Physicochemical and Heavy Metal Analysis of River Water for Agricultural Sustainability

Abstract Water is essential for human life, agriculture, and the environment. This study examines the physicochemical characteristics and heavy metal levels in the Metti River, located in Dambi Dollo town, Kellem Zone, Ethiopia. Water samples were collected from three sites (upstream, midstream, and downstream) during both dry and rainy seasons. The findings revealed that key parameters were within acceptable limits for drinking and irrigation: temperature (24.8°C – 25.6°C), pH (6.93 – 8.01), electrical conductivity (157.6 μS/cm – 421.3 μS/cm), turbidity (63.8-194.35 NTU), TDS (98.6-146.3 mg/L), DO (8.6-10.2 mg/L), sulfate (39.29-91.64 mg/L), alkalinity (101-120 mg CaCO3/L), nitrate (0.49-1.09 mg/L), nitrite (0.01-0.03 mg/L), chloride (2.83-35.62 mg/L), ammonia (0.95-4.4 mg/L), and phosphate (0.11-0.41 mg/L). However, elevated levels of iron, lead, and manganese may indicate sewage contamination. Despite this, the water quality remains suitable for irrigation and drinking according to WHO/FAO standards. This study underscores the need for continuous monitoring and addressing pollution sources to ensure the river's sustainability for agriculture in the Kellem Wollega Zone.