Mitigating Wrinkles in Double-Curved Forming: A Numerical Study on Quasi-Isotropic Preforms with Separators

Mitigating Wrinkles in Double-Curved Forming: A Numerical Study on Quasi-Isotropic Preforms with Separators | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Mitigating Wrinkles in Double-Curved Forming: A Numerical Study on Quasi-Isotropic Preforms with Separators Tian XIE, Jiachao CHEN, Haoyu LI, Hao SHEN, Peng WANG This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8319424/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 13 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Applied Composite Materials → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Double-curved composite components are widely used in aerospace and transportation due to their high specific strength and low wind drag. However, Wrinkling is a main defect induced during the double-curved forming of quasi-isotropic composite preforms. This study aims to numerically investigate the strategies for suppressing wrinkles during the double-curved forming process with the aid of separators. A quantitative assessment of wrinkles was achieved by point-cloud analysis. The simulation results reveal that the severity of wrinkle defects exhibits a strong correlation with separator thickness and fabric-tool friction coefficient, while showing little dependence on the fabric-fabric friction coefficient. The investigation also demonstrates that wrinkle formation is primarily attributed to the work of friction, rather than the frictional force itself. Finally, considering the balance between cost and forming quality, a separator thickness of 4 mm and a fabric-separator friction coefficient of 0.3 were identified as the optimal configuration. Composite materials Forming Wrinkle characterization Inter-ply sliding Point cloud analysis Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 13 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Applied Composite Materials → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 29 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 24 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 22 Dec, 2025 Reviews received at journal 22 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 13 Dec, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Dec, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 12 Dec, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 09 Dec, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 09 Dec, 2025 First submitted to journal 09 Dec, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8319424","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":560160961,"identity":"4a14c98b-3de3-4248-994b-99744e8a476c","order_by":0,"name":"Tian XIE","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yangzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Tian","middleName":"","lastName":"XIE","suffix":""},{"id":560160963,"identity":"b541df1a-3220-4131-be75-bda32077a023","order_by":1,"name":"Jiachao CHEN","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yangzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jiachao","middleName":"","lastName":"CHEN","suffix":""},{"id":560160965,"identity":"1cae5a84-524c-4d5d-b446-a741cc8ab7fd","order_by":2,"name":"Haoyu LI","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Yangzhou University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Haoyu","middleName":"","lastName":"LI","suffix":""},{"id":560160968,"identity":"d3127571-2192-41c8-b9bc-314a2a297a56","order_by":3,"name":"Hao SHEN","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAyBmBmI5CJeNBC3GpGtJbCBaizn74cOfCyrupG84f8aA4UPZYQb+2Q34tVj2pKVJzzjzLHfDgTMGjDPOHWaQuHOAgMMO5Jgx87Ydzt1wsMcAxGAwkEggoOX8G+PPvP8Opxsc5jFg/kuUlhs5BtK8DYcTDI4BtTASp+VZmjTPscOGM8+wFRzsOZfOI3GDoMOSD3/mqTksz3f+8MYHP8qs5fhnENACBwoHGBiAiIGHSPVAIN9AvNpRMApGwSgYYQAAWvdFd06lvmsAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Yangzhou University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hao","middleName":"","lastName":"SHEN","suffix":""},{"id":560160969,"identity":"9745ad4a-df99-442c-8ada-fc16a972dc47","order_by":4,"name":"Peng WANG","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Haute-Alsace, ENSISA, LPMT","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Peng","middleName":"","lastName":"WANG","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-12-09 15:38:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8319424/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8319424/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10443-026-10453-6","type":"published","date":"2026-03-13T15:58:54+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":98625118,"identity":"eb407381-dfd4-4662-a397-bcd3ed6b058c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:56","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3521428,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ManuscriptHao.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/9b1727318aa386d924a70b6f.docx"},{"id":98626165,"identity":"297273ae-4f16-4fd5-a65e-79b504490fb5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:09:35","extension":"json","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6126,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"1292a924121d4328ae57df9cf251c19f.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/f8d2e63e60f0ccfb6b073b0a.json"},{"id":98625881,"identity":"0b67363f-366e-44e8-b434-5950ea72c2ab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:09:24","extension":"xml","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":66908,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"1292a924121d4328ae57df9cf251c19f1enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/3f7b03b27fbac7b930829b6b.xml"},{"id":98542158,"identity":"3a64d5a0-0ca1-4e55-b119-05e81be2a3cd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 17:48:05","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":143044,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/61fad5c4b2f9922f0104dd99.jpeg"},{"id":98625130,"identity":"84e7922a-b494-40bd-89c2-3bc77dfa107f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:08:56","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":332195,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/67ee5ace2138e75b15eb9204.jpeg"},{"id":98625717,"identity":"af4879ed-0501-4ca2-83da-4c0f7f4900ae","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:09:17","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1177081,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/87425b69a083b5ea7311efd1.jpeg"},{"id":98625531,"identity":"63f287f4-e4df-4cd8-9db2-e864787bee2d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:09:10","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":300359,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/aed07a5e200e0f097e1b5e49.jpeg"},{"id":98542156,"identity":"bb4ac49c-fc50-45bb-bc80-f2a6aa00174b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 17:48:05","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":68357,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/f7d8ae1b73bd4b68d6166b45.jpeg"},{"id":98542164,"identity":"a13cbee3-692f-4f5e-89cc-5f2475218ed4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 17:48:05","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":102811,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/93b12e8f209c517ad6966ac0.jpeg"},{"id":98626190,"identity":"66ab8823-3b93-476f-8a02-bc1516a862c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:09:36","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":126321,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/7d4b149cf8a2b56bd0ff1803.jpeg"},{"id":98542166,"identity":"49b9602e-10bc-4938-9674-8e2eb1c6ff00","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 17:48:05","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":67362,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/b010a90c0719af8de8147cfc.jpeg"},{"id":98542171,"identity":"357806c5-fade-41f9-8a39-3eebda0bb350","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 17:48:05","extension":"jpeg","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":435668,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/d6b238c3caa58f348dbf5364.jpeg"},{"id":98625463,"identity":"12767788-1152-48f7-901d-257b9e18ed39","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:09:08","extension":"jpeg","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":13516,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/6e6767a0d3e4186cb3225709.jpeg"},{"id":98542167,"identity":"9254e868-25a5-491a-a6d5-41cd6f26e883","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 17:48:05","extension":"jpeg","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":207969,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/292e26e2959a4bf54260959e.jpeg"},{"id":98626046,"identity":"a38565ee-a953-4ad1-a174-39e6fcc7398f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:09:29","extension":"jpeg","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":389563,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/f23503ed37b9178a924ca39a.jpeg"},{"id":98625786,"identity":"5ba5884c-f490-4511-8608-e3fe64a8e861","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:09:21","extension":"jpeg","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":361034,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/b314e9c36ff0a7f331a4ce2a.jpeg"},{"id":98625828,"identity":"50616865-94c3-4656-8c56-521be50ba4cd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:09:22","extension":"wmf","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":656,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image17.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/d6806f2ad64811850add8202.wmf"},{"id":98627187,"identity":"c7c41c46-2fbc-4deb-a5c4-a8f4b5f82f42","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:10:11","extension":"wmf","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":656,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image22.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/31f00ddfdd61142116ea84ac.wmf"},{"id":98626072,"identity":"274bd032-0254-4590-8948-2ae6043ef195","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:09:30","extension":"wmf","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":656,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image23.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/3b55652aa82012e1ad3993e5.wmf"},{"id":98626669,"identity":"a1faace9-becb-4053-ab77-853e02650d47","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:09:54","extension":"wmf","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":656,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image3.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/705c1024561ff6ca687ecd59.wmf"},{"id":98626055,"identity":"5986978c-d99f-4f53-bd99-aae368d55b56","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:09:29","extension":"wmf","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":656,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image5.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/30d57059dae46916b29f3ae1.wmf"},{"id":98542174,"identity":"b323fc2b-467c-4fde-b02b-73eb200d5440","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 17:48:05","extension":"wmf","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":656,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"image6.wmf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/5777a01ab0c4f6f8c6402c5d.wmf"},{"id":98542184,"identity":"f732b293-d847-4cbf-a741-929e306cfcf1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 17:48:05","extension":"png","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":52418,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/fa50fd1f81f79ed976b917d6.png"},{"id":98542172,"identity":"24c02327-9c78-4bb2-8bbc-79ceec02a1c6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 17:48:05","extension":"png","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":100477,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/0a83646abf944d4ec9c342ea.png"},{"id":98542186,"identity":"99be10f1-523f-4338-ae15-5d2bc1ddfba8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 17:48:06","extension":"png","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":839477,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/0ef67828759759138f45696b.png"},{"id":98542181,"identity":"e39534d6-0e61-4a35-b77b-efbe8e5bd17e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 17:48:05","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":143788,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/40b35873cadbe000ef02251b.png"},{"id":98542187,"identity":"173bdd6f-921b-48d2-8e22-4e30e4bbbeab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 17:48:06","extension":"png","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17173,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/00d00a1262c5f46d6f7421bd.png"},{"id":98542183,"identity":"b6531747-72e3-4120-a87f-8ee0aa1b3c1b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 17:48:05","extension":"png","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":61050,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/fead671807f36a35a29fbd1a.png"},{"id":98542188,"identity":"d8e01c44-134b-4ef6-aed8-a552ba0b9e38","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 17:48:06","extension":"png","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":60982,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/2a1c91442eb1023fc977ebfc.png"},{"id":98625988,"identity":"0e94729a-dd38-438e-a4b8-fdbb3f534095","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:09:27","extension":"png","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17865,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/c43cc12745bf21def5b64fec.png"},{"id":98542179,"identity":"2c938044-3fb7-487e-9554-f4b50deaaab5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 17:48:05","extension":"png","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":165721,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/4eb674d76b86d3104599a2a3.png"},{"id":98625845,"identity":"3014a376-d8de-437b-afa0-e98169db5d8a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:09:22","extension":"png","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6244,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/73fa2643e312defd636098fe.png"},{"id":98625570,"identity":"fb8ee55e-2a62-48a8-8ae8-900ba5e34485","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:09:11","extension":"png","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":72168,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/45cba695574b75d722a5c7a3.png"},{"id":98626517,"identity":"570c5000-6e43-4628-8961-807e4d6db545","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:09:47","extension":"png","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":147479,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/cc3f712032482d9367e8c8a4.png"},{"id":98625269,"identity":"a6ed262c-6bc5-4509-b9e8-d91837830fb6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:09:00","extension":"png","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":120254,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/eb1abe994ea9c3d45ac81a28.png"},{"id":98542176,"identity":"c4e016cd-c25f-4f68-b189-35d3efb6206c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 17:48:05","extension":"png","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":329,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/c7f5cbaf586aa54a1e8328ac.png"},{"id":98626043,"identity":"e4adfc02-6223-464e-abea-10fe1b19f62c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:09:29","extension":"png","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":264,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage22.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/b5751f2365e60480a2a2856e.png"},{"id":98542180,"identity":"6eccd7be-6b8b-4bdc-af82-adb72558fd55","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 17:48:05","extension":"png","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":329,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/35641e79002388298a518dfd.png"},{"id":98625999,"identity":"7084315f-0158-4115-80f1-f03ac80872a5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:09:28","extension":"png","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":268,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/b0d7361971bbe79ec1dec4e4.png"},{"id":98542178,"identity":"b2a95bf0-9feb-41aa-a92d-f61f6a4ad749","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 17:48:05","extension":"png","order_by":39,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":265,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/191807e477848412a650af7d.png"},{"id":98627135,"identity":"4841f96c-bfab-4c76-b904-eebe27cddb54","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:10:10","extension":"png","order_by":40,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":268,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlineimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/2ce3ec2acc2b4d87a8ec6d02.png"},{"id":98542198,"identity":"aaa23ee3-3cbb-4dd0-8c49-c8a5669e48c6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-18 17:48:06","extension":"xml","order_by":41,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":65957,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"1292a924121d4328ae57df9cf251c19f1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/c19030e489fc401dc69739ae.xml"},{"id":98626492,"identity":"23fa8d65-f220-4388-afc2-729a5b18c397","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-19 17:09:47","extension":"html","order_by":42,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":77406,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1/05d4ba725048cb9d92c02ab6.html"},{"id":104739580,"identity":"155eaca3-eada-4bf3-802c-2bda06c5866b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-16 16:09:43","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1691495,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ManuscriptHao.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8319424/v1_covered_39420c6c-ecc9-42be-b058-1fff583fc36d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Mitigating Wrinkles in Double-Curved Forming: A Numerical Study on Quasi-Isotropic Preforms with Separators","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"applied-composite-materials","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"acma","sideBox":"Learn more about [Applied Composite Materials](http://link.springer.com/journal/10443)","snPcode":"10443","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10443/3","title":"Applied Composite Materials","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Composite materials, Forming, Wrinkle characterization, Inter-ply sliding, Point cloud analysis","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8319424/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8319424/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eDouble-curved composite components are widely used in aerospace and transportation due to their high specific strength and low wind drag. However, Wrinkling is a main defect induced during the double-curved forming of quasi-isotropic composite preforms. This study aims to numerically investigate the strategies for suppressing wrinkles during the double-curved forming process with the aid of separators. A quantitative assessment of wrinkles was achieved by point-cloud analysis. The simulation results reveal that the severity of wrinkle defects exhibits a strong correlation with separator thickness and fabric-tool friction coefficient, while showing little dependence on the fabric-fabric friction coefficient. The investigation also demonstrates that wrinkle formation is primarily attributed to the work of friction, rather than the frictional force itself. Finally, considering the balance between cost and forming quality, a separator thickness of 4 mm and a fabric-separator friction coefficient of 0.3 were identified as the optimal configuration.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Mitigating Wrinkles in Double-Curved Forming: A Numerical Study on Quasi-Isotropic Preforms with Separators","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-12-18 17:48:00","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8319424/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-12-29T13:32:29+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-25T00:12:17+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-22T22:48:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-12-22T20:54:49+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"169058586155287751517238117667621846542","date":"2025-12-14T21:49:57+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"14341131971450935215574912098177059430","date":"2025-12-13T07:52:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"67678586225386777009865253043340100079","date":"2025-12-12T17:48:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-12-12T14:32:09+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-12-09T23:50:26+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-12-09T23:50:24+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Applied Composite Materials","date":"2025-12-09T15:25:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"applied-composite-materials","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"acma","sideBox":"Learn more about [Applied Composite Materials](http://link.springer.com/journal/10443)","snPcode":"10443","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10443/3","title":"Applied Composite Materials","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"eba2be8f-f093-4473-b7b5-70be844044df","owner":[],"postedDate":"December 18th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-16T16:05:27+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-8319424","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10443-026-10453-6","journal":{"identity":"applied-composite-materials","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Applied Composite Materials"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-13 15:58:54","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 13th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-12-18 17:48:00","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10443-026-10453-6","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10443-026-10453-6","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8319424","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8319424","identity":"rs-8319424","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}