomaterials. Experimental Setup It is design in such a way that to create ambient atmosphere for prepared sample and testing purposes. The figure 1 represent schematic diagram of the set-up. The setup is divided in two-part upper part and lower part. Material for Outer cylindrical cabinet is MS Sheet and the inner heated material is SS 304 between the two- cabinet glass wool is placed for insulation purpose. Bakelite sheet is placed for low conductivity, retractable holder is placed between Bakelite sheet for the light sources. Two sensors are placed in upper chamber and three sensors are placed in lower chamber. Material & Synthesis Methods a. Material Zeolite nano powder, poly carbonate granule and chloroform (CHCI₃), where purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Thomas Baker and Nanosheet Companies with 99% purification. Commercial Polyethylene were purchased from local market. b. Synthesis of PC Zeolite nanomaterial 1.40 gm PC granules dissolved in 30 ml chloroform. The calculated amount of Zeolite nanoparticle is added to the solution. Then it is stirred continuously for 18h. The prepared mixture is then transferred into a dish usually Petri and then sent to the oven to evaporate the solution. For making film of PC- Zeolite nanomaterial, 30 ml mixture is poured into Petri dish. The dish is put into oven at temperature of 50˚C for 2 hours. the synthesis sheet is PC- Zeolite nanomaterial. Results and Discussion FESEM of Zeolite Nanoparticles. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM: FEI Nova Nano Sem 450) is a scanning microscopy for electron technique used for crystal size and exterior morphology of generated samples. In the above figure 3 is a Fesem images of zeolite nanoparticles which shows cubical like crystals having smooth surface with average particle size of about 40.43 nm and are uniformly distributed [16,17]. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy FT-IR spectra of PC and PC Zeolite nano sheet are reported in above figure 6. FTIR spectrum of PC sheet shows bands of polycarbonate material. Spectra of PC shows absorbance bands at 813 (C- H Wagging), 1004 (C-O-C), 1501 (Aromatic Ring Stretch) and 1768 (C=O Stretch). These absorbance bonds are functional groups of PC that are carbonyl, hydroxyl, phenyl and methyl groups [18,19]. When the range of IR Bands lies in 500-1100 are main characteristics band (Si-O-Si and Si-O-AI) specially in zeolites. The peaks at 965 are referred to bands designated to stretching vibration of (Si-O), 548-459 for (Si-O- Si) bending vibration. In addition, peaks at 1648 and 3349 attribute to (O-H Stretching) bands. When doping of zeolite increase in PC peak intensity also increases. It has been observed by other researchers [20,21]. UV-Vi’s spectroscopy To check the absorption spectra of any sample ranging between 200 to 800 nm UV-Visible spectrometer (U-3010 Spectrophotometer LABINDIA Model: UV - 3000) can be taken in count. The above Figure 5 is UV – Vi’s spectra of PC & PC Zeolite nano sheet it shows absorption in UV region. The absorption was observed 300nm, 309nm, 338nm and 343nm for PC & PC Zeolite nano sheet. The graph clearly shows absorption increases when doping of Zeolite is done on PC. Nanoparticle like Zeolite is a photoactive material which is more effective in absorbing and scattering U.V. light. This would be beneficial during formation of polyhouse which would provide better atmosphere control [22]. Experiment Reading In Figure 6 Temp. graph for 70 Micron Commercial (LDPE) Polyethylene, Commercial (HDPE) Polyethylene, PC sheet, PC with 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% Zeolite dopped is represented. For constant 28°, 30°, 32°,34°, 36°,38° & 40° PC with 0.3% Zeolite shows maximum temp. difference of 2.1°, 3.0°, 6.0°, 6.4°, 8.4°,11.3°,12.0°. At constant 28°,30°, 32°,34°,36°,38° & 40° Temp PC with 0.3% Zeolite dopped shows better Temp result due to Zeolite nanoparticles which have high and different refractive index which are uniformly dispersed where U.V. absorption is good for this sheet with 70-micron thickness. The high reflectivity of Zeolite is well reported [7]. As the reflectivity index is high which will indeed result in a higher and dominating control over the transfer of energy and heat. As a result, it will lead to a good command over the polyhouse. Conclusion Controlling temperature with the climate is a major challenge and target in polyhouse construction. The experiment was taken into count to increase the temperature control by the usage of Zeolite nanoparticle in polycarbonate sheets. Such formed polysheet showed linear increase in temperature control with external atmospheric conditions. This would provide a benefit of wide control on temperature parameters. The photoactive nanoparticle indeed performed a major part in absorbing while reflecting the photons of light by improving the enhanced control over temperature thus maintaining mechanical stability and avoiding microbial contamination using Polycarbonate Polysheet. By selecting nanoparticle Zeolite with specific concentration and sheet thickness results in controlling temperature with atmospheric pressure. Thus, the polysheet with desired properties can be prepared and optimized using this work. The polycarbonate sheet & nano composite Zeolite polycarbonate sheet was developed by the aid of UV- Vis’s and FE-SEM spectroscopy including FT-IR Spectroscopy. Absorption was observed 300nm, 309nm, 338nm and 343nm for polycarbonate sheet, nano composite Zeolite polycarbonate sheet. The graph clearly shows absorption increases when doping of Zeolite is done on polycarbonate sheet. It is clearly observed that constant temp. graph for 28°, 30°, 32°,34°, 36°,38° & 40° Temp PC with 0.3% Zeolite dopped shows better Temp result due to Zeolite nanoparticles which have high refractive index and are uniformly dispersed and U.V. absorption is good for this sheet with 70-micron thickness. 0.3% PC Zeolite of 70 Micron show better result than Commercial Polyethylene & PC Sheet which will be beneficial for farmers in agriculture for temperature control. Declarations Ethics Approval: Not applicable. Consent to Participate: Not applicable . Consent to Publish: Not applicable. CRediT author statement we all contributed to the study, design and experiment. Data collection and analysis were performed by Aniket Jadhav , Sachin Chavan , Yogesh Chendake and Kedarnath Chaudhary . The first draft of manuscript was written by Aniket Jadhav and approved by all authors. All author read and approved the final manuscript. Data Availability The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request . Acknowledgments Authors are thankful to the support extended by the staff of Department of Chemical Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Engineering Pune, In the Experiment Process. Funding This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Declaration of interests The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper . all authors do not have any conflict of interest. References Akhter, Ravesa, and Shabir Ahmad Sofi. "Precision agriculture using IoT data analytics and machine learning." Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences 34.8 (2022): 5602-5618. R Shamshiri, Redmond, et al. "Advances in greenhouse automation and controlled environment agriculture: A transition to plant factories and urban agriculture." (2018). Morabito, K., et al. "Review of sunscreen and the emergence of non‐conventional absorbers and their applications in ultraviolet protection." International journal of cosmetic science 33.5 (2011): 385-390. Nucciarelli, Flavio, et al. "High ultraviolet absorption in colloidal gallium nanoparticles prepared from thermal evaporation." Nanomaterials 7.7 (2017): 172. Rahimi, Behzad, et al. "Experimental data on the removal of acid orange 10 dye from aqueous solutions using TiO2/Na-Y zeolite and BiVO4/Na-Y zeolite nanostructures: A comparison study." Data in brief 35 (2021): 106869. Rostami, Amin, Noosheen Saedmocheshi, and Zeinab Shirvandi. "Zeolite nanoparticles (H-ZSM5) as a highly efficient, green, and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides under mild conditions." Comptes Rendus Chimie 21.9 (2018): 835-839. Khaleque, Abdul, et al. "Zeolite synthesis from low-cost materials and environmental applications: A review." Environmental advances 2 (2020): 100019. Shaban, Mohamed, et al. "Recycling rusty iron with natural zeolite heulandite to create a unique nanocatalyst for green hydrogen production." Nanomaterials 11.12 (2021): 3445. Mohamed, Fatma, et al. "Highly efficient photocatalyst fabricated from the chemical recycling of iron waste and natural zeolite for super dye degradation." Nanomaterials 12.2 (2022): 235. Derakhshankhah, Hossein, et al. "Biomedical applications of zeolitic nanoparticles, with an emphasis on medical interventions." International journal of nanomedicine (2020): 363-386. Ramesh, P., et al. "Green synthesis and characterization of biocompatible zinc oxide nanoparticles and evaluation of its antibacterial potential." Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research 31 (2021): 100399. Mubarak, Mahmoud F., et al. "Adsorption of heavy metals and hardness ions from groundwater onto modified zeolite: Batch and column studies." Alexandria Engineering Journal 61.6 (2022): 4189-4207. Pineda, E., et al. "Rainwater treatment: an approach for drinking water provision to indigenous people in Ecuadorian Amazon." International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (2022): 1-14. S. Jadhav, Aniket., et al. “Synthesis and Characterization of Nanomaterial Based Polymeric Thin Films for Agriculture With Climatic Control”. Asian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 35, no. 1, Dec. 2022, pp. 57-61, doi:10.14233/ajchem.2023.24015. Balaji, Anand B., et al. "Natural and synthetic biocompatible and biodegradable polymers." Biodegradable and biocompatible polymer composites 286 (2018): 3-32. Kalhor, Mehdi, and Zohre Zarnegar. "Fe 3 O 4/SO 3 H@ zeolite-Y as a novel multi-functional and magnetic nanocatalyst for clean and soft synthesis of imidazole and perimidine derivatives." RSC advances 9.34 (2019): 19333-19346. Alswata, Abdullah A., et al. "Preparation of zeolite/zinc oxide nanocomposites for toxic metals removal from water." Results in Physics 7 (2017): 723-731. Jung, Melissa R., et al. "Validation of ATR FT-IR to identify polymers of plastic marine debris, including those ingested by marine organisms." Marine pollution bulletin 127 (2018): 704-716. Redjala, S., et al. "UV aging effects on polycarbonate properties." Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention 20 (2020): 1907-1916. Otieno, Stephen O., et al. "Optimizing production of biodiesel catalysed by chemically tuned natural zeolites." Materials Today: Proceedings 5.4 (2018): 10561-10569. Ruíz-Baltazar, Alvaro, et al. "Effect of the surfactant on the growth and oxidation of iron nanoparticles." Journal of nanomaterials 2015.1 (2015): 240948. Douhal, Abderrazzak, and Masakazu Anpo, eds. Chemistry of silica and zeolite-based materials: synthesis, characterization and applications. Elsevier, 2019. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 22 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 20 Apr, 2026 Reviews received at journal 19 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 09 Apr, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 09 Apr, 2026 Editor invited by journal 01 Apr, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 30 Mar, 2026 First submitted to journal 30 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9199804","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":623015767,"identity":"c3d04275-8f4c-4da7-be71-294a7b742a27","order_by":0,"name":"Aniket Jadhav","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) College of Engineering","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Aniket","middleName":"","lastName":"Jadhav","suffix":""},{"id":623015768,"identity":"66bf44e1-e675-489c-8200-02ac53c74c89","order_by":1,"name":"Sachin Chavan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) College of Engineering","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sachin","middleName":"","lastName":"Chavan","suffix":""},{"id":623015769,"identity":"1e73bd77-7753-4cdf-b229-86f494776ac8","order_by":2,"name":"Yogesh Chendake","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) College of Engineering","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yogesh","middleName":"","lastName":"Chendake","suffix":""},{"id":623015770,"identity":"b26d777f-27ef-4c60-bae2-73e76d9dc044","order_by":3,"name":"Kedarnath Chaudhary","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACCQYGxgcJYBbzAagYDxKJXQuzwQMwiy0BKkBYC5skRAuPAYoWnEByRvIDiQSGbXL8s3s+fvhQcaeOn/3sAYYfNQwy5ji0SEukGRgkMNw2lrhzdrPkjDPPJCR78hIYe44x8Fg2YNciJ5HDkADUkrhBIncbM2/bYQmDG0AX8jYw8BgcwK3lAFBL/QaJnGfMvP8OS9gDtTD+xaNFWiKHsQGoJcFAIoeNmbcBaAswHJjx2SLZ88yYIcHgtuGMG2nGkjOOPQP6J8fgsMwxCZxaJI4nP//5o+K2PP+M5IcfPtTc4edvP2P48E2NjT0uLRBgAGcdgJES+NSjALwmj4JRMApGwQgFAIr5Vtv3Qcm+AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"COEP Technological University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kedarnath","middleName":"","lastName":"Chaudhary","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-23 11:23:56","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9199804/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9199804/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":107255010,"identity":"0dfd7365-7bcc-45bb-8e36-5185b1e057b6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-19 12:07:03","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":260233,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSchematic diagram of set-up\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9199804/v1/9a979a275a6d91363d1eca04.png"},{"id":107483187,"identity":"5587c0ba-ca9a-438c-8cfa-62e7fd5d3760","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-22 02:26:43","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":233745,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSynthesized PC Zeolite nanomaterial sheet\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9199804/v1/8304a99065a2c12a8329b87e.png"},{"id":107482339,"identity":"fd39ae1e-0fe5-43e6-9634-5963edc819ad","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-22 02:23:15","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":306918,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZeolite Fesem Image\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9199804/v1/c42c6aa540e96cb8f6dd3a17.png"},{"id":107483227,"identity":"153eeb37-73cf-4adf-8211-83e2358a0a5c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-22 02:26:51","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":89209,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFT-IR spectra of PC \u0026amp; PC Zeolite nano sheet.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9199804/v1/ce4cfd2311324668b48b5c9c.png"},{"id":107255012,"identity":"eb68ca14-2fa8-4c2c-855f-a6ffc37245b7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-19 12:07:03","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":87502,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUV - Vi’s spectra of PC \u0026amp; PC Zeolite nano sheet\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9199804/v1/4af22a68f1fd9c22c2fe5c4d.png"},{"id":107483053,"identity":"39c25de0-500c-47b7-9035-51c815f8b8a3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-22 02:26:05","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":227562,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConstant Temp. Graph Sheet For 70 Micron Thickness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9199804/v1/70fed68df36bc69af85dc03e.png"},{"id":107485981,"identity":"afe7346b-63bd-4b0d-9fec-2d101ae61d10","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-22 02:37:05","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1499496,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9199804/v1/9612d90a-9e1a-4b41-ac97-06ddbfe5a904.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Zeolite nano particle dopped polycarbonate sheets for climate control to yield crop production","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIndia has one of the leading Agro based economy constituting approx. 70% of population dependents on agriculture for their livelihood [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Roughly around more than 20% of total GDP comes from this sector whether directly or indirectly. Agriculture sector today is facing a lot of challenges today because of the ever-changing climatic conditions and increasing global warming. This has seasons and monsoon cycle affecting agriculture production. These situations lead to the creation of controlled environment for farming which can be done indeed by using Polyhouses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Greenhouse plants require the lightest diffusion possible for optimal development. Insufficient light dispersion in the greenhouse may result in a hazardous effect of burning. Sheets of Polycarbonate furnish a uniformly diffraction of light as it happens in the case of greenhouse. Furthermore, the Polycarbonate made sheets aid in providing the finest UV protection from the sun's damaging rays [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBehzad Rahimi et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] reporter that we have studied two synthesized nano structures TiO₂/Na- Y zeolite and BiVO₄ /Na-y zeolite to remove acid orange 10 (AO10) from the aqueous solutions and TiO₂/ Zeolite composite show better removal of acid orange as compared to BiVO₄ / zeolite. Amin Rostami et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e] In this paper zeolite nano particles (H-ZSM5) can be used as green, efficient, reusable nano catalyst, ecofriendly and chemically stabile material. Abdul Khaleque et al.[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e] In this paper we have studied zeolite is synthesis from low-cost materials such as Rice husk and Fly Ask to resolve major environmental issue. It has versatile application say like Remediation of environmental factors, catalyst performing activity, sensing ability for gases and a few medical applications, optical properties were measured and for persistent luminescence spectra has strong absorption between 254nm-304nm in U.V. region. Mohamed Shaban et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e] In this paper zeolite shows better sharp peak corresponding to a strong absorption at U.V. Region below 300nm. Fatna Mohamed et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e] In this paper zeolite shows strong photo absorption band in U.V. region and Fe₂O₃-zeolite show higher rates of absorbing light which is visible as compared to Fe₂O₃. Hossein Derakshankhah et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e] In this paper zeolite nano material is used in biomedical applications such as antibacterial agents, MRI contrast agents and also in dental applications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolycarbonates (PC) are like thermoplastic polymers which consists of carbonate groups and it's respective chemical structure. They are also strong and long-lasting engineered materials with certain grades of optical transparency. They are easy to shape, mold, and thermoform. Because of their properties, polycarbonates indeed have a lot of applications [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR12 CR13\" citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. If we talk about glass which has properties of being heavy and brittle it is difficult to use and replace in greenhouses. As a result, polycarbonate sheets have been used instead because of its low weight and ease of installation. It also requires less time and is easier to handle, which lowers labor expenses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Property of nanomaterial composite is useful to absorb the UV light hence the climate inside the poly house is favorable to yield of crop. Zeolite is added in polycarbonate to effectively increase its thermal stability. It also results in increased UV absorption capacity.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCurrent work is targeted towards formation and optimization of PC based greenhouse sheets which have intensive temperature control effects after inducing Zeolite base nanomaterials.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Experimental Setup","content":"\u003cp\u003eIt is design in such a way that to create ambient atmosphere for prepared sample and testing purposes. The figure 1 represent schematic diagram of the set-up. The setup is divided in two-part upper part and lower part. Material for Outer cylindrical cabinet is MS Sheet and the inner heated material is SS 304 between the two- cabinet glass wool is placed for insulation purpose. Bakelite sheet is placed for low conductivity, retractable holder is placed between Bakelite sheet for the light sources. Two sensors are placed in upper chamber and three sensors are placed in lower chamber.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material \u0026 Synthesis Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea. Material\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZeolite nano powder, poly carbonate granule and chloroform (CHCI₃), where purchased from Sigma Aldrich, Thomas Baker and Nanosheet Companies with 99% purification. Commercial Polyethylene were purchased from local market.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb.\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eSynthesis of PC Zeolite nanomaterial\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.40 gm PC granules dissolved in 30 ml chloroform. The calculated amount of Zeolite nanoparticle is added to the solution. Then it is stirred continuously for 18h. The prepared mixture is then transferred into a dish usually Petri and then sent to the oven to evaporate the solution. For making film of PC- Zeolite nanomaterial, 30 ml mixture is poured into Petri dish. The dish is put into oven at temperature of 50˚C for 2 hours. the synthesis sheet is PC- Zeolite nanomaterial.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFESEM of Zeolite Nanoparticles.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eField emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM: FEI Nova Nano Sem 450) is a scanning microscopy for electron technique used for crystal size and exterior morphology of generated samples.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the above figure 3 is a Fesem images of zeolite nanoparticles which shows cubical like crystals having smooth surface with average particle size of about 40.43 nm and are uniformly distributed [16,17].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFT-IR spectra of PC and PC Zeolite nano sheet are reported in above figure 6. FTIR spectrum of PC sheet shows bands of polycarbonate material. Spectra of PC shows absorbance bands at 813 (C- H Wagging), 1004 (C-O-C), 1501 (Aromatic Ring Stretch) and 1768 (C=O Stretch). These absorbance bonds are functional groups of PC that are carbonyl, hydroxyl, phenyl and methyl groups [18,19]. When the range of IR Bands lies in 500-1100 are main characteristics band (Si-O-Si and Si-O-AI) specially in \u0026nbsp;zeolites. The peaks at 965 are referred to bands designated to stretching vibration of (Si-O), 548-459 for (Si-O- Si) bending vibration. In addition, peaks at 1648 and 3349 attribute to (O-H Stretching) bands. When doping of zeolite increase in PC peak intensity also increases. It has been observed by other researchers [20,21].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eUV-Vi\u0026rsquo;s spectroscopy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo check the absorption spectra of any sample ranging between 200 to 800 nm UV-Visible spectrometer (U-3010 Spectrophotometer LABINDIA Model: UV - 3000) can be taken in count.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe above Figure 5 is UV \u0026ndash; Vi\u0026rsquo;s spectra of PC \u0026amp; PC Zeolite nano sheet it shows absorption in UV region. The absorption was observed 300nm, 309nm, 338nm and 343nm for PC \u0026amp; PC Zeolite nano sheet. The graph clearly shows absorption increases when doping of Zeolite is done on PC. Nanoparticle like Zeolite is a photoactive material which is more effective in absorbing and scattering U.V. light. This would be beneficial during formation of polyhouse which would provide better atmosphere control [22].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExperiment Reading\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Figure 6 Temp. graph for 70 Micron Commercial (LDPE) Polyethylene, Commercial (HDPE) Polyethylene, PC sheet, PC with 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% Zeolite dopped is represented. For constant 28\u0026deg;, 30\u0026deg;, 32\u0026deg;,34\u0026deg;, 36\u0026deg;,38\u0026deg; \u0026amp; 40\u0026deg; PC with 0.3% Zeolite shows maximum temp. difference \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;of \u0026nbsp; 2.1\u0026deg;, 3.0\u0026deg;, 6.0\u0026deg;, 6.4\u0026deg;, 8.4\u0026deg;,11.3\u0026deg;,12.0\u0026deg;. \u0026nbsp; At \u0026nbsp; constant \u0026nbsp; 28\u0026deg;,30\u0026deg;, \u0026nbsp; 32\u0026deg;,34\u0026deg;,36\u0026deg;,38\u0026deg; \u0026amp; 40\u0026deg; Temp PC with 0.3% Zeolite dopped shows better Temp result due to Zeolite nanoparticles which have high and different refractive index which are uniformly dispersed where U.V. absorption is good for this sheet with 70-micron thickness. The high reflectivity of Zeolite is well reported [7]. As the reflectivity index is high which will indeed result in a higher and dominating control over the transfer of energy and heat. As a result, it will lead to a good command over the polyhouse.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eControlling temperature with the climate is a major challenge and target in polyhouse construction. The experiment was taken into count to increase the temperature control by the usage of Zeolite nanoparticle in polycarbonate sheets. Such formed polysheet showed linear increase in temperature control with external atmospheric conditions. This would provide a benefit of wide control on temperature parameters. The photoactive nanoparticle indeed performed a major part in absorbing while reflecting the photons of light by improving the enhanced control over temperature thus maintaining mechanical stability and avoiding microbial contamination using Polycarbonate Polysheet. By selecting nanoparticle Zeolite with specific concentration and sheet thickness results in controlling temperature with atmospheric pressure. Thus, the polysheet with desired properties can be prepared and optimized using this work. The polycarbonate sheet \u0026amp; nano composite Zeolite polycarbonate sheet was developed by the aid of UV- Vis\u0026rsquo;s and FE-SEM spectroscopy including FT-IR Spectroscopy. Absorption was observed 300nm, 309nm, 338nm and 343nm for polycarbonate sheet, nano composite Zeolite polycarbonate sheet. The graph clearly shows absorption increases when doping of Zeolite is done on polycarbonate sheet. It is clearly observed that constant temp. graph for 28\u0026deg;, 30\u0026deg;, 32\u0026deg;,34\u0026deg;, 36\u0026deg;,38\u0026deg; \u0026amp; 40\u0026deg; Temp PC with 0.3% Zeolite dopped shows better Temp result due to Zeolite nanoparticles which have high refractive index and are uniformly dispersed and U.V. absorption is good for this sheet with 70-micron thickness. 0.3% PC Zeolite of 70 Micron show better result than Commercial Polyethylene \u0026amp; PC Sheet which will be beneficial for farmers in agriculture for temperature control.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Approval:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable.\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Consent to Participate:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Consent to Publish:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCRediT author statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewe all contributed to the study, design and experiment. Data collection and analysis were performed by \u003cstrong\u003eAniket Jadhav\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eSachin Chavan\u003c/strong\u003e, \u003cstrong\u003eYogesh Chendake\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003eKedarnath Chaudhary\u003c/strong\u003e. The first draft of manuscript was written by Aniket Jadhav and approved by all authors. All author read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthors are thankful to the support extended by the staff of Department of Chemical Engineering, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Engineering Pune, In the Experiment Process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper\u003cstrong\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e all authors do not have any conflict of interest.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAkhter, Ravesa, and Shabir Ahmad Sofi. \u0026quot;Precision agriculture using IoT data analytics and machine learning.\u0026quot; Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences 34.8 (2022): 5602-5618.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eR Shamshiri, Redmond, et al. \u0026quot;Advances in greenhouse automation and controlled environment agriculture: A transition to plant factories and urban agriculture.\u0026quot; (2018).\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMorabito, K., et al. \u0026quot;Review of sunscreen and the emergence of non‐conventional absorbers and their applications in ultraviolet protection.\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;International journal of cosmetic science\u0026nbsp;33.5 (2011): 385-390.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eNucciarelli, Flavio, et al. \u0026quot;High ultraviolet absorption in colloidal gallium nanoparticles prepared from thermal evaporation.\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;Nanomaterials\u0026nbsp;7.7 (2017): 172.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRahimi, Behzad, et al. \u0026quot;Experimental data on the removal of acid orange 10 dye from aqueous solutions using TiO2/Na-Y zeolite and BiVO4/Na-Y zeolite nanostructures: A comparison study.\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;Data in brief\u0026nbsp;35 (2021): 106869.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRostami, Amin, Noosheen Saedmocheshi, and Zeinab Shirvandi. \u0026quot;Zeolite nanoparticles (H-ZSM5) as a highly efficient, green, and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides under mild conditions.\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;Comptes Rendus Chimie\u0026nbsp;21.9 (2018): 835-839.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eKhaleque, Abdul, et al. \u0026quot;Zeolite synthesis from low-cost materials and environmental applications: A review.\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;Environmental advances\u0026nbsp;2 (2020): 100019.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eShaban, Mohamed, et al. \u0026quot;Recycling rusty iron with natural zeolite heulandite to create a unique nanocatalyst for green hydrogen production.\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;Nanomaterials\u0026nbsp;11.12 (2021): 3445.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMohamed, Fatma, et al. \u0026quot;Highly efficient photocatalyst fabricated from the chemical recycling of iron waste and natural zeolite for super dye degradation.\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;Nanomaterials\u0026nbsp;12.2 (2022): 235.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eDerakhshankhah, Hossein, et al. \u0026quot;Biomedical applications of zeolitic nanoparticles, with an emphasis on medical interventions.\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;International journal of nanomedicine\u0026nbsp;(2020): 363-386.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eRamesh, P., et al. \u0026quot;Green synthesis and characterization of biocompatible zinc oxide nanoparticles and evaluation of its antibacterial potential.\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research\u0026nbsp;31 (2021): 100399.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eMubarak, Mahmoud F., et al. \u0026quot;Adsorption of heavy metals and hardness ions from groundwater onto modified zeolite: Batch and column studies.\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;Alexandria Engineering Journal\u0026nbsp;61.6 (2022): 4189-4207.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003ePineda, E., et al. \u0026quot;Rainwater treatment: an approach for drinking water provision to indigenous people in Ecuadorian Amazon.\u0026quot;\u0026nbsp;International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology\u0026nbsp;(2022): 1-14.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eS. 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Chemistry of silica and zeolite-based materials: synthesis, characterization and applications. Elsevier, 2019.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-materials","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"dime","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Materials](https://www.springer.com/journal/43939)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Materials","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Polysheet, Polycarbonate (PC), Temperature Control, U.V., Zeolite","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9199804/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9199804/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eIndia\u0026rsquo;s agricultural based economy is highly dependent upon natural environmental conditions. A small variation in climatic and environmental conditions affects adversely to crop production. At the same time a large variation in temperature and other atmospheric conditions are observed at many places. In case of India, per day temperature variation can be in the range of 10\u0026deg;C, while the atmosphere can change from scorching sunny in morning to strong rain in evening. These effects are further aggravated due to global warming and UV irradiation issues. All this would affect crop production which would affect farmers, in turn overall economy of country.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHence the work is undertaken to design and establish highly efficient polyhouse with polycarbonate embibed with zeolites. Formed PC based polyhouse material is optimized to provide enhanced temperature control of up to 12\u0026deg;C, whereas use of hydrophobic PC based system would be helpful for humidity and other atmospheric conditions for crop growth. The work involved formation and optimization of polyfilms embibed with zeolite as follows:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; The PC film formation was investigated through solution casting system and its formation is optimized for 70 \u0026micro;m film formation without any defects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; These films were formed using zeolite nanomaterials for their properties of absorbing the UV rays.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Such zeolite containing PC based polyhouse material showed excellent i.e. 12.0\u0026deg;C enhanced temperature control was seen after application of PC with 0.3% Zeolite 70-micron Polysheet.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026bull; Furthermore, the PC based sheets posses better environmental stability, while addition of zeolite would provide excellent mechanical properties.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Zeolite nano particle dopped polycarbonate sheets for climate control to yield crop production","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-19 12:06:55","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9199804/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-04-22T07:46:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-20T05:25:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-19T15:40:33+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"112156045464560681898254467070281307634","date":"2026-04-10T03:55:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"20548404607098357960124537817065700899","date":"2026-04-09T18:07:22+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"112765087329470903483471962604748950278","date":"2026-04-09T13:49:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-09T12:40:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-04-09T12:37:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-01T11:05:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-03-30T09:41:05+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Materials","date":"2026-03-30T09:31:41+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-materials","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"dime","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Materials](https://www.springer.com/journal/43939)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Materials","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0b113e19-a2a7-4883-bf7b-27e25f0a417f","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 19th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-22T07:55:29+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-19 12:06:55","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9199804","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9199804","identity":"rs-9199804","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}