Microfluidic continuous flow production of noble bimetallic nanoparticles stabilized on evolvable polymer microspheres for confined synergistic catalysis

Microfluidic continuous flow production of noble bimetallic nanoparticles stabilized on evolvable polymer microspheres for confined synergistic catalysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Microfluidic continuous flow production of noble bimetallic nanoparticles stabilized on evolvable polymer microspheres for confined synergistic catalysis Nanjing Hao, Li Ma, Junsheng Hou, Zijuan Luo, Xiong Zhao, Yilong Yao, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7492193/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Microsystems & Nanoengineering → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Microspheres with well-defined morphologies have been demonstrated as a promising catalytic carrier to modulate catalytic performance. However, the strategy for controlling the production of such microspheres with noble bimetallic nanoparticles immobilized is limited by complicated procedures and is time-consuming. Here, a facile and robust strategy is developed to prepare polystyrene (PS) microspheres with well-tailored morphology by readily altering the volume ratio of ethanol or toluene to water. Ag monometallic nanoparticles, Ag-Pt, and Ag-Au bimetallic nanoparticles were loaded on the PS matrix via a one-step continuous approach in a spiral microchannel. The hollow and open-hole structure was conducive to loading high content nanoparticles owing to its remarkable surface area, with Ag and Pt loading content are 7% and 10%, respectively. The swell-buckling theory and adsorption-reduction-infiltration mechanism were proposed to explain the PS microsphere’s morphology evolution behavior and anchor noble metallic nanoparticles on PS microspheres in a spiral microchannel, respectively. The Ag-Pt@PS and Ag-Au@PS microspheres served as efficient catalysts for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol into 4-aminophenol. The effects of the support morphologies, catalyst amount, and types of noble metal nanoparticles on the catalytic performance were investigated experimentally. The results demonstrated that Ag-Pt@PS and Ag-Au@PS microspheres exhibited much superior catalytic performance than Ag@PS microspheres. More importantly, open-hole PS microspheres loaded with Ag-Pt nanoparticles exhibited the best catalytic performance, with reaction rate constant and activity parameters were 1.47×10 − 2 s − 1 and 692 s − 1 ·g − 1 , whereas without sacrificing the catalytic activity even after five cycle reusability. The results not only provide an efficient continuous strategy for bimetallic catalysts preparation but also offer an effective strategy to regulate the noble metal nanoparticles via the support structure modulation for confined synergistic catalysis. Physical sciences/Materials science/Nanoscale materials Physical sciences/Nanoscience and technology/Nanoscale materials/Nanoparticles Spiral microreactor controllable preparation noble bimetallic nanoparticles one step catalytic performance Full Text Additional Declarations There is no conflict of interest Supplementary Files SupportInformation.docx Support Information Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 18 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Microsystems & Nanoengineering → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: revise 17 Nov, 2025 Review # 1 received at journal 15 Nov, 2025 Review # 2 received at journal 15 Nov, 2025 Review # 3 received at journal 05 Nov, 2025 Reviewer # 3 agreed at journal 29 Oct, 2025 Reviewer # 2 agreed at journal 29 Oct, 2025 Reviewer # 1 agreed at journal 29 Oct, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 29 Oct, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 12 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 29 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 29 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7492193","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":536766933,"identity":"01ead4f1-f408-43d9-81b2-d07ba568db92","order_by":0,"name":"Nanjing 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However, the strategy for controlling the production of such microspheres with noble bimetallic nanoparticles immobilized is limited by complicated procedures and is time-consuming. Here, a facile and robust strategy is developed to prepare polystyrene (PS) microspheres with well-tailored morphology by readily altering the volume ratio of ethanol or toluene to water. Ag monometallic nanoparticles, Ag-Pt, and Ag-Au bimetallic nanoparticles were loaded on the PS matrix via a one-step continuous approach in a spiral microchannel. The hollow and open-hole structure was conducive to loading high content nanoparticles owing to its remarkable surface area, with Ag and Pt loading content are 7% and 10%, respectively. The swell-buckling theory and adsorption-reduction-infiltration mechanism were proposed to explain the PS microsphere\u0026rsquo;s morphology evolution behavior and anchor noble metallic nanoparticles on PS microspheres in a spiral microchannel, respectively. The Ag-Pt@PS and Ag-Au@PS microspheres served as efficient catalysts for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol into 4-aminophenol. The effects of the support morphologies, catalyst amount, and types of noble metal nanoparticles on the catalytic performance were investigated experimentally. The results demonstrated that Ag-Pt@PS and Ag-Au@PS microspheres exhibited much superior catalytic performance than Ag@PS microspheres. More importantly, open-hole PS microspheres loaded with Ag-Pt nanoparticles exhibited the best catalytic performance, with reaction rate constant and activity parameters were 1.47\u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 692 s\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026middot;g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, whereas without sacrificing the catalytic activity even after five cycle reusability. The results not only provide an efficient continuous strategy for bimetallic catalysts preparation but also offer an effective strategy to regulate the noble metal nanoparticles via the support structure modulation for confined synergistic catalysis.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Microfluidic continuous flow production of noble bimetallic nanoparticles stabilized on evolvable polymer microspheres for confined synergistic catalysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-10 12:26:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7492193/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"revise","date":"2025-11-17T06:15:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2025-11-16T01:37:07+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2025-11-15T14:47:44+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2025-11-05T11:22:09+00:00","index":3,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2025-10-29T20:56:00+00:00","index":3,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2025-10-29T12:46:47+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"This content is not available.","date":"2025-10-29T09:01:02+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"This content is not available."},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-10-29T08:58:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-09-12T08:02:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-08-30T02:16:11+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Microsystems \u0026 Nanoengineering","date":"2025-08-30T02:16:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"microsystems-and-nanoengineering","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":false,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"micronano","sideBox":"Learn more about [Microsystems \u0026 Nanoengineering](http://www.nature.com/micronano/)","snPcode":"41378","submissionUrl":"https://mts-micronano.nature.com/","title":"Microsystems \u0026 Nanoengineering","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"ejp","reportingPortfolio":"Nature AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"5a311e86-1d46-47d9-8e58-726bb5869e80","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 10th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":57076434,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science/Nanoscale materials"},{"id":57076435,"name":"Physical sciences/Nanoscience and technology/Nanoscale materials/Nanoparticles"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-18T07:12:06+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7492193","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41378-026-01176-6","journal":{"identity":"microsystems-and-nanoengineering","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Microsystems \u0026 Nanoengineering"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-18 04:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 18th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-10 12:26:54","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41378-026-01176-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41378-026-01176-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7492193","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7492193","identity":"rs-7492193","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}