Numerical Modeling of Helical Pile–Raft Foundation Systems in Offshore and Coastal Environments

Numerical Modeling of Helical Pile–Raft Foundation Systems in Offshore and Coastal Environments | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Numerical Modeling of Helical Pile–Raft Foundation Systems in Offshore and Coastal Environments Vahed Ghiasi, Mostafa Haghtalab Joraghani, Ali Soufie This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7722710/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The lack of competent rocky ground in coastal and offshore regions, along with ground subsidence risks, limits the effectiveness of conventional foundations on soft marine soils subjected to high loads and strict settlement criteria. This study evaluates a helical pile-raft foundation system as a hybrid solution to improve load distribution and reduce settlement. Using PLAXIS 3D finite element analysis, the influence of raft inclusion, helical pile number, arrangement, helix spacing, and plate configuration under static and cyclic loads is investigated. Results indicate that adding a raft significantly reduces settlement, while optimized configurations (three plates, 1.5–2× diameter, s/dh = 3 spacing) reduce settlement by up to 62% and increase load share by 32% without added material. These findings demonstrate the system's potential as a cost-effective, high-performance foundation for offshore and nearshore applications. Helical Piles Pile-Raft Foundation Offshore Foundations Settlement Reduction Soft Marine Soils Finite Element Analysis (FEA) Foundation Optimization Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 19 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 09 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 08 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 08 Oct, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 06 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 06 Oct, 2025 First submitted to journal 26 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7722710","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":531786528,"identity":"a9f55032-6664-4a36-94ca-78475ef5273c","order_by":0,"name":"Vahed 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Environment","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Helical Piles, Pile-Raft Foundation, Offshore Foundations, Settlement Reduction, Soft Marine Soils, Finite Element Analysis (FEA), Foundation Optimization","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7722710/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7722710/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe lack of competent rocky ground in coastal and offshore regions, along with ground subsidence risks, limits the effectiveness of conventional foundations on soft marine soils subjected to high loads and strict settlement criteria. This study evaluates a helical pile-raft foundation system as a hybrid solution to improve load distribution and reduce settlement. Using PLAXIS 3D finite element analysis, the influence of raft inclusion, helical pile number, arrangement, helix spacing, and plate configuration under static and cyclic loads is investigated. Results indicate that adding a raft significantly reduces settlement, while optimized configurations (three plates, 1.5\u0026ndash;2\u0026times; diameter, s/dh\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3 spacing) reduce settlement by up to 62% and increase load share by 32% without added material. These findings demonstrate the system's potential as a cost-effective, high-performance foundation for offshore and nearshore applications.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Numerical Modeling of Helical Pile–Raft Foundation Systems in Offshore and Coastal Environments","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-10-22 00:44:43","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7722710/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-19T06:26:48+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"159805944353648027204011299847961251764","date":"2025-10-11T00:37:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"61689213786974610505099264339681075393","date":"2025-10-10T23:05:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-10T02:44:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"227672256685978791580989319367167528962","date":"2025-10-09T01:06:39+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"73604535348539469158606196608899837510","date":"2025-10-08T18:33:01+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"196707184733728037929613880040146875446","date":"2025-10-08T17:42:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"90534285073845459446893072892877421912","date":"2025-10-08T17:14:38+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-08T16:42:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-10-06T12:25:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-10-06T12:25:02+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Modeling Earth Systems and Environment","date":"2025-09-26T14:14:51+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"modeling-earth-systems-and-environment","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"mese","sideBox":"Learn more about [Modeling Earth Systems and Environment](http://link.springer.com/journal/40808)","snPcode":"40808","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/40808/3","title":"Modeling Earth Systems and Environment","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ab3859f6-3a7c-4a26-8c50-394573a3895a","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 22nd, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-26T09:26:21+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-10-22 00:44:43","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7722710","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7722710","identity":"rs-7722710","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}