Shaping of developmental gradients through selection on multiple loci in Antirrhinum

Abstract Development depends on precise shaping of molecular gradients, but how natural selection acts to establish precision is unknown. Here we analyse genes that control differences in the gradient of yellow flower colour between two varieties of snapdragon (Antirrhinum). We show that these differences depend, in part, on cis regulatory variation in the pigment biosynthetic gene, FLAVIA (FLA). FLA interacts multiplicatively with three other loci, one of which is a trans-acting regulator of FLA, to further shape the yellow gradient. All the loci exhibit clines at a hybrid zone, with widths that correlate with phenotypic effect, showing how selection can hone gradient shape with remarkable precision by acting on cis and trans variation at multiple loci. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Footnotes Name change at author's request - Yue Zhang has been changed to Yu'e Zhang